Data Source Book P-7475H

MN Data Source Book Final v289 2 color fix two4scf reved 2_Data Source Book Final v17 11/9/10
8:39 PM Page 1
Copyright 1992 1994; 1997; 2000;

2003 2005; 2008; 2010
Praxair Technology, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Praxair, Inc.
World Headquarters
39 Old Ridgebury Road
Danbury, CT 06810-5113
U.S.A.
Data Source
Your Guide to Industrial Gases
and Cryogenic Fluids
Tel: 1-800-PRAXAIR
(1-800-772-9247)
(716) 879-4077
Fax: 1-800-772-9985
(716) 879-2040
Internet: www.praxair.com
e-mail: info@praxair.com
The information contained herein is offered for use by technically qualified personnel at their discretion and risk. It
includes data from published reference sources as well as
our own data based on standard tests and procedures. We
believe the information is reliable, but the accuracy and
completeness thereof is not guaranteed, and no warranty of
any kind is made with respect thereto.
Praxair, the Flowing Airstream design, Making our planet
more productive, StarGold, Mig Mix Gold, Stargon, HeliStar,
HydroStar and RoboStar are trademarks or registered
trademarks of Praxair Technology, Inc., in the United States
and/or other countries.
P-7475H
11/10
SM
Making our planet more productive
MN Data Source Book Final v289 2 color fix two4scf reved 2_Data Source Book Final v17 11/9/10 8:39 PM Page 3
ABOUT PRAXAIR...
Praxair is the largest industrial gases company in North

and South America, and one of the largest worldwide.
The company produces, sells, and distributes atmospheric,
process and specialty gases and high-performance surface
coatings. Praxair products, services and technologies bring
productivity and environmental benefits to a wide variety of
industries, including aerospace, chemicals, food and beverage,
electronics, energy, healthcare, manufacturing, metals and
others. More information on Praxair is available on the
Internet at www.praxair.com.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Safety Information.......................................................................................... 3
Composition of Dry Air.....................................................................................4
Equivalent Temperatures of Selected Gases.....................................................5
Cryogenic Properties of Gases.........................................................................6-9
Property Equivalent of Gases............................................................................10-15
Tonnage Conversion Factors.............................................................................16-17
Flow Rate Conversions.....................................................................................18
Percent Flash Off Constant Enthalpy Throttling Liquid Nitrogen.....................19
Grades of Purity................................................................................................20
Stoichiometric Requirements for Combustion...................................................21
22
Combustion Properties of Common Gases..........................................................
23
Fuel Gas Data....................................................................................................
24-25
Mean Specific Heats..............................................................................................
Values of the Gas Constant..............................................................................26
27
Moisture Conversion Data...................................................................................
Conversion Factors............................................................................................28-49
SI Unit Multiplication Factors............................................................................50
Miscellaneous Physical Constants.....................................................................51
52-53
Temperature Conversion Table...........................................................................
Decimal Equivalents..........................................................................................54-55
Metric Equivalents.............................................................................................56-59
Terms and Definitions......................................................................................60-63
Standard Tankage Relative Sizes
Oxygen, Nitrogen, Argon...............................................................64
Cryogenic Tank Specifications
Oxygen, Nitrogen, Argon..............................................................65-67
High-Pressure Oxygen, Nitrogen, Argon........................................68
Hydrogen.................................................................................... 69-71
Standard Tankage
Carbon Dioxide Bulk Storage........................................................72
Cryogenic Storage Tank Specifications
Carbon Dioxide Aluminum Skinned, Foam Insulated................. 73
Cryogenic Storage Tank Specifications
Carbon Dioxide Vacuum Jacketed Tanks...................................74
Vaporizer Types and Performance Comparisons.............................................. 75
On-Site Storage System Microbulk Solutions.............................................. 76-79
80
Cylinder Size Chart................................................................................................
Rare Gases...................................................................................81
Industrial Pure Gases...................................................................81-83
Industrial Mixtures...................................................................... 84-88
89
Liquid Cryogenic Containers...........................................................
90
Periodic Table of the Elements...............................................................................
Elements..........................................................................................................91-93
94
U.S. Temperature Zones......................................................................................
95
Footnoted Information for Liquid CO2 Properties......................................................
96
Praxairs Service Offerings.......................................................................................
2
SAFETY INFORMATION
The gases and cryogenic fluids referred to in this booklet have certain
properties that can cause serious injuries or even death. Therefore, make
certain that anyone who handles or uses the gases or who operates and
maintains related equipment and systems: (1) is properly trained;
(2) receives and understands all relevant safety literature, including Material
Safety Data Sheets; (3) follows the gas equipment manufacturers operating
instructions; (4) reads and applies safety precautions on gas cylinder labels;
and (5) observes all applicable safety codes when installing gas equipment.
Product safety handling DVDs on hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, helium
and combined nitrogen/argon, as well as Material Safety Data Sheets and
other safety information, are available by calling 1-800-PRAXAIR.
EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE HELP HOTLINES

If an emergency arises with a Praxair product in the United States, call:
1-800-645-4633
OR
Chemical Transportation Emergency Center
(CHEMTREC)
1-800-424-9300
In Canada, call the Canadian Hotline:
1-800-363-0042
COMPOSITION OF DRY AIR
EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURES OF SELECTED GASES
The values given below are for average conditions of unpolluted dry air near
the earths surface but may vary. For example, in some cities the concentration
of the normal pollutants such as nitrous oxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon
monoxide may be over 100 times the values shown. The helium concentration
may vary considerably from very high levels near oil fields to negligible
concentrations over the sea. Hydrocarbon concentrations may be much higher
near oil fields or refineries.
Components
% by Volume
Normal Constituents:
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Argon
Carbon Dioxide
Neon
Helium
Krypton
Hydrogen
Xenon
78.084 0.004
20.946 0.002
0.934 0.001
0.035 0.003
(18.21 0.004) x 10-4
(5.239 0.05) x 10-4
(1.14 0.01) x 10-4
*(0.5) x 10-4
(0.087 0.001) x 10-4
Impurities:
Water
Methane
Nitrous Oxide
Carbon Monoxide
Ozone
Ethane
Ethylene
Propane
Acetylene
Butanes
Pentanes
Nitrogen Dioxide
Radon
Nitric Oxide
0.1 to 2.8
(1 to 3) x 10-4
0.5 x 10-4
(0.06 to 1) x 10-4
(0.01 to 0.1) x 10-4
(0.01 to 0.1) x 10-4
0 to 2 x 10-4
0 to 0.1 x 10-4
0 to 1 x 10-4
0 to 0.2 x 10-4
0 to 0.08 x 10-4
5 x 10-8 to 2 x 10-6
6 x 10-18
Traces
scf/1,000,000 scf
Dry Air or ppm by Volume
780,840
209,460
9,340
350
18.21
5.239
1.14
0.5
0.087
1,000 to 28,000
1 to 3
0.5
0.06 to 1
0.01 to 0.1
0.01 to 0.1
0 to 2
0 to 0.1
0 to 1
0 to 0.2
0 to 0.08
Normal Boiling Point
Melting Point
Helium
He
4.2 K
-268.9 C
7.6 R
-452.1 F
equilibriumHydrogen
e-H2
20.3 K
-252.9 C
36.5 R
-423.2 F
20.4 K
-252.8 C
36.7 R
-423.0 F
13.8 K
-259.3 C
24.9 R
-434.8 F
14.0 K
-259.2 C
25.2 R
-434.5 F
Neon
Ne
27.1 K
-246.1 C
48.7 R
-410.9 F
24.6 K
-248.6 C
44.2 R
-415.4 F
Nitrogen
N2
77.4 K
-195.8 C
139.3 R
-320.4 F
63.2 K
-210.0 C
113.7 R
-346.0 F
Fluorine
F2
85.0 K
-188.1 C
153.0 R
-306.7 F
53.5 K
-219.6 C
96.4 R
-363.3 F *
Argon
Ar
87.3 K
-185.9 C
157.1 R
-302.6 F
83.8 K
-189.4 C
150.8 R
-308.9 F
Oxygen
O2
90.2 K
-183.0 C
162.3 R
-297.3 F
54.4 K
-218.8 C
97.9 R
-361.8 F
Methane
CH4
111.7 K
-161.5 C
201.0 R
-258.7 F
90.7 K
-182.5 C
163.2 R
-296.4 F
Krypton
Kr
119.8 K
-153.3 C
215.6 R
-244.0 F
116.0 K
-157.2 C
208.7 R
-250.9 F
Xenon
Xe
165.0 K
-108.1 C
297.1 R
-162.6 F
161.4 K
-111.7 C
290.6 R
-169.1 F
Carbon Dioxide
CO2
194.6 K
-78.6 C
350.3 R
-109.4 F
normalHydrogen
n-H2
*Approximate
4
* Triple point used ** Sublimation point used

See page 91 for Liquid CO2 properties
**
**
**
**
216.6 K
-56.6 C
389.9 R
-69.8 F
*
*
*
*
3.56
-450.3
33.2
0.01034
0.01114
1.04
7.798
1.25
1.66
8.72
F
psia
lb/scf
lb/scf
lb/scf
lb/scf
Btu/lb
Cp
Cp
Cp
Gas, STP
Vapor, nbp
Liquid, nbp
Specific Heat, Cp, Gas, NTP Btu/lb F
Btu/lb
Gas, NTP
Specific Heat Ratio,

Cp/Cv, Gas, NTP
Heat of Vaporization, nbp
Heat of Fusion, Tp
NTP
Gas nbp
Liquid, nbp
Viscosity
0.015
0.069
0.069
0.0089
0.0089
0.006
Btu/h ft F
Btu/h ft F
0.106
0.109
0.0133
0.0011
0.0089
0.086
0.0133
0.0011
0.0089
25.0
192
1.41
3.42
4.428
0.0831
0.005611
0.005209
188.1
-399.9
1.04
-434.6
-423.0
2.0159
n-H2
Btu/h ft F
0.0036
0.0009
0.0197
25.0
193
1.38
0.0835
0.005611
0.005209
187.7
-400.3
1.02
-434.8
NTP = 70F and 14.696 psia

NTP (Europe) = 0C (32F) and one atmosphere (14.696 psia)
STP = 32F and 14.696 psia
Liquid nbp
NTP
Thermal
Conductivity
Gas nbp
Density
4.418
psia
Critical Point
Triple Point (tp)
-423.2
-452.1
Normal Boiling Point (nbp)
2.0159
e-H2
4.0026
He
Atomic or Molecular Weight
CRYOGENIC PROPERTIES OF GASES
0.066
0.0046
0.0280
0.13
0.0042
0.0312
7.1
37.0
1.66
0.246
73.35
0.596
0.05618
0.05215
395
-380.0
6.3
-415.5
-410.9
20.183
Ne
0.079
0.0043
0.0149
0.165
0.0056
0.0175
11.1
85.7
1.41
0.247
50.46
0.287
0.07805
0.07245
493
-232.5
1.8
-346.0
-320.4
28.013
N2
37.997
F2
0.0150
0.0183
88.2
1.40
0.240
54.56
0.280
0.08072
0.07493
547
-221.3
0.0915
0.0042
0.0153
0.25
0.0072
0.0236
5.8
74.0
1.358
0.197
94.1
0.33
0.106
0.0983
808
-200.2
0.037
-363.3
-317.8 to -306.7
-312.4
28.96
Air
lb/scf
lb/scf
Vapor, nbp
Liquid, nbp
Cp
Cp
Btu/h ft F
Btu/h ft F
Btu/h ft F
Gas nbp
Liquid nbp
NTP
Gas nbp
Liquid nbp
0.071
0.0033
0.0100
0.27
0.0074
0.0224

NTP (Europe) = 0C (32F) and one atmosphere (14.696 psia)
See page 91 for liquid CO2 properties
Thermal
Conductivity
Cp
NTP
Btu/lb
Heat of Fusion, Tp
Viscosity
70.2
Btu/lb
12.7
1.67
0.125
86.98
0.363
0.1114
Specific Heat Ratio, Cp/Cv, Gas, NTP
Btu/lb F
lb/scf
Gas, STP
Specific Heat, Cp, Gas, NTP
Density
0.1034
737
710
psia
lb/scf
-181.1
-188.1
Gas, NTP
0.022
10.0
psia
Critical Point
-361.8
-308.9
Triple Point (tp)
0.108
0.0069
0.0191
0.116
0.0044
0.0111
25.2
219
1.31
0.533
26.5
0.114
0.0448
0.0416
673
-115.8
1.7
-296.5
-258.7
16.043
CH4
0.052
0.0024
0.0053
0.0107
0.0248
8.4
46.4
1.68
0.0593
150.6
0.53
0.2340
0.2172
796
-82.8
10.6
-251.0
-244.0
83.80
Kr
* Freezing point used

** Sublimation point used
0.0868
0.0044
0.0152
0.189
0.0069
0.0204
6.0
91.7
1.40
0.220
71.27
0.279
0.08921
0.08281
-297.3
-302.6
Normal Boiling Point (nbp)
31.999
O2
39.948
Ar
Atomic or Molecular Weight
CRYOGENIC PROPERTIES OF GASES
0.04
0.0019
0.0032
0.49
0.0130
0.0228
7.5
41.4
1.66
0.0383
190.8
0.60
0.3680
0.3416
847
61.9
11.8
-169.2
-162.6
131.30
Xe
0.0092
0.0148
84.1
246.3 **
1.33
0.20
97.5 *
0.174 *
0.1234
0.1144
1071
87.8
75.1
-69.8
-109.4 **
44.01
CO2
PROPERTY EQUIVALENTS OF GASES
Mass
Volume
Heat of Vaporization
Tons
(ton)
Pounds
(lb)
Kilograms
(kg)
scf (NTP)
Gas
Liters
Liq. (nbp)
Gallons
Liq. (nbp)
Btu
Kilogram
Calories
Helium
He
1
0.0005
0.0011023
5.170 x 10-6
1.377 x 10-4
5.212 x 10-4
2000
1
2.205
0.01034
0.2754
1.042
907.2
0.4536
1
0.004690
0.1249
0.4728
1.934 x 105
96.71
213.2
1
26.63
100.8
7263
3.631
8.006
0.03755
1
3.785
1919
0.9593
2.115
0.009919
0.2642
1
1.74 x 104
8.72
19.2
0.0902
2.40
9.09
4.39 x 103
2.20
4.84
0.0227
0.605
2.29
equilibriumHydrogen
e-H2
1
0.0005
0.0011023
2.604 x 10-6
7.801 x 10-5
2.953 x 10-4
2000
1
2.205
0.005209
0.1560
0.5906
907.2
0.4536
1
0.002363
0.07077
0.2679
3.840 x 105
192.0
423.2
1
29.95
113.4
1.282 x 104
6.409
14.13
0.03339
1
3.785
3386
1.693
3.733
0.008820
0.2642
1
3.86 x 105
193
425
1.01
30.1
114
9.73 x 104
48.6
107
0.253
7.59
28.7
normalHydrogen
n-H2
1
0.0005
0.0011023
2.604 x 10-6
7.819 x 10-5
2.960 x 10-4
2000
1
2.205
0.005209
0.1564
0.5919
907.2
0.4536
1
0.002363
0.07093
0.2685
3.840 x 105
192.0
423.2
1
30.02
113.6
1.279 x 104
6.395
14.10
0.03331
1
3.785
3379
1.689
3.724
0.008800
0.2642
1
3.84 x 105
192
423
1.00
30.0
114
9.68 x 104
48.4
107
0.252
7.57
28.6
Neon
Ne
1
0.0005
0.0011023
2.608 x 10-5
0.001330
0.005036
2000
1
2.205
0.05215
2.661
10.07
907.2
0.4536
1
0.02365
1.207
4.569
3.835 x 104
19.18
42.27
1
51.03
193.2
751.6
0.3758
0.8285
0.01960
1
3.785
198.6
0.09928
0.2189
0.005177
0.2642
1
7.40 x 104
37.0
81.6
1.93
98.5
373
1.86 x 104
9.32
20.6
0.486
24.8
93.9
Nitrogen
N2
1
0.0005
0.0011023
3.622 x 10-5
8.910 x 10-4
0.003373
2000
1
2.205
0.07245
1.782
6.746
907.2
0.4536
1
0.03286
0.8083
3.060
2.761 x 104
13.80
30.43
1
24.60
93.11
1122
0.5612
1.237
0.04066
1
3.785
296.5
0.1482
0.3268
0.01074
0.2642
1
1.71 x 105
85.7
189
6.21
153
578
4.32 x 104
21.6
47.6
1.56
38.5
146
10
11

Mass
Volume
Tons
(ton)
Pounds
(lb)
Kilograms
(kg)
scf (NTP)
Gas
Liters
Liq. (nbp)
Gallons
Liq. (nbp)
Btu
Kilogram
Calories
Air
1
0.0005
0.0011023
3.746 x 10-5
9.634 x 10-4
0.003647
2000
1
2.205
0.07493
1.927
7.294
907.2
0.4536
1
0.03399
0.8740
3.308
2.669 x 104
13.35
29.42
1
25.71
97.34
1038
0.5190
1.144
0.03889
1
3.785
274.2
0.1371
0.3023
0.01027
0.2642
1
1.76 x 105
88.2
194
6.61
170
643
4.45 x 104
22.2
49.0
1.67
42.8
162
Fluorine
F2
1
0.0005
0.0011023
4.92 x 10-5
0.00166
0.00629
2000
1
2.205
0.0983
3.32
12.6
907.2
0.4536
1
0.0446
1.51
5.71
2.03 x 104
10.2
22.4
1
33.8
128
602
0.301
0.663
0.0296
1
3.785
159
0.0795
0.175
0.00781
0.2642
1
1.48 x 105
74.0
163
7.27
246
931
3.73 x 104
18.6
41.1
1.83
62.0
235
Argon
Ar
1
0.0005
0.0011023
5.170 x 10-5
0.001536
0.005814
2000
1
2.205
0.1034
3.072
11.63
907.2
0.4536
1
0.04690
1.393
5.274
1.934 x 104
9.671
21.32
1
29.71
112.5
651.1
0.3256
0.7177
0.03366
1
3.785
172.0
0.08600
0.1896
0.008893
0.2642
1
1.40 x 105
70.2
155
7.26
216
816
3.54 x 104
17.7
39.0
1.83
54.3
206
Oxygen
O2
1
0.0005
0.0011023
4.140 x 10-5
0.001258
0.004764
2000
1
2.205
0.08281
2.517
9.527
907.2
0.4536
1
0.03756
1.142
4.322
2.415 x 104
12.08
26.62
1
30.39
115.1
794.6
0.3973
0.8759
0.03290
1
3.785
209.9
0.1050
0.2314
0.008692
0.2642
1
1.83 x 105
91.7
202
7.59
231
874
4.62 x 104
23.1
50.9
1.91
58.2
220
Methane
CH4
1
0.0005
0.0011023
2.08 x 10-5
4.68 x 10-4
0.00177
2000
1
2.205
0.0416
0.936
3.54
907.2
0.4536
1
0.0189
0.424
1.61
4.81 x 104
24.0
53.0
1
22.5
85.2
2.14 x 103
1.07
2.36
0.0445
1
3.785
565
0.282
0.622
0.0117
0.2642
1
4.38 x 105
219
483
9.11
205
766
1.10 x 105
55.2
122
2.30
51.6
196
12
13

Mass
Volume
Tons
(ton)
Pounds
(lb)
Kilograms
(kg)
scf (NTP)
Gas
Liters
Liq. (nbp)
Gallons
Liq. (nbp)
Btu
Kilogram
Calories
Krypton
Kr
1
0.0005
0.0011023
1.086 x 10-4
0.002659
0.01007
2000
1
2.205
0.2172
5.318
20.13
907.2
0.4536
1
0.09852
2.412
9.132
9208
4.604
10.15
1
24.49
92.69
376.1
0.1880
0.4145
0.04084
1
3.785
99.34
0.04967
0.1095
0.01079
0.2642
1
9.28 x 104
46.4
102
10.0
247
934
2.34 x 104
11.7
25.8
2.54
62.2
235
Xenon
Xe
1
0.0005
0.0011023
1.708 x 10-4
0.003369
0.01275
2000
1
2.205
0.3416
6.738
25.51
907.2
0.4536
1
0.1549
3.056
11.57
5855
2.927
6.454
1
19.72
74.67
296.8
0.1484
0.3272
0.05070
1
3.785
78.41
0.03921
0.08643
0.01339
0.2642
1
8.28 x 104
41.4
91.3
14.1
279
1060
2.09 x 104
10.4
23.0
3.56
70.3
266
Ammonia
NH3
1
0.0005
0.0011023
2.22 x 10-5
7.52 x 10-4
0.00285
2000
1
2.205
0.0445
1.50
5.69
907.2
0.4536
1
0.0202
0.682
2.58
4.49 x 104
22.5
49.5
1
33.81
128
1.33 x 103
0.665
1.47
0.0296
1
3.785
351
0.176
0.387
0.00781
0.2642
1
1.18 x 106
589
1300
26.2
886
3350
2.97 x 105
148
327
6.60
223
845
Carbon Dioxide
CO2
1
5.0 x 10-4
1.10 x 10-3
5.73 x 10-5
1.12 x 10-3
4.24 x 10-3
2000
1
2.205
0.1146
2.237
8.470
907.2
0.4536
1
0.05197
1.0145
3.84
17.458
8.7291
19.2476
1
19.53
73.93
894.05
0.4470
0.9856
0.05123
1
3.785
236.1
0.1181
0.2604
0.01353
0.2642
1
2.38 x 105
119.2
262.8
13.66
266.65
1009.5
6.01 x 104
30.0
66.23
3.44
67.2
254.39
14
15
TONNAGE CONVERSION FACTORS*

Oxygen
1 lb Gaseous Oxygen = 12.08 scf at NTP
Nitrogen
1 lb Gaseous Nitrogen = 13.80 scf at NTP
Argon
1 lb Gaseous Argon = 9.683 scf at NTP
Hydrogen
1 lb Gaseous Hydrogen = 192.0 scf at NTP
1 ton Gaseous Oxygen = 24,160 scf at NTP
1 ton Gaseous Nitrogen = 27,600 scf at NTP
1 ton Gaseous Argon = 19,366 scf at NTP
1 ton Gaseous Hydrogen = 384,000 scf at NTP
scf/mo (millions)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
tons/day
10
12.5
25
50
75
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
tons/day
1.38
2.76
4.14
5.52
6.90
8.28
9.66
11.04
12.42
13.80
27.59
41.39
55.19
68.98
82.78
96.58
110.38
124.17
137.97
275.94
413.91
551.88
689.85
scf/mo (millions)
7.25
9.06
18.125
36.25
54.375
72.5
145
217.5
290
362.5
435
507.5
scf/mo (millions)
tons/day
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
1.21
2.42
3.62
4.83
6.04
7.25
8.45
9.66
10.87
12.08
24.15
36.23
48.31
60.39
72.46
84.45
96.62
108.70
120.77
241.55
362.32
483.09
603.86
tons/day
10
12.5
25
50
75
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
scf/mo (millions)
8.28
10.35
20.70
41.40
62.10
82.80
165.6
248.4
331.2
414.0
496.8
579.6
scf/mo (millions)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
tons/day
10
12.5
25
50
75
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
tons/day
1.72
3.44
5.16
6.88
8.61
10.33
12.05
13.77
15.49
17.21
34.42
51.64
68.85
86.06
103.27
120.49
137.70
154.91
172.12
344.24
516.37
688.49
860.61
scf/mo (millions)
5.81
7.26
14.52
29.05
43.57
58.10
116.2
174.3
232.4
290.5
348.6
406.7
scf/mo (millions)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
tons/day
10
12.5
25
50
75
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
tons/day
0.087
0.174
0.26
0.35
0.43
0.52
0.61
0.69
0.78
0.87
1.74
2.60
3.47
4.34
5.21
6.08
6.95
7.81
8.68
17.37
26.05
34.73
43.42
scf/mo (millions)
115.2
144
288
576
864
1,152
2,304
3,456
4,608
5,760
6,912
8,064
*Based on a 30-day month
16
17
PERCENT FLASH OFF CONSTANT ENTHALPY

THROTTLING -- LIQUID NITROGEN
FLOW RATE CONVERSIONS

OXYGEN, NITROGEN, ARGON, HYDROGEN
130
Oxygen
100,000 cfh
200,000 cfh
300,000 cfh
400,000 cfh
500,000 cfh
600,000 cfh
700,000 cfh
800,000 cfh
900,000 cfh
1,000,000 cfh
14.49
28.98
43.47
57.96
72.45
86.94
101.43
115.92
130.41
144.90
120
Gallons Per Minute (gpm) *

Nitrogen
Argon
Hydrogen
17.90
35.79
53.69
71.58
89.48
107.38
125.27
143.16
161.06
179.00
14.82
29.63
44.45
59.26
74.08
88.90
103.71
118.52
133.34
148.20
110
100
14.70
29.40
44.11
58.81
73.51
88.21
102.9
117.6
132.3
147.0
90
80
70
60
50
45
40
EIG
HT
25
%V
APO
RB
YW
68,020
136,000
204,000
272,100
340,100
408,100
476,100
544,100
612,100
680,200
20
15
12
14
10
26
24
22
20
18
16
67,500
135,000
202,500
270,000
337,500
405,000
472,500
540,000
607,500
675,000
55,870
111,740
167,610
223,480
279,350
335,220
391,090
446,960
502,830
558,700
10
69,000
138,000
207,000
276,000
345,000
417,000
483,000
552,000
621,000
690,000
10 gpm
20 gpm
30 gpm
40 gpm
50 gpm
60 gpm
70 gpm
80 gpm
90 gpm
100 gpm
30
Cubic Feet Per Hour (cfh) **

Argon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Pressure psig
35
* @ Normal Boiling Point

** @ NTP (70F and 14.696 psia)
0
100
200
300
Enthalpy Cal./Mole
18
19
GRADES OF PURITY
20
STOICHIOMETRIC REQUIREMENTS FOR COMBUSTION

Volume of Oxidant per Volume of Fuel
9s
PERCENT
PURITY
ppm
ppb
ppt
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0
90
99
99.9
99.99
99.999
99.9999
99.99999
99.999999
99.9999999
99.99999999
99.999999999
99.9999999999
1,000,000
100,000
10,000
1,000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
0.00001
0.000001
1,000,000,000
100,000,000
10,000,000
1,000,000
100,000
10,000
1,000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
1,000,000,000,000
100,000,000,000
10,000,000,000
1,000,000,000
100,000,000
10,000,000
1,000,000
100,000
10,000
1,000
100
10
1
Air
Hydrogen
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrogen Sulfide
Ammonia
Methane
Acetylene
Ethylene
Ethane
Propylene
Propane
Butene
Butane
Pentane
Benzene
H2
CO
H2S
NH3
CH4
C2H2
C2H4
C2H6
C3H6
C3H8
C4H8
C4H10
C5H12
C6H6
2.39
2.39
7.18
3.59
9.57
11.96
14.35
16.75
21.53
23.92
28.71
31.10
38.28
35.89
Oxygen
0.5
0.5
1.5
0.75
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.5
5.0
6.0
6.5
8.0
7.5
21
22
H2
CO
H2S
NH3
CH4
C2H2
C2H4
C2H6
C3H6
C3H8
C4H8
C4H10
C5H12
C6H6
4.0
12.5
4.3
15.5
5.0
2.5
2.8
3.0
2.0
2.1
1.8
1.9
1.4
1.4
Lower
In Air
74.2
74.2
45.5
27.0
15.0
80.0
28.6
12.5
11.1
9.4
9.0
8.4
7.8
7.1
1470
Gross heat of combustion Btu/scf
220
14.7
6.80
0.91
High intensity Btu/in2/min

(Heat transfer to 3/8 in diam. probe
at 10,000 Btu/h exposure)
scf of gas per pound at 70F
Pounds of gas per 100 scf
Specific gravity of gas at 60F
(air = 1)
35
507
1.1 to 1
Oxygen to fuel ratio for neutral

flame or lower efficiency usage
Percent
Btu
1.5 to 1
Oxygen to fuel gas ratio for

maximum temperature
Fraction of available heat

released in inner cone
5720
Acetylene
Maximum flame temperature, F
FUEL GAS DATA
30.0
2.6
1.55
11.56
8.65
150
11
280
2563
2.9 to 1
4.5 to 1
5130
0.62
4.15
24.1
130
4
40
1000
1.3 to 1
1.9 to 1
5040
Methane
79.0
59.2
93.0
79.9
50.5
52.8
13.5
5.4
2.8
2.9
4.1
2.1
Propane
93.9
93.9
4.6
15.0
Limits of Inflammability *
In Oxygen
Upper
Upper
Lower
At atmospheric pressure and room temperature, percent by volume

Multiply Kilojoules/g.mol by 239.01 to obtain cal/g.mol
cal/liter (STP)
10.663
Btu/lb mol
429.93
Btu/scf (STP)
1.1974
Btu/scf (NTP)
1.1115
**
Hydrogen
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrogen Sulfide
Ammonia
Methane
Acetylene
Ethylene
Ethane
Propylene
Propane
Butene
Butane
Pentane
Benzene
COMBUSTION PROPERTIES OF COMMON GASES
2657
3272
3169
2877
3536
3302
1.45
11.05
9.03
16
379
2371
2.6 to 1
3.6 to 1
5240
Propylene
802
1256
1323
1428
1927
2044
242
890
1300
1411
1560
2058
2220
286
283
Heat of Combustion
Kilojoules/g.mol **
Low
High
23
24
3.510
3.519
3.528
3.538
3.549
3.560
3.572
3.584
3.596
3.608
3.620
3.632
3.644
3.656
3.668
3.680
3.692
0.2299
0.2318
0.2337
0.2355
0.2373
0.2390
0.2406
0.2420
0.2434
0.2448
0.2461
0.2473
0.2484
0.2495
0.2506
0.2517
0.2527
0.2536
0.2545
0.2554
0.2562
0.2570
0.2578
0.2585
0.2593
0.2600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
3100
3200
Courtesy of AFS CUPOLA HANDBOOK
3.487
3.494
3.501
0.2240
0.2259
0.2279
400
500
600
3.470
3.475
3.480
3.458
3.462
3.466
3.448
3.452
3.455
3.420
3.434
3.442
0.2188
0.2203
0.2221
100
200
300
H2
O2
t (F)
MEAN SPECIFIC HEATS
0.5652
0.5688
0.5536
0.5575
0.5614
0.5415
0.5456
0.5496
0.5289
0.5334
0.5375
0.5156
0.5201
0.5245
0.5021
0.5066
0.5111
0.4888
0.4932
0.4976
0.4757
0.4800
0.4844
0.4634
0.4674
0.4715
0.4529
0.4562
0.4597
0.4448
0.4472
0.4499
H2O
0.2811
0.2819
0.2784
0.2793
0.2802
0.2753
0.2764
0.2774
0.2719
0.2732
0.2742
0.2682
0.2695
0.2707
0.2642
0.2656
0.2669
0.2600
0.2614
0.2628
0.2558
0.2572
0.2586
0.2520
0.2531
0.2544
0.2493
0.2500
0.2509
0.2482
0.2485
0.2488
N2
Cp = H/t - 60 Btu/lb F
0.2840
0.2848
0.2814
0.2823
0.2831
0.2784
0.2794
0.2804
0.2751
0.2763
0.2774
0.2713
0.2726
0.2739
0.2672
0.2686
0.2700
0.2627
0.2642
0.2657
0.2580
0.2596
0.2611
0.2535
0.2549
0.2564
0.2501
0.2511
0.2522
0.2485
0.2488
0.2493
CO
0.2915
0.2927
0.2875
0.2889
0.2902
0.2830
0.2845
0.2860
0.2776
0.2795
0.2813
0.2716
0.2737
0.2757
0.2646
0.2671
0.2694
0.2564
0.2593
0.2620
0.2465
0.2500
0.2533
0.2346
0.2388
0.2428
0.2201
0.2253
0.2301
0.2022
0.2086
0.2145
CO2
25
VALUES OF THE GAS CONSTANT

P
Pressure
Volume
atm
MOISTURE CONVERSION DATA
Quantity
R
Gas
Constant
Temperature
cm
cm3
liters
liters
scf
scf
g.mol
g.mol
g.mol
g.mol
lb.mol
lb.mol
82.0567
45.5871
0.0820544
0.0455858
1.31441
0.730228
K
R
K
R
K
R
kg/cm2
cm3
cm3
liters
liters
scf
scf
g.mol
g.mol
g.mol
g.mol
lb.mol
lb.mol
84.7832
47.1018
0.0847809
0.0471005
1.35808
0.754489
K
R
K
R
K
R
mm Hg
cm3
cm3
liters
liters
scf
scf
g.mol
g.mol
g.mol
g.mol
lb.mol
lb.mol
62363.1
34646.2
62.3613
34.6452
998.952
554.973
K
R
K
R
K
R
lb/in2
cm3
cm3
liters
liters
scf
scf
g.mol
g.mol
g.mol
g.mol
lb.mol
lb.mol
1205.91
669.950
1.20587
0.669928
19.3166
10.7314
K
R
K
R
K
R
26
PV = nRT
The following data is intended to be the standard for use by the Compressed
Gas Association. For conversion to grains per 1000 cubic feet, divide ppm by 3.1.
Dew Point
F
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
-55
-60
-65
-70
-75
-80
-85
-90
-95
-100
-105
-110
ppm
(By Volume)
1180
895
690
525
400
305
225
165
120
87
63
45
32
23
16.2
11.4
7.8
5.3
3.5
2.3
1.5
0.93
0.58
mg/L
0.88
0.67
0.51
0.39
0.30
0.23
0.17
0.12
0.089
0.065
0.047
0.034
0.024
0.017
0.012
0.0085
0.0058
0.0040
0.0026
0.0017
0.0011
0.00069
0.00043
ppm
(By Volume)
1000
950
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
150
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
15
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1.5
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Dew Point
F
-2.8
-3.6
-4.0
-7.0
-9.6
-12.5
-15.8
-20.0
-24.2
-32.0
-36.6
-42.8
-44.4
-46.2
-48.2
-50.6
-53.4
-56.7
-61.1
-67.1
-71.1
-76.6
-78.1
-79.7
-81.3
-83.5
-85.6
-88.3
-91.8
-96.5
-99.8
-104.2
-105.3
-106.7
-108.1
-109.8
27
CONVERSION FACTORS
Conversion Factors are presented in alphabetical order. References to Normal
Temperature and Pressure (NTP), and Standard Temperature and Pressure
(STP) are considered as follows:
NTP means 70F and 14.696 psia
NTP (Europe) means 0C (32F) and one atmosphere (14.696 psia)
STP means 0C and one atmosphere
Throughout Conversion Factors: (f) means force
(m) means mass
28
Multiply
By
To Obtain
acre
4.3560 x 104
0.0040469
4046.9
0.0015625
ft2
km2
m2
mi2
ngstrom ()
10-8
3.2808 x 10-10
3.9370 x 10-9
10-10
10-4
3.9370 x 10-6
cm
ft
in
m
mi
atmosphere,
standard (atm)
1.01325
1.01325 x 106
33.932
29.921
1.0332
101.325
7.6000 x 105
760.00
1.01325 x 105
14.696
760
bar
dyn/cm2
ft H2O (60F)
in Hg (0C)
kg(f)/cm2
kPa
Hg (0C)
mm Hg (0C)
N/m2
lb(f)/in2
Torr
atmosphere,
standard/
meter (atm/m)
10.342
1.01325 x 105
19.304
4.4793
ft H2O (60F)/ft
N/m2.m
mm Hg (0C)/in
lb(f)/in2.ft
bar
0.98692
106
33.488
29.530
1.0197
100
7.5006 x 105
750.06
105
14.504
750.06
atm (std)
dyn/cm2
ft H2O (60F)
in Hg (0C)
kg(f)/cm2
kPa
Hg (0C)
mm Hg (0C)
N/m2
lb(f)/in2
Torr
Btu
252.00
1.0544 x 1010
777.65
1.0751 x 107
3.9275 x 10-4
1054.4
2.9288 x 10-4
10.406
cal(g)
erg
ft.lb(f)
g(f).cm
hp.h
J
kW.h
L.atm
29
CONVERSION FACTORS
Multiply
By
To Obtain
Multiply
By
To Obtain
Btu/cubic
foot (NTP)
(Btu/scf)
386.78
214.88
0.39275
899.05
11.142
0.24974
Btu/lb.mol
cal(g)/g.mol
hp.h/1000 scf (NTP)
J/g.mol
kW.h/1000 m3 (STP)
W.h/g.mol
calories (gram)
Btu/cubic
foot (NTP) oF
(Btu/scf)
386.78
386.78
1618.3
0.44952
Btu/lb.mol F
cal(g)/g.mol C
J/g.mol C
W.h/g.mol C
0.0039683
4.1840 x 107
3.0860
4.2665 x 104
1.5586 x 10-6
4.1840
1.1622 x 10-6
0.041293
Btu
erg
ft.lb(f)
g(f).cm
hp.h
J
kW.h
L.atm
calories(g)/
gram(m)
Btu/hour
(BTU/h)
0.069999
2.9288x106
12.961
2986.5
3.9275x10-4
0.29288
cal(g)/s
ergs/s
ft.lb(f)/min
g(f).cm/s
hp
W
1.8000
1399.8
4.1840
Btu/lb(m)
ft.lb(f)/lb(m)
J/g(m)
calories(g)/
gram(m), C
1.0000
4.1840
Btu/lb(m) F
J/g(m) C
Btu/hour
foot, oF
0.0041338
1.7296x105
0.017296
1.7296
cal(gm)/s.cm C
erg/s.cm C
W/cm C
W/m K
calories(g)/
gram mole
Btu/hour
square foot
7.5346x10-5
3.9275x10-4
3.1525
cal(g)/s.cm2
hp/ft2
W/m2
0.0046538
1.8000
0.0018278
4.1840
0.051853
0.0011622
Btu/scf (NTP)
Btu/lb.mol
hp.h/1000 scf (NTP)
J/g.mol
kW.h/1000 m3 (STP)
W.h/g.mol
calories(g)/
gram mole, C
Btu/hour
square foot, oF
1.3562x10-4
3.9275x10-4
5.6745
cal(g)/s.cm2 C
hp/ft2 F
W/m2 K
0.0025854
1.0000
4.1840
0.0011622
Btu/scf (NTP) F
Btu/lb.mol F
J/g.mol C
W.h/g.mol C
Btu/pound(m)
0.55556
777.65
2.3244
cal(g)/g(m)
ft.lb(f)/lb(m)
J/g(m)
calories(g)/
second
Btu/pound(m), oF
1.0000
4.1840
cal(g)/g(m) C
J/g(m) C
14.286
4.1840 x 107
185.16
4.2665 x 104
0.0056108
4.1840
Btu/h
erg/s
ft.lb(f)/min
g(f).cm/s
hp
W
Btu/pound
mole
0.0025854
0.55556
0.0010154
2.3244
0.028807
6.4568 x 10-4
Btu/scf (NTP)
cal(g)/g.mol
hp.h/1000 scf (NTP)
J/g.mol
kW.h/1000 m3 (STP)
W.h/g.mol
calories(g)/
second, centimeter, C
241.91
4.1840 x 107
4.1840
Btu/h ft F
erg/s cm C
W/cm C
calories (g)/
second, square
centimeter
1.3272 x 104
5.2126
4.1840 x 104
Btu/h ft2
hp/ft2
W/m2
0.0025854
1.0000
4.1840
0.0011622
Btu/scf (NTP) F
cal(g)/g.mol C
J/g.mol C
W.h/g.mol C
calories (g)/second,
square centimeter, C
7373.4
2.8959
4.1840
Btu/h ft2 F
hp/ft2 F
W/m2 K
Btu/pound
mole, oF
30
31
CONVERSION FACTORS
Multiply
By
8
To Obtain
Multiply
By
To Obtain
cubic feet (cont)
0.028317
0.037037
7.4805
28.317
m3
yd3
gal (US)
L
cubic feet
(NTP)
2.6285 x 104
0.98112
0.026285
1.1727
26.285
0.0025854
cm3 (STP)
scf (60F, 14.696 psia)
m3 (STP)
g.mol
L (STP)
lb.mol
cubic feet
(NTP)/hour
7.3015
0.98112
3.2576 x 10-4
0.0073015
0.0025854
cm3 (STP)/s
scf (60F, 14.696 psia)/h
g.mol/s
L (STP)/s
lb.mol/h
cubic feet
(NTP)/minute
438.09
58.867
1.5771
0.019546
0.43809
0.15513
cm3 (STP)/s
scf (60F, 14.696 psia)/h
m3 (STP)/h
g.mol/s
L (STP)/s
lb.mol/h
cubic feet/
day
0.32774
0.31169
0.0051948
cm3/s
gal (US)/h
gal (US)/min
cubic feet/
hour
7.8658
0.12468
0.0078658
cm3/s
gal (US)/min
L/s
cubic feet
(60F, 14.696 psia)
2.6791 x 104
1.0192
0.026791
1.1953
26.791
0.0026352
cm3 (STP)
scf (NTP)
m3 (STP)
g.mol
L (STP)
lb.mol
cubic feet (60F,

14.696 psia)/hour
7.4420
1.0192
0.026791
3.3203 x 10-4
0.0074420
0.0026352
cm3 (STP)/s
scf (NTP)/h
m3 (STP)/h
g.mol/s
L (STP)/s
lb.mol/h
cubic inches (in3)
16.387
5.7870 x 10-4
cm3
scf
centimeters (cm)
10
0.032808
0.39370
104
393.70
ft
in
mi
centimeters/
second
1.9685
0.019438
0.022369
ft/min
knots (int)
mi (stat)/h
centimeters/
second,
second
0.032808
0.0010197
0.022369
ft/s, s
gravity (std)
mi (stat)/h s
centipoises
1.0197x10-5
10-2
10-3
5.8015x10-9
2.4191
g(f).s/cm2
g(m)/s cm
N.s/m2
lb(f).h/ft2
lb(m)/h ft
3.5315x10-5
0.061024
1.3080 x 10-6
2.6417 x 10-4
10-3
scf
in3
yd3
gal (US)
L
cubic
centimeters/
second
3.0512
0.12713
0.95102
0.015850
scf/day
scf/h
gal (US)/h
gal (US)/min
cubic
centimeters
(STP)
3.8044 x 10-5
3.7326 x 10-5
4.4616 x 10-5
10-3
9.8361 x 10-8
scf (NTP)
scf (60F, 14.696 psia)
g.mol
L (STP)
lb.mol
cubic
centimeters
(STP)/second
0.13696
0.0022826
0.13437
4.4616 x 10-5
10-3
3.5410 x 10-4
scf (NTP)/h
scf (NTP)/min
scf (60F, 14.696 psia)/h
g.mol/s
L (STP)/s
lb.mol/h
cubic feet (scf)
2.8317 x 104
1728.0
cm3
in3
cubic
centimeters (cm3)
32
33
CONVERSION FACTORS
Multiply
By
To Obtain
Multiply
By
To Obtain
cubic inches (in3)
0.0043290
0.016387
gal (US)
L
ergs (erg) (cont)
35.315
6.1024 x 104
1.3080
264.17
scf
in3
yd3
gal (US)
0.0010197
3.7251 x 10-14
10-7
2.7778 x 10-14
9.8692 x 10-10
g(f).cm
hp.h
J
kW.h
L.atm
erg/second
cubic meters/
second
3.0512 x 106
1.2713 x 105
9.5102 x 105
1.5850 x 104
scf/day
scf/h
gal (US)/h
gal (US)/min
3.4144 x 10-7
2.3901 x 10-6
4.4254 x 10-6
0.0010197
1.3410 x 10-10
10-10
10-7
Btu/h
cal(g)/s
ft.lb(f)/min
g(f).cm/s
hp
kW
W
cubic meters
(STP)
38.044
37.326
44.616
0.098361
scf (NTP)
scf (60F, 14.696 psia)
g.mol
lb.mol
ergs/second,
centimeter, C
5.7818 x 10-6
2.3901 x 10-8
10-7
Btu/h ft F
cal(g)/s cm C
W/cm C
cubic meters
(STP)/hour
0.63407
0.012393
0.098361
scf (NTP)/min
g.mol/s
lb.mol/h
feet (ft)
cubic yards (yd3)
4.6656 x 104
0.76455
201.97
764.55
in3
m3
gal (US)
L
3.0480 x 109
30.480
0.30480
3.0480 x 105
1.8939 x 10-4
1.2000 x 104
cm
m
mi (stat)
mi
feet of water
(60F)
dynes (dyn)
0.0010197
10-5
2.2481 x 10-6
g(f)
N
lb(f)
dynes/
centimeters
0.10197
10-3
6.8522 x 10-5
g(f)/m
N/m
lb(f)/ft
0.029471
0.029861
2.9861 x 104
0.88180
0.0030450
2.2398 x 104
22.398
2986.1
0.43310
22.398
atm (std)
bar
dyn/cm2
in Hg (0C)
kg(f)/cm2
Hg (0C)
mm Hg (0C)
N/m2
lb(f)/in2
Torr
dynes/
square
centimeter
9.8692 x 10-7
10-6
3.3488 x 10-5
2.9530 x 10-5
1.0197 x 10-6
0.75006
7.5006 x 10-4
0.1
1.4504 x 10-5
7.5006 x 10-4
atm (std)
bar
ft H2O (60F)
in Hg (0C)
kg(f)/cm2
Hg (0C)
mm Hg (0C)
N/m2
lb(f)/in2
Torr
feet of water
(60F)/foot
0.096689
9.797
9797.0
1.8665
0.43310
atm (std)/m
kPa/m
N/m2 m
mm Hg (0C)/in
lb(f) in2 ft
feet/minute
0.50800
0.018288
0.0098747
0.011364
cm/s
km/h
knots (int)
mi (stat)/h
9.4845 x 10-11
2.3901 x 10-8
7.3756 x 10-8
Btu
cal(g)
ft.lb(f)
feet/second
1.0973
0.59248
0.68182
km/h
knots (int)
mi (stat)/h
(cont)
cubic meters (m3)
ergs (erg)
34
35
CONVERSION FACTORS
Multiply
By
To Obtain
Multiply
By
To Obtain
feet/second,
second
30.480
0.031081
1.0973
cm/s s
gravity (std)
km/h s
grains/gallons (US)
(cont)
1.4286 x 10-4
lb(m)/gal (US)
foot-pounds (f)
0.0012859
0.32405
1.3558 x 107
1.3825 x 104
5.0505 x 10-7
1.3558
3.7662 x 10-7
0.013381
Btu
cal(g)
erg
g(f).cm
hp.h
J
kW.h
L.atm
grams(f)
980.665
0.00980665
0.0022046
dyn
N
lb(f)
gram(f)centimeters
0.077156
0.0054008
2.2597 x 105
230.42
3.0303 x 10-5
0.022597
Btu/h
cal(g)/s
erg/s
g(f).cm/s
hp
W
9.3011 x 10-8
2.3438 x 10-5
980.665
7.2330 x 10-5
3.6530 x 10-11
9.80665 x 10-5
2.7241 x 10-11
9.6784 x 10-7
Btu
cal(g)
erg
ft.lb(f)
hp.h
J
kW.h
L.atm
gram(f)centimeters/
second
foot-pounds(f)
/pound(m)
0.0012859
7.1440 x 10-4
2.9891
Btu/lb(m)
cal(g)/g(m)
J/kg(m)
3.3484 x 10-4
2.3438 x 10-5
980.665
0.0043398
1.3151 x 10-7
9.80665 x 10-5
Btu/h
cal(g)/s
erg/s
ft.lb(f)/min
hp
W
gallons (US)
3785.4
0.13368
231.00
0.0049511
3.7854
cm3
scf
in3
yd3
L
grams(f)/
meter
9.80665
0.00980665
6.7197 x 10-4
dyn/cm
N/m
lb(f)/ft
1.0515
3.2083
0.13368
1.0515 x 10-6
0.0010515
cm3/s
scf/day
scf/h
m3/s
L/s
gram(f)seconds/square
centimeter
9.80665 x 104
980.665
98.0665
5.6893 x 10-4
2.3723 x 105
centipoises
g(m)/s cm
N.s/m2
lb(f).h/ft2
lb(m)/h ft
grams (m)
63.090
192.50
8.0208
0.063090
cm3/s
scf/day
scf/h
L/s
15.432
0.035274
0.032151
0.0022046
gr
oz (avdp)
oz (troy)
lb(m)
grams (m)/cubic
centimeter
grains (gr)
0.064799
0.0022857
0.0020833
1.4286 x 10-4
g(m)
oz (avdp)
oz (troy)
lb(m)
5.8418 x 104
103
62.428
0.036127
8.3454
gr/gal (US)
g(m)/L
lb(m)/scf
lb(m)/in3
lb(m)/gal
grains/gallon (US)
1.7118 x 10-5
0.017118
0.0010686
g(m)/cm3
g(m)/L
lb(m)/scf
grams (m)/
liter
58.418
10-3
0.062428
0.0083454
gr/gal (US)
g(m)/cm3
lb(m)/scf
lb(m)/gal
foot-pounds(f)
/minute
gallons (US)/
hour
gallons (US)/
minute
36
37
CONVERSION FACTORS
Multiply
By
To Obtain
Multiply
By
To Obtain
grams (m)/
second
7.9366
0.13228
0.095240
lb(m)/h
lb(m)/min
ton (short)/day
grams (m)/
second,
centimeter
102
0.0010197
0.1
5.8015 x 10-7
241.91
centipoises
g(f).s/cm2
N.s/m2
lb(f).h/ft2
lb(m)/h ft
horsepowerhours/1000
cubic feet
(NTP)
2.5461
984.79
547.11
2289.1
28.369
0.63586
Btu/scf (NTP)
Btu/lb.mol
cal (g)/g.mol
J/g.mol
kW.h/1000 m3 (STP)
W.h/g.mol
horsepower/
square foot
grams (m)/
second,
square
centimeter
7373.4
51.204
122.89
2.0482
lb(m)/h ft2
lb(m)/h in2
lb(m)/min ft2
lb(m)/s ft2
2546.1
0.19184
8026.6
Btu/h ft2
cal (g)/s cm2
W/m2
horsepower/
square foot,
F
2546.1
0.34531
1.4448 x 104
Btu/h ft2 F
cal (g)/s cm2 C
W/m2 K
gram moles
(g.mol)
2.2414 x 104
0.85270
0.83661
0.022414
22.414
0.022046
cm3 (STP)
scf (NTP)
scf (60F, 14.696 psia)
m3 (STP)
L (STP)
lb.mol
inches (in)
2.5400 x 108
2.5400
2.5400 x 104
103
cm
mi
gram moles/
second
2.2414 x 104
3069.7
51.162
3011.8
80.689
7.9366
cm3 (STP)/s
scf (NTP)/h
scf (NTP)/min
scf (60F, 14.696 psia)/h
m3 (STP)/h
lb.mol/h
inches of
mercury (0C)
(in Hg)
gravity
(standard)
980.665
32.174
35.304
21.937
cm/s s
ft/s s
km/h s
mi (stat)/h s
0.033421
0.033864
3.3864 x 104
1.1340
0.034532
3.3864
2.5400 x 104
25.400
3386.4
0.49115
25.400
atm (std)
bar
dyn/cm2
ft H2O (60F)
kg(f)/cm2
kPa
Hg (0C)
mm Hg (0C)
N/m2
lb(f)/in2
Torr
inches/second
0.091440
0.049374
0.056818
km/h
knots (int)
mi (stat)/h
2546.1
178.23
7.4570 x 109
3.3000 x 104
7.6040 x 106
745.70
Btu/h
cal(g)/s
erg/s
ft.lb(f)/min
g(f).cm/s
W
joules (J)
2546.1
6.4162 x 105
2.6845 x 1013
1.9800 x 106
2.7374 x 1010
2.6845 x 106
0.74570
2.6494 x 104
Btu
cal(g)
erg
ft.lb(f)
g(f).cm
J
kW.h
L.atm
9.4845 x 10-4
0.23901
107
0.73756
1.0197 x 104
3.7251 x 10-7
2.7778 x 10-7
0.0098692
Btu
cal(g)
erg
ft.lb(f)
g(f).cm
hp.h
kW.h
L.atm
joules/gram (m)
0.43021
0.23901
334.55
Btu/lb(m)
cal(g)/g(m)
ft.lb(f)/lb(m)
horsepower (hp)
horsepowerhours (hp.h)
38
39
CONVERSION FACTORS
Multiply
By
To Obtain
Multiply
By
To Obtain
joules/
gram (m) C
0.23901
0.23901
Btu/lb(m) F
cal(g)/g(m) C
kilogram (m)/
cubic meter
joules/gram mole
(J/g.mol)
0.0011123
0.43021
0.23901
4.3685 x 10-4
0.012393
2.7778 x 10-4
Btu/scf (NTP)
Btu/lb.mol
cal(g)/g.mol
hp.h/1000 scf (NTP)
kW.h/1000 m3 (STP)
W.h/g.mol
58.418
0.062428
0.0083454
gr/gal (US)
lb(m)/scf
lb(m)/gal (US)
kilogram (m)/
hour
0.036744
6.1240 x 10-4
0.026455
lb(m)/min
lb(m)/s
ton (short)/day
kilogram (m)/
second
7936.6
132.28
95.240
lb(m)/h
lb(m)/min
ton(short)/day
kilogram (m)/
second, square
meter
737.34
5.1204
12.289
0.20482
lb(m)/h ft2
lb(m)/h in2
lb(m)/min ft2
lb(m)/s ft2
kilopascal
0.009869
0.01
0.33488
0.29529
7500.75
1000
0.14504
7.5006
atm (std)
bar
ft H2O (60F)
in Hg
Hg (0C)
N/m2
lb(f)/in2
Torr
kilometer (km)
3280.8
0.62137
27.778
54.681
0.91134
10.936
0.53996
0.62137
ft
mi (stat)
cm/s
ft/min
ft/s
in/s
knots (int)
mi (stat)/h
-4
joules/
gram mole C
6.1794 x 10
0.23901
0.23901
2.7778 x 10-4
Btu/scf (NTP) F
Btu/lb.mol F
cal(g)/g.mol C
W.h/g.mol C
joules/
kilogram (m)
4.3021 x 10-4
2.3901 x 10-4
0.33455
Btu/lb(m)
cal(g)/g(m)
ft.lb (f)/lb(m)
-4
joules/
kilogram (m) K
2.3901 x 10
2.3901 x 10-4
Btu/lb(m) F
cal(g)/g(m) C
joules/
second
3.4144
0.23901
107
44.254
1.0197 x 104
0.0013410
10-3
1.0000
9.80665 x 105
9.80665
2.2046
Btu/h
cal(g)/s
erg/s
ft.lb(f)/min
g(f).cm/s
hp
kW
W
dyn
N
lb(f)
0.96784
0.980665
9.80665 x 105
32.841
28.959
7.3556 x 105
735.56
9.80665 x 104
14.22334
735.56
atm (std)
bar
dyn/cm2
ft H2O (60F)
in Hg (0C)
Hg (0C)
mm Hg (0C)
N/m2
lb(f)/in2
Torr
kilometer/
hours, second
27.778
0.91134
0.028325
cm/s s
ft/s s
gravity (std)
kilowatt (kW)
1.5432 x 104
35.274
32.151
2.2046
9.8421 x 10-4
0.0011023
gr
oz (avdp)
oz (troy)
lb(m)
ton (long)
ton (short)
3414.4
239.01
1010
4.4254 x 104
1.0197 x 107
1.3410
103
Btu/h
cal(g)/s
erg/s
ft.lb(f)/min
g(f).cm/s
hp
J/s
kilowatt-hours
(kW.h)
3414.4
8.6042 x 105
3.6000 x 1013
2.6552 x 106
3.6710 x 1010
1.3410
Btu
cal(g)
erg
ft.lb(f)
g(f).cm
hp.h
kilograms (f)
kilograms (f)/
square
centimeter
kilograms (m)
40
kilometer/
hour
41
CONVERSION FACTORS
Multiply
To Obtain
Multiply
By
To Obtain
kilowatt-hours (kW.h) 3.6x106

(cont)
3.5529 x 104
J
L.atm
liters (STP)/
second (cont)
3.6000
0.044616
0.35410
m3 (STP)/h
g.mol/s
lb.mol/h
kilowatt-hours/
1000 cubic
meters (STP)
0.089749
34.713
19.285
0.035249
80.689
0.022414
Btu/scf (NTP)
Btu/lb.mol
cal(g)/g.mol
hp.h/1000 scf (NTP)
J/g.mol
W.h/g.mol
meters
1010
3.2808
39.370
106
6.2137 x 10-4
3.9370 x 104
ft
in
mi (stat)
mi
knots
(international)
51.444
101.27
1.6878
1.8520
1.1508
cm/s
ft/min
ft/s
km/h
mi (stat)/h
meters/
second
196.85
1.9438
2.2369
ft/min
knots (int)
mi (stat)/h
literatmospheres
0.096102
24.217
1.01325 x 109
74.733
1.0332 x 106
3.7744 x 10-5
101.325
2.8146 x 10-5
Btu
cal(g)
erg
ft.lb(f)
g(f).cm
hp.h
J
kW.h
meters/
second, second
3.2808
0.10197
3.6000
ft/s s
gravity (std)
km/h s
microns
104
10-4
3.2808 x 10-6
3.9370 x 10-5
10-6
0.039370
cm
ft
in
m
mi
liters (L)
103
0.035315
61.024
10-3
0.26417
cm3
scf
in3
m3
gal (US)
microns of
mercury (0C)
liters/
second
103
3051.2
127.13
10-3
951.02
15.850
cm3/s
scf/day
scf/h
m3/s
gal (US)/h
gal (US)/min
1.3158 x 10-6
1.3332 x 10-6
1.3332
4.4647 x 10-5
3.9370 x 10-5
1.3595 x 10-6
1.3332 x 10-4
10-3
0.13332
1.9337 x 10-5
10-3
atm (std)
bar
dyn/cm2
ft H2O (60F)
in Hg (0C)
kg(f)/cm2
kPa
mm Hg (0C)
N/m2
lb(f)/in2
Torr
liters (STP)
103
0.038044
0.037326
10-3
0.044616
9.8361 x 10-5
cm3 (STP)
scf (NTP)
scf (60F, 14.696 psia)
m3 (STP)
g.mol
lb.mol
miles
(statute)
5280.0
6.3360 x 104
1.6093
ft
in
km
miles
(statute)/hour
103
136.96
2.2826
134.37
cm3 (STP)/s
scf (NTP)/h
scf (NTP)/min
scf (60F, 14.696 psia)/h
44.704
88.000
1.4667
17.600
1.6093
0.86898
0.44704
cm/s
ft/min
ft/s
in/s
km/h
knots (int)
m/s
liters (STP)/
second
42
By
43
CONVERSION FACTORS
Multiply
By
To Obtain
miles
(statute)/
hour, second
44.704
1.4667
0.045585
1.6093
cm/s s
ft/s s
gravity (std)
km/h s
millimeters of
mercury (0C)
0.0013158
0.0013332
1333.2
0.044647
0.039370
0.0013595
103
133.32
0.019337
1.0000
atm (std)
bar
dyn/cm2
ft H2O (60F)
in Hg (0C)
kg(f)/cm2
Hg (0C)
N/m2
lb(f)/in2
Torr
millimeters of
mercury (0C)/
inch
0.051803
0.53577
5248.9
0.23204
atm (std)/m
ft H2O (60F)/ft
N/m2
lb(f)/in2 ft
mils
2.5400 x 105
0.0025400
8.3333 x 10-5
10-3
25.400
cm
ft
in
newtons
105
101.97
0.10197
0.22481
dyn
g(f)
kg(f)
lb(f)
newtons/
meter
103
101.97
0.068522
dyn/cm
g(f)/m
lb(f)/ft
9.8692 x 10-6
10-5
10.0
3.3488 x 10-4
2.9530 x 10-4
1.0197 x 10-5
0.001
7.5006
0.0075006
1.4504 x 10-4
0.0075006
atm (std)
bar
dyn/cm2
ft H2O (60F)
in Hg (0C)
kg(f)/cm2
kPa
Hg (0C)
mm Hg (0C)
lb(f)/in2
Torr
newtons/
square meter
44
Multiply
To Obtain
By
-6
newtons/
square meter, meter
9.8692 x 10
1.0207 x 10-4
1.9052 x 10-4
4.4208 x 10-5
atm (std)/m
ft H2O (60F)/ft
mm Hg (0C)/in
lb(f)/in2 ft
newton-seconds/
square meter
103
0.010197
10.0
5.8015 x 10-6
2419.1
centipoises
g(f).s/cm2
g(m)/s cm
lb(f).h/ft2
lb(m)/h ft
ounces
(avoirdupois)
437.50
28.350
0.91146
0.062500
gr
g(m)
oz (troy)
lb(m)
ounces
(troy)
480.00
31.103
1.0971
0.068571
gr
g(m)
oz (avdp)
lb(m)
pound moles
1.0167 x 107
386.78
379.48
10.167
453.59
1.0167 x 104
cm3 (STP)
scf (NTP)
scf (60F, 14.696 psia)
m3 (STP)
g.mol
L (STP)
pound moles/
hour
2824.1
386.78
6.4463
379.48
10.167
0.12600
2.8241
cm3 (STP)/s
scf (NTP)/h
scf (NTP)/min
scf (60F, 14.696 psia)/h
m3 (STP)/h
g.mol/s
L (STP)/s
pounds (f)
4.4482 x 105
453.59
4.4482
dyn
g(f)
N
pounds(f)hours/
square foot
1.7237 x 108
1757.7
1.7237 x 106
1.7237 x 105
4.1698 x 108
centipoises
g(f).s/cm2
g(m)/s cm
N.s/m2
lb(m)/h ft
pounds (f)/
foot
1.4594 x 104
1488.2
14.594
dyn/cm
g(f)/m
N/m
45
CONVERSION FACTORS
Multiply
By
To Obtain
pounds (f)/
square inch
0.068046
0.068948
6.8948 x 104
2.3089
2.0360
0.070307
6.8948
5.1715 x 104
51.715
6894.8
51.715
atm (std)
bar
dyn/cm2
ft H2O (60F)
in Hg (0C)
kg(f)/cm2
kPa
Hg (0C)
mm Hg (0C)
N/m2
Torr
pounds (f)/
square inch,
foot
0.22325
2.3089
2.2621 x 104
4.3096
atm (std)/m
ft H2O (60F)/ft
N/m2 m
mm Hg (0C)/in
pounds (m)
(avoirdupois)
7000.0
453.59
16.000
14.583
4.4643 x 10-4
5.0000 x 10-4
gr
g(m)
oz (avdp)
oz (troy)
ton (long)
ton (short)
pounds (m)/
cubic foot
935.76
0.016018
16.018
5.7870 x 10-4
0.13368
gr/gal (US)
g(m)/cm3
g(m)/L
lb(m)/in3
lb(m)/gal (US)
pounds (m)/
cubic inch
27.680
1728.0
231.00
g(m)/cm3
lb(m)/scf
lb(m)/gal (US)
pounds (m)/
gallon (US)
7000.0
0.11983
119.83
7.4805
0.0043290
gr/gal (US)
g(m)/cm3
g(m)/L
lb(m)/scf
lb(m)/in3
pounds (m)/
hour
0.12600
0.45359
0.012000
g(m)/s
kg(m)/h
ton (short)/day
pounds (m)/
hour, foot
0.41338
4.2153 x 10-6
0.0041338
4.1338 x 10-4
2.3982 x 10-9
centipoises
g(f).s/cm2
g(m)/s cm
N.s/m2
lb(f).h/ft2
46
Multiply
To Obtain
By
pounds (m)/
hr, sq foot
1.3562 x 10
0.0069444
g(m)/s cm2
lb(m)/h in2
pounds (m)/
hour, square
inch
0.019530
2.4000
0.040000
g(m)/s cm2
lb(m)/min ft2
lb(m)/s ft2
pounds (m)/
minute
7.5599
27.216
0.72000
g(m)/s
kg(m)/h
ton (short)/day
pounds (m)/
minute, sq ft
0.081374
0.41667
kg(m)/s m2
lb(m)/h in2
pounds (m)/second
1632.9
43.200
kg(m)/h
ton (short)/day
pounds (m)/
second, sq ft
0.48824
25.000
g(m)/s cm2
lb(m)/h in2
square
centimeters (cm2)
0.0010764
0.15500
ft2
in2
square feet (ft2)
2.2957 x 10-5
929.03
144.00
9.2903 x 10-8
3.5870 x 10-8
acre
cm2
in2
km2
mi2 (stat)
square inches (in2)
6.4516
0.0069444
cm2
ft2
square kilometers
(km2)
247.11
1.0764 x 107
0.38610
acre
ft2
mi2 (stat)
square meters (m2)
2.4711 x 10-4
104
10.764
1550.0
10-6
3.8610 x 10-7
acre
cm2
ft2
in2
km2
mi2 (stat)
square miles
(statute)
640.00
2.78784 x 107
2.5900 x 106
acre
ft2
m2
tons (long)
1016.0
2240.0
kg(m)
lb(m)
-4
47
CONVERSION FACTORS
Multiply
By
To Obtain
Multiply
By
To Obtain
tons (long) (cont)
1.1200
ton (short)
watts (W) (cont)
0.0013410
1.0000
hp
J/s
tons (short)
907.18
2000.0
0.89286
kg(m)
lb(m)
ton (long)
watts/centimeter, C
tons (short)/
day
10.500
37.799
83.333
1.3889
0.023148
g(m)/s
kg(m)/h
lb(m)/h
lb(m)/min
lb(m)/s
57.818
0.23901
107
Btu/h ft F
cal(g)/s cm C
erg/s cm C
watts/meter, K
0.57818
0.0023901
105
Btu/h ft F
cal(g)/s cm C
erg/s cm C
Torr
0.0013158
0.0013332
1333.2
0.044647
0.039370
0.0013595
0.1332
103
1.0000
133.32
0.019337
atm (std)
bar
dyn/cm2
ft H2O (60F)
in Hg (0C)
kg(f)/cm2
kPa
Hg (0C)
mm Hg (0C)
N/m2
lb(f)/in2
watts/square
meter
0.31721
2.3901 x 10-5
1.2459 x 10-4
Btu/h ft2
cal(g)/s cm2
hp/ft2
watts/square
meter, K
0.17623
2.3901 x 10-5
6.9214 x 10-5
Btu/h ft2 F
cal(g)/s cm2 C
hp/ft2 F
watt-hours (W.h)
3.4144
860.42
3.6000 x 1010
2655.2
3.6710 x 107
0.0013410
3600.0
35.529
Btu
cal(g)
erg
ft.lb(f)
g(f).cm
hp.h
J
L.atm
watt-hours/
gram mole
4.0042
1548.8
860.42
1.5727
3600.0
44.616
Btu/scf (NTP)
Btu/lb mol
cal(g)/g.mol
hph/1000 scf (NTP)
J/g.mol
kW.h/1000 m3 (STP)
watt-hours/
gram mole, 0C
2.2246
860.42
860.42
3600.0
Btu/scf (NTP) F
Btu/lb mol F
cal(g)/g.mol C
J/g.mol C
watts (W)
3.4144
0.23901
107
44.254
1.0197 x 104
Btu/h
cal(g)/s
erg/s
ft.lb(f)/min
g(f).cm/s
48
49
MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
SI UNIT MULTIPLICATION FACTORS

Multiplication Factors
Prefix
SI Symbol
Avogadros Number (chem.)

Gas-Law Constant R.
Multiple and Submultiple Units

1 000 000 000 000
1 000 000 000
1 000 000
1 000
100
10
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.000 001
0.000 000 001
0.000 000 000 001
0.000 000 000 000 001
0.000 000 000 000 000 001
50
Numerical Constant
= 10
= 109
= 106
= 103
= 102
= 101
= 10-1
= 10-2
= 10-3
= 10-6
= 10-9
= 10-12
= 10-15
= 10-18
12
tera
giga
mega
kilo
hecto
deka
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico
femto
atto
T
G
M
k
h
da
d
c
m
n
p
f
a
Standard volume of
ideal gas
Value
Units
6.0220 x 1023
1.987
1.987
82.06
0.082056
10.731
0.7302
atm/g.mol
cal/g.mol K
Btu/lb.mol R
cm3.atm/g.mol K
L.atm/g.mol K
scf.lb/in2 lb.mol R
scf.atm/lb.mol R
22.414
L/g.mol
51
52
-250.93
-250
-254.56
-245.37
-243.15
-240
-239.82
-234.44
-203.15
-201.11
-200.93
-200
-195.56
-195.37
-193.15
-190
-189.82
-184.44
-184.26
-183.15
18
19.67
20
23.67
29.67
30
36
39.67
40
41.67
49.67
50
54
59.67
60
69.67
70
72
77.67
79.67
80
89.67
90
95.67
99.67
100
108
109.67
110
113.67
119.67
120
126
129.67
130
131.67
139.67
140
144
149.67
140
159.67
160
162
-441.67
-440
-439.67
-436
-430
-429.67
-423.67
-420
-419.67
-418
-410
-409.67
-405.67
-400
-399.67
-390
-389.67
-387.67
-382
-380
-379.67
-370
-369.67
-364
-360
-359.67
-351.67
-350
-349.67
-346
-340
-329.67
-333.67
-330
-329.67
-328
-320
-319.67
-315.67
-310
-309.67
-300
-299.67
-297.67
-212.04
-210
-206.67
-206.48
-217.78
-217.59
-213.15
-212.22
-228.71
-223.33
-223.15
-220
-234.26
-233.15
-230
-228.89
-256.67
-256.48
-253.15
-251.11
-263.15
-262.22
-262.04
-260
-273.15
-270
-267.78
-267.59
0
5.67
9.67
10
-459.67
-454
-450
-449.67
-169.67
-166
-160
-159.67
-153.67
-150
-149.67
-148
-140
-139.67
-135.67
-130
77.59
77.78
80
83.15
83.33
88.71
88.89
90
-180
-179.67
-171.67
-170
-199.67
-190
-189.67
-184
-209.67
-207.67
-202
-200
-225.67
-220
-219.67
-210
-239.67
-238
-230
-229.67
-250
-249.67
-243.67
-240
-261.67
-260
-259.67
-256
-279.67
-274
-270
-269.67
-292
-290
-289.67
-280
319.67
320
324
329.67
306
309.67
310
311.67
290
293.67
299.67
300
279.67
280
288
289.67
260
269.67
270
275.67
250
252
257.67
259.67
234
239.67
240
249.67
220
221.67
229.67
230
209.67
210
216
219.67
198
199.67
200
203.67
180
185.67
189.67
190
167.67
169.67
170
179.67
R = F + 459.67
70
72.04
72.22
73.15
61.11
63.15
66.48
66.67
55.37
55.56
60
60.93
44.44
49.82
50
53.15
38.89
40
43.15
44.26
30
33.15
33.33
38.71
22.22
23.15
27.59
27.78
16.48
16.67
20
22.04
10
10.93
11.11
13.15
0
3.15
5.37
5.56
C=5/9 (F - 32)
F=9/5 C + 32
TEMPERATURE CONVERSION TABLE
-95.96
-95.37
-93.15
-90
-103.15
-101.11
-100.93
-100
-112.04
-110
-106.67
-106.48
-117.78
-117.59
-113.15
-112.22
-128.71
-123.33
-123.15
-120
-134.26
-133.15
-130
-128.89
-143.15
-140
-139.82
-134.44
26.33
30
30.33
32
0
0.33
8.33
10
161.11
163.15
166.48
166.67
177.59
177.78
180
183.15
-19.67
-10
-9.67
-4
155.37
155.56
160
160.93
10.33
14
20
20.33
-29.67
-27.67
-22
-20
144.44
149.82
150
153.15
170
172.04
172.22
173.15
-45.67
-40
-39.67
-30
-59.67
-58
-50
-49.67
138.89
140
143.15
144.26
130
133.15
133.33
138.71
-70
-69.67
-63.67
-60
486
489.67
490
491.67
470
473.67
479.67
480
459.67
460
468
469.67
440
449.67
450
455.67
430
432
437.67
439.67
414
419.67
420
429.67
400
401.67
409.67
410
-3.15
-1.11
-0.93
0
-12.04
-10
-6.67
-6.48
-17.78
-17.59
-13.15
-12.22
-28.71
-23.33
-23.15
-20
-34.26
-33.15
-30
-28.89
-43.15
-40
-39.82
-34.44
-50.93
-60
-45.56
-45.37
-56.67
-56.48
-53.15
-51.11
389.67
390
396
399.67
122.22
123.15
127.59
127.78
-150.93
-150
-145.56
-145.37
-63.15
-62.22
-62.04
-60
-81.67
-80
-79.67
-76
116.48
116.67
120
122.04
-156.67
-156.48
-153.15
-151.11
270
272.04
272.22
273.15
261.11
263.15
266.48
266.67
255.37
255.56
260
260.93
244.44
249.82
250
253.15
238.89
240
243.15
244.26
230
233.15
233.33
238.71
222.22
223.15
227.59
227.78
216.48
216.67
220
222.04
210
210.93
211.11
213.15
200
203.15
205.37
205.56
193.15
194.26
194.44
199.82
-80
-78.89
-78.71
-73.33
-73.15
-70
-67.78
-67.59
183.33
188.71
188.89
190
-89.92
-84.44
-84.26
-83.15
378
379.67
380
383.67
360
365.67
369.67
370
-99.67
-94
-90
-89.67
110
110.93
111.11
113.15
-163.15
-162.22
-162.04
-160
330
339.67
340
342
347.67
349.67
350
359.67
100
103.15
105.57
105.56
-173.15
-170
-167.78
-167.59
-129.67
-120
-119.67
-117.67
-112
-110
-109.67
-100
93.15
94.26
94.44
99.82
-180
-178.89
-178.71
-173.33
K=C + 273.15
53
DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS
Fractional Inches
Decimal Inches
Millimeters
Fractional Inches
Decimal Inches
Millimeters
1/64
1/32
3/64
0.015625
0.031250
0.046875
0.39687
0.79375
1.19061
17/32
35/64
9/16
0.531250
0.546875
0.562500
13.49375
13.89063
14.28750
1/16
5/64
3/32
0.062500
0.078125
0.093750
1.58750
1.98437
2.38125
37/64
19/32
39/64
0.578125
0.593750
0.609375
14.68437
15.08125
15.47813
7/64
1/8
9/64
0.109375
0.125000
0.140625
2.77813
3.17500
3.57187
5/8
41/64
21/32
0.625000
0.640625
0.656250
15.87500
16.27187
16.66875
5/32
11/64
3/16
0.156250
0.171875
0.187500
3.96875
4.36563
4.76250
43/64
11/16
45/64
0.671875
0.687500
0.703125
17.06563
17.46250
17.85937
13/64
7/32
15/64
0.203125
0.218750
0.234375
5.15937
5.55625
5.95313
23/32
47/64
3/4
0.718750
0.734375
0.750000
18.25625
18.65313
19.05000
1/4
17/64
9/32
0.250000
0.265625
0.281250
6.35000
6.74687
7.14375
49/64
25/32
51/64
0.765625
0.781250
0.796875
19.44687
19.84375
20.24063
19/64
5/16
21/64
0.296875
0.312500
0.328125
7.54063
7.93750
8.33437
13/16
53/64
27/32
0.812500
0.828125
0.843750
20.63750
21.03437
21.43125
11/32
23/64
3/8
0.343750
0.359375
0.375000
8.73125
9.12813
9.52500
55/64
7/8
57/64
0.859375
0.875000
0.890625
21.82813
22.22500
22.62187
25/64
13/32
27/64
0.390625
0.406250
0.421875
9.92187
10.31875
10.71563
29/32
59/64
15/16
0.906250
0.921875
0.937500
23.01875
23.41563
23.81250
7/16
29/64
15/32
0.437500
0.453125
0.468750
11.11250
11.50938
11.90625
61/64
31/32
63/64
1
0.953125
0.968750
0.984375
1.000000
24.20937
24.60625
25.00313
25.40000
31/64
1/2
33/64
0.484375
0.500000
0.515625
12.30313
12.70000
13.09687
54
55
METRIC EQUIVALENTS
Length
Equivalent
Volume
Equivalent
1 inch (in)
1 cubic inch (in3)

1 cubic foot (scf)
16.387064 cubic centimeters or millimeters

1728 cubic inches
28.316846 592 cubic decimeters or liters
7.48052 US liquid gallons
6.22884 UK liquid gallons
27 cubic feet
29.5735 cubic centimeters or milliliters
28.4130625 cubic centimeters or milliliters
3.785411784 cubic decimeters or liters
4.54609 cubic decimeters or liters
1 kilometer (km)
0.083 foot
25.4 millimeters
12 inches
304.8 millimeters
3 feet
0.9144 meter
5280 feet
1.609344 kilometers
0.393701 inch
0.0328084 foot
39.3701 inches
3.28084 feet
1.09361 yards
0.621371 statute mile
Area
Equivalent
1 cubic decimeter (dm3)

or liter (L)
1 square inch (in2)

1 square foot (ft2)
6.4516 square centimeters

144 square inches
0.09290304 square meter
9 square feet
0.83612736 square meter
0.40468564224 hectare
0.155000 square inch
0.00107639 square foot
10.7639 square feet
1.19599 square yards
2.47105 acres
247.105 acres
0.386102 square mile
Density
1 foot (ft)
1 yard (yd)
1 statute mile (mi)
1 centimeter (cm)
1 meter (m)
1 square yard (yd2)

1 acre
1 square centimeter (cm2)
1 square meter (m2)
1 hectare (ha)
1 square kilometer (km2)
Weight
Equivalent
1 ounce (oz)
1 pound (lb)
1 US short ton
1 UK long ton
28.349523152 grams
0.45359237 kilogram
0.90718474 megagram or tonnes or metric ton
1.0160469088 megagrams or tonne or
metric ton
0.0352740 ounce
35.2740 ounces
2.20462 pounds
1 gram (g)
1 kilogram (kg)
1 megagram (Mg)
or tonne (t)
or metric ton
56
1 cubic yard (yd3)

1 US liquid ounce (US liq oz)
1 UK fluid ounce (UK fl oz)
1 US liquid gallon (US liq gal)
1 UK gallon
1 cubic centimeter (cm3)
or milliliter (mL)
1 ounce per US liquid

gallon (oz/US liq gal)
1 ounce per UK gallon
(oz/UK gal)
1 pound per cubic foot (lb/scf)
1 kilogram per cubic meter
(kg/m3) or gram per liter (g/L)
1 cubic foot of water

1 cubic inch of water
pounds per US liquid gallon
at 20C
pounds per US liquid gallon
0.0610237 cubic inch

0.033814 0 US liquid ounces
0.035195 1 UK fluid ounce
61.0237 cubic inches
33.8140 US liquid ounces
35.1951 UK fluid ounces
0.264172 US liquid gallon
0.219969 UK gallon
0.0353147 cubic foot
Equivalent
7.48915 kilograms
per cubic meter
6.23602 kilograms per cubic meter
16.0185 kilograms per cubic meter
0.133526 ounces per US liquid gallon
0.160359 ounces per UK gallon
0.0624280 pound per cubic foot
62.37 pounds at 60F (15.56C)
0.036 pound at 60F (15.56C)
specific gravity x 8.3216
0.119826 gram per millimeter
1.10231 US short tons

0.984207 UK long ton
57
METRIC EQUIVALENTS
Pressure
Equivalent
Power
1 atmosphere (atm)
760 millimeters of mercury (Torr)

29.92126 inches of mercury
14.69595 pounds-force per square inch
1.013247 bar
1.013247 dynes per square centimeter
101.3247 kilopascals or kilonewtons per
square meter
1 foot pound-force per second

(ft lbf/s)
1 UK horsepower (hp)
1 mechanical horsepower
6.89476 kilopascals or kilonewtons per

square meter
1 kilowatt (kW)
1 pound-force per square

inch (lb(f)/in2)
1 kilopascal (kPa) or 1 kilonewton

per square meter (kN/m2)
0.145038 pound-force per square inch
Temperature
Equivalent
degrees Fahrenheit (F)

degrees Celsius (C)
degrees Celsius (C)
Kelvin (K)
(C x 1.8) + 32
(F - 32) x 0.556
K - 273.15
C + 273.15
Energy
Equivalent
1 foot pound-force (ft lbf)

1 kilogram-force meter (kgfm)
1 British thermal unit (Btu)
1 watt hour (W.h)
1 UK horsepower hour (hph)
1 joule (J)
1 kilojoule (kJ)
1 kilojoule (kJ)
1 kilowatt hour (kW.h)
1.35582 joules
9.80665 joules
1.05506 kilojoules
3.6 kilojoules
0.745700 kilowatt hour
0.737562 foot pound-force
0.947817 British thermal unit
0.277778 watt hour
1.34102 UK horsepower hours
Viscosity
Equivalent
1 centipoise (cP)
100 centipoises (cP)
1 pascal second (Pa.s)
100 centistokes (cSt)
centipoises (cP)
1 millipascal second
1 dyne second per square centimeter
1 newton second per square meter
1 square centimeter per second
centistokes x density in grams per millimeter
58
1 electrical horsepower
1 boiler horsepower
1 metric horsepower
Equivalent
1.35582 watts
745.700 watts
550 foot pounds-force per second
745.699 watts
746.000 watts
9809.500 watts
735.499 watts
0.986320 UK horsepower
1.34102 UK horsepower
1.35962 metric horsepower
59
TERMS & DEFINITIONS

Absolute Zero A hypothetical temperature characterized by complete absence
of heat and equivalent to -459.69 F or -273.16 C.
Flammable Range The range over which a gas at normal temperature

(NTP) forms a flammable mixture with air.
Absorption The penetration of a liquid or gas into the inner structure of a liquid.
Adsorption The adherence of gas or liquid molecules to the surface of

another substance, called the adsorbent. (Usually a solid.)
Fractional Distillation The process of separating the constituents of a

liquid by heating the liquid to its boiling point, removing the vapors
through a cooling and condensing apparatus, and collecting the condensed liquid in a separate receiver. This process is commonly used to
separate two or more liquids in a mixture, based on the differences in
their boiling points.
Boiling Point The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a pure liquid is
equal to the surrounding atmospheric pressure.
Fluid A substance which yields readily to any force which tends to alter its
shape. Fluids possess no shape. The term applies to both liquids and gases.
CGA Denotes the Compressed Gas Association.
Freezing Point The temperature at which a liquid and solid are in

equilibrium at a given pressure (usually one atmosphere).
Adiabatic Process A process carried out in such a way that no heat is

absorbed or evolved by the system.
Combustion, Heat of The total amount of heat evolved when a definite

quantity of a substance is completely burned (oxidized).
Critical Pressure The pressure which is just sufficient to cause the appearance
of two phases at the critical temperature. It is the vapor pressure of a liquid at
the critical temperature.
Critical Temperature The temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied
by pressure alone. At this temperature, there is no distinction between liquid and
vapor, both having the same density and constituting one homogeneous system.
Critical Volume The volume occupied by unit mass of a substance at the
critical temperature and pressure.
Cryogenic Refers to the field of low temperatures, usually -200 F or below.
Density The ratio of the weight of a substance per unit volume; e.g. mass
of a solid, liquid or gas per unit volume at a specific temperature.
Dew Point The temperature and pressure at which the liquefaction of a vapor
begins. The term is usually applied to condensation of moisture from the water
vapor in the atmosphere.
Expansion, Coefficient of The ratio of the increase in length (linear coefficient),
area (superficial), or volume (cubical) of a body for a given rise in temperature
(usually from 0 C to 1 C) to the original length, area of volume, respectively.
These three coefficients are approximately in the ratio of 1:2:3.
60
Fusion, Latent Heat of The amount of heat which must be supplied at

the melting point to a unit quantity of a solid in order to transform it into a
liquid at the same temperature (usually at standard pressure). Also called
Heat of Fusion.
Gas An aeriform flied, having neither independent shape nor volume, but
tending to expand indefinitely.
Gas Density Concentration of matter, measured by the mass of a
substance per unit volume.
Melting Point The normal melting point of a solid is the temperature at
which the solid and the liquid phases of the material are in equilibrium
under a pressure of one atmosphere. It differs from the freezing point only
for impure substances.
Liquid A form a fluid characterized by free movement of constituent
molecules among themselves, but without the tendency to separate.
Molecular Weight The sum of the atomic weights of all the constituent
atoms in the molecule of an element or compound.
Normal Boiling Point The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a
liquid reaches 760 mm of mercury.
61
TERMS & DEFINITIONS

Normal Temperature and Pressure (NTP) A gas industry reference base.
Normal temperature is 70 F. Normal pressure is 14.6960 psia.
Specific Volume Volume occupied by a unit mass of a substance at a

given temperature.
Partial Pressure (Daltons Law) In any mixture of gases, the total pressure is equal to the sum of the pressures each gas would exert were it alone
in the volume occupied by the mixture; i.e., the total pressure is equal to the
sum of partial pressures of the individual gases.
Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) An internationally accepted

reference base. Standard temperature is 0 C. Standard pressure is one
atmosphere, or 14.6960 psia.
ppm The abbreviation for parts per million, a convenient means to express
very low concentrations of a substance in a mixture, or as a low level
contaminant in a pure product.
Sublimation The process of a substance passing from the solid state to the
gaseous state directly without an intermediate liquid state.
Superconductivity Disappearance of electrical resistance in a metal at
temperatures near absolute zero.
Pressure Drop (Friction Loss) The pressure lost by fluids flowing in a

pipeline. Pressure drop is a function of mass flow, viscosity, condition of pipe
wall, fluid density and inside pipe diameter of orifice conditions. It is usually
expressed pressure drop (psi) per equivalent length (feet) of pipe.
Thermal Conductivity The quantity of heat passing in unit time through a

plate of unit area and unit thickness, with a temperature differential of one
degree between the faces of the plate.
psia The abbreviation for pounds per square inch absolute. One
atmosphere equals 14.696 psia; psia = psig + 14.696.
Triple Point The definite temperature and pressure for a pure substance at
which the three phasessolid, liquid and vaporcoexist in equilibrium as
an invariant system.
psig The abbreviation for pounds per square inch gauge. Gauge pressure
always ignores the first atmosphere absolute (14.696 psia).
Pyrophoric - The ability of a chemical to ignite spontaneously in air at or
below 130 F (54.4 C).
Rare Gas Refers to those constituents of air which comprise less than one
percent of air and are generally considered inert: argon, helium, krypton,
neon and xenon. These gases are also called noble gases.
Specific Gravity The ratio of the weight of any volume to the weight of any
equal volume of some other substance taken as the standard at stated
temperatures. The standard is usually water for solids and liquids, and air or
hydrogen for gases.
Vapor Density The weight of vapor per unit volume at any stated
temperature and pressure.
Vapor Pressure The pressure exerted by a vapor when a state of equilibrium
has been reached between a liquid, solid or solution and its vapor. When the
vapor pressure of a liquid exceeds that of the confining atmosphere, the
liquid is commonly said to be boiling.
Vaporization, Heat of The quantity of heat required to convert a unit quantity
of a liquid at a definite temperature to vapor at the same temperature.
Viscosity The resistance offered by a fluid (liquid or gas) to flow.
The viscosity is a characteristic property and is a measure of the combined
effects of adhesion and cohesion.
Specific Heat The amount of heat required to raise a unit of mass

of a substance one degree of temperature at either constant pressure or
constant volume.
62
63
64
TM-500
Configuration
Dimensions
Diameter (in)
Height (ft-in)
Weight (lb)
Tank Empty
Filled Oxygen
Filled Nitrogen
Filled Argon
Maximum Working Pressure

Liquid Container (psig)
Net Capacity
Oxygen (scf)
Nitrogen (scf)
Argon (scf)
Gross Volume (gal)
Characteristics
TL/TM-3000
TL/TM-9000
1,517
174,600
141,200
170,654
904
104,000
84,100
101,600
Vertical
Vertical
78
15-9
Vertical
78
15-9
Vertical
60
15-6
78
15-9
8,940
23,400
19,200
26,700
125
1,523
175,300
141,800
171,300
1,615
10,300
24,800
20,600
28,000
250
1,611
956
250
TM-1500
TM-900
TL/TM-13000
TL-1500
TL-TM-11000
OXYGEN, NITROGEN, ARGON
TL/TM-6000
9,700
18,400
15,800
20,300
5,400
10,500
9,100
11,700
250
530
61,000
49,300
59,600
568
TM-500
TM-900
TL/TM-1500
CRYOGENIC TANK SPECIFICATIONS
15-6
STANDARD TANKAGE: RELATIVE SIZES
Vertical
96
16-0
96
16-0
11,400
40,200
31,900
46,500
83
3,016
347,100
280,700
330,100
3,133
TL-3000
Vertical
15,500
44,100
35,800
50,400
250
3,000
345,200
279,200
337,200
3,117
TM-3000
36-2
65
66
114
27-10
96
25-9
96
25-9
* high pressure
Configuration
Dimensions
Diameter (in)
Height (ft-in)
Length (ft-in)
Weight (lb)
Tank Empty
Filled Oxygen
Filled Nitrogen
Filled Argon
** includes ribs

Net Capacity
Oxygen (scf)
Nitrogen (scf)
Argon (scf)
Gross Volume (gal)
Characteristics
122
36-2
Vertical
Horizontal
129 **
11-8
29-10
50,000
174,000
138,000
201,000
250
13,000
1,496,300
1,210,400
1,462,500
13,300
TM-13000
46,000
148,900
118,900
171,600
250
10,800
1,242,900
1,005,900
1,214,800
11,350
HTM-11000
114
27-10
Vertical
26,500
111,300
86,500
130,000
65
8,900
1,024,400
826,700
1,001,300
9,180
122
36-2
Vertical
38,000
162,000
126,000
189,000
62
13,000
1,496,300
1,210,400
1,462,500
13,300
TL-13000
122
36-2
Vertical
63,600
187,600
151,600
214,600
375
13,000
1,496,300
1,210,400
1,462,500
13300
122
31-7
Vertical
47,000
152,000
121,000
175,000
250
11,040
1,266,100
1,024,200
1,237,500
11,290
TM-11000
TM-13000HP*
Vertical
37,000
121,800
97,000
140,500
250
8,900
1,024,400
826,700
1,001,300
9,180
Vertical
20,700
77,100
60,700
89,400
77
5,908
679,400
549,400
663,700
6,036
Vertical
27,800
84,000
67,600
96,300
CRYOGENIC STORAGE TANK SPECIFICATIONS
*high pressure
Configuration
Dimensions
Diameter (in)
Height (ft-in)
Weight (lb)
Tank Empty
Filled Oxygen
Filled Nitrogen
Filled Argon
250
5,889
677,700
548,100
662,000
Net Capacity
Oxygen (scf)
Nitrogen (scf)
Argon (scf)
6,022
Gross Volume (gal)
TL-9000
TM-9000
TL-6000
Characteristics
TM-6000
129 *
11-8
34-6
Horizontal
90,000
214,000
178,000
241,000
600
13,000
1,496,300
1,210,400
1,462,500
13215
HTM-13000HP*
122
31-7
Vertical
34,200
139,000
108,000
162,000
65
11,040
1,266,100
1,024,200
1,237,500
11,290
TL-11000
129 **
11-8
33-11
Horizontal
55,500
175,200
140,000
201,700
250
12,730
1,465,223
1,185,290
1,432,125
13350
HTM-13000
122
31-7
Vertical
56,500
161,500
130,500
184,500
375
11,300
1,266,100
1,024,200
1,237,500
11,290
TM-11000HP*
67
68
Vertical
96
26-3 1/4
-
Vertical
122
19-3 3/4
-
Configuration
Dimensions
Height (ft-in)
Diameter (ft-in)
Length (ft-in)
Weight (lb)
Empty
Full

Capacity (gal)
Actual (Trycock cold)
Weight (lb) Actual
Gas (scf) (NTP) Actual
Characteristics
HYDROGEN
Horizontal
9-4
8-8
39-8
9-13/8
8-0
24-3
8-2
7-3
18-1
46,400
51,610
150
8,800
5,210
999,680
TLH-9000
122
36-2
-
Vertical
86,000
210,000
174,000
237,000
600
13,000
1,496,000
1,210,000
1,462,000
13,300
TM13000-600
Horizontal
20,000
22,750
150
4,345
2,750
492,720
TLH-4500
122
36-2
-
Vertical
63,600
187,600
151,600
214,600
400
13,000
1,496,000
1,210,000
1,462,000
13,300
TM13000-400
Horizontal
8,500
9,400
150
1,510
900
171,200
122
26-10 1/4
Vertical
50,100
136,000
110,700
154,800
400
9,000
1,034,000
837,900
1,012,000
9,300
TM9000-400
HIGH-PRESSURE OXYGEN, NITROGEN, ARGON
TLH-1500
46,500
102,300
86,000
114,700
33,800
89,100
72,800
101,500
Configuration
Dimensions
Diameter (in)
Height (ft-in)
Length (ft-in)
Weight (lb)
Tank Empty
Filled Oxygen
Filled Nitrogen
Filled Argon
600
5,860
675,000
544,300
659,100
5,880
676,500
547,490
661,210
Net Capacity
Oxygen (scf)
Nitrogen (scf)
Argon (scf)
400
6,000
6,000
Gross Volume (gal)

TM6000-600
TM6000-400
Characteristics
9-4
8-8
39-8
Horizontal
54,300
59,510
250
8,800
5,210
999,680
TMH-9000
122
34-6 1/4
Horizontal
90,000
211,900
176,400
239,000
600
13,000
1,471,200
1,191,400
1,440,900
13,215
HTM13000-600
69
70
Configuration
Dimensions
Diameter (ft-in)
Height (ft-in)
Length (ft-in)
Weight (lb)
Tank Empty
Filled

Net Capacity (gal)

(scf)
Vertical
8-0
22-2 1/16
-
6-0
7-1
18-1
21,860
24,517
150
4,498
510,164
Horizontal
8,425
9,357
150
1,578
178,961
HCSH 1500
VCSH 4500
HCSH 4500
8-0
9-3
23-5
Horizontal
20,892
23,550
150
4501
510,500
10-0
41-6 9/16
-
Vertical
58,410
67,071
150
14,664
1,663,044
VCSH 15000
11-0
12-2
43-5
Horizontal
67,090
77,721
150
18,000
2,041,380
HCSH 18000
11-4
10-8
44-3
11-4
10-8
44-3
11-4
10-8
44-3
Characteristics
Horizontal
Horizontal
Horizontal
HYDROGEN
76,800
86,950
89,500
99,650
Configuration
Dimensions
Height (ft-in)
Diameter (ft -in)
Length Overall (ft-in)
Weight (lb)
Empty
Full
69,800
79,950
150
250
75
Working Pressure (psig)
17,150
10,150
1,948,240
17,150
10,150
1,948,240
17,150
10,150
1,948,240
TLH-18150
Capacity (gal)
Actual (Trycock cold)
Weight (lb) Actual
Gas (scf) (NTP) Actual
TMH-18000
TLH-18000
HYDROGEN
Characteristics
71
72
49
Dimensions
Diameter (in)
Height (ft-in)
Weight
Empty (lb)
Filled (lb)
Maximum Working
Pressure (psig)
Capacity (ton)
Characteristics
64
15-0
12,000
24,000
350
6 Ton
68
22-0
18,000
42,000
350
12
12 Ton
Aluminum Skinned, Foam Insulated Tanks Horizontal
50-54 Ton
30-34 Ton
24-26 Ton
12-14 Ton
6 Ton
15
88
15-3
10,400
38,400
90
31-0
25,000
52,000
350
26
14
350
26 Ton
94
32-0
27,500
95,500
360
34
34 Ton
CARBON DIOXIDE
94
48-5
43,000
151,000
360
54
54 Ton
CARBON DIOXIDE BULK STORAGE
14 Ton
Aluminum Skinned, Foam Insulated Tanks Horizontal
STANDARD TANKAGE
14 Ton
96
20-4
15,500
43,500
350
14
14 Ton
Vertical
20
Vertical
96
35-10
30,000
90,000
350
30
30 Ton
30 Ton
114
39-6
40,000
140,000
350
50
50 Ton
50 Ton
40
73
74
11,500
23,300
78
15-10
Weight
Empty (lb)
Filled (lb)
Dimensions
Outside Diameter (in)
Overall Height (ft-in)
Intermittent
Intermittent/Continuous
Atmospheric
Standard
LWS
Powered:
Forced-Air *
Steam **
Electric **
Waste-Heat
Hybrid
-40F
350
98,000
49.0
VJ-50
None to Low
Low
Low to High
Medium
Determined by waste heat

availability
25,000 to 200,000
114
38-7
62,100
160,100
Low
Medium to High
High
None
None
Energy Costs
114
28-6
47,300
115,900
Low to Medium
Low
Low
Medium
Medium to High
Space Requirements
96
31-3
39,100
90,100
-40F
350
68,600
34.3
VJ-35
10,000 to 100,000
25,000 to 1 million or greater
25,000 to 1 million or greater
0 to 2,000
2,000 to 100,000
Typical Capacity (scfh)
96
19-5
27,800
55,800
-40F
-40F
51,000
28,000
350
25.5
14.0
350
VJ-26
VJ-14
CARBON DIOXIDE
* Recommended for Zones warm and warmest only (see map). When tempera- ** Approximate energy requirements: Oxygen, Nitrogen and Argon Steam 15 lb per
tures are below freezing for extended periods, no defrosting is possible and
hour per 1000 scfh; Electric 5 kW.h per 1000 scfh.
the vaporizer can become clogged with ice. As a result, these vaporizers are not
Hydrogen Steam 10 lb per hour per 1000 scfh; Electric 3 kW.h per 1000 scfh.
recommended for continuous or extended intermittent applications in relatively
cold climates.
Usage
Type
VAPORIZER TYPES AND PERFORMANCE COMPARISONS
-40F
Design Temperature
11,800
Capacity (lb)
350
5.9
Capacity (ton)
Maximum Working
Pressure (psig)
VJ-6
Characteristics
Vacuum Jacketed Tanks Vertical
75
ON-SITE STORAGE SYSTEM MICROBULK SOLUTIONS

450L
HP
Plate
Base
450L
VHP
Plate
Base
700L
HP
Plate
Base
1000L
HP
Plate
Base
1000L
VHP
Plate
Base
1500L
HP
Pallet
Base
1500L
VHP
Pallet
Base
2000L
HP
Pallet
Base
2000L
VHP
Pallet
Base
3000L
HP
Pallet
Base
3000VHP
VHP
Pallet
Base
450
420
450
420
688
645
1,056
950
1,056
950
1,550
1,455
1,550
1,455
2,042
1,945
2,042
1,945
2,911
2,707
2,911
2,707
CAPACITY (Gallons)
Gross
Net
118.9
111.0
118.9
111.0
181.8
170.4
279.0
251.0
279.0
251.0
409.5
384.4
409.5
384.4
539.5
513.9
539.5
513.9
770
715
770
715
MAWP
Gross
Net
350
24.1
500
34.5
350
24.1
350
24.1
500
34.5
350
24.1
500
34.5
350
24.1
500
34.4
350
24.1
500
34.5
MAXIMUM PRE-SET OPERATING PRESSURE

300
450
Gross
20.7
31.0
Net
300
20.7
300
20.7
450
31.0
300
20.7
450
31.0
300
20.7
450
31.0
300
20.7
450
31
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
ASME
ASME
ASME
ASME
ASME
ASME
ASME
ASME
ASME
ASME
ASME
CAPACITY (Liters)
Gross
Net
STORAGE CAPACITY (1)

Nitrogen
SCF
Nm3
10,332
272
10,332
272
15,860
449
24,350
689
24,350
689
35,790
1,013
35,790
1,013
47,847
1,257
47,847
1,257
66,592
1,750
66,592
1,750
Oxygen
SCF
Nm3
12,760
336
12,760
336
19,600
554
30,070
850
30,070
850
44,220
1,250
44,220
1,250
59,089
1,553
59,089
1,553
82,239
2,161
82,239
2,161
Argon
SCF
Nm3
12,478
328
12,478
328
19,160
542
29,400
832
29,400
832
43,220
1,223
43,220
1,223
57,786
1,519
57,786
1,519
80,425
2,115
80,245
2,115
CO2
SCF
Nm3
8,200
232
8,200
232
12,608
357
19,960
564
19,960
564
29,340
830
29,340
830
38,048
1,000
38,048
1,000
52,954
1,390
52,954
1,390
76
77
ON-SITE STORAGE SYSTEM MICROBULK SOLUTIONS (Continued)
450L
HP
Plate
Base
450L
VHP
Plate
Base
700L
HP
Plate
Base
1000L
HP
Plate
Base
1000L
VHP
Plate
Base
1500L
HP
Pallet
Base
1500L
VHP
Pallet
Base
2000L
HP
Pallet
Base
2000L
VHP
Pallet
Base
3000L
HP
Pallet
Base
3000L
VHP
Pallet
Base
THERMAL PERFORMANCE (2) (NER%/DAY)

N2
1.6%
1.6%
O2-AR
1%
1%
CO2
.5%
.5%
1%
.62%
.3%
1%
.62%
.3%
1%
.62%
.3%
1%
.62%
.3%
1%
.62%
.3%
1%
.62%
.3%
1%
.62%
.3%
1%
.62%
.3%
1%
.62%
.3%
GAS DELIVERY RATE (LIN/LAR/LOX)

SCF/H
575
575
Nm3h)
15.1
15.1
660
18.6
960
25.2
960
25.2
1,350
35.4
1,350
35.4
1,350
35.4
2,000(3)
52.4
1350
35.4
2000
52.4
GAS DELIVERY RATE (CO2)

192
5.4
192
5.4
220
6.2
320
9.0
320
9.0
450
12.7
450
12.7
450
12.7
667
17.5
450
12.7
450
12.7
Diameter
in
mm
30
762
30
762
42
1,067
42
1,067
42
1,067
48
1,219
48
1,219
48
1,219
48
1,219
59
1,499
59
1,499
Diameter
in
mm
68
1,727
68
1,727
60
1,524
81
2,058
81
2,058
91
2,311
91
2,311
117
2,970
117
2,970
122
3,099
122.5
3,112
688
312
812
368
1,065
483
1,750
794
2,250
1,020
3,080
1,395
3,350
1,518
3,860
1,751
3,860
1,751
4,500
2,045
4,500
2,045
SCF/H
Nm3h)
DIMENSIONS
Tare Weight
lbs
kg
78
79
14
5.1
14
RARE GASES CYLINDER DATA
80
Dimensions and capacities are approximate and do not include valve or product weight.
MC
13.2
7
7
10
19.5
8
22
40
#3
30
12
41
75
#4
51
6.1
189
350
Height (in)
Diameter (in)
Average Weight (lb)
Maximum Gas Capacity (scf)
39
3.9
78
145
#5
Acetylene Cylinders
Dimensions and capacities are approximate and do not include valve or product weight.
20
6.0
29
31
7.0
65
46
7.4
76
51
9.0
133
Height (in)
Diameter (in)
Average Weight (lb)
51
9.25
145
55
9.25
143
G
Q
K
High-Pressure Steel Cylinders
CYINDER SIZE CHART
4K
Product
Grade
Cylinder
Contents
(Liters)
Pressure
(psig)
Neon
Research
99.999+%
T
K
K
Q
D4
D8
ELB
ELB
7,500
5,000
2,500
1,500
300
100
50
25
2,371
1,745
845
1,545
1,931
1,675
1,486
721
Krypton
Research
99.999+%
T
T
K
Q
D4
D8
ELB
ELB
10,000
8,000
7,000
2,000
300
100
50
25
2,218
1,819
1,792
1,557
1,462
1,311
1,199
647
Xenon
Research
99.999+%
K
K
Q
D4
D4
D8
ELB
ELB
10,000
5,000
1,000
500
300
100
50
25
970
836
655
935
858
801
796
535
(Liters measured at NTP)
81
INDUSTRIAL PURE GASES
Gas
Cylinder
Style
INDUSTRIAL PURE GASES (CONT)
Content
(scf)
Approx. Full
Cylinder
Pressure @
70 F (psig)
CGA
Connection
Acetylene
#5
#4
#3
B
MC
390
145
75
40
10
250
250
250
250
250
510
510
510
520
200
Air,
Compressed
T
K
S
Q
G
R
310
232
144
78
39
19
2,640
2,200
2,200
2,200
2,200
2,200
590
590
590
590
590
590
4K
T
K
S
Q
G
R
495
335
248
154
83
42
21
4,500
2,640
2,200
2,200
2,200
2,200
2,200
680
580
580
580
580
580
580
Carbon
Dioxide
K
S
20#
10#
64 lb
39 lb
20 lb
10 lb
835
835
835
835
320
320
320
320
Helium
4K
T
K
S
Q
G
R
432
291
218
135
73
37
18
4,500
2,640
2,200
2,200
2,200
2,200
2,200
680
580
580
580
580
580
580
Hydrogen
T
K
S
Q
261
196
121
65
2,400
2,000
2,000
2,000
350
350
350
350
Argon
82
Cylinder
Style
Content
(scf)
Approx. Full
Cylinder
Pressure @
70 F (psig)
Nitrogen
4K
T
K
S
Q
G
R
430
304
228
142
76
39
19
4,500
2,640
2,200
2,200
2,200
2,200
2,200
680
580
580
580
580
580
580
Oxygen
4K
T
K
S
Q
G
R
499
337
249
154
83
42
21
4,500
2,640
2,200
2,200
2,200
2,200
2,200
701
540
540
540
540
540
540
Gas
CGA
Connection
(scf is measured at NTP)
83
INDUSTRIAL MIXTURES PRAXAIRS STARGON BLENDS
INDUSTRIAL MIXTURES PRAXAIRS STARGOLD BLENDS
Argon / Carbon Dioxide - CGA 580

Composition %
Ar
CO2
Argon / CO2 / Oxygen - CGA 580

Cylinder
Style
Volume
(scf)
Pressure
(psig)
StarGold C-5
95
T
K
338
252
2,640
2,200
StarGold C-10
90
10
T
K
348
258
2,640
2,200
StarGold C-15
85
15
T
K
357
264
2,640
2,200
StarGold C-20
80
20
T
K
368
272
2,640
2,200
StarGold C-25
75
25
T
K
381
280
2,640
2,200
StarGold C-40
60
40
T
K
219
195
1,464
1,464
StarGold C-50
50
50
T
K
157
177
1,168
1,168
Mig Mix GoldTM
>90
<10
T
K
344
255
2,640
2,200
Composition %
Ar
CO2 O2
Stargon
90
Cylinder
Style
Volume
(scf)
Pressure
(psig)
T
K
344
255
2,640
2,200
Cylinder
Style
Volume
(scf)
Pressure
(psig)
T
K
335
249
2,640
2,200
Argon / CO2 / Nitrogen - CGA 580

Composition %
Ar
CO2 N2
Stargon SS
> 90
<5
<5
Argon / Oxygen - CGA 580

Composition %
Ar
CO2
Cylinder
Style
Volume
(scf)
Pressure
(psig)
StarGold O-1
99
T
K
331
247
2,640
2,200
StarGold O-2
98
T
K
331
247
2,640
2,200
StarGold O-5
95
T
K
331
247
2,640
2,200
84
85
INDUSTRIAL MIXTURES PRAXAIRS HYDROSTAR BLENDS
INDUSTRIAL MIXTURES PRAXAIRS HELISTAR BLENDS
Argon / Hydrogen - CGA 350
Argon / Helium - CGA 580

Composition %
Ar
He
Cylinder
Style
Volume
(scf)
Pressure
(psig)
Composition %
Ar
H2
Cylinder
Style
Volume
(scf)
Pressure
(psig)
HeliStar A-25
25
75
T
K
280
212
2,640
2,200
HydroStar H-2
98
T
K
300
223
2,400
2,000
HeliStar A-50
50
50
T
K
288
217
2,640
2,200
HydroStar H-5
95
T
K
297
221
2,400
2,000
HeliStar A-75
75
25
T
K
304
228
2,640
2,200
HydroStar H-10
90
10
T
K
293
218
2,400
2,000
HydroStar H-35
65
35
T
K
276
207
2,400
2,000
Cylinder
Style
Volume
(scf)
Pressure
(psig)
T
K
333
248
2,640
2,200
Argon / Helium / CO2 - CGA 580

Composition %
CO2
Ar
He
Cylinder
Style
Volume
(scf)
Pressure
(psig)
HeliStar A1025
7.5
90
2.5
T
K
278
211
2,640
2,200
HeliStar CS
66 26.5
7.5
T
K
309
232
2,640
2,200
HeliStar SS
66.1
33
0.9
T
K
298
224
2,640
2,200
HeliStar GV
> 80
<10
<10
T
K
335
248
2,640
2,200
86
Argon / CO2 / Hydrogen - CGA 350

Composition %
Ar CO2 H2
HydroStar PBSS
> 95
< 5
<1
87
LIQUID CRYOGENIC CONTAINERS
INDUSTRIAL MIXTURES PRAXAIRS ROBOSTAR TM BLENDS
Argon / CO2 / Oxygen - CGA 580

Container Style
Composition %
O2
Ar
CO2
RoboStarTM CS
> 85
<5
< 10
Cylinder
Style
Volume
(scf)
Pressure
(psig)
T
K
349
258
2,640
2,200
Pressure (psi)
Height (in)
Diameter (in)
Average Weight (lb)
160
Liter
180
Liter
230
Liter
265
Liter
22/230
60
20
250-280
22/230
66
20
280-320
22/230/350
53
26
300-340
22/230/350
58
26
340-360
Dimensions and capacities are approximate and may vary slightly.

Argon / Helium / CO2 - CGA 580
Composition %
CO2
Ar
He
RoboStarTM SS
> 60
< 40
<1
Cylinder
Style
Volume
(scf)
Pressure
(psig)
T
K
298
224
2,640
2,200
Cryogenic Liquid
Container
Style
Volume
(scf)
Pressure
(psig)
CGA
Connection
Gas / Liquid
Argon
GP 160
GP 180
GP 230
GP 265
4,460
4,960
6,080
6,990
230
230
230
230
580 / 295
580 / 295
580 / 295
580 / 295
Nitrogen
LS 160
LS 180
LS 230
LS 240
3,930
4,580
5,610
5,840
22
22
22
22
580 / 295
580 / 295
580 / 295
580 / 295
GP 160
GP 180
GP 230
GP 265
3,690
4,110
5,030
5,780
230
230
230
230
580 / 295
580 / 295
580 / 295
580 / 295
HP 160
HP 180
HP 230
HP 265
3,470
3,870
4,740
5,450
350
350
350
350
580 / 295
580 / 295
580 / 295
580 / 295
GP 160
GP 180
GP 230
GP 265
4,580
5,110
6,250
7,190
230
230
230
230
540 / 440
540 / 440
540 / 440
540 / 440
Argon / Helium - CGA 580

Composition %
Ar
He
RoboStarTM AL
> 40
< 60
Cylinder
Style
Volume
(scf)
Pressure
(psig)
T
K
288
217
2,640
2,200
Oxygen
88
89
ELEMENTS
Element
Actinium
Aluminum
Americium
Antimony
Argon
Arsenic
Astatine
Barium
Berkelium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Californium
Carbon
Cerium
Cesium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Curium
Dysprosium
Einsteinium
Erbium
Europium
Fermium
Fluorine
Francium
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
Gold
Hafnium
Helium
Holmium
Hydrogen
Indium
Iodine
Iridium
Iron
Krypton
90
Symbol
Ac
Al
Am
Sb
Ar
As
At
Ba
Bk
Be
Bi
B
Br
Cd
Ca
Cf
C
Ce
Cs
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
Cm
Dy
Es
Er
Eu
Fm
F
Fr
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
He
Ho
H
In
l
lr
Fe
Kr
Atomic Number
89
13
95
51
18
33
85
56
97
4
83
5
35
48
20
98
6
58
55
17
24
27
29
96
66
99
68
63
100
9
87
64
31
32
79
72
2
67
1
49
53
77
26
36
91
ELEMENTS
ELEMENTS
Element
Lanthanum
Lawrencium
Lead
Lithium
Lutetium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mendelevium
Mercury
Molybdenum
Neodymium
Neon
Neptunium
Nickel
Niobium (Columbium)
Nitrogen
Nobelium
Osmium
Oxygen
Palladium
Phosphorus
Platinum
Plutonium
Polonium
Potassium
Praseodymium
Promethium
Protactinium
Radium
Radon
Rhenium
Rhodium
Rubidium
Ruthenium
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Sulfur
Tantalum
92
Symbol
La
Lr
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
Md
Hg
Mo
Nd
Ne
Np
Ni
Nb
N
No
Os
O
Pd
P
Pt
Pu
Po
K
Pr
Pm
Pa
Ra
Rn
Re
Rh
Rb
Ru
Sm
Sc
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Atomic Number
57
103
82
3
71
12
25
101
80
42
60
10
93
28
41
7
102
76
8
46
15
78
94
84
19
59
61
91
88
86
75
45
37
44
62
21
34
14
47
11
38
16
73
Element
Technetium
Tellurium
Terbium
Thallium
Thorium
Thulium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten (Wolfram)
Uranium
Vanadium
Xenon
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium
Symbol
Tc
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
U
V
Xe
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr
Atomic Number
43
52
65
81
90
69
50
22
74
92
23
54
70
39
30
40
93
Warmest
Warm
Moderate
Cold
Coldest
FOOTNOTE REFERENCE FOR PAGE 5

EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURES OF LIQUID CARBON DIOXIDE
Boiling Point *
Melting Point **
Triple Point
255.4 K
-17.4 C
460 R
0 F
194.6 K
-78.6 C
350.3 R
-109.4 F
216.6 K
-56.6 C
389.9 R
-69.8 F
Carbon Dioxide
CO2
CO2 liquid is normally stored @ 0F and 305.5 psia

* @ 0F and 305.5 psia Liquid CO2 conditions
** Sublimation point used
FOOTNOTE REFERENCE FOR PAGE 9

CRYOGENIC PROPERTIES OF LIQUID CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
94
Source:
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/recs97/zonemap.pdf
US TEMPERATURE ZONES
Density
Vapor, nbp
lb/scf
3.44*
Liquid, nbp
lb/scf
63.69*
Specific Heat Ratio, Cp/Cv,

Gas, NTP
1.28

Viscosity
Liquid nbp
Btu/lb
120.1 @ 0F
Cp
0.142*

*@ 0F and 305.5 psia
NTP (Europe) = 0C (32F) and 1 atmosphere (14.696 psia) Liquid CO2 conditions
95
PRAXAIRS SERVICE OFFERINGS
Design and installation of advanced

gas-delivery systems
Site-gas, utility and energy management
Total materials management
Safety and technical training
Process analysis
Inventory management
Pipeline leak detection, purging and
cleaning services
Mobile nitrogen and carbon dioxide
pumping services
Food testing services
Enhanced oil and gas recovery services
Productivity-enhancing programs
96
97
98
99

Data Source Book P-7475H

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MN Data Source Book Final v289 2 color fix two4scf reved 2_Data Source Book Final v17 11/9/10

Copyright 1992 1994; 1997; 2000;

Making our planet more productive

Praxair is the largest industrial gases company in North

EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE HELP HOTLINES

COMPOSITION OF DRY AIR

EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURES OF SELECTED GASES

Normal Boiling Point

* Triple point used ** Sublimation point used

Specific Heat, Cp, Gas, NTP Btu/lb F

Specific Heat Ratio,

NTP = 70F and 14.696 psia

Triple Point (tp)

Normal Boiling Point (nbp)

CRYOGENIC PROPERTIES OF GASES

NTP = 70F and 14.696 psia

Heat of Vaporization, nbp

Specific Heat Ratio, Cp/Cv, Gas, NTP

Specific Heat, Cp, Gas, NTP

Triple Point (tp)

* Freezing point used

Normal Boiling Point (nbp)

CRYOGENIC PROPERTIES OF GASES

PROPERTY EQUIVALENTS OF GASES

PROPERTY EQUIVALENTS OF GASES

PROPERTY EQUIVALENTS OF GASES

TONNAGE CONVERSION FACTORS*

1 ton Gaseous Oxygen = 24,160 scf at NTP

1 ton Gaseous Nitrogen = 27,600 scf at NTP

1 ton Gaseous Argon = 19,366 scf at NTP

1 ton Gaseous Hydrogen = 384,000 scf at NTP

*Based on a 30-day month

PERCENT FLASH OFF CONSTANT ENTHALPY

FLOW RATE CONVERSIONS

Gallons Per Minute (gpm) *

Cubic Feet Per Hour (cfh) **

* @ Normal Boiling Point

STOICHIOMETRIC REQUIREMENTS FOR COMBUSTION

Gross heat of combustion Btu/scf

High intensity Btu/in2/min

Oxygen to fuel ratio for neutral

Oxygen to fuel gas ratio for

Fraction of available heat

FUEL GAS DATA

At atmospheric pressure and room temperature, percent by volume

COMBUSTION PROPERTIES OF COMMON GASES

Courtesy of AFS CUPOLA HANDBOOK

MEAN SPECIFIC HEATS

VALUES OF THE GAS CONSTANT

MOISTURE CONVERSION DATA

cubic feet (cont)

cubic feet (60F,

cubic inches (in3)

cubic feet (scf)

cubic inches (in3)

ergs (erg) (cont)

cubic yards (yd3)

kilowatt-hours (kW.h) 3.6x106

square feet (ft2)

square inches (in2)

square meters (m2)

tons (long) (cont)

watts (W) (cont)