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OSTEOLOGY
BONE (THE TISSUE)
VS.

BONE (THE ORGAN)

BONE TISSUE CHARACTERISTICS:

1. BONE IS HARD AND RESILIENT

IT IS FLEXIBLE AND HAS
GREAT TENSILE STRENGTH
2. BONE IS VASCULAR
3. BONE IS CALCIFIED (bone
mineral is: hydroxyapatite a kind
of Calcium phosphate
[3Ca3 (PO4)2 Ca (OH)2]
with trace amounts of magnesium and other minerals.

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SKELETAL TISSUES
CARTILAGE VS. BONE
Fundamental properties

APPENDICULAR SKELETON vs. AXIAL SKELETON

SESAMOID BONES

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SUPERNUMARY BONES

BONE MARKINGS (VERY TELLING ABOUT BONES)

BONES MAY HAVE MULTIPLE NAMES (synonyms)
Mandible, - dentary bone in humans they are the same, but
they are not interchangeable among osteologists. This is
because the mandible lower jaw is composed of several
bones in most vertebrates other than mammals. Mammals
have only a dentary bone, but other vertebrates have
numerous bones that make up the mandible.
zygomatic bone = malar bone
Bones have specific regions and structures that have
specific names. For example: The zygomatic process of the
temporal bone

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Bone matrix is composed of two

rather different kinds of
substances:
1. mineral (inorganic crystals of
calcium phosphate) - about 65%
and
2. Protein (organic component)

mostly in the form of collagen

sometimes called Ossein or
Osteoid

Both these components are

produced by cells called:

Osteocytes (bone cells)

Precursors to osteocytes are cells
called:

Osteoblasts- bone forming cells

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Bone histology:
Mammals have a peculiar kind of
bone in their long bones called:

Haversian bone
Not all bone is Haversian and
many places in the human body
that have thin bone such as in the
skull, ribs and vertebrae are not
Haversian in structure.
Terminology of bone histology:
Dense bone (compact bone)
Spongy (cancellous bone)
Haversian system (osteon)
Haversian canal
lamellae

 canaliculi
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Bone histological terminology (cont.)

Volkmans canals
Sharpies fibers
periosteum
endosteum
osteocyte
lacuna
osteoblast
osteoclast
interstitial lamella (interstitial bone)
diplo
medullary cavity
bone marrow (red and yellow)
foramen
nutrient foramen
spicules

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KINDS OF BONES
MORPHOLOGICAL KINDS:
LONG, SHORT, FLAT, IRREGULAR
ONTOGENETIC KINDS:
ENDOCHONDRAL BONES
(REPLACEMENT BONES)
INTRAMEMBRANOUS BONES
(MEMBRANE BONES)
(IN SOME PLACES, SUCH AS THE SKULL
THESE ARE CALLED DERMAL BONE

OSTEOGENESIS

(BONE FORMATION & GROWTH

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Bones grow in length from their ends!

epiphyses
diaphysis
epiphyseal plate
epiphyseal line
centers of ossification
the role of periosteal bone growth
remodeling of bone Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates
osteoclasts to resorb bone, releasing
calcium ions from bone matrix and thus

mobilizing calcium. Calcitonin (from the

thyroid) inhibits bone resorption and
encourages the deposition of calcium.
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Concept: Bone REMODELING

OSTEOCLASTS ARE SPECIAL CELLS THAT DESTROY BONE

What determines the shape of a bone?

Bone is responsive to:
1. Genetic effects
2. Environmental effects
stress (negative electrical currents
deposition)
the piezoelectric properties of bone
hormones including: growth
hormone, (HGH), testosterone,
estrogen, and Parathyroid hormone
(also called parathormone)
vitamin D (Vit. D deficiency , rickets)
The details of a bones appearance may reflect
the mechanical stresses placed on that bone.

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OVERALL FUNCTIONS OF BONE

1. SUPPORT
2. PROTECTION
3. MOVEMENT
4. MINERAL STORAGE (Ca and P)
5. BLOOD FORMATION HEMATOPOIESIS (in red marrow)

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Bone fractures
Displaced or non-displaced

Complete or incomplete
Compound or simple
Hematoma
Blood Clot formation (fibrin)

Fibrocartilage callus
(collagen

in a cartilaginous matrix)

Boney callus

First spongy, eventually compact bone

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Osteoporosis
estrogen and testosterone

Pagets disease gradual

deformation of the skeleton

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Piezoelectric effects:
Positive charges absorption
Negative charges formation
Osteomalacia a softening of bone

due to decreased mineral

components. Also a condition called

Rickets

results in poor mineralization of bone,

often because of vitamin D deficiency or calcium shortages
early in life.

symptoms include bow-leggedness

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Scurvy caused by a shortage of

vitamin C - Origin of the term Limey for a
British sailor. Scurvy is commonly seen in
children in 3rd world countries.

Scurvy is characterized by formation of spots on the skin. These spots are more prominent on
the thighs and legs.
It can also cause bleeding from the mucous membranes.
It also makes the gums spongy and if the disease persists for long time it can even lead to loss
of teeth.
Scurvy also leads to bleeding from the skin which causes discoloration of the skin and it also
affects the healing process of the wounds.
A person suffering from scurvy may also suffer depression

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Mandible (one dentary

bone on each side)

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Normal bone (top) osteoporosis bone (bottom)

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Top pre-menopausal,
bottom post-menopausal

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A quick look at some non-human primate skulls

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