Unit 2 and 3.

Feeding and Nutrition

Biology and Geology 3 ESO

UNIT 2-3 FEEDING AND NUTRITION PART 1: 1. Nutrition and feeding 3. The digestive system: Anatomy 1.1 Feeding. Food 3.1.A. Digestive tract 1.2 Nutrition. Nutrients 3.1.B. Associated Glands (glndulas 2. Nutrients: classification and functions anejas) 2.1 Nutritional needs and balance diet 4. The digestive system: Physiology 1. Nutrition and Feeding
1.1 Feeding It is the provision of nutrients to the organism Food (alimentos) is any complex substance that contains those nutrients. 1.2 Nutrition It is the set of processes by which our organism receive, incorporate (add) and use the nutrients, that is, the set of processes that consist of the exchange of matter and energy between the cell and the environment. Nutrients are simple substances, contained in food, which have three basic functions in the organism: Energetic function (E): those nutrients that provide the necessary energy to carry out all the vital functions Structural function (S): those nutrients that are necessary to form structures in our body Regulating function (R): those nutrients that are necessary to control the chemical reactions in our body Compare: Ways Feeding Nutrition One way Many ways Conscious/unconscious Unconscious conscious What incorporates? Food Nutrients

2. Nutrients. Classification and functions:

Review: There are three types of nutrients which are classified into two groups: organic and inorganic nutrients:

INORGANIC NUTRIENTS Mineral substances:Na,K,Cl-,CO3; Function: E + R Bones, muscle contraction Water: H2O Function: R +.... Regulate temperature, substances....

ORGANIC NUTRIENTS Glucids or carbohydrates: sugars as glucose, sucrose, cellulose... Function: E They provide fast energy Proteins: they are made up of aa Function: S + R (enzymes) Lipids or fats: fats acids, cholesterol... Function: E + S (cellular memb) They provide reserve of energy Vitamins: A, D, E, k, B Function: R They are indispensable

transport

2.1 Nutritional needs and balanced diet: A. Energy needs B. Balanced diet A. Energy needs: it is the amount of energy that our organism requires to keep its structures and perform its vital functions.

Unit 2 and 3. Feeding and Nutrition

Biology and Geology 3 ESO

We obtain this energy from nutrients with energetic function: glucids and lipids (and when they are lacking, also from proteins). The energy is obtained by means of cellular respiration (remember: mitochondria, metabolism: catabolism) These energetic nutrients provide different amounts of energy: Nutrient 1 gram of glucids 1 gram of lipids 1 gram of proteins 4 kcal 9 kcal 4 kcal Energy

Even, when the body is at rest, it needs a minimal amount of energy, this is called basal metabolic rate and it is the energy required to carry out vital functions such as breathing, blood flow... You can calculate your daily basal metabolic rate approximately: Men: 66,5 + (13,7 body mass (kg)) + (5 height (cm)) - (6,7 age (years)) Women: 55 + (9,5 body mass (kg)) + (4,8 height (cm)) - (4,7 age (years)) B. Balanced diet We call balance diet to the healthy diet that provides our organism with the right amount of energy and with the different types of nutrients: Carbohydrates or glucids: 55-60% Fats or lipids: 25-30% Proteins: 15% 1,5 l water Vitamins and mineral substances

3. The digestive system: Anatomy

The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract and the accessory glands. 3.1. Digestive tract It is a long tube (about 8m long) which starts in the mouth and ends at the anus. It is composed of: Mouth: it is a cavity in which food is chewed. It is formed by o Teeth: any bonelike structure placed in the jaws. They are white (whitish) and are covered by enamel. They carry out mastication or chewing. 6m-2a: I2, C1, M2 (20 teeth) 6a-12m: I2, C1, P2, M3 (20 teeth) o Tongue: a muscular organ with many taste buds which give us our sense of taste o Uvula (vula): at the end of the mouth there is a small fold whose function is to prevent food from getting into nasal cavity Pharynx (faringe): it is a tube (which belongs to the digestive and respiratory system) which transports food from mouth to oesophagus. Besides, the pharynx transports air from the nose to the larynx. o It contains a small fold called epiglottis (epiglotis) whose function is to close the respiratory tube to prevent food from obstructing it. Oesophagus (esfago): it is the tube that communicates the pharynx and the stomach.

Unit 2 and 3. Feeding and Nutrition

Biology and Geology 3 ESO

Stomach: it is a muscular sack with folds on its internal wall and glands that secrete gastric juices. The stomach has an orifice that connects to the oesophagus: cardial sphincter (cardias), and an orifice that connect to the intestine: pylorus (ploro) Small intestine (intestino delgado) it is a very long tube, 6,5m, that contains glands which secrete intestinal juices. Its internal walls have many folds called intestinal villi (vellosidades) which are necessary to carry out the main function of small intestine: absorption. Small intestine is divided into: o Duodenum (duodeno) 25cm o Jejunum (yeyuno) 2,5 m (ayuno: cadveres) o Ileum (ileum) 3,5 - 4 m Large intestine: it is wider than the small intestine, it is about 1,5m long and it is divided into: o Cecum (ciego): the appendix is located close to cecum o Colon (colon): ascending, transverse and descending o Rectum (recto): the final section of digestive system which finishes in the anus 3.2. Accesory glands The accessory glands are organs that secrete substances which are released into the digestive tract, but they dont belong to the digestive tract. They are: the salivary glands, the gastric glands, the intestinal glands and two larger glands: the liver and the pancreas. Salivary glands are located in the mouth and produce saliva (Partidas, Submandibulares y Sublinguales) Gastric glands are located in the stomach and produce gastric juice, hydrochloric acid (HCl) (cido clorhdrico) and mucus Intestinal glands are located in the small intestine and produce intestinal juice and mucus Liver is the largest gland in the body (aprox 1,5kg weight). It is located on the right side of the abdomen (on the stomach). It secretes bile which is stored in the gall bladder (vescula biliar) Pancreas is located under the stomach. It secretes pancreatic juice. (besides it secretes other substances, hormones, such as insulin)

4. The digestive system: Physiology

Digestion is the set of processes by which our organism transforms complex substances into other simpler ones to be absorbed and used.

Glucids FOOD Lipids Proteins

Glucose Fat acids Fatty acids Aminoacids Aminoacids

The digestion includes different stages o processes: Physical processes: they reduce the size of the particles of food and get they move forward the digestive tube: teeth, tongue, peristaltic movements Chemical processes: transform food into nutrients thanks to different substances that digestive juices contain. Absorption: nutrients are absorbed into bloodstream. Defecation o egestion: expels the substances that havent been digest (residues, waste) which form faeces. Lets study the digestive stages:

Unit 2 and 3. Feeding and Nutrition

4.1 Mouth: Physical processes:

Biology and Geology 3 ESO

The process begins with mastication (chewing) which is carried out by the teeth (they are a set of bonelike structures located in the mouth. The surface of each tooth is covered with hard enamel, which contains calcium and fluoride compounds. The inner part of a tooth is made up of nerves, blood vessels and other tissues) Another process, the insalivation, occurs in the mouth. Saliva is a watery substance, secreted by salivary glands. Saliva, tongue and teeth mix and chew food. Chemical processes: Chemical processes occur in the mouth: saliva contains enzymes (amylase) (amilasa). Enzymes are proteins which control and make easier chemical reactions. This enzyme, amylase, starts the digestion of glucids. When all these processes finish, food has been transformed into a paste that we call food bolus (bolo alimenticio) 4.2 Pharynx-Esophagus: Once the food bolus has been formed, the tongues movement causes swallowing (deglucin). The bolus passes down the pharynx; uvula and epiglottis close the nasal cavity and respiratory tube, and the bolus reaches the esophagus. The bolus moves down thanks to the peristaltic movement (movimientos peristlticos). Peristaltic movements are movements produced as a consequence of contractions and relaxations of muscle which force food to go ahead (to the stomach) and prevent it from coming back (to the mouth). 4.3 Stomach The bolus goes through the cadias sphincter and reaches the stomach where it stays for 3-4 hour. There, it suffers different processes: Physical process: peristaltic movements: mix gastric juice, bolus and mucus (protect the stomach wall from the acid). Chemical processes: gastric glands release gastric juice made up of: Pepsin (pepsina): enzyme whose function is to begin the digestion of proteins. Hydrochloric acid HCl (cido clorhdrico) whose function is to activate pepsin and destroy bacteria. Gastric juice is produced through an involuntary process which takes place when you see or smell food and when food comes into contact with the mucus in the mouth or the stomach. When these processes finish, the food bolus has been transformed into chyme (quimo). Pylorus opens and the chyme moves into the small intestine. 4.4 Small intestine Chemical processes: Thanks to several juices chyme is transformed into simple nutrients. These juices are: Intestinal juice (produced by intestinal glands): it contains enzymes which carry out the final stages of digestion, this is: To transform glucid into glucose (simple molecule) To transform lipid into fatty acids (simple molecule) To transform proteins into amino acids (simple molecule) Bile (bilis), produced by liver and stored in the gall bladder, is poured in the duodenum. Bile does not contain enzymes but contains emulgents (emulgentes): substances that help to digest fats or lipids. Pancreatic juice (jugo pancretico), produced by pancreas and poured in the duonenum, contains enzymes which transform complex substances into simple ones: Glucid into glucose Lipids into fatty acid Proteins into aa

Unit 2 and 3. Feeding and Nutrition

Physical processes: Chyme goes through small intestine thanks to peristaltic movements

Biology and Geology 3 ESO

Thanks to the processes that chyme suffers in the small intestine, food is transformed into nutrients (simple molecules) which are absorbed into the bloodstream. When these processes finish, chyme is transformed into chyle (quilo). The digestive process has finished and the next stage will be ABSORTION ABSORTION The nutrients obtained thanks to digestion must be absorbed to be used by cells to carry out the metabolism (to produce energy or to produce complex molecules). Most of nutrients are absorbed into small intestine through villi and microvilli (remember: folds that cover the internal wall of the small intestine). Nutrients reach the blood vessels and will be transported around the body. Large intestine absorbs most of water and mineral salts. The rest of products (the non digested or absorbed) form feces or excrements which are expelled through the anus. Physical processes: Chyle goes through small intestine thanks to peristaltic movements

RESUMEN DE LA DIGESTIN Boca: Saliva (encima: amilasa) y moco Glcidos Lpidos Protenas Comienzo (amilasa) No No Estmago: jugo gastric (HCL y pepsina) y moco S S (poco) S Intestino Delgado: jugo intestinal (encimas) + bilis(emulgentes) + Jugo pancrtico (encimas) S ----------glucosa S --------ac grasos S ---------aa

UNIT 2-3 FEEDING AND NUTRITION PART 2: 1. Introduction 3. Circulatory system and Nutrition 1.1 Feeding. Food 3.1 Circulatory system: Anatomy 1.2 Nutrition. Nutrients 3.2 Circulatory system: Physiology 2. Respiratory System and Nutrition 4. Excretory system and Nutrition 2.1 Respiratory system: Anatomy 4.1 Excretory system: Anatomy 2.2 Respiratory system: Physiology 4.2 Excretory system: Physiology 1. Introduction
The vital function of nutrition doesnt finish when nutrients are absorbed into bloodstream and the remains are expelled through digestive system. Remember: the purpose of nutrition is to obtain the nutrients to produce energy, in the mitochondria, (catabolism) or to produce new molecules (anabolism). Therefore, it will be necessary three more system which help to digestive system to complete the nutrition. So there are four systems which are involved into nutrition function: Digestive system Respiratory system Circulatory system Excretory system

Unit 2 and 3. Feeding and Nutrition

Each one performs a certain function: Digestive system (study yet!)

Biology and Geology 3 ESO

Respiratory system: captures oxygen (O2) from the air and eliminates carbon dioxide (CO2) produced during cellular respiration. Circulatory system deliver O2 and nutrients to cells and takes CO2 and others remains (waste products) away from the cell Excretory system expels remains (waste products) which are produced during metabolism and are transported by circulatory system.

2. Respiratory System and Nutrition

Function: captures oxygen (O2), from the air, to carry out the cellular respiration and eliminates carbon dioxide (CO2) produced during cellular respiration. <The oxygen is essential to perform the cellular respiration in the mitochondria. The oxygen will be driven until mitochondria thanks to other system, which one? Circulatory system 2.1. Respiratory system: Anatomy It is composed of airways and lungs: The airways: are the tubes that connect the exterior of the body with the lungs. Their functions are: to drive, to wet and to heat up the air that will reach the lungs. The air ways are: Nasal passages (fosas nasales) Pharynx (faringe) Larynx (laringe). The entrance to the larynx is controlled by the epiglottis. Larynx is composed of one bone and three cartilages. Vocal cords are located in the larynx (when air pass through theses cord, they vibrate and emit sounds) Trachea (trquea) is a tube (about 12cm) that has C-shape rings of cartilage to keep open the tube and to allow air to pass through the trachea. The trachea divides into two bronchi 2 Bronchial tubes o bronchi (bronquios). Each bronchus gets into a lung.

The lungs: are two organs similar to sponges where bronchial tubes or bronchi enter. Each bronchus divides into progressively smaller tubes called bronchioles (bronquiolos), without ring of cartilage, which end in small sacs called alveoli (alveolo), where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. 2.2. Respiratory system: Physiology Breathing mechanism is composed of 2 processes: A. Inhalation and Exhalation (inspiration, expiration) B. Gas exchange A. Inhalation and Exhalation: it is the exchange of air between the external environment and the lungs (the air travels into and out of the lungs). This process is performed by means of two movements: inhalation and exhalation Inhalation: is the process of taking air into the lungs. For this to occur, the air pressure inside the lungs must be lower than the pressure of the external atmosphere (as air flows from areas of higher pressure to lower pressure). The air comes into lungs by the contraction of the intercostal muscles and contraction of the diaphragm which increase the volume of the lungs (thoracic cavity). As a consequence air is sucked into the lungs. Exhalation: is the process of expelling air out of the lungs. For this to occur, the air pressure inside the lungs must be higher than that of the external atmosphere (as air flows from areas of higher pressure to ones of lower pressure). The air comes out the lungs by the relaxation of the intercostal muscles and relaxation of diaphragm which decrease the volume of the lungs (thoracic cavity). As a consequence air is push out of lungs.

Unit 2 and 3. Feeding and Nutrition

Biology and Geology 3 ESO

B. Gas exchange: it is the delivery of oxygen from lungs (alveoli) to the tissues (thanks to circulatory system) and the elimination of carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs (alveoli) (thanks to circulatory system). The oxygen, in alveoli, passes to blood vessels and is transported by the organism. The cells absorb the oxygen to carry out the cellular respiration. In the other hand, the carbon dioxide produced during cellular respiration goes out from the cell through blood. CO2 travel by blood until reaching alveoli where will be expelled through the lungs.

3. Circulatory system and Nutrition

Function: transports nutrients, oxygen and residues around the body. 3.1. Circulatory system: Anatomy It is composed of blood, heart and blood vessels A. Heart: it is a muscular organ placed to the left on the centre of the chest. It has a fits size. It is divided into two unconnected parts: the right and the left part. Each part is also divided into two halves: auricle (the upper part) and ventricle (the lower part). Both of them are connected by a valve Auricle: there are two: left and right auricle. They receive the blood through venae: i. Right auricle receives blood through cava vena. It is connected to right ventricle by tricuspid valve ii. Left auricle receives blood through pulmonary vena. It is connected to left ventricle by mitral valve Ventricle: there are two: left and right ventricle. Blood leaves the ventricles through arteries: i. Right ventricle expels blood through pulmonary artery. It is connected to this artery by pulmonary valve ii. Left ventricle expels blood through aorta artery. It is connected to this artery by aortic valve B. Blood vessels: they are the ducts through which the blood circulates, pushed by heart. There are three types: Artery: they carry the blood away from the heart to the organs. Their walls are thicker than veins walls. Arteries are elastic. Veins: they transport the blood from the organs to the heart. Their walls are thinner than artery walls. There are valves inside the veins which allow blood to come back to the heart but not in the opposite way. Capillaries: they are very small vessels that connect the veins and the arteries and reach all the cells in our body C. Blood: is a thick, red liquid compose of: Plasma: is a liquid made up of water which different substances dissolved in it: nutrients, waste Blood cells. Three types: i. Red blood cells: or erythrocytes: thy contain haemoglobin, a protein responsible for the bloods red colour. Haemoglobin transports the oxygen from alveoli to tissues and CO 2 from tissues to alveoli. ii. White blood cells or leukocytes: they help to protect and defend our body from infections iii. Plaquetes: thrombocytes: they are not true cells but fragments. They contain substances that alloy the bloods to coagulate, which prevent haemorrhages. 3.2. Circulatory system: Physiology

Unit 2 and 3. Feeding and Nutrition

Biology and Geology 3 ESO

Circulatory Circuits: It is a double circulatory system: the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit: The heart is responsible for pumping the blood to every cell in the body, but it is also responsible for pumping blood to the lungs, where the blood releases carbon dioxide and takes oxygen. Blood with carbon dioxide enters into right auricle through cava veins and then it goes through tricuspid valve to reach the right ventricle. From there, blood leaves heart: Blood leaves the heart (crossing pulmonary valve) through the pulmonary artery to go toward lungs. In the lungs, carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, and oxygen taken up by the haemoglobin in the red blood cells (remember Gas exchange). Blood with oxygen comes back to the heart. It enters into left auricle through pulmonary veins. After, it passes through mitral valve and reaches the left ventricle. From there, blood leaves the heart (crossing aortic valve) through the aortic artery to delivery oxygen and nutrients to the entire organism. Oxygen and nutrient travel by arteries to the cells. Cells absorb them and release CO2 and remains (remember Gas exchange) which travel by veins to come back to the heart. Summarize: The pulmonary circuit carries blood from heart to the lungs to be oxygenated and then back to the heart. In the lungs, carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, and oxygen is taken by the haemoglobin in the red blood cells. The systemic circuit carries blood around the body to deliver the oxygen and returns blood with carbon dioxide and waste, to the heart. The cardiac cycle: every heartbeat has three phases: auricular systole, ventricular systole and diastole: (systole: contraction; diastole: relaxation) Auricular systole: the auricles contract and blood is pumped into the ventricles through tricuspid and mitral valves. Ventricular systole: the ventricles contract and the blood flows into the pulmonary artery and the aorta (through pulmonary and aortic valves). At the same time tricuspid and mitral valves close to prevent blood comes back to the auricles Diastole: the heart relaxes and the blood goes into the articles from the veins (cava and pulmonary veins). The cycle starts again

4. Excretory system and Nutrition

Function: it expels remains (waste products) which are produced during metabolism and are transported by circulatory system. The excretory system is made up of the urinary system and a number of other organs and systems that contribute to the excretion of waste. Respiratory system removes carbon dioxide from the blood and expel it from the body Sweat glands are fond in the skin and they produce sweat Liver eliminates toxins resulting from the cellular metabolism. Urinary system is the most important part of the excretory system. It elimitates waste products in the or of urine 4.1. Urinary system: Anatomy The urinary system of the human body consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder and the urethra. a. Kidneys (rion): they are two organs located on the posterior wall of the abdomen at waist level. Each kidney is roughly 10 cm long and 5 cm wide (with the left kidney typically somewhat more superior in position than the right). Its structural and functional unit is a cell called nephrons (nefrona). (Draw: Bowmans capsules, proximal and distal convoluted tubules and loop of Henle. Nephron is surrounded by capillaries)

Unit 2 and 3. Feeding and Nutrition

b. c. d.

Biology and Geology 3 ESO

Ureters (ureteres): they are two tubes which carry the urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Bladder (vejiga): it is the organ where urine is stored Urethra (uretra): it is the tube that connects the urinary bladder to the exterior of body to expel the urine. In males, the urethra travels through the penis, and carries semen as well as urine. In female the urethra is shorter and emerges above the vaginal opening.

4.2. Urinary system: Physiology (Un adulto aproximadamente posee unos 5 L te sangre, que pasan unas 36 veces por los riones, es decir, unos 180 litros de sangre pasan al da por los riones y solo expulsamos 1,5-2litros de orina: ?) The objective of the urinary system is produce urine: Urine is a liquid obtained from the blood and made up of water, various mineral and different waste products (mainly urea and uric acid) The excretory function of urinary system is carried out by the nephrons. There are different phases: Glomerular filtration (filtracin glomerular): Blood, containing residues, reaches the kidneys through the renal arteries and certain substances pass into Bowmans capsule. The filtering liquid is very similar to plasma (it contains: water, minerals, waste, nutrients) but without proteins. Tubular reabsorption (reabsorcin tubular): this filtering liquid travel through the proximal and distal convoluted tubules and through the loop of Henle. During this way, a lot of substances are reabsorbed, that means, a lot of substances come back into the blood (into the capillaries that surround the nephron). These substances include nutrients (glucose, vitamins, aminoacids), and some water and salts necessary to keep the suitable and healthy levels in the blood. Waste substances are not reabsorbed and they are expelled as urine.