High voltage equipment

Prepared by
Dr.-Ing. Thanapong Suwanasri
Contents
1. Power transformer
2. Instrument transformer
3. Disconnecting switch
4. Power circuit breaker
5. Surge arrester
 Power Transformer (ANSI Std. C 57.12.00)

History
• 1831 discovery of induction law by Faraday and Henry.
• 1856 First transformer construction in iron core.
• 1889-1891 Invention of AC transformer in 3 legs form by M.
Dolivo – Dobrowolsky
Transformer Outline (Courtesy of Mitsubishi)

1,4) Oil filter valve

2) Conservator
3) Buchholz relay
5) Pressure-relief vent
6,7) HV, LV bushing
10) Tank
11) Off-load tap changer
17) Oil drain valve
21) Grounding terminal
23) Coil
29) Radiator
32) Oil level gauge
1) Magnetic Core
– Core form for small transformer in KVA rating.
– Shell form for large transformer > 50 MVA.
Material is thin flat laminations of soft iron (0.3mm thick) mixed
with low carbon silicon alloyed to reduce friction loss or
hysteresis loss. Eddy current loss is reduced by insulate between
laminated or thin sheet with oil - proof coating or vanish.
Nowadays we mix phosphate or magnesium during production
process.
 Winding arrangement
• Core Form Transformer

• Shell-Form Transformer
2) Winding
– Copper Coil
• good mechanical strength and electrical conductivity.
– Aluminium Coil
• Cheap, good thermal dissipation and light weight.
– Insulation uses craft paper and pressboard paper with enamel
separate between turn and layer of winding (dry in oven with 120-
130C for 3-4days)
– Thermal problem!!
Winding configurations

1) Core form transformer

- Cylindrical (Layer - Wound , Helical , Spiral) winding

Cylindrical, Helical, Squared circle cylindrical winding

(Courtesy of Mitsubishi)
– Disk (Single and double - wound) winding

2) Shell form transformer uses interleaved rectangular

pancake coil for furnace transformer with high mechanical
stress.
3. Tank Enclosure
3.1) Free – breathing or open type
air can go in or out depending on temperature and
pressure via dehydrating breather to filter moisture
3.2) Conservator or expansion
– Tank Type consists of expansion
tank on the top with 3 - 10% of
tank volume and filled with oil
until half of conservator tank
– air can go in or out of conservator
tank via dehydrating breather

( Courtesy of Factory Mutual )

 Dehydrating Beather
(Courtesy of Mitsubishi power transformer)
3.3) Sealed - Tank Type
On top of oil is filled with inert
gas under pressure. Top cover
is welded to prevent leakage
and pressure-vacuum relief
device to control pressure
between -8 to +8 psi

( Courtesy of Factory Mutual )

 4. BUSHING INSULATOR
• Solid Type Bushing To 25KV
• Oil Filled to Tally Enclosed Type Bushing 69-92 KV
• Condenser Type Bushing

Capacitor - type oil - filled

bushing for V > 69kV uses oil -
impregnated paper with
aluminium foil separated into
layer inside porcelain cylinder
for equal voltage distribution
between each layers.
5. Tap Changing Equipment
• No-Load Tap Changing
• On-Load
– Off load tap Changer
Transformer must be disconnected from system on both side
before changing tap. It can be changed both from inside or
outside tank. Disadvantage is service interruption therefore it is
suitable to use with seasonal load.
– On load tap changer
1) as impedance to prevent short circuit on tap
2) 2 circuits for load current flow and tap changing

2 Types of on load tap changer

– High Speed Resistor Type
2 compartments, first part is selector switch working while no
load current, second part is switch and resistor which causes arc
during operation.
 5 • Installation
4
– inside tank
3
2 – outside tank
1 • Long life because of
short arcing duration

R2 R1
 – Reactor type using
diverter switches
– Reactor type using
vacuum switches

Selector switch #1 Selector switch #2

1
2
3
4
5

Diverter switch
 Rating Data

• Rated KVA and Phase

power output that transformer can supply within specific
time at rated voltage and frequency and temperature rise
< 65oC (by resistance)
IEEE Std. C57.12.00 single phase transformer rated in
KVA from 5KVA - 33MVA and 3 Phase from 15KVA
- 100MVA
• Cooling Classes
– Liquid-Immersed, Air-Cooled
OA, OA/FA, OA/FA/FA means liquid-immersed, self-
cooled/ forced air- cooled/ forced air- cooled
• frequency
• Voltage Ratings and Taps
– Nominal System Voltage
– Maximum System Voltage
Rated voltage specified under no load condition and based on
turn ratio.
• Connection
Depends on transformer type according to ANSI C57.12.70
• Impedance
Standard impedance depends on transformer type based on
average winding temperature rise (by resistance) plus 20C.
• Total Losses
No-load loss (TREF 85oC) plus load loss (TREF 20oC)
without losses by ventilation & cooling system, heater, pump
and auxiliary device.
• Insulation Level
It depends on system voltage
1) Class1 V < 69kV
2) Class2 for 115kV and above

• Temperature Rise
1) Winding Rise average temperature rise from
ambient should be less than 65oC by resistance
measurement and < 80oC by winding hot spot.
2) Temperature rise of liquid insulation < 65oC
when measures at the top of main tank.