Native Races of The Pacific States by Francis Parkman

University of Northern Iowa
The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America. Vol. I by Hubert Howe Bancroft Review by: Francis Parkman The North American Review, Vol. 120, No. 246 (Jan., 1875), pp. 34-47 Published by: University of Northern Iowa Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25109883 . Accessed: 22/12/2013 05:09
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34
The Native
Races
[Jan.
it. If this the road as would to subsidize compel Congress scheme is ever to be meritorious, and able to stand upon its boasted land grant, why is it not so now ? It can never have more acres of land to the mile of road than it has at present,
nor can it ever ? again should construction go on? have so
many acres of good land to the mile as it has now. It is eight years since, with twenty-five men, I passed over to build a the Yellowstone country, where it is now proposed so saw and dis the the of railroad, scheme, recently iniquity a to the of build road the upon cussed, people, credulity Until impressed with the belief that the country was valuable. reason in its favor than there shall arise some more palpable it is an act of simple duty to has, as yet, been produced, the record a protest against plan.
W. B. Hazen.
II.? Art. America. Tribes.
Races The Native of Howe Hubert By
the Pacific Bancroft.
States Vol.
of North I, Wild
liter and prospects of American That the present condition A score ature are not very flattering will hardly be denied. or more of years ago there seemed a fair hope that the intel of the country would not be absolutely lectual development to its material growth ; but thus far the hope disproportioned in to our vast increase has not been fulfilled, and, relatively wealth and population, the value, though not the volume, of lit This proceeds, naturally than before. is less erary products causes. excitements of the war and The several from enough, it ap stimulus the inflation of the currency, with the morbid no were doubt to trade and strong anti-literary industry, plied influences ; but a violent impulse had been given long before to all kinds of material activity by the discovery of gold in Cali more than fornia. else, began that frenzy of Here, anywhere an race have created which and that for wealth speculation to find it hard thinker the scholar and the where atmosphere breathe.
1875.]
of the Pacific
States.
35
to see any signs of reaction ; and it is surpris It is pleasant to see them in the very spot whence the ing as it is pleasant Mr. Hubert adverse influence Howe Bancroft, proceeded. bookseller of San Francisco, has entered formerly an eminent on one of the boldest ever undertaken. literary enterprises He has for many years been engaged in collecting books and " u Pacific of North America, that papers relating to the Slope is to say, the vast regions the Pacific and the lying between in the Cordilleras with their continuation of Rocky Mountains In this pursuit Mexico. he has twice visited Europe, and in England and on the Continent. spent two years in researches " " he exhausted available source, I was says, every Having," to content with in for wait obliged myself lying opportunities. Not long after, and at a time when the prospect of materially to my collection but hopeful, seemed the adding anything Biblioteca de of the unfortunate M?jico Imperial Maximilian, collected during a period of forty years by Don Jose Maria litt?rateur and publisher of the city of Mexico, was Andrade, me and furnished thrown on the European about market, three thousand additional Thus enlarged, volumes." the col lection about sixteen thousand books, pamphlets, comprised and manuscripts, besides maps. And now began a far more difficult task, ? that of utilizing this great accumulation of Mr. Bancroft's was material. of the broadest. plan Regard ing the entire Pacific Slope, from the pole to the tropic, as in some sense a geographical and unity, however politically a he em series of elaborate works diverse, socially projected from the earliest times of which exist down to the present day. Indian archaeology, mythology, and languages, ex European and settlement, and American all had ploration occupation, their part in this comprehensive scheme. And the boldness of the design is the more in view of the spirit of thor striking in which it was undertaken. The treatment of each oughness Mr. Bancroft laid part of 'the subject was to be exhaustive. a work to accomplish out for himself which would require three or four industrious lives. Nobody knew this better than his arrangements His purpose he, and he made accordingly. was to prepare a vast storehouse of digested information, or, the bracing any sources entire subject, of information
36 "
The Native
Races
[Jan.
in his own words, to sift and select from the mass of mate rial ; to gather the grains of wheat at present hidden in a mountain of chaff ; to extract from bulky tome and transient and mission, facts valu journal, from the archives of convent able to the scholar and interesting to the general reader ; to these facts in a natural order, and to present them in arrange as to be of practical such a manner value to inquirers in the " of knowledge." And though," he modestly various branches " mine is the labor of the artisan rather than of the adds, for abler hands to wield, a pro artist, a forging of weapons for skilled mechanics to weave and ducing of raw materials to bring to light from sources color at will, yet in undertaking innumerable essential facts which from the very shortness of otherwise be left out in the life, if from no other cause, must and social generalizations which the ablest occupy physical I feel that I engage in no idle pastime." Mr. Bancroft minds, in no idle pastime. He has entered upon is indeed engaged a task which, well executed, will prove of enduring and ad
mirable usefulness.
a method of execution, ? And now for the method in which the author stands in a double character of man of business and man of letters. In the first place, a system was devised for a in itself the whole herculean task, which, library, indexing was at length the aid of competent with assistance, however, as Mr. Bancroft the ; thereby, thinks, doubling completed was This preliminary work value of the collection. step taken, of the subject, the Native Races ; begun on the first division condensa with all possible and this part of the undertaking, in less than tion, could not, it was thought, be accomplished five volumes. The first of these volumes is large octavo and the far ad of the is others preparation already printed,
vanced.
with the aid of a corps The volume now before us is written from the of fellow-laborers, results, were exceed who, judging A and of ancient chosen. well knowledge languages, ingly were was and several the of assistants modern, indispensable, in pursu All acted together of scholastic training. foreigners Mr. ance of plans determined them who followed Bancroft, by their work critical with testing supervision, by comparison
1875.]
of thePacific States. 37
with original to the sources, and giving form and character If this method whole. has its objections, it is certain that no one man could the proposed task by any other. accomplish " I have endeavored," in his Preface to says Mr. Bancroft, " this first volume, as to avoid Speculation, I the do, believing, work of the collector and that of the theorizer to be distinct." the book is a storehouse of facts, gathered with Accordingly, admirable and skill and judg care, industry arranged with and sustained, at all points, by copious reference to the ment, sources whence were The drawn. extent the of labor they in this first step of the undertaking accomplished, alone, may be inferred from the fact, that reference is made in the course of the Volume to about twelve hundred different authors, in five or six different the notes while show languages, clearly that the vast array of authorities has been studied. faithfully We propose to notice, though very briefly and imperfectly, the leading facts which on the the book sets forth, adding, as occur to us. After passing in review, way, such comments without indorsing any of them, the various theories concerning the origin of the American enters upon tribes, Mr. Bancroft divides the natives of the Pacific rather than arranged geographically scientific ; any attempt at a definite ethnographically arrange ment being certain to lead to error and confusion. so far Yet, as ethnic distinctions are clear and decisive, he does not fail to indicate them. The first, or Hyperborean, the tribes of group comprises Alaska and a part of British America, and includes races per The Eskimos, whose haunts fectly distinct from one another. are along the coasts of the Arctic and the Northern Pacific, have but little in common with the true North American Indian. These disgusting savages, whose stomachs outdo that of an ostrich in catholicity of digestion, who dislike salt and use a who often the in winter of sort it, rarely spend torpor somewhat akin to that of hibernating from whose animals, winter houses air is as completely excluded as from the hole of a rabbit, and whose filth surpasses have neverthe utterance, less exercised from time immemorial two arts which forbid us to place them on the lowest degree in the scale of humanity. his work of description. coast into seven groups, He
38
The Native
Races
[Jan.
One is the art of house-making, and the other of boat-making. The Eskimo hunting-house of the prin is a perfect application " of the arch. their ciple expeditions seal-hunting During upon the ice they occupy a veritable crystal palace, fit for an arctic fairy. On the frozen river or sea a spot is chosen free and a circle of ten or fifteen feet in diam irregularities, eter is drawn on the snow. The snow within the circle is then their cut into slabs from three to four inches in thickness, are formed the and slabs the these of snow, length being depth into a wall enclosing the circle, and carried up in courses in a dome similar to those of brick or stone, terminating A arch the slab roof. ; and this keys shaped wedge-like to the in have known first been architecture may principle snow or is Eskimos. Loose Chinese, Assyrians, Egyptians, from An it quickly thrown into the crevices, where congeals. a if and thin cut in the wall is side for the door, aperture a piece of ice is fitted into the is not sufficiently translucent, side for a window. Seats, tables, couches, and even fireplaces then
are made skin." with frozen snow, and covered with reindeer or seal
one of these saw the Eskimos Sir John Franklin building on exuber houses the Coppermine River, and wrote somewhat " which the of it. of the material The antly concerning purity " the of its house was framed," he says, construction, elegance a very transmitted and the translucency of its walls, which a an to far marble it appearance superior light, gave pleasant and one might survey it with feelings^ somewhat akin building, of a Grecian to those produced temple by the contemplation are in of reared by Phidias both ; art, inimitable triumphs is quite worthy The kyak, or Eskimo fishing-boat, their kind." as a monument of native of a place beside the snow-house used lift is it and with which skill the ; while daring ingenuity its owner far above some of the abject savages his neighbors. and his house of snow, Yet he is a vile specimen of humanity, is a den of the foulest abomi with its pure translucent walls, Before nations. however, we cannot for leaving the Eskimos, shown in a of their another bear giving ingenuity, example the bears. for device cruel They sharpen killing peculiarly a foot or more then bend ends of a piece of whalebone, long ;
1875.]
of the Pacific
States.
39 is exposed to are thrown in his stom sharp points
not marked and the traits character which of the usages by distinguish true North American Indian ; but from Mount St. Elias south ward to within the bounds of Mexico the innumerable tribes of the coast and the interior, though exceedingly diverse, and on in the different scale of have ideas and very degrees humanity, more or allied each and to less other to those of the practices and the Atlantic coast. And savages of the Mississippi Valley even north of Mount St. Elias, if we leave the coast and pene trate into those vast solitudes not inaptly called, in the recent " book of Captain Butler, the Great Lone Land," we find the true Indian, hordes by the scattered represented comprised or Athabascans. under the name of Tinneh, The tribes called several hundred miles of the west coast, Thlinkeets, occupying south of the range of the Eskimos, immediately appear to be a link between that people and the genuine Indian. connecting The peculiar custom, very general among Indian tribes, of the seclusion of girls at the period of maturity, the existence of totemic clans, designated by figures of birds and animals, the practice of scalping and of devouring the bodies of valiant in order to acquire their bravery, are all enemies thoroughly
Indian, as are various others of their usages.
it double and wrap it closely in fat meat, which the air till it freezes. treacherous These pellets to the bear, who bolts them whole. thaw They ach ; the bent whalebone and the straightens, move. to his vitals whenever he attempts pierce are The Eskimos proper, as already observed,
tribes farther south, and Northern Washington,
on the coasts of British Columbia, are of an unmistakable Oregon, Indian type, marked, distinctive however, with very noticeable or calumet, the seclusion features. The use of the peace-pipe, " " of girls, the medicine-man and the superstitions connected with him, the descent of rank through the female and not ? a the custom in male, some, though not through prevalent in all of these tribes, ? in these, and many other particulars, the whole they are identical with many other tribes throughout breadth of the continent. have been after seen, They killing a bear, to dress it in a bonnet and make propitiatory speeches to it, asking forgiveness for their violence. the same Precisely The
40
The Native
Races
[Jan.
seen among the Algonquins act has been repeatedly of Canada. Their ceremonies to propitiate fish, and persuade them to be tribes ; and, like them, they caught, are like those of Eastern will by no means allow the bones of a fish to be thrown to the Like the Sioux dogs, lest the late owner should take offence. and other tribes, they think that the thunder is caused by a a we have not add which but bird, they peculiar superstition on arriving at If the rite of seclusion, observed elsewhere. in the case of any young girl, the thun is neglected maturity, are occasioned der-bird is offended, and all thunder-storms by
his anger on such occasions.
tribes, as they are designated by Mr. Ban more made in the direction of progress croft, have, perhaps, the arts than any other of the thoroughly tribes of the savage excellent blankets continent. of dog's They formerly wove In time hair mixed Vancouver's with native hemp. they wore a kind of fringed robe made fibre. of vegetable They are and their domestic also make feather blankets, implements There are great dis far superior to those of their neighbors. tinctions of wealth among them, and influence and considera on household tion depend mainly goods, wives, and slaves, in are sharp traders, which their riches chiefly consist. They and some of them carry on a regular traffic with other tribes These Columbian Wives in potatoes, which they raise for the aboriginal market. are also articles in all cases, and re of trade, being bought to the parents, who must then refund turned, if unsatisfactory, con is scarcely known ; and in striking the price. Chastity trast with most
seems almost
of the tribes
universal.
of the East,
the holding
of slaves
the Nootkas, includes This Columbian the group, which and the Haidahs, show Chinooks, Indians, though undoubted On the other hand, but few of the higher traits of the race. The great canoes arts. they excel all other tribes in manual it is said, hold a hundred men. will sometimes, of the Haidahs are made from the huge cedars of the country, and deco They carved and painted. rated at each end with heads of monsters, same The winter houses of the tribe, large enough to hold an are architecture. of savage entire community, masterpieces on certain festival occasions, The Nootkas themselves, disguise
1875.]
of the Pacific
States.
41
and furnished in wooden masks, unique in grotesque ugliness, Their implements, weap with eyes and lips moved by strings. carved in stone, ons, amulets, dolls, toys, pipes, and fetiches, in their kind. bone, or wood, are matchless They have also a to the tribes. of Eastern of wampum currency shell, answering To see the Indian under his better aspects, we must leave Here we find a hunter the coast and strike into the interior.
and not a fisherman, a horseman and not a canoe-man, a war
Be rior and not a trader or an artisan in wood and bone. and the crests of the Rocky tween the Cascade Mountains and the we meet the Nez Perc?s, the Flatheads, Mountains in the traditional and feathered, Kootenais, arrayed fringed in and moccasins, with shirt of buckskin, living leggins or in contrast with buffalo elk of hide, and, striking lodges these lodges clean. their brothers of the coast, often keeping and girls, to What is no less striking is the chastity of women are said to be rare ; and this is the more which the exceptions are always bought remarkable for a price. On since wives are adepts in the torture of prison the other hand, the women is of their own sex. It is of ers, especially when the victim " these tribes that the traveller Alexander Ross There says, is less crime in an Indian village of five hundred souls than in a civilized village of half the number." the best Nevertheless, to horse-stealing, of them are addicted in their eyes, which, and virtuous. is honorable The tribes of California are, in general, degraded hordes, sunk far below the level of their northern and western neigh The causes of this degradation, bors. in a country so fertile and so full of game, are not easy to discover. Partial excep tions to it are to be found among the tribes near the borders the Modocs, whose name has become so of Oregon, including familiar of late, and who are among the best of those whom Mr. Bancroft groups as Californians. They do not, however, of the interior. the Indians Wealth is of man their their in richest and is made eyes, great importance chief. consist of shell money, white deer Their possessions slaves, and skins, the scalps of the red-headed woodpecker, wives. As the last-named is acquired wholly commodity by in the matrimonial the rich have the first choice purchase, compare well with
42
The Native
Races
[Jan.
and the poor young man, however renowned as fisher market, or warrior, is left to choose his partner from man, hunter, or the the old. Should he afterwards grow rich, among ugly to his and buys others more he puts away his first wives, are the prey of a host of superstitions of The Modocs taste. are Indian and haunted the characteristic continually type, are described as and cannibal monsters. by ghosts They brave and treacherous, but without that ambition for martial the wild hunter-tribes of the interior. marks which glory that formed the Indian popu As for the incoherent hordes a more is lation of Central California, humanity degraded to be found even in Africa. With their dark com scarcely
and filth, their diet of and bushy hair, their laziness plexion and caterpillars, the suit of acorns, roots, reptiles, insects, and their often forms their only clothing, dried mud which kill and sometimes contempt for the old, whom they sometimes force to work under the control of the women, these wretched " the savages, Root-Diggers," together with their neighbors whom they closely resemble, may pass for the vilest denizens Like some other tribes of the Pacific of this continent. coast, dead. The ashes are then mixed with grease, their burn they and left there till daubed on the face in sign of mourning, off by the weather. washed were much like them, with the The southern Californians rites and customs. addition of certain peculiar these, Among was the initiation of young war one of the most remarkable the necessary that they might stoicism, riors, who, acquire were flogged with nettles till unable to move, after which they were seated naked on the nest of a species of ant, whose bite stirred up with sticks by the virulent. is peculiarly Being the ants swarmed over him by thou friends of the aspirant, The initiatory torture. indescribable fast of sands, causing a to tutelar in the order of acquire spirit, is protection boys, as well as on the St. Law California in Southern practised but not in the same manner. rence and the Great Lakes, is intoxicated with the Besides fasting, the young Californian He is next beset with inces dried powder of a certain plant. till he utters the name of some bird or beast sant questions to have seen in a vision. This which he has seen or pretends
1875.] bird
of the Pacific
States.
43
or beast is then declared his guardian spirit, and its on arms and is burned his breast. feuds are figure Family nursed for generations, but rarely involve much peril to life or limb ; the adverse parties usually venting in their feelings concern and mutual the obscene of songs vituperation singing of These tribes are marked ing each other. by the prevalence a to to unnatural vices, commonly belong supposed perverted common among the but which were civilization, exceedingly uncontaminated savages of this continent. Of the extensive the including family of the Shoshones, we than information less Utahs, Mr. Bancroft gives specific had hoped to find. Of them it may be said that, while a por tion of the Utahs and of the Snakes, or Shoshones proper, are fair examples of the Indian, others of the race, and notably the abject6i Digger" and adjacent hordes of Nevada regions, stand at the very bottom of the aboriginal scale. It is in the deserts of Arizona and New Mexico that savagery and here it is likely to maintain makes its stronghold, itself for some time to come. These wastes are the haunt of the Apaches, " Bedouins of the W7est." called, from their predatory habits, the are In fact, they robbers by profession. The sterility of the vast deserts over which they rove, and the scarcity of game, but plunder. in give them few resources They are generally different hunters, killing a few deer and antelopes, which, with form their rabbits, squirrels, rats, lizards, roots, and berries, means of subsistence. For only legitimate many generations they have lived chiefly on their Spanish neighbors, sweeping off cattle, horses, and sheep, killing the men, and carrying as slaves. and children These predatory habits away women are shared by their relatives, the Comanches, and other neigh same the without of since spur boring tribes, though necessity, until lately the buffalo supplied all the necessities of these fierce prairie riders. A word touching our recent Indian policy. To suppose that even when not and kind blandishments, treatment, presents, fraud and counteracted the of lawlessness white men, can by restrain these banditti from molesting and settlers, travellers and murder is a mistake. have become to them a Robbery as a means second nature, of The and, just stated, living.
44 chief
The Native
Races
[Jan.
enemies of peace in the Indian country are the philan and the border ruffian ; that is to say, thropist, the politician, the combination An of soft words with rascality and violence. a nor com an or neither Apache, Comanche, respects Arapaho In most cases he takes of fraternal love. prehends assurances them as evidence whose emissaries The government of fear. caress him and preach to him, whose officials cheat him, and whose him, is not likely to soothe him into subjects murder of to deal with Indians The man best fitted ways of peace. an hostile determined and is honest, dispositions judicious, soldier. To protect them from ruffians worse than themselves, and to observe to avoid verbiage every engagement, strictly a decisive free speak on occasion with clearness, absolutely from sentimentality, to leave no promise and no threat unful a punishment as to visit every breach of peace with filled, will permit, to dispense with courts prompt as circumstances a summary and to keep juries and substitute justice, and adventurers from abusing them, ? such means speculators on the other, will as these on the one hand, or extermination alone keep such tribes as the Apaches They need an quiet. our officer equally just and vigorous ; and regular army can an numerous more than we furnish such. army They need have at present ; and as its business would be to restrain white a courage men no less than Indians, they need in the executive are to which democracy and the newspaper sensation-monger are in and adverse. Firmness, wofully consistency, justice and in dealing with dangerous dispensable Indians, and so far as we fail to supply them we shall fail of success. at Attempts worse conciliation than there is will be useless, unless proof, manifest to their savage understanding, that such attempts do or fear. not proceed from weakness The Comanches and the Navahoes, kindred of the Apaches, are in many to them. The Navahoes, points very superior blankets of so close a though wild and warlike, manufacture are said to that they will hold water. The Comanches the of entire virtue, unique among Indians, temper practise ance. As horsemen and, though they are truly wonderful, in war, are commended ferocious by some of those who have as kind visited them Their method hosts and faithful friends. texture
1875.]
of thePacific
States.
45
of producing of origi rain in time of drought has the merit It consists in leading a slave to the top of a hill, and nality. there flogging him severely. In New Mexico and Arizona there has existed from imme morial time, and there exists to this day, a native semi-civiliza tion, inferior, it is true, to that of ancient Mexico, yet evidently akin to it, and, in this point of view, exceedingly interesting. These countries were visited by the Spanish explorer, Coro nado, in 1541, not long after the conquest of Mexico. Reports had reached the conquerors of great cities and vast wealth in the regions of the Northwest, and Coronado, with a con In the kingdom to seize the spoil. of force, went was so he the for Eldorado Cibola, styled, found, imagined it is true, no gold, but he saw a very considerable station siderable in buildings and great size. of solid structure ary population were These the dwellings Indians. Some of of the Pueblo them can be clearly still existing and identified with villages still occupied ; in some cases even the names are the same with those in the narrative of Coronado's march. These Pue blo towns are found at many points along the valleys of the on some Del and and Norte its also of the tributaries, Upper waters and Gila. of the the Those Colorado inhabited upper at the present day are, we believe, in every case, built of adobes, or sun-burnt bricks. are of three or more stories in They rooms some an and in to contain hold cases, height, enough, entire community. The outer wall is without doors or win The building is entered from dows, except near the top. a kind of inner court, sometimes enclosed by a parapet for The inmates mount to the roof of the defence. by ladders lower tier of rooms, which forms a terrace ; here other ladders give access to the roof of the second tier, which forms a second tier terrace, and so on till the top is reached ; each successive of rooms being narrower than that below it. Each building, if of any considerable one or more with size, is provided estufas, or subterranean chambers, where a fire is kept con and where the men of the community meet stantly burning, for social, and religious A similar purposes. deliberative, usage ments existed tribes ; in fact, the rudi among the Floridian of it may be found among most tribes of the continent,
46
The Native
Races
[Jan.
" where the in one form or another, is usually sweat-house," a conspicuous feature. The walls of the Pueblo estufa are often decorated with paintings far superior to the artistic efforts of the wild tribes. The Pueblo Indians still are, as the Spaniards found them a three centuries In fact, ago, agricultural peaceful people. are than better often farmers the Mexicans. They raise they are and and famed for cattle, sheep, poultry, fruit, vegetables, the abundance which of their peaches, they dry in festoons from the terraces their and of sell to their Mexi houses, hung can neighbors. are Their to be neat, and they said dwellings are described as honest, and brave, industrious, hospitable, and warlike. with the sa without Along being sun-worship cred fire, they retain various beliefs and rites of their original with Romanist ideas and usages, derived from faith, mixed a all missionaries. personage They worship mythical Spanish and expect his return to earth, with bless called Montezuma, an affinity to the in This naturally his train. suggests ings some travellers have identified them ; but with whom Aztecs, there appears to be no affinity of language to sustain the idea. in the matter the Pueblo of language, communities, Indeed, differ radically themselves. among than they have ever re far more attention deserve They on a branch of the Their town of Zuni, in particular, ceived. in the heart of a rocky desert, Little retains its Colorado, an and still affords character almost unchanged, original from life one of the types of native of studying opportunity in his volume We semi-civilization. hope that Mr. Bancroft, on antiquities, will give us some new information concerning of the Colorado and the Gila. the abandoned Pueblo buildings " Seven cities of Cibola," It scarcely admits of a doubt that the in 1541, are identical with visited and conquered by Coronado seven ruined structures in the valley of the Chaco, a tributary some of which are These Colorado. of the Upper buildings, a distance of sixteen of immense size, are all found within in or eighteen miles. One of them, of which a plan was made 1850 by Lieutenant the of Engineers, Simpson Topographical was estimated and six hundred by him to have contained was one with of four which rooms, estvfas, separate forty-one
1875.]
Rise
and Fall
of the Slave Power
in America.
47
The whole structure was of stone, laid sixty feet in diameter. manner. a In the valley in most careful and workmanlike a character are of Gila of the found abandoned buildings with remains of distinct from those of the Chaco, together numer a of and relics conduits for other pottery, irrigation, ous agricultural population. Mr. Bancroft concludes his first volume with an extended account and Central America. of the wild tribes of Mexico His next volume will be devoted to the civilized nations of the same countries, which we have and, to judge from proof-sheets The third value. it will be of and interest seen, surpassing and languages of volume will be devoted to the mythology to the nations both savage and civilized ; fourth, antiquities and architectural remains ; and the fifth, to aboriginal history We can and to an Index to the whole work. and migrations, are in the if executed that volumes these remaining only say same spirit of candid and careful investigation, the same un the good sense, which mark tiring industry and intelligent " Native Races of the volume before us, Mr. Bancroft's Pacific " an encyclo will form, as regards aboriginal America, States not but of knowledge only unequalled, unapproached. paedia A literary enterprise more of a generous sympathy deserving on this side of the and support has never been undertaken Atlantic.
Francis Parkman.
Art. III. ? America. 720.
in of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power History I. and and Henry II. 670 Wilson. Vols. pp. By : James R. Osgood & Co. 1874. Boston
On the first day of January, 1832, when the American Anti was in the office of Samuel E. Se wall formed slavery Society in Boston, the abolition of slavery through any such agency seemed all the great of the Almost interests impossible. to defend and sustain the system. combined country were The capital invested to at least one thou in slaves amounted sand millions vast of dollars. interest was This pecuniary

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Native Races of The Pacific States by Francis Parkman

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University of Northern Iowa

II.? Art. America. Tribes.

Races The Native of Howe Hubert By

the Pacific Bancroft.

39 is exposed to are thrown in his stom sharp points

tribes farther south, and Northern Washington,

of the Slave Power

Art. III. ? America. 720.

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