What is a data warehouse?

A data warehouse is a collection of data marts representing historical data

from different operations in the company. This data is stored in a structure
optimized for querying and data analysis as a data warehouse. Table design,
dimensions and organization should be consistent throughout a data
warehouse so that reports or queries across the data warehouse are
consistent. A data warehouse can also be viewed as a database for historical
data from different functions within a company.

What is a data mart?

A data mart is a segment of a data warehouse that can provide data for
reporting and analysis on a section, unit, department or operation in the
company, e.g. sales, payroll, production. Data marts are sometimes
complete individual data warehouses which are usually smaller than the
corporate data warehouse.

What are the benefits of data warehousing?

Data warehouses are designed to perform well with aggregate queries
running on large amounts of data.

The structure of data warehouses is easier for end users to navigate,

understand and query against unlike the relational databases primarily
designed to handle lots of transactions.

Data warehouses enable queries that cut across different segments of a

company's operation. E.g. production data could be compared against
inventory data even if they were originally stored in different databases with
different structures.

Queries that would be complex in very normalized databases could be easier

to build and maintain in data warehouses, decreasing the workload on
transaction systems.

Data warehousing is an efficient way to manage and report on data that is

from a variety of sources, non uniform and scattered throughout a company.

Data warehousing is an efficient way to manage demand for lots of

information from lots of users.

Data warehousing provides the capability to analyze large amounts of

historical data for nuggets of wisdom that can provide an organization with
competitive advantage.
What is OLAP?
OLAP stands for Online Analytical Processing.
It uses database tables (fact and dimension tables) to enable
multidimensional viewing, analysis and querying of large amounts of data.
E.g. OLAP technology could provide management with fast answers to
complex queries on their operational data or enable them to analyze their
company's historical data for trends and patterns.

What is OLTP?
OLTP stands for Online Transaction Processing.
OLTP uses normalized tables to quickly record large amounts of transactions
while making sure that these updates of data occur in as few places as
possible. Consequently OLTP database are designed for recording the daily
operations and transactions of a business. E.g. a timecard system that
supports a large production environment must record successfully a large
number of updates during critical periods like lunch hour, breaks, startup and
close of work.

What are dimensions?

Dimensions are categories by which summarized data can be viewed. E.g. a
profit summary in a fact table can be viewed by a Time dimension (profit by
month, quarter, year), Region dimension (profit by country, state, city),
Product dimension (profit for product1, product2).

What are fact tables?

A fact table is a table that contains summarized numerical and historical
data (facts) and a multipart index composed of foreign keys from the primary
keys of related dimension tables.

What are measures?

Measures are numeric data based on columns in a fact table. They are the
primary data which end users are interested in. E.g. a sales fact table may
contain a profit measure which represents profit on each sale.

What are aggregations?

Aggregations are precalculated numeric data. By calculating and storing the
answers to a query before users ask for it, the query processing time can be
reduced. This is key in providing fast query performance in OLAP.

What are cubes?

Cubes are data processing units composed of fact tables and dimensions
from the data warehouse. They provide multidimensional views of data,
querying and analytical capabilities to clients.
What is the PivotTable® Service?
This is the primary component that connects clients to the Microsoft® SQL
Server™ 2000 Analysis Server. It also provides the capability for clients to
create local offline cubes using it as an OLAP server. PivotTable® Service
does not have a user interface, the clients using its services has to provide
its user interface.

What are offline OLAP cubes?

These are OLAP cubes created by clients, end users or third-party
applications accessing a data warehouse, relational database or OLAP cube
through the Microsoft® PivotTable® Service. E.g. Microsoft® Excel™ is very
popular as a client for creating offline local OLAP cubes from relational
databases for multidimensional analysis. These cubes have to be maintained
and managed by the end users who have to manually refresh their data.

What are virtual cubes?

These are combinations of one or more real cubes and require no disk space
to store them. They store only the definitions and not the data of the
referenced source cubes. They are similar to views in relational databases.

What are MOLAP cubes?

MOLAP Cubes: stands for Multidimensional OLAP. In MOLAP cubes the data
aggregations and a copy of the fact data are stored in a multidimensional
structure on the Analysis Server computer. It is best when extra storage
space is available on the Analysis Server computer and the best query
performance is desired. MOLAP local cubes contain all the necessary data for
calculating aggregates and can be used offline. MOLAP cubes provide the
fastest query response time and performance but require additional storage
space for the extra copy of data from the fact table.

What are ROLAP cubes?

ROLAP Cubes: stands for Relational OLAP. In ROLAP cubes a copy of data
from the fact table is not made and the data aggregates are stored in tables
in the source relational database. A ROLAP cube is best when there is limited
space on the Analysis Server and query performance is not very important.
ROLAP local cubes contain the dimensions and cube definitions but
aggregates are calculated when they are needed. ROLAP cubes requires less
storage space than MOLAP and HOLAP cubes.

What are HOLAP cubes?

HOLAP Cubes: stands for Hybrid OLAP. A ROLAP cube has a combination of
the ROLAP and MOLAP cube characteristics. It does not create a copy of the
source data however, data aggregations are stored in a multidimensional
structure on the Analysis Server computer. HOLAP cubes are best when
storage space is limited but faster query responses are needed.

What is the approximate size of a data warehouse?

You can estimate the approximate size of a data warehouse made up of only
fact and dimension tables by estimating the approximate size of the fact
tables and ignoring the sizes of the dimension tables.

To estimate the size of the fact table in bytes, multiply the size of a row by
the number of rows in the fact table. A more exact estimate would include
the data types, indexes, page sizes, etc. An estimate of the number of rows
in the fact table is obtained by multiplying the number of transactions per
hour by the number of hours in a typical work day and then multiplying the
result by the number of days in a year and finally multiply this result by the
number of years of transactions involved. Divide this result by 1024 to
convert to kilobytes and by 1024 again to convert to megabytes.

E.g. A data warehouse will store facts about the help provided by a
company’s product support representatives. The fact table is made of up of a
composite key of 7 indexes (int data type) including the primary key. The fact
table also contains 1 measure of time (datetime data type) and another
measure of duration (int data type). 2000 product incidents are recorded
each hour in a relational database. A typical work day is 8 hours and support
is provided for every day in the year. What will be approximate size of this
data warehouse in 5 years?

First calculate the approximate size of a row in bytes (int data type = 4
bytes, datetime data type = 8 bytes):

size of a row = size of all composite indexes (add the size of all indexes) +
size of all measures (add the size of all measures).

Size of a row (bytes) = (4 * 7) + (8 + 4).

Size of a row (bytes) = 40 bytes.

Number of rows in fact table = (number of transactions per hour) * (8

hours) * (365 days in a year).
Number of rows in fact table = (2000 product incidents per hour) * (8
Hours ) * (365 days in a year).
Number of rows in fact table = 2000 * 8 * 365
Number of rows in fact table = 5840000
Size of fact table (1 year) = (Number of rows in fact table) * (Size of a
row)

Size of fact table (bytes per year) = 5840000 * 40

Size of fact table (bytes per year) = 233600000.
Size of fact table (megabytes per year) = 233600000 / (1024*1024)
Size of fact table (in megabytes for 5 years) =
(23360000 * 5) / (1024 *1024)
Size of fact table (megabytes) = 1113.89 MB
Size of fact table (gigabytes) = 1113.89 / 1024
Size of fact table (gigabytes) = 1.089 GB