3.2 Operational states of power systems 3.2.

System operation without System operation with

security constraints security constraints

f (x, u) Objective to be f (x, u) Objective to be

minimized minimized
G(x, u) = 0 Load constraints G(x, u) = 0 Load constraints
H(x, u) = 0 Operational constraints H(x, u) = 0 Operational constraints

How to handle the existence

S(x, u) ≤ 0 Security constraints
of forced outages?

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3.2 Operational states of power systems 3.2.2

Definition of system security:

System security is the ability of the power system to

withstand the outage of a predefined set of
contingencies; however taking into account tolerable
functional restrictions.

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3.2 Operational states of power systems 3.2.3

Full contingency set:

- any circuit of a line

- any generating unit
- any transformer
- any bus bar or bus bar section
- any compensation element

Restricted contingency set (example):

- selected circuits
- selected generating units
- selected transformers
- no bus bar or bus bar section
- selected compensation elements

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3.2 Operational states of power systems 3.2.4

Circuit, generation unit, transformer and bus bar as elements

of a contingency set with their individual protection zones:

protection
zone
bus-
bar
transformer circuit

circuit
generation unit

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3.2 Operational states of power systems 3.2.5

380/220 kV Functional restrictions

Contingency Violation of Overload with Loss of

limits (V, Ith) automatic stability of
disconnection gen. units
Circuit of a line T NT NT
Circuit of a cable T NT NT
Transformer T NT NT
380/220 kV
Transformer 380 T NT NT
or 220/110 kV
Bus bar or bus T NT NT
bar section
Generating unit T NT NT
Compensation T NT NT
equipment

T = tolerable functional restriction NT = non tolerable functional restriction

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3.2 Operational states of power systems 3.2.6

Actual
system
data

Contingency Security
set analysis

Yes No
Functional
restrictions?

No Functional Yes
restrictions
tolerable?

Security Security
constraints constraints
not met met

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3.2 Operational states of power systems 3.2.7

Diagram of operational states

Actual Security Analysis

System data

SC SC

1a
NORMAL ALERT
LC, OC, SC LC, OC, SC Normal
1b control

4 2b 2a

EXTREMIS EMERGENCY
LC, OC, SC 3 LC, OC, SC

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3.2 Operational states of power systems 3.2.8

Diagram of operational states

LC: Load constraints met: Transition by load change,

1a
PG = PC + Ploss topology change, outage of
QG = QC + Qloss element in contingency set

OC: Operational constraints met: 1b Action of preventive control

Vimin ≤ Vi ≤ Vimax 2a Transition by outage of

element in contingency set
Iij ≤ Iijth
2b Action of emergency control
SC: Security constraints met:
System withstands outages of 3 Transition by further outages
contingency set leading to system split
4 Action of system restoration
LC, OC, SC: Negation

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3.2 Operational states of power systems 3.2.8 /1

Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 1 Unit 2

400 MW 600 MW 500 MW 700 MW
L1 200 MW L1 250 MW
~ ~ ~ ~

L2 200 MW L2 250 MW
1000 MW 1200 MW

Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 1 Unit 2

400 MW 600 MW 500 MW 700 MW
L1 0 MW L1 0 MW
~ ~ ~ ~

L2 400 MW L2 500 MW
max
PL 2 < P PL 2 > PLmax 1200 MW
L2
1000 MW 2

PL max
1, L 2 = 450 MW ; PL max
1, L 2 = 450 MW ;
Contingency set: L1, L2 Contingency set: L1, L2
max
:
PL 2 > PLmax
:
PL 2 < P
L2 2

Line protection: No opening of L2 Line protection: Opening of L2

Cascading failure !

Normal state Alert state

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3.2 Operational states of power systems 3.2.9

NORMAL ALERT
1b

1b Preventive control actions

• Restart unit
• Reclose line
• Adjust generation PG, QG
• Reconfigure network
• Adjust tap positions of transformers
(regulation in phase)
(regulation in quadrature)

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