NEW HAVEN AIR TOXICS INVENTORY

AND RISK REDUCTION STRATEGY

June 18, 2004

City of New Haven

John DeStefano, Jr., Mayor

Prepared for the City of New Haven by: Madeleine R. Weil, MEM Project Coordinator New Haven Community Clean Air Initiative

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This document was prepared by Madeleine R. Weil, MEM, for the City of New Haven. The author wishes to thank those who provided guidance and technical assistance through the process of inventory development, especially: Michael Piscitelli (New Haven City Plan Department), Paul Kowalski (New Haven Health Department), Mary Beth Smuts & Bob McConnell (EPA New England) and Tracy Babbidge (Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection). The following people participated in the New Haven air toxic stakeholders meetings and provided valuable direction and assistance: Oliver Barton (New Haven Ecology Project & Common Ground High School), David Brown (NESCAUM), Lucile Bruce (International Festival of Arts & Ideas), David Damer (PSEG), Yuland Daley (New Haven Asthma Initiative), John Dixon (New Haven Environmental Justice Network), Barbara Driscoll (EPA OAQPS), Danae Dwyer (Environment Northeast), Elaine Gustafson (Yale School of Nursing), Benjamin Healey (New Haven Board of Aldermen), Stewart Hutchings (New Haven Environmental Justice Network), Rebecca Jensen (Connecticut Fund for the Environment), Edith Pestana (CT DEP), Michael Renda (Yale Student Environmental Coalition), Leigh Shemitz (Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies), Erika Swanson (Congresswoman DeLauros Office), Dana Young (Connecticut Fund for the Environment). Many others contributed data and information, including: Christopher Mulcahy, Bill Simpson, Dennis Demchak, Henry Hampton, Victor Cooper (CT DEP), Lucy Edmondson & Susan Lancey (EPA New England), Madeleine Strum (EPA OAQPS), Michael Stoddard & Derek Murrow (Environment Northeast), Doreen LeBel (CT DOL), Chester Lau (CT DOT), George Bray (Amtrak), Pat Walsh (Shoreline East), Clark Brown & David Fitzgerald (Providence & Worcester Railroad), David Cross (Retek), Celeste Defilio (New Haven Department of Weights & Measures), Peter Blake (Northeast Fabricare Association), Steve Kodey (Printing Industries of America), Marcia Kinter (Specialty Graphic Imaging Association), Gary Jones (Graphic Arts Technical Foundation), Bill Donahoe (CT Department of Consumer Protection), Luisa Ferrucci (Tweed New Haven Airport), Carl Scabro (EPA OTAQ), Bruce Fischer (New Haven Traffic & Parking), Ray Carboni (New Haven Fire Department), Ernie Adamo (CT Department of Revenue Services), Gary Stanford (CT DOT), Laurel Drivel (EPA New England), Daniel Brady (CT DMV), Denise Duclos (New Haven Public Schools). Thanks, also, to owners and managers of New Haven facilities who responded to surveys and provided facility information. Finally, the City of New Haven wishes to thank EPA New England for funding this project.

This document is available on the web at: http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/govt/gov28.htm Printed copies may be obtained by contacting the New Haven City Plan Department 165 Church Street New Haven, CT 06510 (203) 946-6378

TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................2 TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................................................................4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................6 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND...............................................10
1.1. INTRODUCTION TO AIR TOXICS ........................................................................................................10 1.2. AIR TOXICS IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS .......................................................................................10 1.3. NEW HAVEN AIR TOXICS PROJECT..................................................................................................11 1.4. THE AIR TOXICS INVENTORY..............................................................................................................11

CHAPTER 2: OVERVIEW OF EMISSIONS ..................................................................12

2.1. POLLUTANTS AND POLLUTANT GROUPS .....................................................................................12 2.2. EMISSION SUMMARIES BY POLLUTANT .......................................................................................14 2.3. EMISSION SUMMARIES BY SOURCES ..............................................................................................16

CHAPTER 3: POINT SOURCE INVENTORY ...............................................................24

3.1. INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS ..................................................................................................24 3.2. GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE................................................................................................................................24 3.3. EMISSIONS DATA SOURCES ..................................................................................................................24 3.4. POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS ...................................................................................................................26

CHAPTER 4: AREA SOURCE INVENTORY ................................................................28

4.1. ARCHITECTURAL SURFACE COATING...........................................................................................31 4.2. AUTOMOBILE REFINISHING.................................................................................................................33 4.3. CONSUMER PRODUCTS ...........................................................................................................................34 4.4. DRY CLEANERS ............................................................................................................................................39 4.5. GASOLINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES ...................................................................................................42 4.6. GRAPHIC ARTS ............................................................................................................................................51 4.7. RESIDENTIAL HEATING..........................................................................................................................54 4.8. RESIDENTIAL WOOD BURNING..........................................................................................................56 4.9. STRUCTURE FIRES .....................................................................................................................................61 4.10. TRAFFIC MARKINGS ...............................................................................................................................62 4.11. SOLVENT DEGREASING........................................................................................................................64 4.12. INDUSTRIAL SURFACE COATING....................................................................................................66

CHAPTER 5: ON-ROAD MOBILE SOURCE INVENTORY ........................................68

5.1. VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION ADJUSTMENTS ................................................................................68 5.2. ON-ROAD EMISSIONS ESTIMATES ....................................................................................................69 5.3. SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY................................................................................................................70

CHAPTER 6: NON-ROAD MOBILE SOURCE INVENTORY .....................................71

6.1. AIRCRAFT.......................................................................................................................................................74 6.2. LOCOMOTIVES ............................................................................................................................................80 6.3. COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS ......................................................................................................86 6.4. OTHER NON-ROAD VEHICLES .............................................................................................................88

SECTION 7: ANALYSIS OF PRIORITIES AND RECOMMENDED EMISSION REDUCTION STRATEGIES ...........................................................................................93

7.1. PRIORITY POLLUTANTS ........................................................................................................................93 7.2. PRIORITY SOURCE CATEGORIES ......................................................................................................96 7.3. RECOMMENDED EMISSION REDUCTION STRATEGIES .........................................................97

NOTES.............................................................................................................................105

APPENDIX A: POINT SOURCE TABLES APPENDIX B: GRAPHIC ARTS AND PRINTING APPENDIX C: SMART GROWTH PROPOSAL TO CONNECTICUT CLIMATE CHANGE STAKEHOLDERS APPENDIX D: TECHNICAL NOTES REGARDING TOXICITY WEIGHTINGS AND CHEMICAL GROUPINGS APPENDIX E: AIR TOXICS INVENTORY DATA TABLES

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
I. Air Toxics in Urban Environments

Air toxics, (or hazardous air pollutants) are pollutants that pose particular risks to human health. This class of pollutants includes carcinogens and chemicals with neurological, developmental, respiratory, immune or reproductive effects, particularly for children and other sensitive populations. In modern urban environments, sources of air toxics exist everywhere. Cumulative emissions from the cars we drive, diesel trucks and construction equipment, small commercial facilities like gas stations, and traditional air pollution sources (e.g. power plants) create health risks for urban residents. II. The New Haven Inventory

The 1996 National Air Toxics Assessment indicated that air toxic emissions in New Haven County were high the volume of pollutants emitted county-wide registered as the second highest in New England. In response to this data, the Environmental Protection Agency provided funding for the City of New Haven to build an inventory of local air toxic emissions. New Havens integrated land use and its physical location at the intersection of two major highways and an active shipping harbor create an environment in which pollutants from a variety of sources exist in close proximity to residential areas. The purpose of this study was to help New Haven define the local problem by answering the following questions. III. What sources in New Haven are responsible for hazardous air pollutants? Which chemicals are emitted by local sources and in what quantities? How can the City of New Haven reduce health risk from hazardous air pollutants? Methodology

The inventory includes emission estimates for point sources (stationary sources that have been inventoried individually), area sources (stationary sources that are too small or too numerous to inventory individually), and mobile sources (onroad vehicles and nonroad equipment). As one of the first small-scale, comprehensive study in the country, the New Haven project was intended to develop and test methods of collecting local emissions and activity data that could be replicated in other cities. Emissions were estimated using a number of different methods, summarized in the Air Toxics Inventory Report. Point source data were collected from local facility managers as well as state and federal inventories. Area source emissions were estimated by applying EPA emission factors to local activity data. City-level mobile source emissions were estimated by apportioning county-level emissions reported in EPAs 1999 National Emissions Inventory to the city-level, using a number of local indicators.

IV.

Results

The New Haven Air Toxics Inventory contains 116 pollutants and pollutant groups. Emissions from point, area and mobile sources are included. Point source facilities include petroleum tank farms, power plants, industrial boilers, the landfill, industries using surface coating operations and degreasing, metal and chemical industries and incineration facilities. Area sources include auto refinishing shops, gasoline stations, dry cleaners, small businesses with surface coating or degreasing operations, architectural surface coatings, traffic markings, consumer product usage, residential heating and wood burning, structure fires and commercial printers. Mobile sources include cars, trucks, buses and motorcycles and nonroad vehicles and equipment: aircraft, commercial marine vessels, locomotives, construction, industrial and landscaping equipment, recreational boats and golf carts.
Percent Emissions from Major Source Categories
Contribution to Emissions by Principle Source Category
Point 12% Non Road 28% Area 22% On Road 38%

Diesel vehicles produce half of all toxic emissions from mobile sources, or about one-third of total toxic emissions in New Haven.

On-Road = 389 tons Non-Road = 279 tons

Area = 215 tons Point = 114 tons

Top Ten Pollutant Emissions (tons) Pollutant Name Diesel PM Toluene Xylenes Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether Benzene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Formaldehyde Methyl Chloroform Ethylbenzene n-Hexane Top 10 Pollutant Total % of Total All Category Total Emissions (tons) 230 166 109 85 52 49 42 30 27 26 816 82% 997

The ten pollutants listed to the right Haven represent 82% of all local emissions (by weight).

V.

Toxicity Analysis

Because some chemicals are more toxic than others, emission levels do not necessarily correlate to health risk. The relative health risk posed by each pollutant was evaluated by weighting emissions according to toxicity. The ten pollutants listed below were determined to be responsible for greater than 90% of cancer and chronic health risk in New Haven. They are listed in descending order according to their estimated contribution to total risk. VI. Diesel Particulate Matter Polycyclic Organic Matter (POM) Acrolein 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Formaldehyde Dioxin compounds Benzene Chromium compounds 1,3-Butadiene Arsenic compounds Target Source Categories

New Haven Air Toxic Reduction Strategy targets the source categories responsible for emissions of the priority pollutants listed above. The Reduction Strategy was developed with input from a stakeholders group including representatives from environmental and public health organizations, local businesses, elected officials, government staff and community members. Diesel Vehicles and Equipment Diesel PM, POM, Acrolein, Formaldehyde Because of the amount, the toxicity, and the ubiquity of diesel exhaust in New Haven, diesel vehicles and equipment have emerged from this study as the principle health risk driver in New Haven. Categories of diesel vehicles and equipment include commercial marine vessels, construction equipment, heavy-duty trucks and buses, locomotives, and other industrial and landscaping equipment. The New Haven Diesel Reduction Strategy proposes to reduce emissions from diesel vehicles by promoting cleaner fuels, emissions control technology for public and private fleets, and the accelerated requirement of old, highly polluting diesel engines. Passenger Cars and Trucks Acrolein, 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane, Formaldehyde, Benzene, 1,3-Butadiene Light duty passenger cars and trucks are responsible for 30% of emissions in New Haven and are the primary sources of several of the priority pollutants listed above. As a member of the Clean Cars Coalition, New Haven helped successfully advocate for the adoption of the California LEV II emission standards by the Connecticut Legislature in April 2004. Other initiatives are aimed at reducing vehicle miles traveled in New Haven.

This is a long-term goal that the City will pursue through advocating for smart growth at the state and regional levels, increasing investments in the public transportation network, and enhancing the bike and walkability of New Haven. Stationary Source Pollution Prevention Pollutant targets: POM, 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane, Benzene Gasoline stations, (responsible for more than 50% of POM emissions captured by the inventory) and potentially other stationary source categories will be targeted for emissions reductions. The City is working with the CT Department of Environmental Protection to ensure that local facilities are in compliance with applicable state standards. To achieve emissions reductions beyond compliance, the City will educate consumers and businesses about opportunities to reduce risk through product selection (eg. low VOC paints), behavior modifications (refraining from topping off gas tanks), and facility upgrades. Indoor Air Toxins Although indoor air toxins do not contribute a large amount to total emissions in New Haven, potential health risks from these sources may be significant because exposure pathways are direct. The New Haven Health Department will disseminate indoor air toxin outreach materials about 1) toxic consumer products, 2) hazardous waste recycling, and 3) in-home second hand smoke exposure. Already, promotional materials for EPAs Smoke Free Home campaign, including 900 magnets, decals and booklets, have been distributed to the directors of New Haven daycare centers and pre-schools. To address air toxins in school environments, the Health Department and EPA will assist Common Ground High School with pilot implementation of the Tools for Schools program. Outcomes of this project will include: A) procurement recommendations for safe school cleaning materials, and B) a replicable model for the assessment and improvement of indoor air quality. Fossil Fuel Combustion Dioxin compounds, Chromium compounds, Arsenic compounds Although the volume of air toxic emissions released by local fossil fuel power plants and boilers is low compared to other source categories, the toxicity of emissions (particularly heavy metals) is high. The City supports demand-side initiatives intended to reduce the regions dependence on fossil fuel (particularly coal and oil) combustion for electricity and heating needs, including energy conservation and renewable energy development. New Haven has an important leadership role to play in pushing for a regional movement to reduce electricity consumption and transition to clean and renewable sources. VII. Working Toward a Healthier Community

In October of 2003, the City of New Haven was awarded a Healthy Communities grant from EPA New England to implement the Air Toxics Risk Reduction Strategy, in collaboration with the Air Toxics Stakeholders Group. On-going partnership with local organizations, community members and state and federal agencies is crucial to the success and sustainability of this program.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

1.1. INTRODUCTION TO AIR TOXICS Air toxics, also known as hazardous air pollutants or HAPS, are chemical compounds that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has identified as threats to human health and the environment. Of the 188 air toxics listed in Section 112(b) of the 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act, 1 over half are known or suspected carcinogens. Many are known also to have neurological, developmental, respiratory, immune or reproductive effects, particularly for children and other sensitive populations. Air toxics are the everyday by-products of our modern industrial environment. Sources include large industrial facilities like refineries and chemical plants, and also small commercial operations like dry cleaners and auto body shops. Mobile sources, including the cars we drive, are important sources of air toxics, as are products used indoors, such as household pesticides and paint thinners. 1.2. AIR TOXICS IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS To date, the EPA has succeeded in reducing HAP emissions from major industrial sources through implementation of technology-based emission standards. Increasingly stringent automobile emission standards have reduced air toxics from cars and light trucks. Leaded gasoline has been entirely phased out of the American market. Despite these regulatory successes, air toxics continue to pose significant health risks, particularly to residents of urban areas. In urban environments, high ambient concentrations of air toxics result from the cumulative emissions of numerous sources, from the very small to the very large. Air toxic concentrations may therefore exceed health thresholds, even though no one source is exceeding permitted emission levels. Another consideration, although not well understood, is the potential for multiple chemical exposures interacting in such a way that increases the overall threat to human health. Air toxic concentrations may exceed health thresholds, even though no one source is exceeding permitted emission levels.

In order to address the public health risks posed by cumulative exposures characteristic to urban environments, the EPA devised the Integrated Urban Air Toxics Strategy (the Strategy). The Strategy is designed to characterize, prioritize, and equitably address the serious impacts of HAPs on public health and the environment through a strategic combination of regulatory approaches, voluntary partnerships, ongoing research and assessments, and education and outreach.2

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1.3. NEW HAVEN AIR TOXICS PROJECT The New Haven Air Toxics Project is a pilot effort under the Integrated Urban Air Toxics Strategy. It is designed to evaluate multi-source and cumulative risks to human health and the environment from air toxics in New Haven. This is one of the first communitybased air toxics projects to begin with the compilation of a bottom-up air toxics inventory. The inventory is the first crucial step in the process of determining health and environmental risk. New Haven was chosen for this project for several reasons. First, state and county-wide data revealed that New Haven County had the second greatest number of urban air toxic emissions in New England. 3 In effect, New Haven was identified as a potential air toxics hot spot. Secondly, as in many other American cities, New Haven residents live and work in close proximity to a variety of sources of toxic air pollutants. New Havens integrated land use, and its physical location at the intersection of two major highways and an active shipping harbor create an environment in which pollutants from sources such as vehicle traffic, power plants, petroleum tanks, dry cleaners, construction equipment, etc. may contribute to cumulative risk. New Haven was therefore considered an appropriate location to test a strategy intended to evaluate emissions from multiple source categories. Finally, New Havens successful experience with the development of a greenhouse gas inventory in 2001 4 demonstrated technical capability and an institutional commitment to improving air quality. 1.4. THE AIR TOXICS INVENTORY The inventory, detailed in this document, is the analytical component of the Air Toxics Project. Using various data sources, including state and national inventories, surveys, and emission factors applied to activity data, emissions estimates have been developed for point, area, on- and off-road mobile sources. Information in an emissions inventory can be used to target pollutants and source categories for reduction initiatives or to prioritize further study. The City of New Haven has used the inventory to develop a three-tiered strategy for emissions reductions, detailed in the last chapter of this document. The strategy addresses areas of particular concern, as demonstrated by emissions estimates and toxicity analysis, but also reflects the Citys desire to focus resources and energy where measurable results can be achieved. Beyond our current pollution-prevention strategy, the inventory will be used as a tool in broader policy and planning considerations, ultimately leading to measurable improvements in air quality and public health in New Haven and the region.

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CHAPTER 2: OVERVIEW OF EMISSIONS

2.1. POLLUTANTS AND POLLUTANT GROUPS Emissions data for 116 pollutants and pollutant groups were collected in the process of developing the New Haven Inventory. This list was compiled through a bottom-up process. Direct air toxic emission values were collected when available, or calculated using emission profiles and activity data. All available non-criteria pollutant emissions data (and PM10 emissions from diesel engines) were initially included in the inventory. Pollutants were screened to confirm health or environmental hazard. The majority of inventoried pollutants (92) are among the list of 188 Hazardous Air Pollutants identified by EPA and regulated through the MACT (maximum available control technology) program. These and others are also included in Connecticuts list of 850 regulated pollutants. The States list is based on national occupational health standards and is thought to be more protective of public health than EPAs technologybased list. 5 Diesel Particulate Matter is a special case. Although it is not regulated as a HAP in Section 112(b) of the Clean Air Act, it has been identified by EPAs Integrated Urban Air Toxics Strategy as a special concern in urban environments and is treated as a HAP by the California Air Resources Board (CARB).
Figure 2.1-1: Pollutant Groups in New Haven Inventory

In some cases, pollutants Number of Pollutants in New Haven are reported as groups of chemical categories, rather Inventory than individual chemicals. This is true for metal and 3 cyanide compounds, 100% 7 polycyclic organic matter 20 80% (POM), dioxins & furans, 19 60% glycol ethers, and xylenes. Groupings are a function 40% 67 of data availability - EPA 20% guidance documents recommend that chemical 0% # Air Pollutants emissions should be reported in the smallest Ungrouped Air Toxics - 67 Metal & Cyanide Compounds - 19 unit for which data is Polycyclic Organic Matter - 20 Glycol Ethers - 7 available. However, Dioxins & Furans - 3 Diesel Particulate Matter emissions data for individual metal compounds, for instance, are rarely reported in national inventories or facility records. Instead, metal emissions data are grouped by principle element mercury compounds, for example. In the case of POM (polycyclic organic matter), thirty-two compounds belong to this group. Where possible, these chemical components have been inventoried

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individually or further subdivided into two groups of 7 and 16 hydrocarbons, 7-PAH and 16-PAH. Efforts have been made to avoid double counting. The category Diesel Particulate Matter is a composite of more than forty chemicals contained in exhaust emissions from diesel vehicles. PM10 and PM2.5 emissions from diesel vehicles were recorded in the 1999 NEI Criteria Pollutant Inventory. 6 To avoid double counting, and because PM2.5 is a subset of PM10, only PM10 emissions from diesel vehicles were included in the New Haven Inventory. These were assumed to be additional to HAP emissions from diesel vehicles recorded in the 1999 NEI HAP Emissions Inventory.
Figure 2.1-2: Percent Emissions by Pollutant Category

Percent Emissions by Pollutant Category

23% 11% 0.95% 0.93% 0.58% 0.17% 63% Ungrouped Air Toxics = 63% Xylenes = 11% POM = <1% Dioxin/Furan = <1% Diesel PM = 23% Metals & Cyanides = <1% Glycol Ethers = <1%

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2.2. EMISSION SUMMARIES BY POLLUTANT

Total New Haven Emissions

997 tons

Cumulative emissions of 116 pollutants and pollutant groups total 997 tons. The table on the next page contains emissions data for each pollutant. The ten pollutants emitted in the greatest quantity are listed below. Together, these pollutants constitute 82% of all inventoried emissions in New Haven. The emission inventory describes Figure 2.2-1: Top Ten Pollutant Emissions (tons) the quantities and types of air Pollutant Name Emissions (tons) toxics emitted by sources in New Haven. Quantities emitted do not Diesel PM 230 necessarily correlate with the Toluene 166 Xylenes 109 health risk associated with these Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether 85 pollutants. In national studies, Benzene 52 EPA determines health risk by 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 49 first modeling pollutant Formaldehyde 42 concentrations in a particular Methyl Chloroform 30 airshed. These models take into Ethylbenzene 27 account factors such as stack n-Hexane 26 height, climate (prevailing winds, Top 10 Pollutant Total 816 etc.), chemical volatility, % of Total 82% chemical half-life (the rate at All Category Total 997 which they react or decay in the atmosphere), and geographic features of the landscape (such as tall buildings that might alter air-flow patterns). After pollutant fate modeling has assessed concentrations of pollutants in an air shed, a toxicity analysis is conducted. EPA compares the Hazard Limiting Value (HLV) 7 of each pollutant to modeled concentrations. In this way, EPA can estimate the health risk to individuals in a particular community. However, there are several underlying sources of uncertainty that impact the reliability of these estimates. For instance, the way in which chemicals react with one another and the effects these interactions may have on human health is not well understood. Also, EPAs hazard limiting values, while protective of the community as a whole, may not be stringent enough to protect certain vulnerable subgroups. Children, the elderly, and people with compromised physical health typically face higher risks than healthy adults. Although a health risk assessment was beyond the scope of this project, a toxicity analysis and ranking of pollutants is included in CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS AND NEXT STEPS.

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Rank
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58

HAP Name

Figure 2.2-2: All Category Emissions Summary Emission Rank HAP Name (lbs)
459119 332705 218701 170912 104225 97043.6 83528.6 60895.5 53397.7 51699.4 48797.6 44828.3 30631.2 27366.6 22031.1 21401.9 17385.3 17253.1 15641.4 14507.8 10978.8 10749.8 9072.93 6440.92 5292.30 4838.35 4738.83 4457.09 4243.00 3932.92 3772.53 3516.30 3410.75 2402.32 2400.00 1982.00 1960.19 1958.00 1867.37 1483.66 1389.00 1212.83 1190.23 1111.84 1074.70 1052.04 895.407 789.886 672.224 477.037 444.960 420.000 169.898 151.500 121.501 123.416 112.668 98.0298 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 I-Butane Arsenic Compounds Diethyene Glycol Monbutyl Ether Phospherous Compounds Mercury Compounds Cobalt Compounds Antimony Compounds Fluorine Chromium Compounds Lead Compounds Zinc Compounds Cellosolve Acetate Selenium Compounds Pyrene Vinyl Chloride Acenapthene Fluoranthene Cellosolve Acrylonitrile Anthracene Ethylidene Dichloride Diethyene Glycol Monemethyl Ether Diethyene Glycol Monoethyl Ether 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Cadmium Compounds Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds Methyl Bromide Nitrate Compounds 1,3-Dichloropropene Beryllium Compounds Benzo (G,H,I) Perylene 1,4-Dichlorobenzene Benz(a)anthracene Chlorobenzene Chlorine benzo(b,k)fluoranthene Benzo[k]Fluoranthene Chromium III Chrysene Benzo(a)Pyrene Chromium VI Ethylene Dichloride Carbon Disulfide Carbonyl Sulfide indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate Propylene Dichloride Vinylidene Chloride Propylene Oxide POM as 7 PAH Acetonitrile Chloroform Tetra Ethyl Lead Carbon Tetrachloride dibenzo(a,h)anthracene Cyanide Compounds Ethylene Dibromide Dioxin and like

Emissions (lbs)
86.0750 86.0009 82.3176 74.8000 72.6074 68.4000 61.2000 60.1188 57.9880 56.2489 53.4000 53.3952 49.1975 45.7252 43.4803 39.1329 36.1298 35.5968 31.8337 25.0925 22.0394 17.7984 17.7984 17.6588 16.7001 14.1700 13.7225 12.0000 9.89008 8.82507 8.25242 7.73860 7.48194 7.23385 7.00000 5.23347 4.91613 4.65390 4.41772 4.32513 4.25159 4.24557 4.18505 2.78978 2.37279 2.00000 1.92748 1.83760 1.20000 1.13511 0.60000 0.53947 0.13979 0.05832 0.04171 0.03600 0.01781 0.00291

Diesel PM Toluene Xylenes Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether Benzene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Formaldehyde Methyl Chloroform Ethylbenzene n-Hexane Methyl Ethyl Ketone Hexane Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Acetaldehyde Perchloroethylene Trichloroethylene Methylene Chloride Napthalene 1,3-Butadiene Ethylene Hydrogen Cyanide Styrene Ethylene Glycol Propionaldehyde Copper Compounds Ethane Hydrochloric Acid Acrolein Tert-Butyl-Alcohol Propene Butenes Acetylene Methanol Glycol Ethers N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone Nitric Acid 2-Methyl Furan 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Pentenes Furfural Cyclohexane N,N-Dimethylformamide Nickel Compounds Propane Ethyl Chloride Furan Methyl Chloride POM as 16 PAH o-Xylene 2,5-Dimethyl Furan Butyl Cellosolve Sulfuric Acid N-Butane Vanadium Manganese Compounds Phenanthrene Acenapthylene Polycyclic Organic Matter

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2.3. EMISSION SUMMARIES BY SOURCES 2.3.1. PRINCIPLE SOURCE CATEGORIES Sources of air toxic emissions are divided into four principle source categories: Point, Area, On-Road Mobile and Non-Road Mobile. Point sources are industrial and commercial stationary sources that have been inventoried as individual facilities. Area sources are stationary emission sources that are either too small or too numerous to inventory individually and have therefore been grouped by category. The on-road mobile source category includes cars, trucks, buses, etc. and the non-road category encompasses all off-road vehicles and equipment: locomotives, construction equipment, boats, lawnmowers, etc. The graph below describes the contribution to total air toxic emissions from each category.
Figure 2.3.1-1: Principle Source Categories
Contribution to Emissions by Principle Source Category
Point 12% Non Road 28% Area 22% On Road 38%

On-Road = 389 tons Non-Road = 279 tons

Area = 215 tons Point = 114 tons

Figure 2.3.1-2: New Haven vs. National Emissions

The graph to the right compares New Haven emissions (by source category) to national emissions reported in NATA the National Air Toxics Assessment. In New Haven, mobile sources account for a greater proportion of total emissions 66% versus 50% at the national level. The fact that New Haven is located at the intersection of two major highways and has the largest shipping port in Connecticut supports the logic of this finding.

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Stationary Mobile

Ne w

Ha ve n

NA TA

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2.3.2. MOBILE SOURCE CATEGORIES Mobile sources are further subdivided into on-road and non-road vehicles and equipment.

On-Road Emissions

389 tons

On-road emissions are reported in six major categories: Light Duty Gas Vehicles, Light Duty Gas Trucks, Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles, Light Duty Diesel Vehicles, Heavy Duty Gasoline Vehicles, and Motorcycles. The table below illustrates the contribution of each to total on-road emissions.
Figure 2.3.2-1: On-road Emissions by Vehicle Category (1)

Vehicle Category LDGV LDGT HDDV LDDV HDGV MOTO Total

Total HAP Emissions (tons) 173.257 126.149 67.7775 14.5554 7.26417 0.24966 389.252

Figure 2.3.2-2: On-road Emissions by Vehicle Category (2)

200.0 150.0 100.0 50.0 0.0

LDGV LDGT HDDV LDDV

Tons

HDGV MC

Legend LDGV: Light Duty Gas Vehicle LDGT: Light Duty Gas Truck HDDV: Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicle LDDV: Light Duty Diesel Vehicle HDGV: Heavy Duty Gas Vehicle MC: Motorcycle

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The chart above illustrates absolute emissions from each category. Another way to look at the data is to adjust for vehicle miles traveled (VMT). The table below demonstrates aggregate air toxic emissions per mile traveled. 8
Figure 2.3.2-3: Air Toxic Emissions per Vehicle Mile Traveled On-Road Source Category Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles Heavy Duty Gasoline Vehicles Motorcycles Light Duty Gas Trucks Light Duty Diesel Vehicles Light Duty Gas Vehicles Air Toxic Emissions (lbs) 135,555 14,528 499 252,297 29,110 346,514 VMT (millions) 82 10 0.39 219 31 428 Lbs / million VMT 1647.17 1428.35 1295.97 1152.99 954.01 808.92

On a per-mile basis, heavy-duty diesel vehicles are the most polluting on-road source category, followed by heavy-duty gasoline vehicles and motorcycles. Also, light duty gas trucks, (SUVs, pick-ups and minivans), are over 40% more polluting mile for mile than gas-powered passenger cars (LDGVs).
The primary pollutants emitted by onroad vehicles are: v Toluene 92 tons v Diesel PM 63 tons v Xylenes 53 tons v 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 41 tons v Benzene 35 tons v *MTBE 35 tons v Formaldehyde 25 tons v Ethylbenzene 14 tons v Hexane 11 tons v Acetaldyhyde - 8 tons

* MTBE was phased out of use in Connecticut in October 2003.

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Non-Road Emissions

279 tons

The non-road category covers a wide range of vehicles and equipment types: Aircraft, Commercial Marine Vessels, Locomotives, Commercial Landscaping Equipment, Golf Carts, Recreational Boats, Construction Equipment, Commercial/Wholesale Equipment, Personal Landscaping Equipment, Manufacturing Equipment, Railway Maintenance and Miscellaneous Industrial Equipment.
Figure 2.3.2-4: Non-Road Emissions (tons) Non-Road Source Category Construction Commercial Marine Vessels Personal Landscape Commercial Commercial Landscape Rec. Boats Manufacturing Aircraft Railway Maintenance/Misc. Industrial Locomotives * (see text below) Golf Courses Emissions (tons) 103.9 89.3 25.5 20.5 18.8 7.3 6.9 3.6 1.3 1.0 0.5 The primary pollutants emitted by nonroad vehicles are: Diesel PM - 167 tons MTBE - 27 tons Xylenes - 18 tons Toluene - 18 tons Formaldehyde - 14 tons Benzene - 10 tons 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane - 7 tons Acetaldyhyde - 6 tons Ethylbenzene - 5 tons

Hexane - 3 tons

New Haven is home to a major rail yard and there is good reason to suspect the locomotives estimate is misleadingly low. Actual emissions from locomotives might place them up with the two top source categories. Locomotives were the only non-road mobile source for which county-level diesel PM data were not available. 9 Since diesel PM is the primary emission driver for the non-road source category, its omission from locomotives is significant.
Figure 2.3.2-5: Emissions from Non-road Sources 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Co Co mm nst ruc erc tio ial n M ari ne Ve La s... nd sca pe Eq uip me nt Co mm erc ial M an ufa ctu rin Re g cre atio na lB oa ts Ai rcr aft Lo co mo tiv es * Go lf C ou rse s

19

2.3.3. STATIONARY SOURCE CATEGORIES Stationary Sources are further subdivided into Point Sources (individually inventoried) and Area Sources (inventoried by category).

Point Source Emissions

114 tons

Point sources included in the New Haven Inventory fell broadly into five activity categories: surface coating/degreasing, petroleum product storage/transport, fuel combustion, waste disposal, and chemical manufacture/storage.
Figure 2.3.3-1: Point Source Emissions

5%

Contribution to Point Source Emissions by Source 2% 1% Category

Surface Coating/Degreasing = 66 tons Petroleum Product Storage/Transport = 38 tons

34% 58%

Fuel Combustion = 6 tons Chemical Manufacture/Storage = 2 tons Waste Disposal = 2 tons

More HAP emissions are associated with surface coating and degreasing operations than the other source categories combined. In New Haven, point source facilities utilizing these processes include fabric and paper coating operations and manufacturers of metal products. The definitions below are from EPAs AP-42, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. 10
Degreasing (or solvent cleaning) is the physical process of using organic solvents to remove grease, fats, oils, wax or soil from various metal, glass, or plastic items. Surface coating is the application of decorative or protective materials in liquid or powder form to substrates. These coatings normally include general solvent type paints, varnishes, lacquers, and water thinned paints.

Petroleum product storage is another large source of HAP emissions. In New Haven, the emissions are associated with gasoline evaporation during transport and storage, located in the port area and in Fair Haven Heights. The Port of New Haven supplies petroleum products to most of South-Central Connecticut and is designated a Strategic Petroleum Reserve.

20

Although fuel combustion for electricity generation and heating is the largest emission category associated with criteria pollutants, 11 the quantity of air toxic emissions from this category is comparably small. Although criteria pollutant emissions from fossil fuel power plants are not included in this inventory, they are recognized as principle drivers for respiratory illnesses like asthma. In New Haven, this is a particular problem. The City is home not only to Harbor Station, a major regional generator, but also smaller generators at local hospitals and universities.
Figure 2.3.3-2: Point Source Emissions HAP Name Toluene MTBE Methyl Ethyl Ketone Xylenes Napthalene Trichloroethylene Benzene Hexane Copper Compounds Ethylbenzene Point Source Emissions (tons) 35.597 16.988 11.435 11.421 7.433 3.958 3.709 3.076 2.810 2.611 The top five chemicals: Toluene MTBE Methyl Ethyl Ketone Xylenes Napthalene constitute over 70% of emissions from point sources in New Haven. See EPAs Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants for descriptions of these chemicals: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hapi ndex.html

The following tables demonstrate the percent contribution of individual HAPS to total emissions from each point source category.

Figure 2.3.3-4: Percent HAP Emissions for Point Source Categories

Surface Coating HAPS

14% 6% 14% 17%
Toluene 49% MEK 17% Xylenes 14% TCE 6% Other 14%

Fuel Combustion HAPS

7% 10% 10% 37%

Petroleum Product HAPS

21% 6% 9% 45%

49%

36%
Formaldehyde 37% Hexane 36% Nickel Compounds 10% Toluene 7% Other 10%

19%
MTBE 45% Napthalene 19% Benzene 9% Xylenes 6% Other 21%

69 tons

6 tons

38 tons

21

Area Source Emissions

215 tons

The eleven area source categories included in this inventory are: architectural surface coating, auto refinishing, consumer product usage, dry cleaning, gasoline refueling, residential heating, structure fires, wood burning, traffic marking, solvent cleaning and industrial surface coating. These categories were selected because of their existence in New Haven and their potential contribution to the air toxics problem. Emissions from commercial printers were investigated, but an estimate was not successfully developed. Additional area source categories that could be inventoried in a future effort include paved roads, medical and pharmaceutical laboratories, and metal scrap yards.
Figure 2.3.3-5: Area Source Category Emissions Source Category Architectural Surface Coating Industrial Surface Coating Solvent Cleaning Residential Wood Burning Gasoline Refueling Structure Fires Dry Cleaners Auto Body Traffic Markings Residential Heating Consumer Product Emissions (tons) 55 52 44 24 15 9 8 6 0.8 0.5 0.07

Figure 2.3.3-6: Area Source Categories

60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Area Source Categories Architectural Surface Coating - 55 tons Industrial Surface Coating - 52 tons Solvent Cleaning - 44 tons Residential Wood Burning - 24 tons Gasoline Refueling - 15 tons Structure Fires - 9 tons Dry cleaners - 8 tons Auto Body - 6 tons Traffic Markings - 0.8 tons Residential Heating - 0.5 tons Consumer Product - 0.07 tons

The top three categories contribute approximately 70% of total area source emissions. Architectural Surface Coating refers to the application of paints, primers, varnishes, and lacquers on built structures. Individually, these sources are too small to contribute to the overall air toxics problem in New Haven. But cumulatively, their emissions become significant. The Industrial Surface Coating and Solvent Cleaning categories capture cumulative emissions from industrial sources too small to appear in the point source inventory.

22

Figure 2.3.3-7: Area Source Pollutants Pollutant Name Methyl Chloroform Xylenes n-Hexane Toluene Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Methyl Ethyl Ketone Perchloroethylene Methylene Chloride MTBE Ethylene Emissions (tons) 30.4 26.2 25.1 20.3 15.2 13.0 11.0 8.6 7.3 7.3 Primary Area Source Category Solvent Cleaning Industrial Surface Coating Architectural Surface Coating Industrial/Architectural Surface Coating Industrial Surface Coating Architectural/Industrial Surface Coating Dry Cleaning Architectural Surface Coating/Solvent Cleaning Gasoline Refueling Residential Wood Burning

23

CHAPTER 3: POINT SOURCE INVENTORY

3.1. INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS This section documents the methods used to identify and compile emissions data from point sources in New Haven. For the purposes of this study, point sources are industrial and commercial stationary sources that have been inventoried as individual facilities. Typically, emission inventories divide stationary sources into two categories: major and area. Major sources are defined by the Clean Air Act as those that emit 10 tons per year of any one toxic air pollutant, or a combination of toxic air pollutants amounting to 25 tons per year. Area sources are typically smaller facilities, and their emissions do not exceed these thresholds. In the New Haven inventory, all but one facility inventoried as a point source fell below EPAs threshold definition for major sources. 3.2. GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE Point sources are unique from area and mobile sources in that they may emit quantities of air toxics capable of impacting health over a broad geographic region. For that reason, the focus group determined that it was important to record emissions from point sources within approximately five-miles of the New Haven town-line. Point source emissions from facilities in New Haven and adjacent towns are reported in APPENDIX A. While not included in the main inventory, emissions from non-local sources will be considered in future air quality and health risk modeling efforts as well as stationary source emission reduction initiatives. 3.3. EMISSIONS DATA SOURCES The following sources were scoped to determine the availability of air toxic emissions data from local point source facilities: 2001 Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)12 1999 National Emissions Inventory (NEI)13 Connecticut DEP Air Emission Inventory of 2000. 14 After every effort was made to gather the most reliable data for each facility from these sources, draft emission estimates were released to facility managers for review. Managers either confirmed that estimates were correct or submitted revisions reflecting more recent or more accurate emissions data. Managers commonly reported that NEI estimates were out-of-date or that the range averages reported in TRI did not accurately reflect actual emissions. The following hierarchy of data sources was used to determine emissions from the thirty-three point source facilities in New Haven: 1. Reported Emission Values: Sixteen facility managers provided direct emissions data in response to the Citys request. Emissions from non-responding facilities were estimated using data from sources listed below. 2. 2001 Toxic Release Inventory (TRI): Emissions data for five point sources.

24

3. 1999 National Emissions Inventory (NEI) : Emissions data for eight point sources. 4. Connecticut DEP, Air Bureau: Provided lead emissions data for six fossil fuel combustion sources. This data was, in some cases, used as a supplement to data reported in other inventories. Also, it was used to correct lead emissions data incorrectly reported in Version 3 of the 1999 NEI.

25

3.4. POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS The top five chemicals, (Toluene, MTBE, Methyl Ethyl Ketone, Xylenes, and Napthalene) represent over 70% of emissions from point sources in New Haven.
Figure 3.4-1: New Haven Point Sources Summary by Pollutant Point Source HAP Name Emissions (lbs) HAP Name 1 Toluene 71,193.514 39 Vinyl Chloride 2 Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether 33,975.680 40 Mercury Compounds 3 Methyl Ethyl Ketone 22,869.457 41 Ethylene Glycol 4 Xylenes 22,841.028 42 Acrylonitrile 5 Napthalene 14,866.600 43 Lead Compounds 6 Trichloroethylene 7,915.2552 44 Ethylidene Dichloride 7 Benzene 7,418.487 45 Methyl Chloroform 8 Hexane 6,150.745 46 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 9 Copper Compounds 5,292.300 47 Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 10 Ethylbenzene 5,222.317 48 Nitrate Compounds 11 Formaldehyde 4,607.473 49 Acrolein 12 Tert-Butyl-Alcohol 4,243.000 50 Selenium Compounds 13 Styrene 4,174.000 51 Cadmium Compounds 14 N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone 2,400.000 52 o-Xylene 15 Glycol Ethers 2,400.000 53 Ethyl Chloride 16 Nitric Acid 1,982.000 54 Chlorine 17 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,958.000 55 Methyl Chloride 18 Methanol 1,750.000 56 Carbon Disulfide 19 Cyclohexane 1,389.000 57 Ethylene Dichloride 20 n-Hexane 1,211.000 58 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 21 Nickel Compounds 1,171.420 59 Chlorobenzene 22 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 831.040 60 Carbonyl Sulfide 23 Sulfuric Acid 420.000 61 1,3-Butadiene 24 Vanadium 151.500 62 Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 25 Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 147.752 63 Propylene Dichloride 26 Methylene Chloride 116.524 64 Vinylidene Chloride 27 Acetaldehyde 115.270 65 Chromium VI 28 Manganese Compounds 102.316 66 Propylene Oxide 29 Polycyclic Organic Matter 98.030 67 7-PAH 30 16-PAH 84.000 68 Beryllium Compounds 31 Phospherous Compounds 74.800 69 Acetonitrile 32 Cobalt Compounds 68.400 70 Chloroform 33 Hydrochloric Acid 64.555 71 1,2-Dichloroethane 34 Antimony Compounds 61.200 72 Benzo (G,H,I) Perylene 35 Tetrachloroethylene 59.026 73 Carbon Tetrachloride 36 Arsenic Compounds 55.428 74 Cyanide Compounds 37 Zinc Compounds 53.400 75 Ethylene Dibromide 38 Chromium Compounds 50.127 76 Dioxin and like Point Source Emissions (lbs) 43.480 42.445 40.320 31.834 31.673 22.039 21.270 17.659 14.170 12.000 11.200 10.762 8.534 8.520 7.644 7.000 6.190 4.185 3.846 2.926 2.807 2.790 2.000 2.000 1.927 1.838 1.200 1.200 1.135 0.745 0.600 0.539 0.400 0.200 0.058 0.036 0.018 0.003

26

There are thirty-three New Haven facilities included in the point source inventory. Detailed information and emission data is available for each of these facilities in APPENDIX A. The following table shows summaries of the ten individual facilities with the greatest quantity of air toxic emissions. Cumulative emissions from these ten facilities account for approximately 91% of total point source emissions.
Figure 3.4-2: Top Ten Emitting New Haven Facilities HAP Emissions Facility Name Address Process (TPY) Largest Chemical Release Data Source St. Gobain Performance Toluene, Xylenes, Ethylbenzene, Methyl 409 East Street Surface Coating (Fabric Coating) 33.53 2001 TRI Plastics* Ethyl Ketone 428-500 Waterfront Napthalene, MTBE, Benzene, Tert-ButylGulf Oil, LP Street Petroleum Bulk Terminals 19.09 Alcohol, Toluene, Cyclohexane 2001 TRI Methyl Ethyl Ketone, Xylenes, Toluene, Facility Von Roll Isola 166 Chapel Street Surface Coating (Fabric Coating) 14.52 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene, Methanol Submission Methyl Ethyl Ketone, Toluene, N-Methyl- Facility Uretek, Inc. 30 Lenox Street Surface Coating (Fabric Coating) 8.15 2-Pyrrolidone Submission MTBE, Xylenes, Toluene, Benzene, nMotiva Enterprises 481 East Shore Pkwy Petroleum Bulk Terminals 7.50 Hexane, Ethyl Benzene 2001 TRI Surface Coating- Misc. Metal Parts / Trichloroethylene, Methylene Chloride, Facility Sargent Manufacturing Co. 100 Sargent Drive 6.17 Solvent Cleaning Copper Comp, Chromium Comp Submission MTBE, Hexane, Toluene, 2,2,4Facility Magellan Terminals 280 Waterfront Street Petroleum Bulk Terminals 5.64 Trimethylpentane, Xylenes, Benzene Submission Copper Comp, Glycol Ethers, Nitric Acid, Facility H.B. Ives Co. 50 Ives Place Surface Coating / Solvent Cleaning 4.80 Ethyl Benzene, Ethylene Glycol, Xylenes Submission MTBE, Hexane, Toluene, 2,2,4Facility Magellan Terminals 134 Forbes Avenue Petroleum Bulk Terminals 5.91 Trimethylpentane, Xylenes, Benzene Submission Yale University Central Hexane, Formaldehyde, Toluene, Facility Plant 68 Ashmun Street Fossil Fuel Combustion 2.56 Xylenes, Acetaldehyde, Manganese Comp Submission

* St. Gobain left New Haven summer 2003.

27

CHAPTER 4: AREA SOURCE INVENTORY

Area sources are stationary sources that are either too small or too numerous to inventory individually. Emissions from these sources fall beneath the states required reporting threshold. Although emissions from each individual area source may be small, cumulatively they become significant enough to contribute to health risk. Emissions from twelve area source categories have been addressed in this inventory: Architectural Surface Coating, Auto Body Shops, Consumer Product Usage, Dry Cleaners, Gasoline Refueling Stations, Commercial Printers, Residential Heating, Structure Fires, Residential Wood Burning, Traffic Markings, Solvent Cleaning and Industrial Surface Coating. Emissions from area source categories were estimated using a variety of methods based on activity data and published emission factors. Emissions are summarized in the table below and methodology for each source category is detailed in the following sections.

28

Table 4-1: Area Source Emissions

Pollutant Name Architectural Surface Coating 3.15335 25.1055 6.30670 0.72770 6.79183 4.89069 Auto Body Consumer Product 0.01111 0.00620 0.01296 0.00145 0.00080 0.00108 Dry cleaners Gasoline Refueling Residential Heating Structure Fires Residential Wood Burning Traffic Markings Solvent Cleaning 30.4260 0.28233 0.77641 1.17071 0.44088 8.01590 7.27000 7.25389 6.74332 5.48942 0.00245 5.21515 1.17230 0.26677 0.01780 0.38820 0.00466 2.33714 1.96646 1.88627 1.75815 0.98010 0.93368 0.81065 0.74183 0.68212 0.60641 0.40512 0.53353 0.52602 0.49408 0.44461 0.35291 0.33185 0.23852 0.22248 0.08495 0.04482 0.04304 0.15777 0.55592 3.12366 2.41918 5.43486 0.07058 3.32620 2.96933 3.74262 19.8647 10.5933 14.1703 4.43950 Industrial Surface Coating Area Sources (tons) 30.4371 26.1632 25.1055 20.3018 15.2417 12.9641 10.9860 8.63439 7.27000 7.25389 6.74332 5.48942 5.43731 5.28574 4.51630 3.78329 2.41918 2.33714 1.96646 1.88627 1.75815 0.98010 0.93368 0.81065 0.74183 0.68212 0.60641 0.56289 0.55592 0.53353 0.52602 0.49408 0.44461 0.35291 0.33185 0.23852 0.22248 0.08495 0.04482 0.04304

Methyl Chloroform Xylenes n-Hexane Toluene Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Methyl Ethyl Ketone Tetrachloroethylene Methylene Chloride MTBE Ethylene Trichloroethylene Hydrogen Cyanide Hexane Ethylbenzene Ethylene Glycol Benzene Ethane Hydrochloric Acid Propene Butenes Acetylene 2-Methyl Furan Pentenes Methyl Alcohol Furfural Acrolein N,N-Dimethylformamide formaldehyde Propane Ethyl Chloride Furan 2,2,4- Trimethylpentane Methyl Chloride POM as 16-PAH o-Xylene 2,5-Dimethyl Furan Butyl Cellosolve N-Butane Acetaldehyde I-Butane

2.85664 1.44167 0.34373 1.29038

29

Table 4-1: Area Source Emissions (continued)

Pollutant Name Architectural Surface Coating Auto Body 0.04116 0.02670 0.01973 0.01920 0.01780 0.01152 0.01116 0.00890 0.00890 0.00768 0.00686 0.00512 0.00495 0.00384 0.00384 0.00384 0.00384 0.00384 0.00241 0.00221 0.00142 0.00116 0.00019 0.00012 0.00007 0.00005 0.00004 0.00004 0.00004 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00001 0.00001 0.00000 0.52908 0.00003 0.00002 0.00000 0.00028 Consumer Product Dry cleaners Gasoline Refueling Residential Heating Structure Fires Residential Wood Burning Traffic Markings Solvent Cleaning Industrial Surface Coating Area Sources (tons) 0.04116 0.02670 0.01973 0.01920 0.01780 0.01152 0.01116 0.00890 0.00890 0.00796 0.00686 0.00512 0.00495 0.00387 0.00386 0.00384 0.00384 0.00384 0.00241 0.00221 0.00142 0.00116 0.00019 0.00012 0.00007 0.00005 0.00004 0.00004 0.00004 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00001 0.00001 0.00000 215.377

Diethyene Glycol Monbutyl Ether Cellosolve Acetate Methanol Selenium Cellosolve Lead Naphthalene Diethyene Glycol Monemethyl Ether Diethyene Glycol Monoethyl Ether manganese Methyl Bromide Arsenic 1,3-Dichloropropene Cadmium nickel chromium Beryllium mercury 1,4-Dichlorobenzene Chlorobenzene Napthalene Glycol Ethers Acenapthene phenanthrene Tetra Ethyl Lead fluoranthene pyrene fluorene benz(a)anthracene chrysene benzo(g,h,I)perylene indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene dibenzo(a,h)anthracene benzo(b,k)fluoranthene Anthracene Acenapthylene Area Sources (tons)

55.21456

6.27616

0.07480

8.01590

15.06945

8.66644

24.45543

0.81065

43.88128

52.39400

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4.1. ARCHITECTURAL SURFACE COATING

Architectural Surface Coating Emissions

110,429 lbs

EPA defines emissions from Architectural Surface Coatings as emissions released from the application of coating such as paint, primer, varnish or lacquer to architectural surfaces, and the use of solvents as thinners and for cleanup.15 Architectural surfaces include any built structure, and the coatings in question are any applied for general or special purpose use. The HAP estimate for this category is based on a per-capita usage factor, a per-gallon VOC emission factor, and a speciation profile. 16 New Haven Population, Year 2000: 123,626 Source: U.S. Census Population Statistics, 2000 Equations: Coatings usage = New Haven population * usage factor VOC emissions = coatings usage * VOC factor HAP emissions = VOC emissions * HAP weight fraction

Table 4.1-1: Usage & VOC emissions Usage Factor Coatings Usage VOC Factor (gal/person/year) (gal) (lbs VOC/gal) Solvent-Based Coatings: 0.507 62,678 3.87 Water-Based Coatings: 1.944 240,328 0.74

VOC Emissions (lbs) 242,565 177,843

VOC Emissions (tons) 121.283 88.9217

Table 4.1-2: HAP Weight Fractions HAPS Solvent-based Weight Fraction Weight Fraction Solvent Based Water-based N,N-Dimethylformamide 0.005 Ethylbenzene 0.043 Ethylene Glycol 0.006 0.005 n-Hexane 0.207 Isomers of Xylene 0.026 Methyl Ethyl Ketone 0.056 Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 0.006 Toluene 0.052 Benzene 0.003 Methylene Chloride 0.055 Ethyl Chloride 0.006 Ethylene Glycol Methyl Chloride 0.005

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HAP NAME Benzene Methylene Chloride N,N-Dimethylformamide Ethyl Chloride Ethylbenzene Ethylene Glycol n-Hexane Isomers of Xylene Methyl Chloride Methyl Ethyl Ketone Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Toluene Total

Table 4.1-3: HAP Emissions SB emissions (lbs) WB emissions (lbs) Total HAPS (lbs) 0 0 1,212.83 0 10,430.3 1,455.39 50,211.0 6,306.70 0 13,583.7 1,455.39 12,613.4 533.530 9781.39 0 1067.06 0 889.217 0 0 889.217 0 0 0 533.530 9,781.39 1,212.83 1,067.06 10,430.3 2,344.61 50,211.0 6,306.70 889.217 13,583.7 1,455.39 12,613.4 110,429

Total HAPS (tons) 0.26677 4.89069 0.60641 0.53353 5.21515 1.17230 25.1055 3.15335 0.44461 6.79183 0.72770 6.30670 55.2146

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4.2. AUTOMOBILE REFINISHING

Automobile Refinishing Emissions

12,552 lbs

Emissions from this category were estimated using a per-employee VOC emission factor developed in 1998 by the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection Bureau of Air Management. 17 After conducting 450 inspections and analyzing data from 273 refinishers in Connecticut, the DEP arrived at an emission factor of 0.216 tons of VOC per auto body refinishing employee The estimate for the number of refinishing employees in New Haven was determined through a telephone survey conducted in October 2002 by the City of New Haven. All auto body shops in the New Haven phonebook and CERC Business Listing were contacted by phone. It was determined that 16 facilities in New Haven offer automobile refinishing services with a total of 51.5 full time refinishing employees. This method of compiling employment statistics risks underestimating total auto refinishing emissions because it does not capture emissions from unlisted/illegal shops or backyard activities. VOC estimates were speciated using an EPA profile. 18 Calculations: 0.216 tons VOC per refinishing employee 51.5 refinishing employees in New Haven 51.5 employees * 0.216 tons VOC per employee = 11.124 tons VOC VOC emissions * HAP speciation factor = HAP emissions
Figure 4.2-1: HAP Emissions - Automobile Refinishing HAP NAME Speciation Factors HAPS (tons) Butyl Cellosolve 0.02000 0.22248 Cellosolve 0.00160 0.01780 Ethylene Glycol 0.00160 0.01780 Diethyene Glycol Monoethyl Ether 0.00080 0.00890 Diethyene Glycol Monemethyl Ether 0.00080 0.00890 Diethyene Glycol Monbutyl Ether 0.00370 0.04116 Cellosolve Acetate 0.00240 0.02670 Methyl Ethyl Ketone 0.11600 1.29038 Methyle Isobutyl Ketone 0.03090 0.34373 Toluene 0.12960 1.44167 Xylene 0.25680 2.85664 Total HAPS 6.27616 HAPs (lbs) 444.960 35.5968 35.5968 17.7984 17.7984 82.3176 53.3952 2580.77 687.463 2883.34 5713.29 12,552.3

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4.3. CONSUMER PRODUCTS

Consumer Product Emissions

150 lbs

HAP emissions from consumer products were calculated using simple per-capita emission factors. 19 Emissions from each source category were based on the New Haven population from 2000, reported by the U.S. Census Bureau.
Figure 4.3-1: Consumer Product Pollutant Summary HAP Name Emissions (lbs) Methanol 39.4537 Toluene 25.9298 Methyl Chloroform 22.2259 Methyl Bromide 13.7225 Xylenes 12.4075 1,3-Dichloropropene 9.89008 Hexane 4.89966 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 4.81274 Chlorobenzene 4.42674 Methyl Ethyl Ketone 2.90472 Napthalene 2.84998 Glycol Ethers 2.31668 Methylene Chloride 2.16230 Perchloroethylene 1.59108

Seven categories of commonly used consumer products contain hazardous air pollutants. These include: auto after market products, pesticides, coating & related care products, adhesives & sealants, household products, miscellaneous and personal care products.
Figure 4.3-2: Consumer Product Category Summary

Household Products Miscellaneous Products 3% 1% Adhesives & Sealants 16% Coating & Related Care Products 17% Pesticides 31% Auto After Market Products = 47 lbs Coating & Related Products = 26 lbs Household Products = 5 lbs Personal Care Products = 0.23 lbs Pesticides = 46 lbs Adhesives & Sealants = 25 lbs Miscellaneous Products = 1 lb Auto After Market Products 32%

34

New Haven Population, Year 2000: 123,626 Source: U.S. Census Population Statistics, 2000
Figure 4.3-3: HAP Emissions - Adhesives and Sealants Per Capita Emission Factor (lb/year/person) 0.000008 0.000000 0.000011 0.000014 0.000025 0.000128 0.078300 0.000682 0.039100 0.001240 0.008780 0.000107 0.000002 0.000675 0.084300 0.214000 0.000039 0.000000 0.009760 % Reduction due to VOC Rule 8.3% 8.3% 8.3% 8.3% 8.3% 8.3% 8.3% 8.3% 8.3% 8.3% 8.3% 8.3% 8.3% 8.3% 8.3% 8.3% 8.3% 8.3% 8.3% Adjusted Emission Factor 0.000007 0.000000 0.000010 0.000013 0.000023 0.000117 0.071800 0.000625 0.035900 0.001140 0.008050 0.000098 0.000002 0.000619 0.077300 0.196000 0.000036 0.000000 0.008950 Population 2000 123,626 123,626 123,626 123,626 123,626 123,626 123,626 123,626 123,626 123,626 123,626 123,626 123,626 123,626 123,626 123,626 123,626 123,626 123,626 Emissions 2000 (lbs) 0.000457 0.000013 0.000618 0.000771 0.001423 0.007255 4.438241 0.038657 2.216287 0.070286 0.497673 0.006065 0.000120 0.038261 4.778337 12.13006 0.002199 0.000003 0.553221 24.77995

Pollutant Dibenzofurans N,N-Dimethylformamide 1,4-Dioxane Ethyl benzene Formaldehyde Glycol ethers Hexane Methanol Methyl ethyl ketone Methyl isobutyl ketone Methylene chloride Naphthalene 2-Nitropropane Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Methyl Chloroform Trichloroethylene Vinyl acetate Xylenes Total

35

Figure 4.3-4: HAP Emissions Automotive Aftermarket Products Per Capita Emissions Factor (lb/year/person) % Reduction Adjusted for Automotive due to VOC Emission 2000 Factor Pollutant Aftermarket Products Rule Population Benzene 0.000005 8.97% 0.000004 123,626 Chloroform 0.000036 8.97% 0.000033 123,626 N,N-Dimethylformamide 0.000000 8.97% 0.000000 123,626 Ethyl benzene 0.000075 8.97% 0.000068 123,626 Glycol ethers 0.026900 8.97% 0.024500 123,626 Hexane 0.003530 8.97% 0.003210 123,626 Hydrogen fluoride 0.000014 8.97% 0.000013 123,626 Methanol 0.661000 8.97% 0.602000 123,626 Methyl ethyl ketone 0.003040 8.97% 0.002770 123,626 Methyl isobutyl ketone 0.000873 8.97% 0.000795 123,626 Methyl-tert-butyl ether 0.000024 8.97% 0.000022 123,626 Methylene chloride 0.004830 8.97% 0.004400 123,626 Naphthalene 0.000002 8.97% 0.000002 123,626 Tetrachloroethylene 0.023500 8.97% 0.021400 123,626 Toluene 0.024900 8.97% 0.022700 123,626 Methyl Chloroform 0.076300 8.97% 0.069500 123,626 Trichloroethylene 0.000267 8.97% 0.000243 123,626 Xylenes 0.012000 8.97% 0.010900 123,626 Total

2000 Emissions (lbs) 0.000266 0.002026 0.000002 0.004226 1.513619 0.198627 0.000793 37.19340 0.171056 0.049122 0.001328 0.271776 0.000127 1.322307 1.401083 4.293277 0.015024 0.675220 47.113274

Figure 4.3-5: HAP Emissions Personal Care Products Per Capita Emissions Factor (lb/year/person) % Reduction Adjusted for Personal Care due to VOC Emission 2000 Rule Factor Pollutant Products Population Acetamide 0.000000 12.11% 0.000000 123,626 Ethylene Dichloride 0.000005 12.11% 0.000004 123,626 N,N-Dimethylformamide 0.000027 12.11% 0.000024 123,626 Glycol ethers 0.000015 12.11% 0.000013 123,626 Methanol 0.000001 12.11% 0.000000 123,626 Methyl ethyl ketone 0.000018 12.11% 0.000015 123,626 Toluene 0.003410 12.11% 0.003000 123,626 Methyl Chloroform 0.000745 12.11% 0.000655 123,626 Total

2000 Emissions (lbs) 0.000007 0.000251 0.001472 0.000826 0.000031 0.000951 0.185257 0.040474 0.022927

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Figure 4.3-6: HAP Emissions Coating and Related Products Per Capita Emission Factor (lb/year/person) for Coating and Related Products Pollutant 2000 Population Acetophenone 0.000009 123,626 Chlorobenzene 0.000015 123,626 Chloroform 0.000955 123,626 Ethyl benzene 0.000686 123,626 Formaldehyde 0.000855 123,626 Glycol ethers 0.002240 123,626 Hexane 0.002390 123,626 Methanol 0.016000 123,626 Methyl ethyl ketone 0.007940 123,626 Methyl isobutyl ketone 0.005260 123,626 Methylene chloride 0.019700 123,626 Naphthalene 0.000006 123,626 Tetrachloroethylene 0.000148 123,626 Toluene 0.316000 123,626 Methyl Chloroform 0.007690 123,626 Trichloroethylene 0.000137 123,626 Triethylamine 0.000526 123,626 Xylenes 0.040500 123,626 Total

2000 Emissions (lbs) 0.000527 0.000933 0.059031 0.042404 0.052850 0.138461 0.147733 0.989008 0.490795 0.325136 1.217716 0.000355 0.009148 19.53291 0.475342 0.008468 0.032514 2.503427 26.026758

Figure 4.3-7: HAP Emissions Household Products Per Capita Emissions % Reduction Adjusted Factor (lb/year/person) due to VOC Emission 2000 Population Pollutant for Household Products Rule Factor 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 0.047900 10.94% 0.042700 123,626 1,2-Dichloroethane 0.000000 10.94% 0.000000 123,626 Ethyl benzene 0.000003 10.94% 0.000002 123,626 Formaldehyde 0.000007 10.94% 0.000006 123,626 Glycol ethers 0.005310 10.94% 0.004730 123,626 Hexane 0.002090 10.94% 0.001860 123,626 Hydrochloric Acid 0.000002 10.94% 0.000002 123,626 Hydrogen fluoride 0.000000 10.94% 0.000000 123,626 Methanol 0.000666 10.94% 0.000593 123,626 Methyl ethyl ketone 0.000449 10.94% 0.000400 123,626 Methyl isobutyl ketone 0.000108 10.94% 0.000096 123,626 Methylene chloride 0.002390 10.94% 0.002130 123,626 Naphthalene 0.000001 10.94% 0.000000 123,626 Tetrachloroethylene 0.002960 10.94% 0.002640 123,626 Toluene 0.000582 10.94% 0.000518 123,626 Methyl Chloroform 0.028500 10.94% 0.025400 123,626 Trichloroethylene 0.000043 10.94% 0.000039 123,626 Xylenes 0.003280 10.94% 0.002920 123,626 Total

2000 Emissions (lbs) 2.636927 0.000002 0.000141 0.000371 0.292319 0.115056 0.000096 0.000005 0.036664 0.024718 0.005945 0.131571 0.000030 0.162950 0.032039 1.568944 0.002389 0.180566 5.190733

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Figure 4.3-8: HAP Emissions FIFRA Regulated Products (Pesticides) Per Capita Emission Factor (lb/year/person) for FIFRARegulated Products Pollutant 2000 Population 2000 Emissions (lbs) Chlorobenzene 0.071600 123,626 4.425811 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 0.035200 123,626 2.175818 1,3-Dichloropropene 0.160000 123,626 9.890080 Ethyl benzene 0.001300 123,626 0.080357 Formaldehyde 0.000381 123,626 0.023551 Glycol ethers 0.005650 123,626 0.349243 Isophorone 0.000947 123,626 0.058537 Methanol 0.000948 123,626 0.058599 Methyl bromide 0.222000 123,626 13.72249 Methyl ethyl ketone 0.000020 123,626 0.001242 Methyl isobutyl ketone 0.000090 123,626 0.005569 Methylene chloride 0.000681 123,626 0.042095 Naphthalene 0.046000 123,626 2.843398 Tetrachloroethylene 0.000192 123,626 0.011868 Methyl Chloroform 0.059900 123,626 3.702599 Triethylamine 0.000313 123,626 0.019347 Xylenes 0.137000 123,626 8.468381 Total 45.878981

Figure 4.3-9: HAP Emissions Miscellaneous Products Per Capita Emission Factor (lb/year/person) for Pollutant Miscellaneous Products 2000 Population N,N-Dimethylformamide 0.000007 123,626 Glycol ethers 0.000242 123,626 Methanol 0.018400 123,626 Methyl ethyl ketone 0.000010 123,626 Methylene chloride 0.000024 123,626 Tetrachloroethylene 0.000753 123,626 Toluene 0.000002 123,626 Methyl Chloroform 0.000246 123,626 Xylenes 0.000431 123,626 Total

2000 Emissions (lbs) 0.000459 0.014959 1.137359 0.000624 0.001471 0.046545 0.000152 0.015206 0.026641 1.243417

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4.4. DRY CLEANERS

Dry Cleaning Emissions

16,032 lbs

For preparation of the 1990 Base Year Ozone and Carbon Monoxide Emissions Inventory, the Connecticut DEP conducted a survey of dry cleaning establishments in the State of Connecticut. It was determined that 97% of dry cleaners in Connecticut were using perchloroethylene (perc) as the principal cleaning agent. 20 In AP-42, the EPA recommends estimating perc emissions by applying an emission factor of 3.5 lbs perc per 100 lbs of clothing for dry-to-dry systems. 21 In June 2003, a written survey was sent out to all dry cleaning facilities listed in the New Haven phone book (see survey, next page). Of the twenty-six facilities that received the survey, twenty responded either by mail, phone, fax or email. Nine facilities reported being drop-only locations (no cleaning operations take place on-site). Eleven facilities reported the weight of clothes cleaned and the technology used. Of the remaining six locations, four were out-of-business and two were determined to be functioning facilities with on-site dry cleaning operations. Survey responses indicate that approximately 425,336 lbs of clothing are cleaned per year in New Haven. 22 All respondents use perc as the cleaning agent and all but one 23 use dryto-dry technology (considered low-emitting relative to transfer technology). Calculations: 3.5 lbs perc per 100 lbs clothing for dry-to-dry system 425,336 lbs clothes cleaned annually 3.5 lbs perc * (425,336 lbs/100) = 16,031.89 lbs perc 16,031.89 lbs perc / 2000 lbs per ton = 8.015945 tons perc
Figure 4.4-1: HAP Emissions Dry Cleaners Pollutant Name HAP Emissions (tons) Perchloroethylene 8.01595

Federal and state standards have tightened since this emission factor was published in AP-42 in 1982, so two alternative methods for calculating emissions were also considered. Alternative Method #1 apportioned the DEPs state-level estimate to the City level using activity and regulatory information provided by the Northeast Fabricare Association, an industry trade group. This method yielded an estimate of 17.8559 tons of perc. Alternative Method #2 applied EPAs per-employee emission factors from Emission Inventory Improvement Program document to New Haven dry cleaner employment data from the ReferenceUSA business database. 24 This method yielded an estimate of 48.9 tons of perc.

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The lowest estimate was selected because it was based on data gathered directly from local dry cleaners and because Connecticuts perc regulations are stricter than the national MACT (maximum available control technology) standard that was used to develop the per-employee emission factor. See the next page for the dry cleaner survey form.

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NEW HAVEN CITY PLAN DEPARTMENT

165 CHURCH STREET, NEW HAVEN, CT 06510 TEL (203) 946-6378 FAX (203) 946-7815 June 23, 2003 Dear Facility Manager: The City of New Haven is currently engaged in an effort to assess air emissions from small facilities operating within City limits. Dry cleaners are one such type of facility, along with gasoline stations, graphic arts, auto body shops and others. As an operator of a dry cleaning business, your assistance is essential to our effort to develop a local inventory of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS). Perchloroethylene (also known as PERC, PCE, or Tetrachloroethylene) is the chemical most often associated with dry cleaning facilities. Please help us by answering the following questions. This survey has been addressed to all dry cleaners in New Haven. This process is intended to benefit you and your fellow employees as well as your New Haven neighbors. Please complete and return this survey by Thursday, July 3rd. Please fax or send your responses to: Madeleine Weil City Plan Department 165 Church Street New Haven, CT 06510 Fax: 946-7815 You may also call Madeleine Weil at 946-6752 and respond verbally or email responses to mweil@newhavenct.net. Thank you very much for your cooperation. Please contact me if you have any questions. Sincerely, Madeleine Weil Project Coordinator New Haven Community Clean Air Initiative

Please provide the following facility information.

Name and address: ______________________________________________________________________________ _________ Contact person and phone number: ____________________________________________________________________________ How many pounds (lbs) of clothes are cleaned per year at your address listed above? ___________________________ _________ Do you use Perchloroethylene? Circle one: Yes / No : If no, what material do you use? ________________________________ Describe your on-site cleaning technology. Circle one: Transfer Machine / Dry-to-Dry Machine / Wet Cleaning Machine How many pounds (lbs) per year of clothes do you send off-site to be cleaned? _________________________________________ Where do you send your clothes to be cleaned? Please give name and address. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Youre done! Thank you for your help!

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4.5. GASOLINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES

Gasoline Distribution Loss Emissions

30,139 lbs

HAP estimates for this category are based on gasoline sales data for New Haven service stations, gathered through a survey conducted in June 2003. Methods for estimating VOC emissions from gasoline sales are included in EPAs Emission Inventory Improvement Program documentation25 and from the DEPs 1999 Periodic Ozone and Carbon Monoxide Inventory. 26 The HAP speciation profile came from the documentation for the National Area Source Estimates. 27 4.5.1. GASOLINE SALES IN NEW HAVEN In June 2003, a survey was sent to 47 operational gasoline service stations in New Haven requesting information about the amount of fuel sold on location in 2002 (see survey, next page). Fuel sales data from 32 stations were returned, (including the four City of New Haven fleet fueling stations). The number of gasoline nozzles at each station was collected from the Connecticut Department of Consumer Protection. Staff from the New Haven Department of Weights and Measures collected data on the tank capacity of each station. Three separate methods were used to estimate fuel-sales for non-responding service stations and the average of estimates based on these methods was used to calculate VOC and HAP emissions. Method 1 : An average gasoline sales rate per nozzle was calculated for the facilities that responded to the survey. This rate was applied to the number of nozzles at nonresponding facilities to obtain an estimate of gasoline sales for these facilities. Using this method, the sum of gasoline fuel sales for all New Haven facilities is estimated to be 31,905,478 gallons. Method 2 : An average gasoline sales rate per tank capacity was calculated for the facilities that responded to the survey. This rate was applied to the tank capacities at non-responding facilities to obtain an estimate of gasoline sales for these facilities. Using this method, the sum of gasoline fuel sales for all New Haven facilities is estimated to be 32,203,152 gallons. Method 3 : An average per-facility gasoline sales rate was calculated for the facilities that responded to the survey. This average was attributed to non-responding facilities, regardless of tank capacity or number of nozzles. Using this method, the sum of gasoline fuel sales for all New Haven facilities is estimated to be 35,207,103 gallons.

Since none of the above methods was judged to be any more or less valid than the others, the average of the results of these three methods was used to calculated VOC and HAP emissions for this category. Average (31,905,478 gallons + 32,203,152 gallons + 35,207,103 gallons) = 33,105,244 gallons

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4.5.2. VOC EMISSION CALCULATION AND HAP SPECTIATION VOC emissions for each component of gasoline distribution are calculated separately below. Because Connecticut does not meet the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ozone, the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments require that all gasoline sold in the state must contain 2% oxygen by weight. MTBE has been the oxygenate of choice among gasoline suppliers in the Connecticut. The table below includes two speciation profiles, reflecting seasonal variation in the type of gasoline sold in Connecticut. In the emission estimates that follow, it has been assumed that half of all gasoline sold in the state conforms to the Reformulated profile and half conforms to the Winter Oxygenated profile 28 in the Documentation for the National Area Source Estimates. VOC emissions (calculated below) have been speciated according to the profiles in the following table.
Figure 4.5.2-1: HAP Speciation Profiles HAP NAME Reformulated Winter Oxygenated w/MTBE w/MTBE 2,2,4- Trimethylpentane 0.007 0.007 Benzene 0.004 0.007 Ethyl benzene 0.001 0.001 Hexane 0.014 0.140 MTBE 0.087 0.119 POM as 16-PAH 0.005 0.005 Toluene 0.011 0.011 Xylene 0.004 0.004

Note: As of October 2003, MTBE was banned from Connecticut and many other states as a result of its negative impact on water quality. Ethanol has now replaced MTBE as an oxygenate. 4.5.3. TANK TRUCK UNLOADING Average Daily VOC emissions were calculated according to the formula: VOC emissions = (gallons gasoline sold in thousands) * (emission factor) * [1-(control efficiency * rule effectiveness * rule penetration)] Uncontrolled emission factor for submerged filling is 7.3 lbs VOC/1000 gallons 29 Control efficiency for Stage 1 controls is 95.89%30 Rule penetration in 1990 was 99.09% 31 Rule effectiveness determined to be 96.8%32

Calculation: 33,105.244 thousand gallons * (7.3 lbs VOC/1000 gallons)*(1 (0.9589*0.968*0.9909)) = 19,565.1299 lbs per year = 9.7826 tons VOC per year 50% of 13.845 tons = 4.8912 tons Reformulated with MTBE 50% of 13.845 tons = 4.8912 tons Winter Oxygenated with MTBE

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Figure 4.5.3-1: HAP Emissions Tank Truck Unloading HAPs from HAPs from Winter Reformulated 50% Oxygenated 50% 2,2,4- Trimethylpentane 0.03424 0.03424 Benzene 0.01957 0.03424 Ethyl benzene 0.00489 0.00489 Hexane 0.06848 0.68478 MTBE 0.42554 0.58206 POM as 16-PAH 0.02446 0.02446 Toluene 0.05380 0.05380 Xylene 0.01957 0.01957 Total (tons per year) 0.65054 1.43804 HAP

TOTAL HAPS (tons) 0.06848 0.05380 0.00978 0.75326 1.00760 0.04891 0.10761 0.03913 2.08858

4.5.4. UNDERGROUND TANK BREATHING One pound of VOC per thousand gallons of gasoline sold is emitted due to underground tank breathing. 33 Calculation: 33,105.244 thousand gallons * (1 lb VOC/1000 gallons) = 33,105.244 lbs VOC = 16.553 tons VOC 50% of 16.553 tons = 8.2765 tons Reformulated with MTBE 50% of 16.553 tons = 8.2765 tons Winter Oxygenated with MTBE

Figure 4.5.4-4: HAP Emissions Underground Tank Breathing HAPs from HAPs from Winter TOTAL HAPS reformulated 50% Oxygenated 2,2,4- Trimethylpentane 0.05794 0.05794 0.11587 Benzene 0.03311 0.05794 0.09104 Ethyl benzene 0.00828 0.00828 0.01655 Hexane 0.11587 1.15871 1.27458 MTBE 0.72006 0.98490 1.70496 POM as 16-PAH 0.04138 0.04138 0.08277 Toluene 0.09104 0.09104 0.18208 Xylene 0.03311 0.03311 0.06621 Total (tons per year) 1.10077 2.43329 3.53407 HAP

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4.5.3. VEHICLE REFUELING In 1993, the Connecticut DEP rolled out regulations requiring all gasoline service stations that dispense over 10,000 gallons per month to install, operate, and test control equipment designed to recover vapors when vehicles are refueled. Collectively known as the Stage II Vapor Recovery System Program, these regulations apply to more than 1600 stations statewide. Under full compliance, this system is certified to reduce VOCs in gasoline vapors by 95%. In the 1999 Ozone Inventory, the CT DEP estimated that in 1996, 29.9 million gallons were sold in New Haven County without Stage II controls (9.5%), while 285.9 million gallons were sold with Stage II controls (90.54%). If these same percentages are applied to gasoline sold in the city of New Haven, it is estimated that nearly 30 million gallons of gasoline were sold with Stage II and 3.1 million gallons were sold without Stage II controls (out of a total 33.1 million gallons). Using Mobile 5.0., DEP generated the following VOC emissions factors for Stage II and Non Stage II refueling in the Greater Connecticut non-attainment status area. 34 8.334 lbs VOC / thousand gallons for Non Stage II 1.764 lbs VOC / thousand gallons for Stage II Calculations: Non Stage II: 3,131.756 thousand gallons * 8.334 lbs VOC / thousand gallons = 26,100 lbs VOC per year = 13.05 tons VOC per year 50% of 13.05 tons = 6.525 tons Reformulated with MTBE 50% of 13.05 tons = 6.525 tons Winter Oxygenated with MTBE Stage II: 29,973 thousand gallons * 1.764 lbs VOC / thousand gallons = 58,398 lbs VOC per year = 29.199 tons VOC per year 50% of 29.199 tons = 14.599 tons Reformulated with MTBE 50% of 29.199 tons = 14.599 tons Winter Oxygenated with MTBE
Figure 4.5.3-1: HAP Estimates - Non Stage II Vehicle Refueling HAPs from HAPs from Winter TOTAL HAPS Reformulated 50% Oxygenated 50% 2,2,4- Trimethylpentane 0.04568 0.04568 0.09135 Benzene 0.02610 0.04568 0.07178 Ethyl benzene 0.00653 0.00653 0.01305 Hexane 0.09135 0.91350 1.00485 MTBE 0.56768 0.77648 1.34415 POM as 16-PAH 0.03263 0.03263 0.06525 Toluene 0.07178 0.07178 0.14355 Xylene 0.02610 0.02610 0.05220 Total (tons per year) 0.86783 1.91835 2.78618 HAP

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Figure 4.5.3-2: HAP Estimates Stage II Vehicle Refueling HAPs from HAPs from Winter reformulated 50% Oxygenated 2,2,4- Trimethylpentane 0.10219 0.10219 Benzene 0.05840 0.10219 Ethyl benzene 0.01460 0.01460 Hexane 0.20439 2.04386 MTBE 1.27011 1.73728 POM as 16-PAH 0.07300 0.07300 Toluene 0.16059 0.16059 Xylene 0.05840 0.05840 Total (tons per year) 1.94167 4.29211 HAP

TOTAL HAPS 0.20439 0.16059 0.02920 2.24825 3.00739 0.14599 0.32118 0.11679 6.23377

4.5.4. TANK TRUCKS IN TRANSIT The total gasoline throughput in Connecticut (total fuel sales + out of state transfers) equals 1.8 million gallons. 35 In the 1999 Ozone Inventory, the DEP apportioned tank truck throughput to counties using VMT. A similar method has been used to apportion throughput to the city of New Haven, using the following data: Annual VMT New Haven 2000 = 770,559,530 miles 36 Annual VMT Connecticut 2000 = VMT Connecticut 2000: 30,456,000,000 miles 37

Calculations: Gallons travelling through New Haven = Gallons travelling through Connecticut * (VMT New Haven / VMT Connecticut) Gallons travelling through New Haven = 1,755,847,616 gallons * (770,559,530/30,456,000,000) = 44,424,255 gallons Using this method to apportion tank truck emissions for the City of New Haven would tend to underestimate emissions because it assumes that tank truck traffic is allocated across the state proportionate to VMT. New Haven, however, has proportionally more bulk gasoline terminals than elsewhere in the state. Therefore, the estimate has been adjusted up in the following manner: Bulk gasoline terminals in New Haven account for 60.78% of the total VOC emissions in the state from this source category. 38 This number can be used as a surrogate for the proportion of trucks that pick up gasoline from New Haven versus other places in the state. If New Haven has 60% of the bulk gasoline terminals, than the rest of the state has 40%. Therefore, tanks trucks are 50% more likely to be travelling through New Haven than they are in the rest of the state. Gallons travelling through New Haven should be adjusted upwards by 50%. 44,424,255 gallons * 1.5 = 66,636,383 gallons

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The DEP suggests a composite emission factor of 0.06 pounds of VOC per thousand gallons. This accounts for both loaded and unloaded trucks. Calculations: Annual VOC emissions = 0.06 pounds VOC per thousand gallons * 66,636.383 thousand gallons = 3998.18 lbs VOC = 1.999 tons VOC 50% of 1.999 tons = 0.9995 tons Reformulated with MTBE 50% of 1.999 tons = 0.9995 tons Winter Oxygenated with MTBE
Table 4.5.4-1: HAP Emissions Tank Trucks in Transit HAPS from HAPS from Winter Reformulated 50% (tons) Oxygenated 50% (tons) 2,2,4- Trimethylpentane 0.00700 0.00700 Benzene 0.00400 0.00700 Ethyl benzene 0.00100 0.00100 Hexane 0.01399 0.13993 MTBE 0.08696 0.11894 POM as 16-PAH 0.00500 0.00500 Toluene 0.01099 0.01099 Xylene 0.00400 0.00400 Total (tons per year) 0.13293 0.29385 HAP NAMES TOTAL HAPS (tons) 0.01399 0.01099 0.00200 0.15392 0.20590 0.01000 0.02199 0.00800 0.42679

4.5.5. AIRCRAFT REFUELING VOC estimates from aircraft refueling emissions are based on gallons of throughput. Robinson Aviation is the only fuel supplier at Tweed New Haven Airport. In 2000, Robinson Aviation bought and sold 1,187,818 gallons of aviation fuel. 39 In 2002, 84.33% of total sales were of Jet A fuel and 15.67% were of Aviation Gasoline. Assuming this same percentage breakdown for 2000: Jet A: 1,001,687 gallons bought and sold Aviation Gasoline: 186,131 gallons bought and sold *Note: Tweed New Haven does not stock Jet Naptha (used by military aircraft). CT DEP lists VOC emission factors for: Jet kerosene (Jet A): 0.03 pounds VOC per 1,000 gallons Aviation gasoline: 6.99 pounds VOC per 1,000 gallons Calculations: VOC emissions from jet kerosene at Tweed = 0.03 * 1,001.687 = 30.05 pounds VOC emissions from aviation gasoline at Tweed = 6.99 * 186.131 = 1301.06 pounds Although it is almost certainly not the only one contained in aviation fuel, Tetra Ethyl Lead is the only HAP for which a speciation profile for aviation fuel is available. From Appendix A: National Area Source Estimates - Gasoline Distribution Stage I:

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3 grams Tetra Ethyl Lead (TEL) per gallon aviation fuel40 TEL vapor fraction = 1.7791E-05

Calculations: 1,187,818 gallons * 3 grams TEL per gallon = 3,563,454 grams TEL 3,563,454 grams TEL * 1.7791E-05 vapor fraction = 63.397 grams 1 gram = 0.002205 lbs 63.397 grams * 0.002205 lbs/gram = 0.13979 lbs TEL = 6.9896E-5 tons TEL

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4.5.6. SUMMARY GASOLINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES

HAP NAME 2,2,4- Trimethylpentane Benzene Ethyl benzene Hexane MTBE POM as 16-PAH Toluene Xylene Tetra Ethyl Lead Total (tons per year) Tank Truck Unloading 0.06848 0.05380 0.00978 0.75326 1.00760 0.04891 0.10761 0.03913 0 2.088578 4.5.6-1: Summary - Gasoline Distribution Losses Underground Tank Vehicle Refueling Tank Trucks in Breathing Transit Stage II NonStage II 0.11587 0.204 0.09135 0.013993 0.09104 0.161 0.07178 0.010995 0.01655 0.029 0.01305 0.001999 1.27458 2.248 1.00485 0.153923 1.70496 3.007 1.34415 0.205897 0.08277 0.146 0.06525 0.009995 0.18208 0.321 0.14355 0.021989 0.06621 0.117 0.05220 0.007996 0 0 0 0 3.534006 6.233773 2.786175 0.426787 Aircraft Refueling 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000070 0.000070 Total (tons per year) 0.494078 0.388204 0.070583 5.434858 7.270004 0.352913 0.776408 0.282330 0.000070 15.069448

Note: As mentioned above, MTBE will be banned in Connecticut as of October 2003. Although enacted to protect water resources, this ban will have a positive impact on air quality as well.

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NEW HAVEN CITY PLAN DEPARTMENT 165 CHURCH STREET, NEW HAVEN, CT 06510 TEL (203) 946-6378 FAX (203) 946-7815 June 23, 2003 Dear Facility Manager: The City of New Haven is currently engaged in an effort to assess air emissions from small facilities operating within City limits. Gas Stations are one such type of facility, along with dry cleaners, graphic arts, auto body shops and others. As an operator of a gas station, your assistance is essential to our effort to develop a local inventory of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS). HAP emissions from gas stations are associated with gasoline evaporation. Please help us by answering the following questions. This survey has been addressed to all gas stations in New Haven. This process is intended to benefit you and your fellow employees as well as your New Haven neighbors. Please complete the four questions below and return by Thursday, July 3rd. Please fax or send your completed survey to: Madeleine Weil City Plan Department 165 Church Street New Haven, CT 06510 Fax: 946-7815 You may also call me at 946-6752 to respond verbally or email responses to mweil@newhavenct.net. Thank you very much for your cooperation. Please contact me if you have any questions. Sincerely, Madeleine Weil Project Coordinator New Haven Community Clean Air Initiative

Please provide the following facility information.

Name and address: _________________________________________________________________________________________ Contact person and phone number: ____________________________________________________________________________ How many gallons of gasoline (total) did you sell in 2002? _________________________________________________________ How many gallons of diesel (total) did you sell in 2002? ___________________________________________________________

Youre done! Thank you for your help!

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4.6. GRAPHIC ARTS Emissions from graphic arts and printing facilities are associated with the evaporation of solvent containing materials. Except for large printing facilities that are subject to Title V requirements, there are no regulations in Connecticut intended to address air emissions from this area source category. Emissions from area source printing facilities primarily depend upon the contents of materials used. Because mechanical control technologies are rare, it is possible to develop emission estimates using material-based factors. In the New Haven inventory, EPAs ink sales data method was initially used to develop an emission estimate for area source graphic arts facilities. According to this method, cumulative emissions from small graphic arts facilities in New Haven amount to more than 950 tons (see APPENDIX B for methodology and results using the Ink Sales Data method). After comparing this result with county and state estimates from the NEI and consulting industry professions, it was determined that this method likely grossly overstated local emissions from this category. In an effort to estimate graphic arts emissions as accurately as possible, a survey was developed and addressed to twenty-four local printing facilities (see survey, next page). The survey was designed with the help of professionals within the graphic arts industry, EPA and DEP. Industry professionals provided direction on several rounds of predistribution revisions in an attempt to make it as easy as possible for facility managers to respond. Unfortunately, the survey did not successfully capture the information necessary to develop an emission estimate for area source graphic arts facilities. Out of the twentyfour facilities that received the survey, eight reported back that their operations do not generated air emissions. Most of these facilities were copy shops rather than commercial printers. Eight did not respond at all, despite several follow-up phone calls. Eight facilities completed and returned the survey, but the information they supplied was not sufficient to develop quantitative assessments of HAP emissions. Despite these shortfalls, the survey shows that HAP-containing materials are being used by small commercial printing facilities in New Haven. The eight responding facilities (all sheetfed lithographic presses) reported using a combined total of 12,248 gallons of HAP-containing materials. Toluene, n-Hexane, Ethylene Glycol, Xylene, Ethyl Benzene, Methyl Ethyl Ketone, Formaldehyde and Methanol are contained in reported blanket washes, fountain solutions and other materials used by New Haven businesses. The ReferenceUSA.41 business database shows thirteen other facilities in New Haven also listed as commercial lithographic printers (primary SIC 2752). If the materials used by survey respondents are indicative, cumulative emissions from small graphic arts facilities may be significant. Further review by industry professionals, EPA and DEP has been requested.

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NEW HAVEN CITY PLAN DEPARTMENT 165 CHURCH STREET, NEW HAVEN, CT 06510 TEL (203) 946-6378 FAX (203) 946-7815

May 7, 2003 Dear Facilities Operator: The City of New Haven is currently engaged in an effort to assess air emissions from small facilities operating within City limits. Graphic arts and printing businesses are one such type of facility, along with gasoline stations, dry cleaners, auto body shops and others. As an operator of a graphic arts / printing business, your assistance is essential to our effort to develop a local inventory of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS). HAPS emitted from printing operations are most often associated with solvents in inks, alcohol substitutes in fountain solutions or certain ingredients in cleaning solutions. Please help us by completing the following survey as thoroughly as possible. This survey has been addressed to all graphic arts businesses / printers in New Haven, and those businesses which may have graphic arts or printing operations as a part of their main business. As a follow-up to your participation in this survey, we would like to invite you to attend a compliance, health & safety workshop tailored to meet the particular needs of graphic arts and printing businesses. The date of this workshop will be announced in a later communication. Completing the survey will be important preparation for the workshop and important to the Citys efforts to assess overall levels of Hazardous Air Pollutants in New Haven. This process is intended to benefit you and your fellow employees as well as your New Haven neighbors. Please complete and return this survey by Friday, May 23rd. If your business does not have on-site graphic arts / printing operations, please call 946-6752, fax 946-7815 or email mweil@newhavenct.net and leave a message to that effect. Please fax or send your survey response to: Madeleine Weil City Plan Department 165 Church Street New Haven, CT 06510 Fax: 946-7815 Thank you very much for your cooperation and we look forward to receiving your responses. Please contact me if you have any questions. Sincerely,

Madeleine Weil Project Coordinator New Haven Community Clean Air Initiative

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Please provide the following facility information.

Name and address: __________________________________________________________________________ Contact person and phone number: _____________________________________________________________ Number of employees: _______________________________________________________________________ Number of employees engaged in production: ____________________________________________________ Please indicate which type of printing operations are located in your facility. Please check all that apply: o Rotogravure o Sheetfed Lithographic o Letterpress o Plateless o Flexographic o Non Heatset Web Lithographic o Screen printing o Digital

Next, please review your inventory for solvent-containing materials. How many gallons of solvent containing materials do you use annually? Solvent based inks: Fountain solutions: Blanket washes: Clean up solvents: Other Materials (please list):

Next, please take a look at the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for your solvent materials. Please indicate if any of the following chemicals are contained in the product and the percent by weight found. Chemical Name Toulene Dibuthyl Phthalate Toulene Diisoyanate Methyl Carbitol N-Hexane Naphthalene Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane) Methylene Chloride (Dichloromethane) Methyl Ethyl Ketone Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Ethylene Glycol Xylene Ethyl Benzene Isopropyl Benzene Formaldehyde Methanol (Methyl Alcohol) Finally, please list any compliance, health or safety topics you would like to see addressed by the workshop: Youre done! Thanks for your help. Simply fax this form back to Madeleine Weil, 203-946-7815 or send to City Plan Dept., 165 Church Street, New Haven, CT 06510 Found in which product (clean up solvent, fountain solution, etc.) Percent by Weight

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4.7. RESIDENTIAL HEATING

Residential Heating Emissions

1058 lbs

Residential heating in New Haven is primarily accomplished through the combustion of natural gas or heating oil. Consumption data for these two fuel sources was gathered for the development of New Havens Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory in 2001. 4.7.1. NATURAL GAS COMBUSTION Natural gas consumption data by sector was provided by Southern Connecticut Gas. 42 Residential Natural Gas Consumption, 1999: 25,475,655 CCF 1 million cubic feet = 1.025 billion btus To convert CCF to MMBTUs, multiply by 0.1025 Calculation: 25,475,655 CCF * 0.1025 = 2,611,255 MMBTUs
HAP NAME Acetaldehyde Benzene Formaldehyde Fluoranthene Fluorine Naphthalene Phenanthrene Pyrene Total HAPs Figure 4.7.1-1: HAP Emissions Residential Heating: Natural Gas Emission Factor HAP Emissions (lbs) HAP Emissions (tons) (lbs / MMBtu) 0.00000001 0.03394631 0.00001697 0.00000210 5.48363474 0.00274182 0.00007500 195.844097 0.09792205 0.00000000 0.00783376 0.00000392 0.00000000 0.00731151 0.00000366 0.00000061 1.59286533 0.00079643 0.00000002 0.04439133 0.00002220 0.00000001 0.01305627 0.00000653 203.027137 0.10151357

HAP speciation factors came from the Documentation for the National Area Source Estimates. 43

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4.7.2. DISTILLATE OIL COMBUSTION Since there are many private heating oil vendors that serve the greater New Haven area rather than a single utility, there is no central repository for information about residential consumption. An estimate was developed using the following equation and data elements: Residential Heating Oil Consumption = households in New Haven * % New Haven households using heating oil as primary heating fuel * average household consumption Households in New Haven: 47,094 44 39% New Haven households use heating oil as primary heating fuel45 Average annual household consumption: 1,000 gallons 46

Calculations: 47,094 households * 39% * 1,000 gallons = 18,366,660 gallons

Table 4.7.2-1: HAP Emissions Residential Heating: Distillate Oil HAP NAME Emission Factor HAP Emissions (lbs) HAP Emissions (tons) (lb / MMBtu Oil) acenapthene 0.00000015 0.38400030 0.00019200 acenaphtylene 0.00000000 0.00460800 0.00000230 acetaldehyde 0.00003500 89.6000700 0.04480004 anthracene 0.00000001 0.02227202 0.00001114 arsenic 0.00000400 10.2400080 0.00512000 benz(a)anthracene 0.00000003 0.07424006 0.00003712 benzene 0.00000150 3.84000300 0.00192000 benzo(b,k)fluoranthene 0.00000001 0.02816002 0.00001408 benzo(g,h,I)perylene 0.00000002 0.04096003 0.00002048 beryllium 0.00000300 7.68000600 0.00384000 cadmium 0.00000300 7.68000600 0.00384000 chromium 0.00000300 7.68000600 0.00384000 chrysene 0.00000002 0.04352003 0.00002176 dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 0.00000001 0.03072002 0.00001536 fluoranthene 0.00000004 0.08960007 0.00004480 fluorene 0.00000003 0.08192006 0.00004096 formaldehyde 0.00024000 614.400480 0.30720024 indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 0.00000002 0.03840003 0.00001920 lead 0.00000900 23.0400180 0.01152001 manganese 0.00000600 15.3600120 0.00768001 mercury 0.00000300 7.68000600 0.00384000 naphthalene 0.00000810 20.7360162 0.01036801 nickel 0.00000300 7.68000600 0.00384000 phenanthrene 0.00000008 0.19200015 0.00009600 pyrene 0.00000003 0.07680006 0.00003840 selenium 0.00001500 38.4000300 0.01920002 Total HAPs 855.123868 0.42756193

HAP speciation factors came from Documentation for National Area Source Estimates. 47

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4.8. RESIDENTIAL WOOD BURNING

Residential Wood Burning Emissions

48,911 lbs

In preparation for the 1990 Ozone Inventory, the CT DEP commissioned RPM systems of New Haven to conduct a survey of residential wood burning in Connecticut. 48 Based on the results of this survey, the DEP estimated how much wood was burned in each County for both primary and secondary heating purposes. For the 1999 inventory, the DEP used population growth and the change in Heating Degree Days (HDD) to scale this 1990 estimate upwards. Wood Burned (Primary) New Haven County: Wood Burned (Secondary) New Haven County: Total 24,871.14 tons 238,279.92 tons 263,151.06 tons

The Census Bureau reports data on the number of households using wood as their primary heating fuel in New Haven County and the City Of New Haven. In 2000, 1524 households in the County used wood as their primary heating fuel, 92 of which were located in the City of New Haven. 49 The EIA does not keep data on the number of households that use wood as a secondary fuel source. 4.8.1. WOOD AS PRIMARY HEATING FUEL In New Haven County, 1524 households used 24,871.14 tons of wood as their primary heat source. This would give an average of 16.3196 tons per household. If there are 92 primary wood-using households in the city of New Haven, than approximately 1501.44 tons of wood are burned in New Haven from primary heating. Calculation: 92 households * 16.3196 tons per household = 1501.44 tons, primary 4.8.2. WOOD AS SECONDARY HEATING FUEL The DEPs survey reports that county-wide, the amount of wood used for secondary heating is much greater than primary heating. However, there are no state-specific statistics available concerning either per household use. The U.S. Department of Energys published survey results for 1990, average wood consumption for an urban household was 0.9 cords (1.13 tons), and 2.3 cords (2.88 tons) for a rural household. 50 The estimated population of New Haven County was 828,374 in 2001. Of this number, 720,340 people (87%) live in the urbanized areas of New Haven and Waterbury. 51 If this percentage is applied to household statistics, it can be estimated that there are 277,565 (87% of 319,040) urban households in New Haven County, and 74,475 (13% of 319,040) rural households.

56

Applying the DOEs national wood consumption factors to these household numbers would give the following estimates for tons of wood burned in New Haven County: 277,565 urban households * 1.13 tons per urban household = 313,648 tons 74,475 rural households * 2.88 tons per rural household = 214,488 tons Total: 313,648 tons + 214,488 tons = 528,136 tons, County Since the DOE did not distinguish between primary and secondary wood consumption, the county-wide, primary total must be subtracted from this number: 528,136 tons - 24,871 primary tons = 503,265 tons secondary, County This estimate, based on DOE per household consumption statistics, is considerably higher than the DEPs estimate of secondary wood consumption in New Haven County. Compare: DEP estimate = 238,279.92 tons, County DOE estimate = 503,265 tons, County This discrepancy implies that New Haven County burns only (238,380 / 503,265) or 47% as much wood as the household national average. This percentage can be used to adjust the New Haven County per-household averages accordingly. Urban household average = 1.13 tons (national) * 47% = 0.53 tons Rural household average = 2.88 tons (national) * 47% = 1.35 tons This urban, per-household average for secondary wood consumption should be a reasonable estimate for City of New Haven households that burn wood as a secondary heat source. However, of the respondents to RPM Systems original survey, 97.5% were home-owners and 96.9% were single family dwellers. Although this demographic is not representative of the broad mix of household types in New Haven, to exclude secondary source wood burning from the inventory altogether would be to underestimate emissions from an important source category. As a compromise, the urban household average wood consumption developed above has only been applied to the 10,568 single-family, detached housing units in New Haven City. Calculation: 10,568 housing units * 0.53 tons (urban average) = 5601 tons, secondary Wood Consumption Summary City of New Haven: Primary wood consumption = 1501.44 tons Conventional Stove: 60% of 1501.44 = 900 86 tons Controlled Stove: 25% of 1501.44 = 375.36 tons Fireplace: 15% of 1501.44 = 225.22 tons Secondary wood consumption = 5601 tons Fireplace: 100% of 5601 tons = 5601 tons

57

4.8.3. EMISSIONS FROM RESIDENTIAL WOOD BURNING Emission factors for residential wood burning differ among equipment types. RPM Systems 1991 survey determined that for households in which wood is the primary heating fuel, 5% is burned in fireplaces, 66% is burned in conventional stoves, and 29% is burned in controlled stoves. For urban households in which wood is the secondary heating fuel, this study assumes that 100% is burned in fireplaces. Emission factors for conventional and controlled wood stoves came from AP-42.52 Because AP42s chapter on Residential Fireplaces only gives factors for criteria pollutants, HAP emission factors for fireplaces were developed using recommendations in a memorandum to Eastern Research Group from OMNI Environmental Services, Inc. This memo cites fireplace emission factors for benzene and PAH and recommends that the ratio of the benzene emission factor for fireplaces to stoves (0.35) can be used as a surrogate for all other simple, single compounds. The PAH ratio (0.05) can be applied to all PAH compounds. The author of this study notes, It is generally believed that fireplaces have lower hazardous air pollutant emission factors than wood stoves since combustion in fireplaces occurs in an oxygen rich environment often at high burn rates whereas combustion in wood stoves often occurs in oxygen starved conditions, which enhances the formation of products of incomplete combustion.53

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Figure 4.8.3-1: HAP Emissions Residential Wood Burning

Element Cadmium Chromium Manganese Nickel Ethane Ethylene Acetylene Propane Propene I-Butane n-Butane Butenes Pentenes Benzene Toluene Furan Methyl Ethyl Ketone 2-Methyl Furan 2,5-Dimethyl Furan Furfural o-Xylene Total Wood Stove Emission Factor (lb/ton) Conventional Controlled 0.000022 0.000003 0.000001 0.000001 0.000170 0.000180 0.000014 0.000011 1.470000 1.376000 4.490000 3.482000 1.124000 0.564000 0.358000 0.158000 1.244000 0.734000 0.028000 0.010000 0.056000 0.014000 1.192000 0.714000 0.616000 0.150000 1.938000 1.464000 0.730000 0.520000 0.342000 0.124000 0.292000 0.062000 0.656000 0.084000 0.162000 0.002000 0.486000 0.146000 0.202000 0.186000 Wood Stove Emissions Wood Stove Emissions (lbs) (tons) Conventional Controlled Conventional Controlled 0.019819 0.001239 0.000010 0.000001 0.000901 0.000375 0.000000 0.000000 0.153146 0.067565 0.000077 0.000034 0.012612 0.004166 0.000006 0.000002 1324.264 516.4953 0.662132 0.258248 4044.861 1307.003 2.022431 0.653502 1012.567 211.7030 0.506283 0.105852 322.5079 59.30688 0.161254 0.029653 1120.670 275.5142 0.560335 0.137757 25.22408 3.753600 0.012612 0.001877 50.44816 5.255040 0.025224 0.002628 1073.825 268.0070 0.536913 0.134004 554.9298 56.30400 0.277465 0.028152 1745.867 549.5270 0.872933 0.274764 657.6278 195.1872 0.328814 0.097594 308.0941 46.54464 0.154047 0.023272 263.0511 23.27232 0.131526 0.011636 590.9642 31.53024 0.295482 0.015765 145.9393 0.750720 0.072970 0.000375 437.8180 54.80256 0.218909 0.027401 181.9737 69.81696 0.090987 0.034908 13860.82 3674.848 6.930409 1.837424 Fireplace Emission Factor (lb/ton) 0.000000 0.000000 0.000100 0.000000 0.514500 1.571500 0.393400 0.125300 0.435400 0.009800 0.019600 0.417200 0.215600 0.678300 0.255500 0.119700 0.102200 0.229600 0.056700 0.170100 0.070700 Fireplace Emissions (lbs) 0.044862 0.002039 0.346660 0.028548 2997.590 9155.905 2292.035 730.0254 2536.736 57.09696 114.1939 2430.699 1256.133 3951.925 1488.599 697.3985 595.4397 1337.700 330.3467 991.0400 411.9138 31375.20 Fireplace Emissions (tons) 0.000022 0.000001 0.000173 0.000014 1.498795 4.577952 1.146017 0.365013 1.268368 0.028548 0.057097 1.215349 0.628067 1.975963 0.744300 0.348699 0.297720 0.668850 0.165173 0.495520 0.205957 15.68760

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Figure 4.8.3-2: PAH Compounds Residential Wood Burning

PAH Compounds Element Acenaphthene Acenaphthylene Anthracene Benzo(a)Anthracene Benzo(b)Fluoranthene Benzo(ghi)Fluoranthene Benzo(k)Fluoranthene Benzo(ghi)Perylene Benzo(a)Pyrene Benzo(e)Pyrene Biphenyl Chrysene Dibenzo(a,h)Anthracene Dimethylbenz(a)Anthracene Fluoranthene Fluorene Indeno(1,2,3,cd)Pyrene 9-Methylanthracene 12-Methylbenz(a)Anthracene 3-Methylchlolanthrene 1-Methylphenanthrene Naphthalene Nitronaphthalene Perylene Phenanthrene Phenanthrol Phenol Pyrene PAH Total Wood Stove Emission Factor (lbs/ton) Wood Stove Emissions (tons) Convention Conventional Controlled Conventional Controlled al Controlled 0.01 0.008 9.008600 3.002880 0.004504 0.001501 0.212 0.05 190.9823 18.76800 0.095491 0.009384 0.014 0.0085 12.61204 3.190560 0.006306 0.001595 0.02 0.0125 18.01720 4.692000 0.009009 0.002346 0.006 0.004 5.405160 1.501440 0.002703 0.000751 ND 0.017 0 6.381120 0 0.003191 0.002 0.0015 1.801720 0.563040 0.000901 0.000282 0.004 0.011 3.603440 4.128960 0.001802 0.002064 0.004 0.005 3.603440 1.876800 0.001802 0.000938 0.012 0.003 10.81032 1.126080 0.005405 0.000563 ND 0.011 0 4.128960 0 0.002064 0.012 0.01 10.81032 3.753600 0.005405 0.001877 BDL 0.003 0 1.126080 0 0.000563 ND 0.002 0 0.750720 0 0.000375 0.02 0.01 18.01720 3.753600 0.009009 0.001877 0.024 0.014 21.62064 5.255040 0.010810 0.002628 BDL 0.012 0 4.504320 0 0.002252 ND 0.002 0 0.750720 0 0.000375 ND 0.001 0 0.375360 0 0.000188 ND 0.0005 0 0.187680 0 0.000094 ND 0.015 0 5.630400 0 0.002815 0.288 0.165 259.4476 61.93440 0.129724 0.030967 ND BDL 0 0 0 0 ND 0.001 0 0.375360 0 0.000188 0.078 0.083 70.26708 31.15488 0.035134 0.015577 ND BDL 0 0 0 0 ND 0.0005 0 0.187680 0 0.000094 0.024 0.009 21.62064 3.378240 0.010810 0.001689 657.6278 172.4779 0.328814 0.086239 Wood Stove Emissions (lbs) Fireplace Fireplace Emission Emissions Factor (lb/ton) (lbs) 0.000416 2.423708 0.002600 15.14817 0.000442 2.575189 0.000650 3.787043 0.000208 1.211854 0.000884 5.150378 0.000078 0.454445 0.000572 3.332598 0.000260 1.514817 0.000156 0.908890 0.000572 3.332598 0.000520 3.029634 0.000156 0.908890 0.000104 0.605927 0.000520 3.029634 0.000728 4.241488 0.000624 3.635561 0.000104 0.605927 0.000052 0.302963 0.000026 0.151482 0.000780 4.544452 0.008580 49.98897 ND 0 0.000052 0.302963 0.004316 25.14597 ND 0 0.000026 0.151482 0.000468 2.726671 139.2117 Fireplace Emissions (tons) 0.001212 0.007574 0.001288 0.001894 0.000606 0.002575 0.000227 0.001666 0.000757 0.000454 0.001666 0.001515 0.000454 0.000303 0.001515 0.002121 0.001818 0.000303 0.000151 0.000076 0.002272 0.024994 0 0.000151 0.012573 0 0.000086 0.001363 0.069606

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4.9. STRUCTURE FIRES

Structure Fire Emissions

17,333 lbs

Emissions from structure fires are functions of how much material is burned as well as the composition of that material. The New Haven Fire Department provided data on the number of structure fires in New Haven in 2000. The number of fires was multiplied by a fuel-loading factor developed by the California Air Resources Board. Default HAP speciation factors, developed by EPA, were then applied to the total amount of burned material. 54 Number of structure fires in New Haven in 2000: 269 55 Default Fuel Loading Factor: 1.15 tons material per fire 56

Calculation: 269 fires * 1.15 tons material burned per fire = 309.35 tons material burned
Figure 4.9-1: HAP Emissions Structure Fires Structure fire Structure fire Factor (lb/ton emissions, New emissions, New burned) Haven, 2000 (lbs) Haven, 2000 (tons) 35.49 10978.8 5.48942 1.02 315.537 0.15777 4.41 1364.23 0.68212 15.11 4674.28 2.33714 17332.9 8.66644

HAP NAME Hydrogen cyanide Formaldehyde Acrolein Hydrochloric acid Total

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4.10. TRAFFIC MARKINGS

Traffic Marking Emissions

1,621 lbs

The category Traffic Markings addresses painted lines and symbols on paved roadways. Alternative Method 2 from EPAs EIIP series is used to estimate emissions from this category. 57 This method involves assessing an estimate for the volume of paint used in a year based on the amount of roadway painted. The EIIP document provides a generalized HAP speciation profile that can be applied to this estimated volume. This EIIP profile was not used for this estimate. Instead, the chemical profile of each product was determined directly from the Material Safety Data Sheet for that product. The MSDS provides a much more specific description of product composition, and therefore should generate a much more accurate estimate of HAP emissions. Two entities are responsible for applying traffic markings to roads in New Haven: the Connecticut Department of Transportation and the New Haven Traffic & Parking Department. Staff at these agencies provided estimates for the amount of New Haven roadway they paint in an average year and the type of paint used. The Connecticut Department of Transportation provided Material Safety Data Sheets for the types of paint used by both agencies (both have the same supplier). 4.10.1. TRAFFIC MARKINGS IN NEW HAVEN New Haven Traffic & Parking Department:58 284.1 miles painted per year 50% epoxy / 50% water-based Connecticut Department of Transportation: 59 15 miles painted in New Haven per year 75% epoxy / 25% water-based Total Annual Paint Usage: (50% * 284.1 miles) + (75% * 15 miles) = 153.3 miles epoxy (50% * 284.1 miles) + (25% * 15 miles) = 145.8 miles water-based EPA assumes that 16 gallons of paint are used for every lane-mile. 60 153.3 miles epoxy * 16 gallons per mile = 2452.8 gallons epoxy 145.8 miles water-based * 16 gallons per mile = 2332.8 gallons water-based The Material Safety Data Sheets revealed that the brand of epoxy used by both agencies is not a source of HAPS, but that the water-based paint contains methyl alcohol. EPA staff advised that methanol should be assumed to comprise 5% by weight of the paint solution, though a range of 1%-5% was given on the MSDS. 61

62

The density of Connecticut L/F Waterborne Yellow is 13.9 lbs/gallon (phone call to staff at Centerline Industries, paint manufacturer). Calculations: 13.9 lbs/gallon * 2332.8 gallons Waterborne Yellow = 32,425.92 lbs Connecticut Waterborne Yellow Assume methanol is 5% by weight; 5% of 32,425.92 lbs = 1621.296 lbs methanol
Figure 4.10.1-1: HAP Emissions Traffic Markings HAP NAME HAP emissions (lbs) HAP emissions (tons) Methanol 1621.296 0.81065

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4.11. SOLVENT DEGREASING

Solvent Degreasing Emissions

87,763 lbs

Solvent degreasing (or solvent cleaning, surface cleaning) involves the use of organic solvents to remove grease, oils, wax or other material from metal surfaces, fabricated plastics, electrical components or other non-porous media. 62 This category encompasses three types of cleaning equipment: cold cleaners, open-top vapor degreasers and in-line cleaners. Metalworking industries are the principle users of solvent degreasing, although the process is used by printing, chemicals, plastics, rubbers, textiles, glass, paper and electric power industries as well. 63 HAP emissions from this category were estimated by applying a per-employee VOC emission factor (EPA, cited in CT DEP, 1999) to New Haven employee statistics compiled by the Connecticut Department of Labor. The resulting VOC emission estimate was speciated into chemical components, using a generalized degreasing profile in Speciate. Point source emissions were then subtracted from emissions estimates to avoid double counting. The CT DEPs Ozone Inventory included a list of SIC codes of industries in which solvent degreasing is commonly employed. The Connecticut Department of Labor provided the following employment statistics:
Figure 4.11-1: New Haven Employee Statistics64 SIC Explanation # of Worksites Employment furniture and fixtures 0 0 primary metal working 5 129 fabricated metal manufacturing 13 1447 Non-electric machinery 10 210 electric/electronic equipment 6 330 transportation equipment 4 224 instruments and clocks 4 18 Misc manufacturing 4 35 Bus maintenance facility 0 0 frieght truck maintenance 0 0 Auto dealers 6 134 motor vehicle dealers (used) 5 10 service stations 28 138 Boat dealers 0 0 motor home / rv dealers 0 0 Auto repair 63 280 2955 Total

SIC 25 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 417 423 551 552 554 555 556 753

The EIIP procedures document for Solvent Cleaning65 shows a per-employee VOC emission factor of 87 lbs VOC per employee in the industries listed above.

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VOC Emissions Calculation: 87 lbs/yr/employee VOCs * 2955 solvent cleaning employees = 257,085 lbs VOC VOC emissions were speciated into chemical components using a profile in EPAs Speciate software. 66
Figure 4.11-2: Degreasing HAP Emissions % TOC lbs 4.28 11003.2 2.31 5938.66 23.67 60852.0 8.28 21286.6 38.54 99,080.6

HAP NAME Methylene chloride Perchloroethylene Methyl chloroform Trichloroethylene Total

tons 5.50162 2.96933 30.4260 10.6433 49.5400

Since the employee data used to develop the HAP estimate includes employees at point source facilities, emissions from point sources must be subtracted from the total to avoid double counting.
Figure 4.11.3. HAP Emissions Degreasing HAP Emissions (Area Source Only) Area Source Solvent Degreasing Point Source Emissions (Total Emissions (tons) Emissions (tons) Point Source) (tons) HAP NAME Methylene chloride 5.50162 1.759 3.7426 Perchloroethylene 2.96933 2.9693 Methyl chloroform 30.4260 30.426 Trichloroethylene 10.6433 3.9 6.7433 Total 49.5400 5.659 43.8812

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4.12. INDUSTRIAL SURFACE COATING

Industrial Surface Coating Emissions

104,778 lbs

In industrial surface coating operations, a thin layer of a coating (lacquer, paint, etc.) is applied to an object for a decorative or protective purpose. HAPs are associated with evaporative emissions from the drying process. Surface coatings are used by diverse manufacturing industries, including furniture, cans, automobiles, other transportation equipment, machinery, appliances, metal coils, flat wood, wire, and other miscellaneous products. Other special purpose coatings are used for maintenance operations at industrial and other facilities. 67 Surface coating is the primary emission source for six facilities in the New Haven point source inventory. Together, emissions from these facilities represent 59% of all point source emissions. A search of New Haven businesses in the ReferenceUSA 68 database revealed that in addition to these point source facilities, there are approximately 35 small facilities with SIC codes that are likely to be associated with surface coating operations. Although none of these sources is large enough to trigger Title V regulations, cumulatively, emissions could be significant. Like the solvent degreasing category, area source emissions from industrial surface coating are estimated by applying per-employee VOC emissions factor to New Haven employment statistics. Employment data for area source surface coating facilities were aggregated for each category (employees from point sources were not included) and multiplied by the VOC emission factors listed in the table below.
Figure 4.12-1: Industrial Surface Coating VOC Emissions SIC Code Per Employee New Haven VOC Emission Employees 69 Factor (lb/ yr) (average of range) Furniture and Fixtures 25 944 7 Metal Cans & Shipping 341 6,029 29 Containers Automobiles 3711 794 0 Machinery and Equipment 35 77 117.5 Appliances 363 463 0 Other Transportation 37, except 3711 35 459 Equipment and 373 Sheet, Strip and Coil 3479 2,877 7 Factory Finished Wood 2426-9, 243131 17 245, 2493, 2499 Electrical Insulation 3357, 3612 290 34.5 Marine Coatings 373 308 77 Total Category Area Source VOC (lbs) 6608.00 87420.5 0 9047.50 0 16065.0 20139.0 2227.00 10005.0 23716.0 175228 Area Source VOC (tons) 3.30400 43.7103 0 4.52380 0 8.03250 10.0695 1.11350 5.00250 11.8580 87.6140

The VOC estimates above were speciated into chemical components, using profiles in EPAs Speciate. 70 EPAs Emission Inventory Improvement Programs chapter on Industrial Surface Coating recommends using per-capita emission factors to account for VOC emissions from certain coatings not captured by the emission factors and speciation 66

profiles above. Adding this catch-all calculation is necessary in New Haven because there are approximately fifteen surface coating businesses having SIC codes that lack associated emission factors. VOC emissions from these coatings were speciated using the a profile for Miscellaneous Manufacturing Coatings.
Figure 4.12-2: Industrial Surface Coating HAP Emissions Pollutant Name Metal Machinery & Marine Electric Wood Cans Equipment Coatings Insulation Furniture Speciate Profile # 2408 2412 2415 2410 2505 Ethylene Glycol 1.33285 0.69009 0.03795 0.00400 0.00309 Methyl Ethyl Ketone 2.40350 1.24442 0.53835 0.00845 0.24473 Methyl Isobutyl 3.70576 1.91867 0.53835 0 0.32115 Ketone Toluene 5.23963 2.71283 1.47988 0 1.16091 Isomers of Xylene 4.73708 2.45264 2.55066 0 0.65865 Total 17.4188 9.01860 5.14520 0.01250 2.38850 Miscellaneous Manufacturing 2417 1.25819 0 7.68635 0 9.46564 18.4102 Total

3.32617 4.43946 14.1703 10.5933 19.8647 52.3938

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CHAPTER 5: ON-ROAD MOBILE SOURCE INVENTORY

In the 1999 National Emissions Inventory, county-level emissions were calculated by applying emission factors generated by the Mobile 6 to county-level VMT data divided by vehicle category. This study found that the proportions of VMT attributed to different vehicle categories in the 1999 NEI did not conform to local vehicle classification data, as reported by the Connecticut Department of Transportation. In calculating New Haven emissions, these were adjusted to better reflect local conditions. New Haven VMT was allocated by vehicle category according to proportions reported by ConnDOTs Traffic Monitoring and Data Analysis unit and multiplied by emission factors. 5.1. VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION ADJUSTMENTS The table below demonstrates the discrepancy between NEI vehicle classification assumptions 71 and vehicle classification assumptions used in this study. 72 Vehicle classifications are abbreviated as follows: HDDV = heavy duty diesel vehicle LDDV = light duty diesel vehicle HDGV = heavy duty gasoline vehicle LDGV = light duty gasoline vehicle LDGT = light duty gasoline truck (includes SUVs and minivans) MOTO = motorcycle
Table 5.1-1: Comparison of Vehicle Classifications and VMT Allocations County vs. City NEI County Vehicle NEI County VMT New Haven Vehicle New Haven VMT Classifications Assumptions Classifications Assumptions (% of VMT) (millions) (% of VMT) (millions) HDDV 6.60% 437.571 10.7% 82.300 LDDV 0.32% 21.0607 3.96% 30.510 HDGV 3.01% 199.650 1.32% 10.170 LDGV 59.36% 3933.08 55.59% 428.37 LDGT 30.32% 2009.12 28.48% 218.82 MOTO 0.38% 25.4512 0.05% 0.3900 Totals 100% 6,625.94 100% 770.56

New Haven annual VMT = 770,560,000 miles73

To apportion NEI county level emissions to the City level, county emissions for each pollutant per vehicle category were divided by the NEI VMT assumption for that category. This calculation yielded the underlying emission factor (originally calculated by Mobile 6). Then, this emission factor was multiplied by the New Haven VMT assumption for that vehicle category. This calculation produced City-level emissions estimates, tailored to New Havens particular vehicle classification mix.

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Sample Calculation:
Reference 1999 NEI County New Haven City Vehicle Type HDDV HDDV VMT (millions) 437.57 82.300 Pollutant 1,3-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene Emissions (lbs) 6264.74 X

X = (6264.74 lbs / 437.57 million miles) * 82.300 million miles = 1,178.23 lbs 5.2. ON-ROAD EMISSIONS ESTIMATES In the table below, New Haven emissions are summarized for six vehicle categories.
Pollutant Name Table 5.2-1: On-Road Mobile Source Emissions Heavy Light Heavy Light Light Motos Duty Duty Duty Duty Gas Duty Gas Diesel Diesel Gasoline Vehicles Trucks
593.658 106,288 890.508 122.451 2028.09 0.00000 15,104.5 371.038 1020.30 5562.59 1178.23 389.609 1131.67 676.028 137.018 3.61102 5.48236 3.81978 4.79589 2.15533 3.61102 15.7117 2.34716 9.81746 3.91946 0.48147 0.88959 0.14294 1.07955 1.07955 1.27138 0.67142 0.08463 0.14858 0.08275 0.00000007 135,555 242.888 19,762.6 364.361 50.0870 1531.40 0.00000 2955.44 151.827 417.419 941.778 689.081 159.375 1418.62 268.011 72.3420 19.1685 20.9361 13.5759 7.50513 10.6057 3.57870 0.40568 1.66620 0.52159 0.97074 0.14489 1.07216 0.01449 1.52131 1.52131 0.92728 1.11563 0.00000 0.02898 0.40568 0.00000003 29,110.9 4228.34 0 2442.63 1323.24 1174.25 1629.50 1541.08 644.031 487.586 284.996 246.316 121.677 26.5910 160.375 191.502 8.34293 5.14606 2.52183 3.06644 1.84476 1.71535 0.01834 1.48151 0.06164 0.20837 0.08100 0.52016 0.06674 0.24709 0.24709 0.20837 0.20837 0.04483 0.03617 0.15590 0 14,528.3 103,103 0 59,563.4 45,854.4 38,332.3 41,390.5 15,316.6 15,707.1 11,909.2 4508.74 5740.24 2967.73 649.113 577.825 795.344 27.6206 17.0374 8.34609 10.1552 6.11117 5.67879 0.82448 4.90441 2.71305 0.68725 3.39594 1.72084 2.80127 0.81795 0.81795 0.68725 0.68725 1.86897 1.56510 0.51734 0 346,514 75,782.8 0 43372.7 34102.9 26323.5 26115.7 14893.5 11245.7 7965.32 4043.85 4511.58 2294.26 501.745 459.251 604.853 23.4893 14.4909 7.10114 8.63464 5.19407 4.83139 0.42258 4.17029 1.38646 0.58704 1.73390 1.46053 1.43439 0.69704 0.69704 0.58704 0.58704 0.95299 0.80051 0.43674 0 252,297 150.428 0 85.6065 65.0661 33.2118 51.4482 42.6728 21.9598 14.8049 10.3517 15.2149 4.68430 1.02197 0.91131 1.69318 0.07175 0.04435 0.02165 0.02634 0.01574 0.01468 0.00061 0.01287 0.00257 0.00167 0.00333 0.00454 0.00257 0.00197 0.00197 0.00167 0.00167 0.00151 0.00136 0.00106 0 499.309

On Road Total lbs

184,101 126,050 106,719 81,518.1 69,422.7 69,187.1 49,853.8 28,141.7 21,814.7 15,352.3 12,380.7 5937.33 3728.75 2142.40 1802.75 82.3042 63.1373 35.3864 34.1836 25.9268 19.4299 17.3834 14.5824 14.5028 6.37453 5.84053 5.66782 4.46240 4.36490 4.36490 3.68298 3.27138 2.95294 2.58070 1.59947 0.0000001 778,505

Toluene Diesel PM 74 Xylene (mixed isomers) 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Benzene Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether Formaldehyde Ethyl Benzene Hexane Acetaldehyde 1,3-Butadiene Styrene Propionaldehyde Acrolein Napthalene Acenaphthylene Phenanthrene Pyrene Flourene Fluoranthene Anthracene Mercury & Compounds Acenapthene Arsenic & Compounds Benz(A)Anthracene Nickel & Compounds Benzo[GHI]Perylene Chromium III Benzo[b]Fluoranthene Benzo[K]Fluuoranthene Benzo[a]Pyrene Chrysene Chromium (VI) Manganese & Compounds Indeno[1,2,3-C,D]Pyrene 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ On Road Total lbs

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5.3. SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY As with many source categories, the accuracy of New Haven emission estimates is reliant on the accuracy of the county-level emissions on which they are based. For the on-road category, it is assumed that emissions at the county-level and city-level are proportionate to VMT. While it was possible to refine this proportion with respect to vehicle mix by using local vehicle classification data, other local variables such as facility type and vehicle speed have not been accounted for. New Havens role as the physical and economic hub of New Haven County means that these variables might be important enough to impact the accuracy of the local emission estimate. For instance, because lower speeds cause higher levels of exhaust emissions, rush hour congestion in New Haven undoubtedly results in levels of pollution out of proportion to actual vehicle miles traveled. 5.3.1. HEAVY DUTY DIESEL VEHICLES Shipping activities associated with the Port bring a greater proportion of truck traffic through New Haven, compared to the rest of the county. Trucks idle as they load and unload and they move at slow speeds on local roads and on and off exit ramps. These patterns associated with local truck movements in and out of the Port would have the effect of increasing emissions per vehicle mile traveled within the City of New Haven. This effect has been documented by monitoring data. The air monitor at Stiles Street (under the I-95 exit ramp) is the only monitor in the state that has recorded levels of PM 2.5 in exceedence of National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The DEP believes that the high volume of truck movements around the port is in part responsible for this exceedence. Taking these factors into account, there is sufficient reason to believe that the emissions reported above may underestimate emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles in New Haven.

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CHAPTER 6: NON-ROAD MOBILE SOURCE INVENTORY

The non-road category encompasses a wide variety of vehicles and types of equipment everything from airplanes to lawnmowers. As with the area source inventory, emissions from each category have been estimated using different methods and assumptions, and will therefore be documented separately. The following two pages contain summary tables of emissions from non-road mobile sources.

71

Figure 6-1: Non-Road Emissions (cont. next page) Aircraft Commercial LocoCommercial Marine motives Landscape Vessels Diesel PM 0 177,740 NA* 5974.79 Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether 0 0 0 9759.89 Xylenes 1250.15 13.3002 100.457 6661.30 Toluene 2205.90 8.86677 66.9711 5936.01 Formaldehyde 1166.55 7.27687 806.275 890.997 Benzene 927.784 56.3813 85.6147 2325.32 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 8.01800 1.10835 46.8798 2403.96 Acetaldehyde 325.233 206.123 307.548 271.965 Ethyl Benzene 315.430 414.521 41.8570 1616.45 Hexane 0 0 0 1098.13 1,3-Butadiene Total 275.154 0 86.5416 411.403 Propionaldehyde 50.7835 16.9023 127.664 92.4887 Acrolein 106.603 9.69803 37.4045 45.3579 Styrene 88.0495 5.81882 43.9498 78.6822 Naphthalene 272.000 5.00089 36.1153 29.0955 n-Hexane 147.071 15.2398 115.107 0 Phenanthrene 5.05394 0.19989 7.95193 1.55158 Acenaphthylene 8.17408 0.13207 0.42908 1.56271 Fluorene 2.99584 0.17491 1.97291 1.15299 Acenaphthene 1.44832 0.85668 5.99445 0.33025 Pyrene 2.46414 0.13921 1.47793 1.17020 Fluoranthene 1.80871 0.07853 1.04605 0.95473 Arsenic & Compounds 0 0.06935 0.00501 0.09029 Anthracene 1.68796 0.13207 1.41483 0.43232 Nickel & Compounds 0 4.36326 0.09185 0.03944 Mercury & Compounds 0 0.07725 0.39864 0.04495 Benzo[g,h,i,]Perylene 0.51586 0.03213 0.04347 0.36533 Lead & Compounds 0 0.07953 1.23388 0.04913 Chrysene 0.19862 0.02499 0.16686 0.08464 Benz[a]Anthracene 0.19864 0.14278 0.22435 0.08362 Benzo[b]Fluoranthene 0.23808 0.03927 0.08974 0.07739 Indeno[1,2,3-c,d]Pyrene 0.15872 0.00357 0.03786 0.11074 Manganese & Compounds 0 0.15974 0.02861 0.01888 Benzo[a]Pyrene 0.19853 0.04640 0.03786 0.07109 Benzo[k]Fluoranthene 0.23808 0.03927 0.07292 0.03448 Cadium 0 0.02024 0.39864 0 Beryllium 0 0.00145 0.39864 0 Chromium III 0 0 0 0.03256 Chromium 0 0.05607 0.12273 0 Chromium (VI) 0 0 0 0.01677 POM as 16-PAH 0 0.06073 0 0 Selenium 0 0.03543 0 0 Dibenzo[a,h]Anthracene 0 0 0 0.00244 POM as 7-PAH 0 0.00060 0 0 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ 0 0 0 0.000002 Non Road Total lbs 7,164.11 178,507 1926.02 37,604.1 Pollutant Name

Golf Courses 0 333.413 161.409 170.652 43.7100 126.672 54.4970 12.1150 46.7924 28.8162 25.5298 5.44995 2.01616 1.81284 2.66792 0 0.07901 0.12227 0.04613 0.02313 0.03663 0.02715 0.00481 0.02498 0.00270 0.00178 0.00771 0.00054 0.00298 0.00004 0.00354 0.00237 0.00126 0.00003 0.00002 0 0 0.00239 0 0.00123 0 0 0.000001 0 0.00000004 1,015.94

Rec. Boats 36.2740 3699.25 3318.50 2894.40 92.7492 750.873 2599.88 40.7107 455.231 483.667 76.1423 7.88375 6.78708 44.2105 1.22733 0 0.45745 0.20708 0.49976 0.01735 0.65006 0.54460 0.01296 0.14476 0.00746 0.00462 0.23455 0.03576 0.04323 0.06776 0.03348 0.07079 0.00346 0.05779 0.02790 0 0 0.00664 0 0.00342 0 0 0.00199 0 0.00000 14,510.9

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Pollutant Name

Diesel PM Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether Xylenes Toluene Formaldehyde Benzene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Acetaldehyde Ethyl Benzene Hexane 1,3-Butadiene Total Propionaldehyde Acrolein Styrene Naphthalene n-Hexane Phenanthrene Acenaphthylene Fluorene Acenaphthene Pyrene Fluoranthene Arsenic & Compounds Anthracene Nickel & Compounds Mercury & Compounds Benzo[g,h,i,]Perylene Lead & Compounds Chrysene Benz[a]Anthracene Benzo[b]Fluoranthene Indeno[1,2,3-c,d]Pyrene Manganese & Compounds Benzo[a]Pyrene Benzo[k]Fluoranthene Cadium Beryllium Chromium III Chromium Chromium (VI) POM as 16-PAH Selenium Dibenzo[a,h]Anthracene POM as 7-PAH 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ Non Road Total lbs

Figure 6-1: Non-Road Emissions (cont.) Constr- Comm- Personal ManuRailway uction ercial Landscape facturing Maint/ Misc Industrial 135,354 5,974.79 0 7493.31 494.708 10,153.8 10949.5 16,469.6 1814.97 28.7191 8635.14 5737.01 9991.57 841.701 103.888 9024.73 5956.01 9469.65 931.387 142.396 19,768.5 2053.02 1380.63 716.466 1015.38 6281.89 3866.45 4478.81 717.396 199.979 2815.42 2044.50 3434.90 286.416 10.6799 8802.27 727.919 373.385 286.574 455.518 2174.41 1579.96 2540.22 246.972 30.4422 1417.41 1045.39 1729.55 169.219 16.1079 711.694 711.596 814.955 127.630 18.0763 1856.25 226.560 160.133 73.2590 94.7985 529.799 79.2989 73.6001 22.5604 26.1269 177.375 67.7125 114.593 10.9832 5.23640 88.8631 55.9939 53.4842 10.6976 3.44003 0 0 0 0 0 36.5319 3.17433 1.94549 1.28017 1.81646 12.8380 2.96865 2.58999 0.73752 0.59741 14.7174 1.63581 1.40526 0.54569 0.69926 13.9821 1.03713 0.43457 0.47510 0.71147 1.78577 0.95002 1.41644 0.13570 0.02291 3.44594 0.80795 1.11199 0.15909 0.12083 4.85128 0.29890 0.09511 0.15468 0.24752 0.52331 0.54443 0.64543 0.08534 0.00489 0.55128 0.07746 0.05961 0.02392 0.02677 4.01203 0.20289 0.02895 0.12146 0.20608 0.48343 0.228600 0.40333 0.02731 0.00193 0.06392 0.02198 0.04895 0.00192 0.00004 0.36188 0.08387 0.10421 0.01771 0.01383 0.20834 0.02621 0.07330 0.00316 0.00496 0.15341 0.08365 0.10522 0.01381 0.00368 0.14905 0.07000 0.12261 0.00847 0.00073 0.36346 0.04045 0.02739 0.01422 0.01798 0.14299 0.02082 0.06252 0.00168 0.00244 0.09331 0.01112 0.03018 0.00152 0.00243 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03755 0.04980 0.05402 0.00812 0.00044 0 0 0 0 0 0.01934 0.02566 0.02783 0.00418 0.00023 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00369 0.00066 0.00216 0.00002 0.00002 0 0 0 0 0 0.00026 0.00001 0.00000 0.00001 0.00001 207,887 41,088.1 51,095.9 13,753.4 2650.00

Non Road Total lbs 333,068 53,209.2 36,814.4 36,807.0 27,941.5 19,817.2 13,706.3 11,809.4 9462.30 5988.29 3258.72 2712.17 939.253 638.424 558.586 277.417 60.0422 30.3588 25.8459 25.3105 10.2490 10.1056 5.82990 5.64032 5.24375 5.09864 2.34363 1.53564 1.10282 1.03317 0.84127 0.73491 0.67545 0.64215 0.55123 0.41888 0.40008 0.19150 0.17879 0.09865 0.06073 0.03542 0.01099 0.00060 0.00030 557,203

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6.1. AIRCRAFT

Aircraft Emissions

7,146 lbs

New Haven is home to Tweed-New Haven Airport and two hospital helipads (Yale-New Haven and St. Raphaels). HAP emissions for aircraft using these facilities were estimated by speciating 2000 VOC emissions, using aircraft-specific profiles developed by EPA. 6.1.2. ESTIMATING NEW HAVEN VOC EMISSIONS IN 2000 For the 1996 Ozone Inventory, the Connecticut DEP used EPAs recommended methodology to estimate VOC emissions from aircraft. 75 Landing and Take Off (LTO) data were obtained for the states towered airports from the Connecticut Department of Transportations 1996 Air Traffic Control Tower Air Traffic Data Report. The LTOs for each airport were then apportioned into individual aircraft types with aircraft specific LTO data from the Federal Aviation Administrations Airport Activity Statistics of Certificated Route Air Carriers CY 1995. LTO data for non-towered airports were obtained through surveys. DEP used the FAA Aircraft Engine Emission Database (FAEED) to assign emission factors to each aircraft, and thus estimate VOC emissions for each airport in Connecticut. The following table summarizes pertinent information in the DEPs 1996 inventory and the FAAs Aircraft Operations Report76 for Tweed New Haven
Figure 6.1.2-1: New Haven Airports 1996 VOC & LTO Airport Name 1996 LTO 1996 VOC emissions (tons) Tweed New Haven 34, 674 13.491 Yale - New Haven Hospital St. Raphael Heliport 110 6 0.027 0.001

In this study, the DEPs 1996 VOC estimates for aircraft in New Haven were adjusted for the change in LTOs between 1996 and 2000, as reported by the FAA. LTOs at Tweed New Haven went from 34,674 in 1996 to 29,913 in 2000. It was assumed that LTOs from the hospital heliports remained stable over this period. Calculation: 1996 emissions / 1996 LTOs = 2000 emissions / 2000 LTO 13.491 tons / 34,674 LTOs = 2000 emissions / 29,913 LTOs 2000 emissions = 11.64 tons

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6.1.3. APPORTIONING VOC EMISSIONS TO AIRCRAFT CATEGORIES The FAA reports that air traffic at Tweed New Haven in 2000 broke down in the following percentages:77 General Aviation = 76% Air Taxi = 15% Commercial = 8% Military = <1% 78 Because each type of aircraft category is associated with a different VOC emission factor, VOC emissions can not be allocated according to these proportions. Instead, generalized emission factors developed by EPA79 were used to apportion VOC emissions to LTOs. Calculations: Total 2000 LTOs = 29,913

General Aviation LTO = 29,913 LTO * 76% = 22,734 LTO 22,734 LTO * 0.394 lbs HC / LTO = 8957 lbs HC 8957 lbs HC * 0.9708 VOC/HC = 8695.6 lbs VOC = 4.34 tons VOC Air Taxi LTO = 29,913 LTO * 15% = 4486.95 LTO 4486.95 LTO * 1.234 lbs HC / LTO = 5537 lbs HC 5537 lbs HC * 0.9914 VOC/HC = 5489.3 lbs VOC = 2.74 tons VOC Commercial Aviation LTO = 29,913 LTO * 8% = 2393 LTO 2393 LTO * 5.36 lbs HC/LTO = 12,827 lbs HC 12,827 lbs HC * 1.094 VOC/HC = 14,032.4 lbs VOC = 7.02 tons VOC

Applying these generalized emission factors to New Haven LTOs results in an overestimate of VOC emissions (14.1 tons vs. 11.6 tons, calculated in Section 6.1.2.). The estimate based on the DEPs Ozone Inventory (11.6 tons) was presumed to more accurately reflect the mix of aircraft types used in New Haven. However, the generalized emission factor calculation shows how one type of aircraft emissions compares proportionately with the others. Those proportions can be used to apportion the 11.6 ton estimate by aircraft type. Calculations: General Aviation emissions (% of VOC) : (4.34 tons / 14.1 tons) =30.8% Air Taxi (% of VOC) : 2.74 tons / 14.1 tons = 19.4% Commercial Aviation (% of VOC) : 7.02 tons / 14.1 tons = 49.8%
Figure 6.1.3-1: VOC Emissions Apportioned by Aircraft Type Aviation Type Total VOC (tons) Percent per type VOC per type (tons) General Aviation 11.64 30.8% 3.59 Air Taxis 11.64 19.4% 2.26 Commercial 11.64 49.8% 5.81

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6.1.4. COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT

Commercial Aircraft VOC emissions = 5.81 tons

Figure 6.1.4-1: HAP/VOC Speciation for Commercial Aircraft Emissions Pollutant 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Acetaldehyde Acrolein Napthalene (gas phase) Styrene Anthracene Fluoranthene Naphthalene Phenanthrene Pyrene Total Factor (HAP/VOC) 0.0005 0.0519 0.0253 0.0057 0.0044 0.000000 0.000001 0.000429 0.000004 0.000001 Emissions (tons/yr) 0.002905 0.301539 0.146993 0.033117 0.025564 0.000002 0.000005 0.002492 0.000022 0.000006 0.512647

For several other HAPS, it is necessary to convert VOC to TOG (total organic gases). For commercial aircraft, EPA recommends a conversion factor of 1.1167 TOG/VOC.

5.81 tons VOC * 1.1167 TOG/VOC = 6.488 tons TOG

Figure 6.1.4-2: HAP/TOG Speciation for Commercial Aircraft Emissions Pollutant 1,3 Butadiene Benzene Ethylbenzene Formaldehyde Propionaldehyde Toluene Xylene Total Factor (HAP/TOG) 0.018 0.0194 0.0017 0.1501 0.0095 0.0052 0.0048 Emissions (tons/yr) 0.116784 0.1258672 0.0110296 0.9738488 0.061636 0.0337376 0.0311424 1.3540456

Total HAP emissions from Commercial Aircraft = 1.866693 tons 6.1.5. AIR TAXIS

VOC emissions from air taxis amount to 2.26 tons per year.
Figure 6.1.5-1: HAP/VOC Speciation for Air Taxi Emissions Pollutant 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Napthalene (gas phase) Total Factor (HAP/VOC) Emissions (tons/yr) 0.0004 0.000904 0.0051 0.011526 0.01243

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The air taxi category is further divided into aircraft with piston engines and aircraft with turbine engines. Nationally, 73% of air taxis are powered with piston engines and 27% have turbine engines. There are distinct speciation factors for the two engine types for all HAPS excepting the above.

Turbine Engine Air Taxis: 27% * 2.26 tons VOC = 0.6102 tons VOC
Figure 6.1.5-2: PAH/VOC Speciation for Air Taxis with Turbine Engines Pollutant Factor (PAH/VOC) Emissions (tons/yr) PAH 0.0004 0.000302

As with commercial aircraft, some chemicals are speciated from TOG (total organic gases) rather than VOC. For commercial aircraft, EPA recommends a conversion factor of 1.1347 TOG/VOC.

0.6102 tons VOC * 1.1347 TOG/VOC = 0.6924 tons TOG

Figure 6.1.5-3: HAP/TOG Speciation for Air Taxis with Turbine Engines Pollutant 1,3 Butadiene Acetaldehyde Acrolein Benzene Ethylbenzene Formaldehyde Propionaldehyde Styrene Toluene Xylene Total Factor (HAP/TOG) 0.0157 0.0432 0.0206 0.0179 0.0015 0.1414 0.009 0.0037 0.0049 0.0044 Emissions (tons/yr) 0.01087068 0.02991168 0.01426344 0.01239396 0.0010386 0.09790536 0.0062316 0.00256188 0.00339276 0.00304656 0.18161652

The PAH factor for Piston Engine Air Taxis is applied to PM-10 rather than VOC emissions. The PM-10 emissions factor for air taxis is 0.60333 lbs/LTO. 80 3,288 LTOs in New Haven are attributed to air taxis with piston engines.

3,288 LTO * 0.60333 lbs PM-10/LTO = 1983.85 lbs PM-10 or 0.992 tons.
Figure 6.1.5-4: PAH/PM-10 Speciation for Air Taxis with Piston Engines Pollutant PAH Factor (PAH/VOC) 0.103480 Emissions (tons/yr) 0.102652

Other HAP factors are applied to TOG, which is again calculated from VOC. For air taxis, EPA recommends a conversion factor of 1.0738 TOG/VOC.

Piston Engine Air Taxis: 73% * 2.26 tons VOC = 1.6498 tons VOC 1.6498 tons VOC * 1.0738 TOG/VOC = 1.7716 tons TOG

77

Figure 6.1.5-5: HAP/TOG Speciation for Air Taxis with Piston Engines Pollutant 1,3 Butadiene Acetaldehyde Acrolein Benzene Ethylbenzene Formaldehyde n-Hexane Propionaldehyde Styrene Toluene Xylene Total Factor (HAP/TOG) 0.0098 0.0062 0.0006 0.0405 0.0147 0.0269 0.007 0.0006 0.0034 0.104 0.0586 Emissions (tons/yr) 0.01736168 0.01098392 0.00106296 0.0717498 0.02604252 0.04765604 0.0124012 0.00106296 0.00602344 0.1842464 0.10381576 0.48240668

Total HAP Emissions from Air Taxis = 0.7794 tons 6.1.6. GENERAL AVIATION

VOC emissions from General Aviation amount to 3.59 tons per year.
Figure 6.1.6-1: HAP/VOC Speciation for General Aviation Aircraft Emissions Pollutant Factor (HAP/VOC) 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 0.0004 Napthalene (gas phase) 0.0051 Total Emissions (tons/yr) 1.44E-03 1.83E-02 0.019745

Like air taxis, the general aviation category is divided into aircraft with piston engines and aircraft with turbine engines. As with air taxis, there are distinct speciation factors for each aircraft type for all HAPS excepting the above. Some chemicals are speciated from TOG (total organic gases) rather than VOC. Nationally, 94% of air taxis are powered with piston engines and 6% have turbine engines.

Turbine Engine General Aviation Aircraft: 6% * 3.59 tons VOC = 0.2154 tons VOC
Figure 6.1.6-2: PAH/VOC Speciation for General Aviation Aircraft with Turbine Engines Pollutant PAH Factor (PAH/VOC) 0.0004 Emissions (tons/yr) 0.000094

For general aviation aircraft with turbine engines, EPA recommends a conversion factor of 1.1347 TOG/VOC.

0.2154 tons VOC * 1.1347 TOG/VOC = 0.2444 tons TOG

78

Figure 6.1.6-3: HAP/TOG Speciation for General Aviation Aircraft with Turbine Engines Pollutant 1,3 Butadiene Acetaldehyde Acrolein Benzene Ethylbenzene Formaldehyde Propionaldehyde Styrene Toluene Xylene Total Factor (HAP/TOG) 0.0157 0.0432 0.0206 0.0179 0.0015 0.1414 0.009 0.0037 0.0049 0.0044 Emissions (tons/yr) 0.00383708 0.01055808 0.00503464 0.00437476 0.0003666 0.03455816 0.0021996 0.00090428 0.00119756 0.00107536 0.06410612

The PAH factor for Piston Engine General Aviation Aircraft is applied to PM-10 rather than VOC emissions. The PM-10 emissions factor for General Aviation aircraft is 0.2367 lbs/LTO.81 21,453 LTOs in New Haven are attributed to air taxis with piston engines.

21,453 LTO * 0.2367 lbs PM-10/LTO = 5078 lbs PM-10 or 2.5389 tons.
Figure 6.1.6-4: PAH/PM-10 Speciation for General Aviation Aircraft with Piston Engines Pollutant Factor (PAH/VOC) Emissions (tons/yr) PAH 0.103 0.263

Other HAP factors are applied to TOG, which is again calculated from VOC. Piston Engine General Aviation Aircraft: 94% * 3.59 tons VOC = 3.3746 tons VOC For general aviation aircraft with piston engines, EPA recommends a conversion factor of 1.0738 TOG/VOC.

3.3746 tons VOC * 1.0738 TOG/VOC = 3.6236 tons TOG

Figure 6.1.6.5. HAP/TOG Speciation for General Aviation Aircraft with Piston Engines Pollutant 1,3 Butadiene Acetaldehyde Acrolein Benzene Ethylbenzene Formaldehyde n-Hexane Propionaldehyde Styrene Toluene Xylene Total Factor (HAP/TOG) 0.0098 0.0062 0.0006 0.0405 0.0147 0.0269 0.007 0.0006 0.0034 0.104 0.0586 Emissions (tons/yr) 0.03551128 0.02246632 0.00217416 0.1467558 0.05326692 0.09747484 0.0253652 0.00217416 0.01232024 0.3768544 0.21234296 0.98670628

Total HAP Emissions from General Aviation Aircraft = 1.33 tons

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6.2. LOCOMOTIVES

Locomotive Emissions

1,647 lbs

Railroad companies run diesel-powered locomotives through New Haven: Amtrak, Shoreline East, Providence & Worcester, and CSX. All of the Metro-North trains on the New Haven line are electrified. Amtrak, Shoreline East and Providence & Worcester provided fuel consumption data with which HAP emissions estimates were developed. Activity data was not obtained from CSX railroad, but county-wide data in the DEPs Ozone Inventory suggests that this company constitutes a very small proportion of total railroad activity. 6.2.1. EMISSION FACTORS AND SPECIATION PROFILES The emission factors and speciation profiles below were applied to the fuel consumption data supplied by each of the railroad companies. All emission factors and speciation profiles came from EPAs NEI nonroad documentation.
Figure 6.2.1-1: Metal Emission Factors Line Haul Railroads 82 Pollutant Emission Factor (lbs/gallon) Beryllium 0.00000042 Cadium 0.00000042 Lead 0.00000130 Mercury 0.00000042 Figure 6.2.1-2: HAP Emission Factors 4 Stroke Line Haul Railroads 83 Pollutant Emission Factor (grms/gallon) 1,3 Butadiene 0.0413511 Acetaldehyde 0.1469518 Acrolein 0.0178725 Benzene 0.0409082 Chromium 5.86E-05 Formaldehyde 0.3852521 Figure 6.2.1-3: VOC & PM-10 Factors - Line Haul Railroads 84 Emission Factor (grms/gallon) Pollutant VOC 10 PM-10 6.7

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Figure 6.2.1-4: HAP/VOC Factors Line Haul Railroads 85 Emission Factor (tons Pollutant HAP/tons VOC) 2,2,4 Trimethylpentane 0.00224 Ethylbenzene 0.002 n-Hexane 0.0055 Propionaldehyde 0.0061 Styrene 0.0021 Toluene 0.0032 Xylene 0.0048 Arsenic 3.57E-07 Manganese 2.04E-06 Nickel 6.55E-06 Figure 6.2.1-5: PAH/PM10 Factor Line Haul Railroads 86 Pollutant Factor (tons PAH/tons PM10) PAH 0.0040704

6.2.2. PROVIDENCE & WORCESTER RAILROAD In 2000, the Providence & Worcester Railroad used 484,600 gallons of # 2 diesel fuel in the state of Connecticut. For nine months of every year, the railroad runs 10 locomotives that spend 31% of the time in New Haven (including travel and idle time). For three months of every year, they run 5 locomotives that spend 64% of the time in New Haven (also including travel and idle time). All P&Ws locomotives have 4-stroke engines. 87 Calculations: x = gallons of fuel per locomotive per month (10 locomotives * x * 9 months) + (5 locomotives * x * 3 months) = 484,600 gals 90x + 15x = 105x = 484,600 gals x = 4615.24 gals per locomotive per month

10 locomotives * 4613.24 gals/loco/month * 9 months = 415,371.6 gals 415,371.6 gals * 31% = 128,765.20 gals used in New Haven. 5 locomotives * 4613.24 gals/loco/month * 3 months = 69,228.6 gals 69,228.6 gals * 64% = 44,305.02 gals used in New Haven

Total gals used in New Haven = 128,765.20 gals + 44,305.02 gals = 173,070.22 gals
Figure 6.2.2-1: VOC & PM-10 Emissions Providence & Worcester Pollutant Emissions (grms) Emissions (lbs) Emissions (tons) VOC 1,730,700 3,816.19 1.90810 PM-10 1,159,569 2,556.85 1.27842

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Figure 6.2.2-2: HAP Emissions Providence & Worcester Pollutant Beryllium Cadium Lead Mercury 1,3 Butadiene Acetaldehyde Acrolein Benzene Chromium Formaldehyde 2,2,4 Trimethylpentane Ethylbenzene n-Hexane Propionaldehyde Styrene Toluene Xylene Arsenic Manganese Nickel PAH Total Emissions (lbs) 0.072689 0.072689 0.224991 0.072689 15.78038 56.07965 6.820492 15.611361 0.0223782 147.01966 8.5482734 7.6323870 20.989064 23.278780 8.0140064 12.211819 18.317729 0.0009128 0.0052160 0.0167474 10.407400 352.00000 Emissions (tons) 0.000036 0.000036 0.000112 0.000036 0.007890 0.028040 0.003410 0.0078057 0.0000112 0.0735098 0.0042741 0.0038162 0.0104945 0.0116394 0.0040070 0.0061059 0.0091589 0.0000005 0.0000026 0.0000084 0.0052037 0.1760000

Total HAP Emissions from Providence & Worcester Railroad = 0.176 tons

6.2.3. SHORELINE EAST RAILROAD The Shoreline East commuter train runs six diesel-powered locomotives per day between New Haven and New London and two between New Haven and Stamford. All locomotives have 4-stroke engines. Weekly diesel consumption is 14,000 gallons and this remains constant throughout the year. Shoreline Easts engineer estimated that trains are in New Haven for 18 out of every 24 hours. Trains idle in the yard during the winter and are shut down during the summer. 88 Calculations:

14,000 gallons * 52 weeks per year = 728,000 gallons per year total 728,000 gallons * (18/24) = 546,000 gallons per year in New Haven
Figure 6.2.3-1: VOC & PM-10 Emissions Shoreline East Pollutant Emissions (grms) Emissions (lbs) Emissions (tons) VOC 5,460,000 1,2039.30 6.019650 PM-10 3,658,200 8,066.331 4.033166

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Figure 6.2.3-2: HAP Emissions Shoreline East Pollutant Beryllium Cadium Lead Mercury 1,3 Butadiene Acetaldehyde Acrolein Benzene Chromium Formaldehyde 2,2,4 Trimethylpentane Ethylbenzene n-Hexane Propionaldehyde Styrene Toluene Xylene Arsenic Manganese Nickel PAH Total Emissions (lbs) 0.2293200 0.2293200 0.7098000 0.2293200 49.783830 176.91968 21.517239 49.250609 0.0705986 463.81656 26.968032 24.078600 66.216150 73.439730 25.282530 38.525760 57.788640 0.0028797 0.0164553 0.0528345 32.833194 1107.9611 Emissions (tons) 0.0001150 0.0001150 0.0003550 0.0001150 0.0248919 0.0884598 0.0107586 0.0246253 0.0000353 0.2319083 0.0134840 0.0120393 0.0331081 0.0367199 0.0126413 0.0192629 0.0288943 0.0000014 0.0000082 0.0000264 0.0164166 0.5539810

Total HAP Emissions from Shoreline East Railroad = 0.553981 tons 6.2.4. AMTRAK RAILROAD Amtrak has electrified the shoreline route through Connecticut. Line haul locomotives on the New Haven Hartford route used a total of 1,084,544 gallons of diesel fuel in 2002.89 Amtrak was not able to provide an estimate for how much time locomotives spend idling in New Haven, therefore fuel consumption estimates are based on track mileage rather than percentage of time spent in New Haven. Of approximately 58 miles of track between New Haven and the Massachusetts border, 2.9 miles are in New Haven. In addition to line haul railroads, Amtrak operates yard locomotives in New Haven at the Cedar Hill Yard. PM and VOC emission factors differ between yard and line haul locomotives so emissions from each category have been estimated independently. Line Haul Locomotives Calculations: 1,084,544 gallons Connecticut * (2.9 miles New Haven / 58 miles Connecticut) = 54,227.2 gallons New Haven

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Figure 6.2.4-1: VOC & PM-10 Emissions Amtrak Line Haul Pollutant VOC PM-10 Emissions (grms) 542,272.00 363,322.24 Emissions (lbs) 1,195.710 801.1255 Emissions (tons) 0.597855 0.400563

Figure 6.2.4-2: HAP Amtrak Line Haul Pollutant Emissions (lbs) Emissions (tons) Beryllium 0.022775 0.000011 Cadium 0.022775 0.000011 Lead 0.070495 0.000035 Mercury 0.022775 0.000011 1,3 Butadiene 4.944391 0.002472 Acetaldehyde 17.57117 0.008786 Acrolein 2.137032 0.001069 Benzene 4.891433 0.002446 Chromium 0.007012 3.51E-06 Formaldehyde 46.06497 0.023032 2,2,4 Trimethylpentane 2.678390 0.001339 Ethylbenzene 2.391420 0.001196 n-Hexane 6.576404 0.003288 Propionaldehyde 7.293830 0.003647 Styrene 2.510990 0.001255 Toluene 3.826271 0.001913 Xylene 5.739407 0.002870 Arsenic 0.000286 0.000000 Manganese 0.001634 0.000001 Nickel 0.005247 0.000003 PAH 3.260901 0.001630 Total 110.0396 0.055020

Yard Locomotives Yard locomotives used 26,576 gallons of diesel fuel in 2002. 90
Figure 6.2.4-3: VOC & PM-10 Factors and Emissions Amtrak Yard Locomotives 91 Pollutant Factor (lbs/gallon) Emissions (lbs/gallon) HC 0.0506 1344.745600 PM-10 0.0138 366.748800

To convert HC to VOC, EPA recommends using the following equation: HC * 1.07 * 1.0332 = VOC 1344.7456 lbs HC * 1.07 * 1.0332 = 1486.648535 lbs VOC
Figure 6.2.4-4: VOC & PM-10 Emissions Amtrak Yard Locomotives Pollutant Emissions (lbs) Emissions (tons) VOC 1486.6485 0.743324 PM-10 366.74880 0.183374

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Figure 6.2.4-5: HAP Emissions Amtrak Yard Locomotives Pollutant Beryllium Cadium Lead Mercury 1,3 Butadiene Acetaldehyde Acrolein Benzene Chromium Formaldehyde 2,2,4 Trimethylpentane Ethylbenzene n-Hexane Propionaldehyde Styrene Toluene Xylene Arsenic Manganese Nickel PAH Total Emissions (lbs) 0.011162 0.011162 0.034549 0.011162 2.423177 8.611387 1.047329 2.397223 0.003436 22.57580 3.330093 2.973297 8.176567 9.068556 3.121962 4.757275 7.135913 0.000131 0.000748 0.002402 1.492814 77.20000 Emissions (tons) 0.000006 0.000006 0.000017 0.000006 0.001212 0.004306 0.000524 0.001199 0.000002 0.011288 0.001665 0.001487 0.004088 0.004534 0.001561 0.002379 0.003568 0.000000 0.000000 0.000001 0.000746 0.038600

Total HAP Emissions from Amtrak Railroad = 0.0936 tons 6.2.5. SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY In this inventory, diesel particulate matter is treated as a hazardous air pollutant. The principal source of PM emissions data is the 1999 National Emissions Inventory of Criteria Pollutants. County-level PM data reported in the NEI Criteria Pollutant Inventory has been apportioned to the city level using local activity data. PM estimates were available in the NEI for every mobile diesel source except locomotives. The reason for this omission is unclear. As a result, in the New Haven Inventory, locomotives are the only mobile diesel source lacking an emission estimate for diesel particulate matter. Because diesel PM is the largest pollutant emission from every other diesel vehicle, this omission has a large impact on the overall magnitude of the locomotive emission estimate. Also, relative to emissions from other sources, locomotive emissions look rather inconsequential. It should not be concluded from this inventory that locomotives in New Haven are inconsequential. On the contrary, because they are presumed to contribute substantially to the diesel PM profile in New Haven, locomotives feature prominently in New Havens Diesel Reduction Strategy (see CHAPTER 7).

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6.3. COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS

Commercial Marine Emissions

213,673.44 lbs

The Port of New Haven is the states largest waterborne commercial shipping facility, handling approximately 9 million tons of petroleum products, manufactured goods and crude commodities on an annual basis. According to the Waterborne Commerce Statistics from the U.S. Militarys Navigation Data Center, 3528 motorships and 439 steamships entered New Haven Harbor in 2000. 92 These vessels are distinguished in the Waterborne Commerce Statistics by their length; as a rule of thumb, motorships are smaller than eighteen feet and use diesel fuel and steamships are larger than eighteen feet and use both diesel and residual fuel. 93 Because the emission profiles for the two fuel types differ, separate calculations are required. 6.3.1. RESIDUAL FUEL The Energy Information Association reported that 414,000 gallons of residual fuel were sold for vessel bunkering in the state of Connecticut in 2000. 94 Since only steamships use residual oil, and 439 of the 885 steamships registered in Connecticut arrived in New Haven Harbor, 95 approximately 50% (439/885) of total statewide fuel sales were apportioned to New Haven. This amount was then diminished by 75% to account for offshore use. 96 Calculation: (#SNH>18) * (QrCT) * (0.25) / (#SCT>18) = QrNH Where: #SNH>18 = Number of ships using Port of New Haven greater than 18 ft QrCT = Quantity of residual fuel used in Connecticut (gallons) 0.25 = Assumed 25% of residual fuel is used in Port #SCT>18 = Number of ships using Connecticut Ports greater than 18 ft QrNH = Quantity of residual fuel used in Port of New Haven (gallons)

(439 ships) * (414,000 gallons) * (0.25) / (885 ships) = 51,340.68 gallons

Figure 6.3.1-1: HAP Emissions Residual Fuel Emission factor Emissions (lbs) (tons/1000 gallons) 0.00000245 0.25304090 0.00000011 0.01084461 0.00001680 1.73513760 0.00000001 0.00060007 0.00000059 0.06072982 0.00000066 0.06795956 0.00000001 0.00144595 0.00000020 0.02024327 0.00000042 0.04337844 0.00000077 0.07952714 Emissions (tons) 0.00012652 0.00000542 0.00086757 0.00000030 0.00003036 0.00003398 0.00000072 0.00001012 0.00002169 0.00003976

Pollutant Acetaldehyde Benzene Formaldehyde POM as 7-PAH POM as 16-PAH Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium Chromium Lead

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Manganese Mercury Nickel Selenium Total

0.00000147 0.00000006 0.00004200 0.00000034

0.15182454 0.00585609 4.33784400 0.03542573 6.80385800

0.00007591 0.00000293 0.00216892 0.00001771 0.00340200

6.3.2. DISTILLATE FUEL The 1999 NEI Criteria Pollutant Inventory reported PM and VOC emissions from diesel powered commercial marine vessels. These emissions are given at the county level. However, since most commercial marine activity in New Haven County takes place in the City of New Haven, it has been assumed that these emissions take place in the Port of New Haven. Diesel PM emissions are reported separately, and VOC emissions have been speciated using EPA profiles. 97 1999 NEI New Haven County estimates (attributed to City of New Haven): Diesel PM emissions = 88.87 tons VOC emissions (speciated below) = 66.08 tons
Figure 6.3.2-1: HAP Emissions Distillate Fuel Pollutant VOC speciation profile Emissions (tons) Acetaldehyde 0.074298 4.909612 Acrolein 0.003500 0.231280 Benzene 0.020344 1.344332 Formaldehyde 0.002000 0.132160 Ethylbenzene 0.149600 9.885568 n-Hexane 0.005500 0.363440 Propionaldehyde 0.006100 0.403088 Styrene 0.002100 0.138768 Toluene 0.003200 0.211456 Xylene 0.004800 0.317184 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 0.000400 0.026432 Total Speciated HAPS 17.963320 Diesel PM Emissions 88.87 Total HAP Emissions 106.83332

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6.4. OTHER NON-ROAD VEHICLES

Other Non-road Vehicle Emissions

369,605 lbs

In addition to aircraft, locomotives and commercial marine vessels, the nonroad category includes construction equipment, commercial and industrial equipment, golf carts, landscaping equipment and recreational boats. County-level data from the 1999 NEI was apportioned to New Haven City using a variety of indicators (see tables below). Emissions for each category were apportioned from the County to City level according to the following formula: City Emissions = County Emissions / County Indicator * City Indicator

Only the top-ten pollutants from each category have been reproduced in the tables below. For additional pollutant data, see Table 6-1.
Table 6.4-1: Industrial Equipment Emissions Pollutant Name County Emissions (lbs) Diesel PM 81,574.39807 Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether 19,758.33698 Toluene 10,139.35890 Xylenes (Mixture of o, m, and p Isomers) 9,163.016414 Benzene 7,809.791195 Formaldehyde 7,799.671674 Acetaldehyde 3,119.730862 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 3,118.009855 Ethyl Benzene 2,688.611238 Hexane 1,842.172170 Total (including HAPs not shown above) 149,723.2562 City Emissions (lbs) 7,493.3052 1,814.9720 931.386718 841.701322 717.396027 716.466463 286.573926 286.415837 246.971906 169.219248 13,753.3599

Indicator = Manufacturing Employees98 2000 City Employees = 5,330 2000 County Employees = 58,024 Note: The 1999 NEI contained county level emissions based on 1995 employment data. Before apportioning emissions to the City of New Haven, county emissions were adjusted to account for the change in manufacturing employment between 1995 and 2000.

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Table 6.4-2: Personal Landscaping Equipment Pollutant Name County Emissions (lbs) City Emissions (lbs) Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether 167,279.5985 16,469.64181 Xylenes (Mixture of o, m, and p Isomers) 101,482.7769 9,991.565016 Toluene 96,181.75041 9,469.648372 Benzene 45,490.58210 4,478.810323 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 34,887.70977 3,434.896356 Ethyl Benzene 25,800.59394 2,540.217363 Hexane 17,566.74679 1,729.547595 Formaldehyde 14,022.85183 1,380.630685 1,3-Butadiene 8,277.374449 814.9552810 Acetaldehyde 3,792.412140 373.3848600 Total (including HAPS not shown above) 518,973.15740 51,095.90223

Indicator = Single/Duplex Housing Units 99 2000 City Units = 22,060 2000 County Units = 224,060 Note: The 1999 NEI contained county level emissions based on 1997 housing data. Before apportioning emissions to the City of New Haven, county emissions were adjusted to account for the change in housing between 1997 and 2000.

Table 6.4-3: Commercial Landscaping Equipment Pollutant Name Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether Xylenes (Mixture of o, m, and p Isomers) Toluene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Benzene Ethyl Benzene Hexane Diesel PM Formaldehyde 1,3-Butadiene Total (including HAPS not shown above) County Emissions (lbs) 313,657.48561 214,076.99094 190,767.92124 77,256.960630 74,729.858580 51,948.656400 35,291.142190 29,965.851700 28,634.329520 13,221.421670 1,046,450.5996 City Emissions (lbs) 9,759.88974 6,661.30388 5,936.00970 2,403.95799 2,325.32368 1,616.45483 1,098.13307 932.4292300 890.9970600 411.4029600 32,561.76860

Indicator = Land Area (square miles) 2000 County Area = 605.79 100 2000 City Area = 18.85 101 Note: The indicator used in the 1999 NEI was landscape/horticulture employees. This information was not available at the City level, so land area was used as a substitute indicator.

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Table 6.4-4: Golf Carts Pollutant Name County Emissions (lbs) Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether 8,708.7520 Toluene 4,457.4216 Xylenes (Mixture of o, m, and p Isomers) 4,216.0141 Benzene 3,308.6700 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 1,423.4620 Ethyl Benzene 1,222.2183 Formaldehyde 1,141.7059 Hexane 752.68039 1,3-Butadiene 666.83953 Acetaldehyde 316.44330 Total (including HAPS not shown above) 26,536.463

City Emissions (lbs) 333.41317 170.65167 161.40942 126.67190 54.497010 46.792430 43.710010 28.816250 25.529840 12.114980 1,015.9443

Indicator = Golf Carts Equipment Population 2000 County Equipment Population = 1306 102 2000 City Equipment Population = 50 103 Note: The indicator used in the 1999 NEI was number of public golf courses. Equipment populations were substituted as a more precise indicator.

Table 6.4-5: Construction Equipment Pollutant Name County Emissions (lbs) Diesel PM 413,503.660 Formaldehyde 60,392.2154 Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether 31,019.6323 Toluene 27,570.3196 Acetaldehyde 26,890.7246 Xylenes (Mixture of o, m, and p Isomers) 26,380.1516 Benzene 19,191.0242 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 8,601.04334 Ethyl Benzene 6,642.78283 Propionaldehyde 5,670.78980 Total (including HAPS not shown above) 310,446.928

City Emissions (lbs) 135,354.160 19,768.4771 10,153.8069 9,024.72660 8,802.27148 8,635.14314 6,281.89115 2,815.42128 2,174.41436 1,856.24716 207,887.023

Indicator = $ Spent in Construction104 2000 County Construction Spending = $1,397,687,000 2000 City Construction Spending = $295,622,000 Note: The 1999 NEI contained an estimate of County level construction spending in 1997. Emissions at the City and County level were grown to account for the change in spending between 1997 and 2000.

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Table 6.4-6: Commercial Equipment Pollutant Name County Emissions (lbs) Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether 120,100.2443 Diesel PM 65,534.78864 Toluene 65,328.77681 Xylenes (Mixture of o, m, and p Isomers) 62,926.65628 Benzene 42,409.35591 Formaldehyde 22,518.61219 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 22,425.21053 Ethyl Benzene 17,329.91493 Hexane 11,466.41444 Acetaldehyde 7,984.215520 Total (including HAPS not shown above) 450,676.5826

City Emissions (lbs) 10,949.5062 5,974.78864 5,956.00660 5,737.00593 3,866.44931 2,053.01568 2,044.50027 1,579.96357 1,045.38985 727.9187300 41,088.0600

Indicator = # Wholesale Establishments 105 2000 County Wholesale Establishments = 1744 2000 City Wholesale Establishments = 159 Note: The 1999 NEI contained county level emissions based on 1995 wholesale establishments. Before apportioning emissions to the City of New Haven, county emissions were adjusted to account for the change in the number of wholesale establishments between 1995 and 2000.

Table 6.4-7: Recreational Boats Pollutant Name County Emissions (lbs) Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether 264,281.3935 Xylenes (Mixture of o, m, and p Isomers) 237,080.3041 Toluene 206,781.3562 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 185,740.7278 Benzene 53,643.80862 Hexane 34,554.11272 Ethyl Benzene 32,522.59345 Formaldehyde 6,626.182880 1,3-Butadiene 5,439.754700 Acetaldehyde 2,908.450000 Total (including HAPS not shown above) 1,036,688.300

City Emissions (lbs) 3,699.24590 3,318.50204 2,894.39629 2,599.88271 750.872530 483.666890 455.230950 92.7491700 76.1422900 40.7106700 14,510.91540

Indicator = Surface Water Area 106 2000 County Surface Water Area (acres) = 164,012 2000 City Surface Water Area (acres) = 896 Note: The County level surface water area data used in the 1999 NEI was given in units of km2 . This was converted to acres in order to apportion to the City level.

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Table 6.4.8. Railway Maintenance and Other Industrial Equipment Pollutant Name County Emissions (lbs) City Emissions (lbs) Formaldehyde 6,767.79446 1,015.38272 Diesel PM 3,297.36042 494.708110 Acetaldehyde 3,036.15045 455.518370 Benzene 1,332.91003 199.978560 Toluene 949.107050 142.396000 Xylenes (Mixture of o, m, and p Isomers) 692.440090 103.887860 Ethyl Benzene 202.905250 30.4421900 Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether 191.420290 28.7190800 1,3-Butadiene 120.483370 18.0763100 Hexane 107.363200 16.1078700 Total (including HAPS not shown above) 17,662.9586 2,650.00111

Indicator = Population107 2000 County Population = 824,000 2000 City Population = 123,626 Note: The 1999 NEI contained county level emissions based on 1996 population data. Before apportioning emissions to the City of New Haven, county emissions were adjusted to account for the change in population between 1996 and 2000.

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SECTION 7: ANALYSIS OF PRIORITIES AND RECOMMENDED EMISSION REDUCTION STRATEGIES

The purpose of this inventory development effort was to identify sources of hazardous air pollutants and to prioritize them for emissions reduction initiatives. Health risk prioritization was based not only on emission levels, but also on the relative toxicity of pollutants emitted. Both factors have been taken into consideration for the development of recommended emission reduction strategies. 7.1. PRIORITY POLLUTANTS In order to focus risk reduction activities on chemicals of the greatest concern, the toxicity weight screening approach as outlined in EPAs draft Air Toxics Risk Assessment Reference Library 108 was used. This screening method evaluates chemicals according to relative risk, taking into account both emissions and toxicity. Chemicals are ordered by the toxicity-weighted factors. In this screening, the most protective toxicity values and assumptions are used. On the following pages, there is a list of ranked chemicals in each hazard category: cancer, chronic and acute. Chemicals categorized as cancer risks are those believed to be carcinogenic to humans. Chemicals categorized as chronic risks are those associated with adverse health effects when humans are subject to prolonged or repeated exposures. Chemicals categorized as acute risks may cause immediate adverse effects after only one exposure. In this report, no hazard category has been prioritized over another. The chemicals listed in the following tables are those implicated in 99.9% of health risk for each hazard category. In some cases, additional chemicals have been aggregated into chemical groups. For a technical description of screening methodology, chemical groupings and definitions, see APPENDIX D.

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Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Figure 7.1-1: Chemicals Contributing to Cancer Risk Emissions (tons) % Risk Contribution POM 0.69127 19.41% Diesel PM 229.559 17.57% Formaldehyde 41.76429 13.86% Dioxin and compounds 1.32E-05 11.07% Benzene 52.11249 10.37% Chromium compounds 0.033447 10.24% 1,3-Butadiene 7.8207 5.99% Arsenic compounds 0.043 4.72% Nickel compounds 0.59818 3.04% Tetrachloroethylene 11.01554 1.66% Acetaldehyde 13.68329 0.77% Trichloroethylene 10.70095 0.55% Cadmium compounds 0.00835 0.38% Beryllium compounds 0.004413 0.27% Methylene chloride 8.69265 0.10% Chemical

Confidence low low medium medium high medium high high medium medium medium medium medium medium medium

Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Figure 7.1-2: Chemicals Contributing to Chronic Risk Chronic Risk Emissions % Risk Contribution Acrolein 2.22854 92.13% Napthalene 8.26656 2.28% Hydrogen cyanide 5.48942 1.51% Manganese compounds 0.06295 1.00% Xylenes 109.6867 0.91% Phospherous compounds 0.0374 0.44% Toluene 166.3524 0.34% Mercury compounds 0.0363 0.30% Cobalt compounds 0.0342 0.28% n-Hexane 48.26387 0.20% Sulfuric acid 0.21 0.17% Antimony compounds 0.0306 0.13% Hydrochloric acid 2.369417 0.10% Glycol ethers 1.52709 0.06% Vanadium 0.07575 0.06% 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 30.44776 0.03% MTBE 85.456 0.02% Zinc compounds 0.131 0.02%

Confidence low low low medium medium low medium low low medium low low low low low low medium not ranked

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Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Figure 7.1-3: Chemicals Contributing to Acute Risk Emissions % Risk Contribution 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 48.52178 54.90% Ethylene 7.25389 8.21% Propionaldehyde 3.22046 7.29% n-Methyl-2-pyrrolididone 1.2 4.07% Acetylene 1.758152 3.98% 2-Methylfuran 0.980097 3.27% Ethane 2.419175 2.74% Furfural 0.74183 2.52% Tert Butyl Alcohol 2.1215 2.40% Nitric Acid 0.991 2.24% Butenes 1.886266 2.13% Furan 0.526018 1.79% 1,2,4-Trimethyl benzene 0.979 1.11% Pentenes 0.933684 1.06% Cyclohexane 0.6945 0.79% Acute Risk

Confidence low low low medium low medium low low low low low medium low low low

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7.2. PRIORITY SOURCE CATEGORIES The chemicals identified as health risks in New Haven come from a variety of sources. The table below identifies the source categories associated with each of the chemicals listed above. The % Diesel category gives the percent of emissions associated with either onroad diesel vehicles or other mobile sources typically equipped with diesel engines. The dominant source category for each pollutant is highlighted in bold text. For more specificity regarding source categories, please see APPENDIX E Air Toxics Inventory Data Tables.
Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Figure 7.2-1: Percent of Emissions by Source Category Cancer Risk Chemical % Nonroad % Onroad % Area % Point POM 12.57% 22.01% 51.14% 14.29% Diesel PM 72.55% 27.45% Formaldehyde 33.45% 59.68% 1.35% 5.52% Dioxin and compounds 10.22% >0% 89.78% Benzene 19.01% 66.61% 7.26% 7.12% Chromium compounds 0.70% 11.09% 11.48% 76.73% 1,3-Butadiene 20.83% 79.15% 0.01% Arsenic compounds 6.78% 16.86% 11.91% 64.45% Nickel compounds 0.44% 0.49% 0.65% 98.42% Tetrachloroethylene 99.73% 0.27% Acetaldehyde 43.15% 56.10% 0.33% 0.42% Trichloroethylene 63.02% 36.98% Cadmium compounds 2.51% 46.39% 51.10% Beryllium compounds 4.53% 87.02% 8.44% Methylene chloride 99.56% 0.44% % Diesel 18.36% 100.00% 51.86% 10.22% 16.40% 0.92% 25.15% 18.67% 0.49% 64.17% 2.51% 4.53%

Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Figure 7.2-2: Percent of Emissions by Source Category Chronic Risk Chemical % Nonroad % Onroad % Area % Point Acrolein 21.07% 48.07% 30.61% 0.25% Napthalene 3.24% 10.45% 0.15% 86.17% Hydrogen cyanide 100.00% Manganese compounds 0.56% 2.12% 13.11% 84.21% Xylenes 16.78% 48.65% 24.16% 10.42% Phospherous compounds 100.00% Toluene 11.06% 55.33% 12.20% 21.40% Mercury compounds 7.02% 23.94% 10.58% 58.46% Cobalt compounds 100.00% n-Hexane 0.54% 97.12% 2.34% Sulfuric acid 100.00% Antimony compounds 100.00% Zinc compounds 100.00% Hydrochloric acid 98.64% 1.36% Glycol ethers 21.42% 78.58% Vanadium 100.00% 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 99.97% 0.03% MTBE 31.13% 40.48% 8.51% 19.88%

% Diesel 38.01% 2.54% 0.68% 10.64% 6.88% 29.17% 0.25%

19.14%

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Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Figure 7.2-3: Percent of Emissions by Source Category Acute Risk Chemical % Nonroad % Onroad % Area % Point 2,2,4-Trimethyl pentane 14.12% 84.00% 1.02% 0.86% Ethylene 100.00% Propionaldehyde 42.11% 57.89% n-Methyl-2-pyrrolididone 100.00% Acetylene 100.00% 2-Methylfuran 100.00% Ethane 100.00% Furfural 100.00% Tert Butyl Alcohol 100.00% Nitric Acid 100.00% Butenes 100.00% Furan 100.00% 1,2,4-Trimethyl benzene 100.00% Pentenes 100.00% Cyclohexane 100.00%

% Diesel 8.02% 78.22%

7.3. RECOMMENDED EMISSION REDUCTION STRATEGIES The priority source categories that emerge from the toxicity screening include the following: Diesel vehicles, especially on-road, marine and construction equipment Light duty gasoline vehicles and trucks Gasoline Service Stations Surface Coating / Degreasing Power Plants Indoor Air Toxins

The Air Toxics Risk Reduction Strategy was developed in partnership with a stakeholders group, representing local organizations, community members and state and federal agencies. 109 7.3.1. DIESEL TRUCKS AND NONROAD EQUIPMENT Diesel vehicles and equipment are responsible for approximately one-third the volume of air toxic emissions in New Haven. Because of the toxicity of the chemicals found in diesel exhaust and its prevalence in the community, diesel vehicles and equipment have emerged from this study as the principle health risk driver in New Haven. Categories of diesel vehicles and equipment include commercial marine vessels, construction equipment, heavy-duty trucks and buses, locomotives, and other industrial and landscaping equipment.

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The graph below shows an estimated break-down of diesel emissions by source category. As described in previous sections, reported locomotive emissions likely do not reflect the actual contribution of this category. Although not reflected in this study, it is expected that locomotives are responsible for a significant share of diesel emissions in New Haven.
Figure 7.3.1-1: Diesel Emissions by Source Category
15% 32%

25%

28%

Construction 32% Commercial Marine Vessels 28% On-road Vehicles 25% Commercial, Landscape, Industrial, Locomotives 15%

The air quality monitors located in New Haven provide additional evidence in the case to target diesel emissions with strategic reduction initiatives. The Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection has identified a diesel PM hot spot in New Haven. The DEPs air quality monitor at Stiles Street in New Haven is the only monitor in the state recording levels of PM2.5 (fine particulate matter) above the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS). As a result, the region may be designated out-ofcompliance with federal air quality standards. The CT DEP attributes the high levels of PM2.5 at the Stiles Street monitor largely to the high concentration of truck traffic proximate to the monitoring equipment. The Stiles Street ramp is the most direct route between the Port of New Haven and I-95, and is therefore frequently used by trucks employed in port-related shipping and receiving. All of this suggests that diesel PM reduction should feature highly in New Havens emission reduction strategy. There are several federal regulations that, in the next few years, will reduce emissions from diesel equipment, on-road and off-road. Federal standards set new limits on on-road heavy-duty engines beginning in 2004, and ramping up through 2010. Beginning in 2006, ultra-low sulfur diesel, or diesel fuel with 15 ppm sulfur will be required for use by all diesel on-road vehicles. New rules to reduce emissions from off-road engines (construction, agricultural and industrial equipment) will take effect starting in 2008 and will be fully phased in by 2014. ULSD will be required for off-road engines by 2010. These new regulations will have the effect of reducing emissions by more than 90%.

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The federal regulations described above will soon ensure that new engines meet strict emission control standards. However, because the operational life expectancy of a heavy-duty diesel engine is estimated at one million miles, pre-2006 engines will remain on the road for decades to come. In the meantime, local steps can be taken to clean-up existing diesel vehicles through clean-fuel initiatives and engine retrofits. Collaboration with our partners, particularly the CT DEP and Environment Northeast, will be essential to the success of the efforts described below. Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel Buying Cooperative The City of New Haven has been purchasing ultra-low sulfur diesel for all municipal trucks, buses, and off-road equipment since August of 2002. The air toxics focus group recommended that the City work to broaden this initiative to other municipalities and institutions by creating a regional buying cooperative. Implementation of this initiative will involve reaching out to municipalities in the Public Purchasing Association of Connecticut, educating them about the benefits of ULSD and obtaining commitments from them to buy ULSD in the next purchasing cycle. This joint bid for ULSD will be released in the Spring of 2004. Since combined volume will likely procure a better price than any one entity could obtain on its own, this initiative seeks to hasten the regions market conversion to ULSD in advance of the 2006 deadline. Voluntary Retrofits With funding assistance from the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, the City of New Haven is beginning a school bus retrofit project. Advanced emission control equipment will be installed on buses serving the New Haven public schools. This equipment, combined with ULSD, may reduce diesel PM emissions up to 90%. This initiative will significantly reduce the exposure of school-aged children to diesel exhaust. Because children are the most susceptible demographic, this project has been given particular priority. This model of voluntary equipment retrofits is one that we believe is replicable in public and private diesel fleets (including on-road, off-road construction and marine fleets) around the city. Of course, school buses and municipal fleet vehicles are small components of New Havens overall diesel profile. Private fleet vehicles, construction equipment, marine and locomotive engines, and public transit vehicles are responsible for the vast majority of diesel emissions in New Haven. In partnership with Environment Northeast, the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection and other members of the focus group, the City will develop a campaign to promote voluntary engine retrofits for local fleets. The City will strive to make New Haven a regional focal point for emission control initiatives, engaging local businesses and institutions in a community effort to reduce the impact of diesel exhaust on the quality of New Havens air.

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Construction Contracts The inventory reports emissions from construction equipment amount to approximately 104 tons per year. Construction projects often take place in crowded spaces, either residential neighborhoods or commercial districts. The fact that the location of construction equipment is not limited by zoning or infrastructure means that human exposure to construction emissions is often quite direct. In response to the pending PM non-compliance designation, ConnDOT has required contractors participating in the reconstruction of I-95 at the Quinnipiac River Bridge in New Haven to install emissions control technology on qualified equipment. So far, most equipment has been retrofitted with oxidation catalysts. The state is now considering the feasibility of requiring ultra-low sulfur diesel and diesel particulate filters, as well as extending the program to a broader range of state-funded road-building projects. The model of including pollution control requirements in construction bids is one that has been initiated in several municipalities, including New York City. New York now requires city construction contracts to require ULSD and best available pollution control technology on heavy diesel construction equipment above 50 horsepower. This initiative will cut emissions from qualified machinery by up to 90%. It is recommended that New Haven consider adopting this model for municipally-funded construction projects, particularly those occurring in residential and commercial zones. 7.3.2. LIGHT DUTY GASOLINE VEHICLES AND TRUCKS Passenger cars, SUVs, pick-up trucks and mini-vans are responsible for the greatest share of air toxic emissions in New Haven. The sum of all pollutants from this category is 300 tons, or 30% of total New Haven emissions. There are two ways to reduce emissions from on-road vehicles: 1) reduce emission rates per mile traveled, and 2) reduce vehicle miles traveled. In New Haven, there are convincing reasons to focus on both. Connecticut Clean Cars Campaign Reducing emission rates per mile traveled involves establishing stricter emission standards on light duty gasoline vehicles. The California Low-Emission Vehicles II Program (LEV II) promises to tighten emission standards beyond the federal program (Tier 2) by an increasing percentage over time. New Haven is a member of the Clean Cars Alliance, the coalition of Connecticut organizations who promoted the adoption of the LEV II standards by the Connecticut Legislature. This effort was successful, and Connecticut will be the fourth state in the region to embrace these stricter standards. 110 Connecticut Fund for the Environments paper, The Drive for Cleaner Air in Connecticut, reports that compared to the federal Tier 2 program, LEV II will reduce total air toxic emissions in Connecticut from light duty cars and trucks by 137 tons per year by 2025. The CFE report states, The additional savings of LEV II over Tier 2 in

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2025 is equivalent to taking approximately 193,000 of todays vehicles off the road, or eliminating nearly a third of current point source emissions of the 33 air toxics of greatest concern.111 Smart Growth and Transit Regulatory standards ensure that mile-for-mile, passenger vehicles will continue to get cleaner. This trend, however, threatens to be counter-balanced by the rapidly increasing rate of vehicle miles traveled (VMT) on Connecticuts roads. To see real reductions in HAP emissions from passenger vehicles, an effort to slow VMT growth must complement strengthened emission standards. Since 1970, Connecticuts population has increased by a modest 12%, while VMT has increased by 78%. The ever-increasing congestion on I-91 and I-95 is largely the result of development in Connecticuts suburban and rural areas, long distances between the areas where people live and the areas where they work, and lack of opportunities to use public or non-motorized transportation. Smart growth policies seek to reverse these trends by targeting development to central areas where infrastructure already exists and by investing in public and non-motorized transportation. The City of New Haven has been active in promoting smart growth at the state and regional levels and advocating for transit investments. APPENDIX C contains the Smart Growth proposal submitted by the City Plan Department to the Connecticut Climate Change Stakeholders Group. This proposal is one piece of a statewide plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 10% below 1990 levels by 2020. Many of the measures outlined by this plan, including smart growth, have the ancillary benefit of reducing air toxics. 7.3.3. STATIONARY SOURCE POLLUTION PREVENTION Gasoline stations, (responsible for more than 50% of POM emissions captured by the inventory), and surface coating and solvent cleaning operations, (responsible for approximately 220 tons, or 22% of emissions) will be targeted for emissions reductions. The City will work with the State Department of Environmental Protection to ensure that local facilities are in compliance with applicable state standards. To achieve emissions reductions beyond compliance, the City will explore opportunities to educate consumers and businesses about opportunities to reduce risk. Consumer Outreach Gas Stations: Anti-pollution devices on gasoline tanks depend on consumers to stop fueling after the automatic shut-off has been activated. When consumers top-off, gas fumes are released, including highly toxic polycyclic organic matter (POM). The City will implement an outreach campaign designed to educate consumers about how they can reduce health risk from gasoline fumes.

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Architectural Surface Coatings (paints): These are used everywhere in relatively small quantities. The City of New Haven now requires the use of low-VOC paints for all school construction and maintenance work. This policy has been adopted as a part of the new High Performance Schools Design Guide, an outline for school construction contractors addressing energy, systems, and material requirements. It is recommended that the City help to educate consumers, including local and regional contractors, about the availability of low-VOC, low-HAP paints. Pollution Prevention Workshops Surface coating and degreasing processes are employed for industrial application by both point and area sources in New Haven and the surrounding towns and are responsible for approximately two-thirds of total emissions from stationary sources. The City will work with EPA, the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protections Pollution Prevention Division, the Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) and industry organizations (to be determined) to a) ensure that facilities comply with existing emissions regulations, and b) organize workshops to provide pollution prevention guidance and best management practices to local facilities. These workshops will build from previously developed materials and presentations and could serve as models for other communities. Following these workshops, the City will assist in finding financial and technical support for facilities wishing to voluntarily upgrade their processes in order to minimize pollution. 7.2.4. INDOOR AIR TOXINS Although indoor air toxins do not contribute a large amount to the overall volume of emissions in New Haven, potential health risks from these sources may be significant because exposure pathways are direct. Consumer Outreach Risks from in-home air toxins are not spread evenly across the New Haven population, but are concentrated in households that use products with toxic ingredients: households with pest control problems (pesticides), automobile aficionados (after-market refinishing products), or hobbyists (coatings & sealants). The Health Department has a long track record of working through community groups on education and outreach, particularly on issues of lead poisoning and asthma prevention. Health Department staff has direct access to the community through home inspections, health fairs, maternal and child programs, and in-school curriculum development. Through these avenues and through the New Haven Asthma Initiative partnership, the City will disseminate indoor air toxin outreach materials 1) toxic consumer products, 2) hazardous waste recycling, and 3) in-home second hand smoke exposure. Promotional materials for EPAs Smoke Free Home campaign, including 900 magnets, decals and booklets, have been distributed to the directors of New Haven daycares and pre-schools.

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These materials will reach the majority of families in New Haven with children under five years of age. Tools for Schools Schools, too, are indoor environments where children can potentially be exposed to air toxins or other health irritants. Molds, cleaning supplies, some types of carpets or building materials can contain toxic or asthma-inducing elements. Improper ventilation can also cause unhealthy school environments. New Havens High Performance Schools Design Guide has set standards for construction materials and ventilation systems that will prevent these types of problems in new and renovated schools. EPAs Tools for Schools program provides resources and instructions for existing schools to take stock of building health and make improvements as needed. The New Haven Health Department, in partnership with EPA, will assist one school with pilot implementation of the Tools for Schools program. One outcome of this experience will be procurement recommendations for safe school cleaning materials, to be submitted to the New Haven Board of Education for review and adoption. 7.2.5. FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION The volume of air toxic emissions release by local fossil fuel power plants and boilers is low (6 tons) compared to other source categories. However, the toxicity of emissions is high. Fossil fuel combustion is the principle source of several heavy metals and dioxin compounds, and by far the largest source of sulfur dioxide (SO2 ), a criteria pollutant that affects breathing and aggravates respiratory and cardiovascular disease. Large combustion sources like PSEGs Harbor Station power plant, the two Yale power plants, and Simkins industrial boilers are subject to the States Title V regulations. Recent history has shown that there are some gains to be made by addressing emissions at the sources themselves: Yale University has switched from #6 fuel oil to the cleaner #2, for example, and the statewide Sooty Six and mercury regulations have resulted in reduced emissions from Harbor Station. New Haven believes that although these changes have been very important, there are diminishing gains to be made by focusing on emissions control at the facility level. The City supports demand-side initiatives intended to reduce the regions dependence on fossil fuel (particularly coal and oil) combustion for electricity and heating needs. New Haven supports long-term, strategic investment in energy conservation and renewable energy development that will, ultimately, reduce production from local power plants. Maintaining Connecticuts Energy Conservation and Load Management and Clean Energy Funds are vital to this transition. The City also supports legislation proposing the creation of natural gas and heating oil rate-payer funds designed to subsidize efficiency and emission control upgrades. New Havens energy management program has successfully reduced electricity demand from municipal buildings by investing in efficiency upgrades in lighting, HVAC and other facility systems. The Citys new High Performance School Guidelines will ensure

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that new schools will be constructed to energy efficient standards. Moving beyond conservation, the City has committed to purchasing 20% of its electricity from renewable sources by the year 2010. Although these actions are valuable models, in isolation, they will not significantly impact the quality of New Havens air. Therefore, the City has an important leadership role to play in pushing for a regional movement to reduce electricity consumption and transition to clean and renewable sources. 7.2.6. WORKING TOWARD A HEALTHIER COMMUNITY In October of 2003, the City of New Haven was awarded a Healthy Communities grant from EPA New England to implement the Air Toxics Risk Reduction Strategy in collaboration with the Air Toxics Stakeholders Group. On-going partnership with local organizations, community members and state and federal agencies is crucial to the success and sustainability of this program.

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NOTES
1

United States, Environmental Protection Agency, 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act Title III, Section 112b (1990), online, http://www.epa.gov/air/oaq_caa.html. 2 United States, Environmental Protection Agency, The National Air Toxics Program: The Integrated Urban Strategy, Federal Register 64 (19 July 1999): 38706, online, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/urban/fr19jy99.pdf. 3 United States, Environmental Protection Agency, National Air Toxics Assessment, (1996), online, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/nata/natsa1.html . 4 Madeleine Weil, Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Emission Reduction Strategy for New Haven, CT, (New Haven: City Plan Department, 2001). 5 State of Connecticut, Department of Environmental Protection Bureau of Air Management, Connecticuts Management of Toxic Air Pollutants, (1999), online, http://dep.state.ct.us/air2/toxics/regsamnd.htm. 6 United States, Environmental Protection Agency, National Emissions Inventory, ver. 3, (1999), online, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/index.html . 7 Hazard Limiting Value (HLV) means the highest acceptable concentration in the ambient air of a hazardous air pollutant. This acceptable concentration is established by EPA and is intended to be protective of public health. Typically, it corresponds to the level at which no more than one in one million people would be expected have adverse health effects as a result of pollutant concentrations. 8 These numbers were derived from the emission factors used by EPA in the 1999 NEI. Total emissions (all HAPs) were summed together by vehicle category then divided by category VMT. 9 See Section 6 for emissions estimation methodology. 10 United States, Environmental Protection Agency, Stationary Point and Area Sources, AP-42: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, 5th ed., vol.1, chap.4: Evaporation Loss Sources: 4.2.2 Introduction to Industrial Surface Coating (2001) 7.2-1 and 4.6. Solvent Degreasing (1981) 4.6-1, online, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/. 11 The six criteria pollutants regulated by the EPA are sulfur dioxide (SO2 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ), particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3 ), and Lead (PB). 12 United States, Environmental Protection Agency, Toxic Release Inventory, (2001), online www.epa.gov/tri. 13 U.S. EPA, National Emissions Inventory. 14 Bill Simpson, CT DEP, e-mail to the author, 17 Dec. 2002. Note: EPA speciation profiles were applied to VOC estimates reported in the DEPs inventory. 15 Eastern Research Group, Inc., Documentation for the 1999 Base Year Nonpoint Source National Emission Inventory for Hazardous Air Pollutants, Prepared for Emission Factor and Inventory Group, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Research Triangle Park, U.S. EPA, 2001) A-82. 16 Eastern Research Group, Nonpoint Sources, A-82. 17 Christopher Mulcahy, CTDEP, memo to Bill Simpson, CT DEP, 18 November 1998. 18 Eastern Research Group, Nonpoint Sources, A-8. 19 Eastern Research Group, Nonpoint Sources, A-12-25. 20 State of Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. Bureau of Air Management. 1999 Periodic Ozone and Carbon Monoxide Emissions Inventory. October 2002. 4.3.1. Dry Cleaning (4-29). 21 U.S. EPA, AP-42, chap. 4, Evaporation Loss Sources, Dry Cleaning, 4.1-4. 22 This includes estimates for the two non-responding facilities. These estimates were based on the average of the responses provided. 23 The other facility has a closed loop refrigeration system and perc-squeezer, advertised to capture and recycle perc emissions. 24 InfoUSA Inc., ReferenceUSA, (2004), online, http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/library/computers.htm#databases .

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25

United States Environmental Protection Agency, Gasoline Marketing (Stage I and Stage II) - Revised Final, Emission Inventory Improvement Program, vol.3, chap.11 (2001), online http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume03/index.html. 26 CT DEP, Ozone Inventory, Gasoline Distribution Losses, 4-1. 27 Eastern Research Group, Nonpoint Sources, A-33. 28 Bob McConnell, EPA Region 1, e-mail to the author, 12 September 2002. 29 U.S. EPA, AP-42, chap. 5, Petroleum Industry, Transportation and Marketing of Petroleum Liquids, 5.2-16. 30 CT DEP, Ozone Inventory, Gasoline Distribution Losses, 4-3. 31 CT DEP, Ozone Inventory, Gasoline Distribution Losses, 4-3. 32 CT DEP, Ozone Inventory, Gasoline Distribution Losses, 4-3. 33 U.S. EPA, Emission Inventory Improvement Program, chap. 11, Gasoline Marketing 11.3-1. 34 CT DEP, Ozone Inventory, Gasoline Distribution Losses, 4-6. 35 Ernest Adamo, CT Department of Revenue Services, fax to the author, 4 November 2002. 36 Chester Lau, CT Department of Transportation, email to the author, 4 June 2001. 37 Federal Highway Administration - Office of Highway Policy Information, FHWA Highway Briefing Sheet For: Connecticut, (2000), online, http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/hbs/ct.htm. 38 U.S. EPA National Emissions Inventory, Point Source Inventory. 39 Luisa Ferucci, Tweed New Haven Airport, email to the author, 7 November 2002. 40 Assumes that aviation fuel refers to aviation gasoline + jet kerosene 41 InfoUSA Inc., ReferenceUSA, 2004, online, http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/library/computers.htm#databases . 42 Brian Early, Southern Connecticut Gas, email to the author, 16 July 2001. 43 Eastern Research Group A-77. 44 U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Households and Families, Relationships New Haven Town, online, http://factfinder.census.gov. 45 Dave Asselin, Independent Connecticut Petroleum Association, telephone conversation with author, July 2001. 46 Telephone survey of ten local heating oil vendors, July 2001. 47 Eastern Research Group, Nonpoint Sources, A-75. 48 RPM Systems, Inc. Residential Use of Woodfuel in Connecticut, Prepared for the Connecticut Office of Policy and Management by RPM Systems (New Haven, RPM Systems, 1991). 49 U.S. Census Bureau, Rooms, Bedrooms, and Heating Fuel, Housing Physical Characteristics New Haven County and New Haven Town. 50 Jim Houck, OMNI Environmental Services, Inc., memo to Joe Mangino, Eastern Research Group. Urban/Rural Allocation of Residential Wood Combustion Emissions Section 112(k), 19 November 1997, online, http://www.omni-test.com/Publications/urban.pdf. 51 Qualifying Urban Areas for Census 2000; Notice, Federal Register 67 (1 May 2002): 21962-21967, online, http://www.census.gov/geo/www/ua/frmay102.pdf. The New Haven urbanized areas estimated population is 531,314 and Waterburys is 189,026. 52 U.S. EPA, AP-42, chap. 1, External Combustion Sources, Residential Wood Stoves, 1.10-5-7. 53 Jim Houck, OMNI Environmental Services, Inc. to Joe Mangino, Eastern Research Group. Urban/Rural Allocation of Residential Wood Combustion Emissions Section 112(k), November 19, 1997. www.omni-test.com/Publications/urban.pdf 54 U.S. EPA, Emission Inventory Improvement Program, chap. 18, Structure Fires 18.4-5. 55 Ray Carboni, New Haven Fire Department, telephone conversation with author, 7 November 2002. 56 California Air Resources Board, Emission Inventory Procedural Manual, Vol. III: Methods for Assessing Area Source Emissions, Section 7.14 Structure and Automobile Fires, (Sacramento, CARB, 1994), online, http://www.arb.ca.gov/emisinv/areasrc/index0.htm. 57 U.S. EPA, Emission Inventory Improvement Program, chap. 14, Traffic Markings, 14-5.2. 58 Bruce Fischer, New Haven Traffic and Parking Department, telephone conversation with the author, 6 November 2002. 59 Gary Stanford, Connecticut Department of Transportation, telephone conversation with author, 12 November 2002. 60 U.S. EPA, Emission Inventory Improvement Program, chap. 14, Traffic Markings, 14-5.7.

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61 62

Bob McConnell, EPA Region 1, email to the author, 4 December 2002. CT DEP, Ozone Inventory, Surface Cleaning, 4-35. 63 U.S. EPA, AP-42, chap. 4, Evaporation Loss Sources, Solvent Degreasing 4.6-1. 64 Doreen LeBel, Connecticut Department of Labor, email to author, 10 January 2003. ES-202 Report of Covered Employment and Wages. 65 U.S. EPA, Emission Inventory Improvement Program, chap. 6, Solvent Cleaning 6.5-4. 66 U.S. EPA, Speciate, version 3.2., profile #2420 Degreasing All Processes / All Industries, (Research Triangle Park, EPA OAQPS, 2002). Speciate provides total organic compounds (TOC) profiles for emission from industrial processes. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a subset of this larger category. In this study, VOC emissions have been speciated using TOC profiles. 67 U.S. EPA, Emission Inventory Improvement Program, chap. 8, Introduction to Industrial Surface Coating 8.2-1. 68 InfoUSA Inc., ReferenceUSA. 69 Point source employees have been excluded. 70 U.S. EPA, Speciate, profiles: #2408 metal cans, #2412 machinery & equipment, 2415 marine coatings, #2410 electric insulation, #2505 wood furniture, #2417 miscellaneous manufacturing. Several of the industry categories above were not matched by the speciation profiles available in Speciate. VOC emissions from Other Transportation Equipment and Sheet, Strip and Coil businesses were speciated with the Machinery & Equipment profile, and Factory Finished Wood was speciated with the Wood Furniture profile. 71 The NEI data was broken down into 12 different vehicle classes. For purposes of this study, these categories were aggregated into six groups. 72 The vehicle classification proportions used in this study are based on ConnDOTs vehicle classification data reports (Bureau of Policy and Planning Planning Inventory and Data, Traffic Monitoring and Data Analysis Unit). These reports give the percentages of different vehicle classes on I-95 and I-91 in towns adjacent to New Haven (Milford, Branford and North Haven - New Haven traffic counts were not available.). While these traffic counts permitted the development of a local vehicle classification spectrum, they did not provide all of the information necessary to adjust NEI estimates. First, ConnDOT's traffic monitoring was unreliable at distinguishing light duty trucks and SUVs from passenger cars. National statistics were used to allocate passenger vehicles between these two categories. Second, traffic counts do not give information about the type of fuel used by vehicles. For this study, it was assumed that 89% of commercial trucks and 4.5% of light duty cars / trucks use diesel fuel. Source: Diesel Technology Forum, online: http://www.dieselforum.org. Third, traffic counts report the classifications of vehicles on the road at a given time. In this study, this measure is assumed to correlate to the proportional classification of VMT. Fourth, the traffic counts used in this report come from interstate highways. The vehicle classifications reported are therefore only representative of approximately 65% of New Haven VMT (the percent that takes place on interstates). The balance of travel in New Haven takes place on smaller roads, where the proportions of vehicle categories are likely to differ. 73 Chester Lau provided City-level VMT in an email communication on 6/04/01 (data gathered for the Citys Greenhouse Gas Inventory). 74 County-level PM emissions from diesel vehicles were taken from the 1999 NEI Criteria Pollutant Inventory. 75 CT DEP, Ozone Inventory, Aircraft, 3-12. 76 U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, APO Terminal Area Forecast Report for Tweed New Haven, online query, http://www.apo.data.faa.gov/faatafall.htm. 77 U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Tweed-New Haven Aircraft Operational Statistics, online query, http://www.airnav.com . 78 This study was not able to calculate an estimate of HAPs from military aircraft, due to the lack of information concerning the make up of the military aircraft fleet and lack of a generic emissions factor. 79 Eastern Research Group, Inc., Documentation Aircraft, Commercial Marine Vessel, Locomotive, and other Nonroad Components of the National Emissions Inventory, vol. 1, Methodology, Prepared for Laurel Driver, Emission Factor and Inventory Group, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Research Triangle Park, U.S. EPA, 2003) A-2, online, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/1999inventory.html . 80 Eastern Research Group, Inc., Aircraft, CMV, Locomotive, (A-6). 81 Eastern Research Group, Inc., Aircraft, CMV, Locomotive, (A-12).

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Eastern Research Group, Inc., Aircraft, CMV, Locomotive, (C-3). Eastern Research Group, Inc., Aircraft, CMV, Locomotive, (C-4,5). 84 Eastern Research Group, Inc., Aircraft, CMV, Locomotive, (C-2,3). 85 Eastern Research Group, Inc., Aircraft, CMV, Locomotive, (C-6). 86 Eastern Research Group, Inc., Aircraft, CMV, Locomotive, (C-6). 87 Clark Brown, David Fitzgerald, Providence & Worcester Railroad, telephone conversation with author, 16 December 2002. 88 Pat Walsh, Shoreline East, telephone conversation with author, 19 December 2002. 89 George Bray, Amtrak, letter to the author, 17 April 2002. 90 George Bray, Amtrak, letter to the author, 17 April 2002. 91 Eastern Research Group, Inc., Aircraft, CMV, Locomotive, C-2,3. 92 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the United States Part 1: Waterways and Harbors of the Atlantic Coast, online, http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/ndc/wcsc/pdf/wcusatl00.pdf, 226. 93 CT DEP, Ozone Inventory, Commercial Marine Vessels, 3-18. 94 United States Department of Energy, Energy Information Association, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales with Data for 2000, online, http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/fuel_oil_and_kerosene_sales/foks.html. 95 U.S. Army Corps, Waterborne Commerce, 224-227. 96 CT DEP, Ozone Inventory, Commercial Marine Vessels, 3-18. 97 Eastern Research Group, Inc., Aircraft, CMV, Locomotive, B-4,5. 98 Connecticut Department of Labor, Covered Employment and Wages by Industry: 2000, online, http://www.ctdol.state.ct.us/lmi/202/202cty_nh2000.htm . 99 U.S. Census Bureau, Housing Physical Characteristics, New Haven County and New Haven Town. 100 U.S. Census Bureau, Land Area, New Haven County. 101 Michael Piscitelli, City Plan Department, personal communication with author, 20 June 2003. 102 U.S. EPA, National Emissions Inventory, Nonroad Equipment Population New Haven County. 103 Lynn Piekarz, New Haven Parks Department, telephone conversation with author, 12 March 2003. 104 U.S. Census Bureau, Dollar Value of Construction, New Haven County and New Haven Town. 105 U.S. Census, Wholesale Establishments, New Haven County and New Haven Town. 106 U.S. Census, Surface Water Area, New Haven County and New Haven Town. 107 U.S. Census, Population, New Haven County and New Haven Town. 108 U.S. EPA, Air Toxic Risk Assessment Reference Library, vol. 2, Site-Specific Risk Assessment Technical Resource Document, online, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/fera/risk_atoxic.html. 109 Focus group members include the New Haven Environmental Justice Network, Environment Northeast, Yale University, PSEG Power, Connecticut Fund for the Environment, Congresswoman Rosa DeLauros Office, the New Haven Board of Aldermen, the International Festival of Arts & Ideas, NESCAUM, the New Haven Ecology Project, EPA, CT DEP, the Greater New Haven Chamber of Commerce, and the New Haven Health and City Plan Departments. 110 Massachusetts, Vermont, New York and New Jersey have already adopted the California Low Emission Vehicle Program II. 111 Connecticut Fund for the Environment, The Drive for Cleaner Air in Connecticut: The Benefits of Adopting the California Low-Emission Vehicle Standard for Cars and Light Duty Trucks, (September 2003) 10.

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