Generation of Artificial Strong Motion: Accelerograms

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS, VOL.
7, 509-527 (1979)
GENERATION OF ARTIFICIAL STRONG MOTION

ACCELEROGRAMS
H. L. WONG AND M. D. TRIFUNAC
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Southern California, California, U.S.A.
SUMMARY
A method for generating synthetic strong motion accelerograms for use in engineering design is presented. This
method utilizes the model proposed by Trifunac in 197127 in conjunction with the recent empirical scaling functions
for characterization of amplitudes and duration of strong shaking in terms of (i) earthquake magnitude, M, and
epicentral distance, R, or (ii) Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) at the recording station. The method also enables
one to consider the desired levels of confidence that the synthetic motion will not be exceeded, direction of ground
motion (horizontal or vertical) and the dispersive properties of geologic environment beneath and surrounding
the station. The principal features of this approach are that the resulting accelerograms have non-stationary
frequency and amplitude characteristics which are in full agreement with known principles of wave propagation
through a stratified medium, and that the Fourier amplitudes and the frequency-dependent duration are scaled
in accordance with known trends as in recorded accelerograms.
INTRODUCTION
After 45 years of strong motion recording programs in the western United States, less than 200 significant
strong motion accelerograms have been recorded, processed and analysed.16 While these data do represent
a unique and invaluable collection for studies of strong earthquake ground motion, they do not cover all
different recording conditions to represent a complete observational basis for use in engineering design.
Thus, for certain engineering applications it is necessary to estimate future shaking at a site, often outside
the range of parameters for which recorded data are now available. Furthermore, considerable variability
in the characteristics of recorded motion even under similar conditions may require a characterization of
future shaking in terms of an ensemble of accelerograms rather than one or two `typical' records. This and
related requirements have created a need for the development of techniques for generation of artificial time
histories that simulate realistic ground shaking with different degrees of detail and from different viewpoints. In this paper, we present a refinement of the method presented by Trifunac.27
Apparent overall irregularity of early recorded accelerograms12 and the limited number of records in the
1950's have led some investigators to explore the possibility of modelling strong ground shaking by means
of random time functions of simple but known properties. Thus, Housner,13 for example, assumed that an
accelerogram could be modelled by a series of one-cycle sine-wave pulses. Others used a series of pulses
distributed randomly in time.,',', 15,22,23 On the basis of such artificial time functions of known statistical
properties, it became possible to study the response of hysteretic structures14 and to design for the effects of
seismic forces on the basis of probability methods.9, 19,25
With the increasing number of recorded accelerograms in the 1950's and early 1960's, it became clear4
that the non-stationarity of ground motion can influence structural response significantly. This prompted
the development of a number of non-stationary random time series methods for the construction of artificial
accelerograms.2, 3, 6, 8,10,17,18, 24 The non-stationarity in these models was achieved typically by (a) multiplying
stationary random time series by a non-stationary envelope function, by (b) changing the frequency content
of artificial accelerograms as a function of time, and by (c) superimposing simple earthquake sources with
some phase delay in time20 to represent propagation of a simple earthquake sourced by means of radiated
P- and S-waves only.
0098-8847/79/0607-0509$01.00
1979 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Received 30 November 1978

Revised 27 March 1979
509
510
H.
L. WONG AND M . D. TRIFUNAC
Recent observational studies of strong ground motion have shown that a typical strong motion record
consists of near-field, intermediate field, body waves and surface waves contributing different amounts to the
total result, depending on the earthquake source mechanism and on the wave path . 16, 19 -31 Empirical studies
of spectral characteristics32, 33 and of the frequency-dependent duration 34,
14,15 have further shown the
dependence on the geologic environment of the recording station. Consequently, realistic artificial accelerograms should have non-stationary frequency, amplitude and duration characteristics that agree with the
trends which are now known to be present in the recorded accelerograms.
The purpose of this paper is to present an engineering method for generating artificial strong motion
accelerograms which
(i) have Fourier amplitude spectra consistent with spectra computed from recorded accelerograms in
conditions characterized by (a) magnitude, M, and source-to-station distance, R32 or (b) Modified
Mercalli Intensity (MMI) at the site;33
(ii) have duration of strong shaking which is consistent with observations and with empirical scaling of
the duration in terms of M and R34 or MMI;35 and
(iii) have overall transient time characteristics with wave arrivals consistent with dispersive properties of
the wave guide beneath the recording station.ss, 27
Artificial accelerograms with proper dispersive characteristics and realistic wave arrival times cannot be
derived from Fourier amplitude spectra only.32, 33 This is because, so far, a method for empirical scaling of
Fourier phase spectra in terms of geologic characteristics of a site has not been developed. This seems as
difficult as correlating the complete acceleration time function with the local geology data. To avoid this
difficult task, in this paper we show how, by means of a scaling factor a, the assumed spectral amplitudes
at any given frequency w, and containing all information on the dispersion, can be changed to agree with
spectral amplitudes consistent with observations and with the above three requirements.
THEORETICAL BASIS
Most empirical scaling procedures neglect the phase of the Fourier spectrum of acceleration since a regression
analysis involving the phase of the Fourier transform is equivalent in difficulty to correlating the time
histories themselves . Instead, just the modulus of the Fourier transform is typically correlated with pertinent
scaling parameters . These correlations may take many different forms depending on which parameters are
used to characterize strong ground motion .31, 33
To describe the method presented in this report we begin by considering a group of harmonic waves
having a Fourier transform of the form
c1exp[- i(w-wn)tl +iq1], for wn-Du,Sw<,Wn+Ow
F1(cu)= clexp[- i(w+w,, )tl-i7l], for - wn-Ow_< w<, - co,, +Oco (1)
0, otherwise
F1(w) I has a constant amplitude c1 and its wave form in the time domain is
fi(t) = 2w
F1(w) exp (iwt) dw = Q1( t) cos (co,,, t+01) (2)
in which Q1(t) is an envelope function

Ql(t)
2c sin Ow(t - t*)

-
7T1
(3)
t-t*
1
The function Q1(t) has its maximum at t = t*, and it decreases as I t - tl I increases . The quantity tl* can be
viewed here as the arrival time for the wave group f1(t).
Consider now a second group of waves
2c2 sin
f2(t)
IT
Ow(t -
t*)
COS (wnt
t -t*
-t*
+02)
(4)
ARTIFICIAL STRONG MOTION ACCELEROGRAMS 511
It has a constant Fourier amplitude I F2(w) I of c2 over the same frequency band as fi(t), i.e.
c2exp[ - i(w-wn)t 2
+1021,
for wn- Ow<w<, wn+Ow
F2(w) = ^ c2exp [- i(w+Con) t2 -Iq2], for -wn-Ow<w < -wn+Ow
(5)
0, otherwise
When these two groups of waves are superimposed as

g(t) = fi(t)+f2(t) (6)
the Fourier amplitude of g(t) is no /longer constant, and becomes
G( w)
I = Fi (w) + F2(w) I - V {C2 + C2 + 2c1 C2 COS
a function of w over the interval,
wn - Ow
[(w -
wn) (t l
2 +
(02 - 01)11
(7)
< I w < wn +Ow.
The oscillatory characteristics of I G(w) I about its mean are such that the amplitude is controlled by the
difference in amplitudes of ci and c2 and the rate of oscillation is controlled by the difference in arrival times,
(ti - tz ). Therefore, the irregularities of a typical Fourier amplitude spectrum can be thought of as being the
interferences caused by many wave groups arriving at the site with different amplitudes and at different
times.
To reconstruct an accelerogram from the Fourier amplitude spectrum, one must have the following
information: (i) the arrival times and (ii) the relative amplitudes of different waves. For the latter task, only
relative amplitudes are needed because the absolute amplitude of the combined time history is given by the
Fourier amplitude spectrum of the complete artificial accelerogram.
GENERATION OF SYNTHETIC ACCELEROGRAMS
Wave propagation studies have shown that in an inhomogeneous medium the surface waves and body
waves travel at different velocities. Furthermore, in layered media surface waves travel in a dispersive
manner , their velocities depending on the material properties of the medium, the frequency of wave motion
and the geometrical configuration of the layers. The group velocities for a particular site can be estimated
either by processing of previous records using techniques in observational seismology or by theoretical
calculations . At present, most theoretical models are based on horizontal parallel layers. An example is
shown in Figure 1, in which an approximate profile for the El Centro, California site is used. Although the
assumption of horizontal layers is a restrictive one, it is advantageous to use theoretically calculated dispersion curves for the generation of arrival times of different phases because experimentally derived results
may not be available for all sites and it is also difficult to obtain them for high frequencies.
Once the dispersion curves have been computed, the arrival times of the mth mode at wn can be written as
t*m = R/Um(wn) (8)
where R is the distance from the source to the station and Um(wn) is the group velocity of the mth mode at
the frequency band centred at wn.
One can select the frequency bands narrow enough, i.e. Own is small enough, so that Um(w) is approximately constant throughout, wn-OwnSwSwn+Awn. Then the contribution to the total accelerogram
from this particular frequency band can be expressed as
m sinOwn( t-tnm )
(w
hn(t)
,(t)
- E an Anm n t + On)
t-t nm
m=1
(9)
where M is the total number of surface wave modes, On is a phase introduced to include random effects of
source dislocation and other miscellaneous effects along the propagation path, wn is the centre frequency,
and t*m is the arrival time of the mth mode given by equation (8). The amplitude of each mode is currently
defined as an Anm, Anm being the relative amplitudes of different surface wave modes and an is a scale
factor to be used for determining the final amplitude through a specified overall Fourier amplitude spectrum
FS(wn).
11
512
E
Y
5
02.0
I,^
1
J
2/
/ ,, ..
0
U'
1.0
-'---
/ /
-- I
- LOVE WAVES
-- RAYLEIGH WAVES
I
2
3
PERIOD , seconds
Figure 1
With all the different waves arriving at different instances, the Fourier amplitude of hn(t),
M
^+12anAnmexp[- i(w- (on )t*
I H.(w) I =
0,
O n )1I , for con -Aw
wl1< uin -f- Own
(10)
otherwise
is an irregular function over a narrow band of 2Aw. We match its mean amplitude so that
I Hn(w) I dw/20wn = FS(wn)
Thus, by substituting equation (10) into (11), one can solve for the scale factor an as
an
= 20wn FS
) /'J(
wn
Jan +0liln
Z Anmexp
0)n-Awn
M=1
[- i((w-wn ) tnm-On)] dw (12)
A similar procedure can be applied to other frequency bands within the frequencies of interest. For a Fourier
analysis divided into N non-overlapping bands, the total accelerogram can be expressed as
N M
a(t) =
sin Ow (t-t*
Anm n * nnz COS (w,n t+On)
m=1 m=1 t - tnm
E an
13 )
As pointed out by Trifunac27 body P- and S-waves could be modelled for purposes of generating artificial
accelerograms for use in engineering response calculations in two different ways. One approach would
consist of adding two bursts of energy to the surface wave motions modelled by (9). Another simpler
approach adopted in this paper is to merely add `higher order modes' to the dispersion curves of surface
waves and to select Anm so that contributions of these modes `represent' P- and S-wave arrivals. Surface
wave modes 6 and 7 in Figure 1 have been chosen in this manner for examples shown in this work.
Calculation of Anm and On
Depending upon the faulting mechanism and the wave paths to the site, various amplitudes of body and
surface waves will be excited. Some methods have been developed in seismology for the partitioning of energy
radiated into these contributions, but for strong motion and for near field shaking, scaling of spectral
513
ARTIFICIAL STRONG MOTION ACCELEROGRAMS
amplitudes based on the empirical scaling laws derived from recorded accelerograms may be preferable.
For the accelerograms presented in this paper, Anm was chosen to be as proposed by Trifunac.27
The values of Anm as a function of frequency have been defined as

(14)
= Ai(m)A2( wn)
Anm(wn)
where
Al(m) = I exp [ - (m - m0)2/2Co] + CR XRm
and
(W.-
IB
wP)2/2wB]+BRXRfI
= oeXP [XRm and XRm, are random numbers between -1 and 1, the other constants are defined in Table I. The
phase 0n is assumed to be random between -Tr and IT.
A2(wn)
Table I
m
Co
MO
CR
Bo
CUp
WB
BR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
5
6
7
0.2
02
02
0.2
02
02
0.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
2.0
2.0
3.0
1.5
10
10
10
25
25
30
30
5
5
5
15
15
10
5
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
025
The Fourier amplitude spectrum

Since the Fourier amplitude spectrum (Figure 2)32.33 is the most direct quantity that can be used for
defining the amplitudes of an accelerogram, it is useful to derive detailed knowledge on how it varies as a
function of the simple earthquake scaling parameters.
For scaling in terms of the earthquake magnitude, the Fourier spectrum, FS, as a function of period T is
log10 = M+log10A0(R)-a(T)pl-b(T)M-c(T)-d(T)s-e(T)v-f(T)M2-g(T)R.
(15)
In this relationship, M is the magnitude, R is the epicentral distance, v = 0 for horizontal components and
v = 1 for vertical components, and s = 0 for the alluvium sites, s = 2 for a site on the sound basement rock
with s = 1 for ìntermediate' geologic conditions. The terms a(T), b(T), ...,g(T) are regression coefficients
found independently at each period (T). Following Trifunac,32 for magnitudes M<Mmin = -b(T)/2f(T),
the terms -b(T) M-f(T) M2 are replaced by the constant -b(T) Mmin-f(T) Mmin, and for magnitudes
Mi Mmax = [1-b(T)]l2f(T), the terms M- b(T) M-f(T) M2 are replaced by the constant
Mmax - b(T) Mmax -f(T) Mmax.
The term log10 is the attenuation function given by Richter21 for the local magnitude scale in
southern California. To apply this method correctly to another region, the coefficients in equation (15),
or a comparable equation, should be derived entirely from data of that region. However, in the absence of
such data, a reasonable approximation is to replace the term log10 derived for southern California with
one applicable to the region considered.
The term a(T)p, describes the way the data are distributed about the mean curve, where pl is approximately
the probability that FS(T) will not be exceeded for a given M, R, s and v. The values of a(T)g(T) for
eleven periods are given in Table II(a) while the attenuation factor log10 is shown in Table 11(b).
For the scaling in terms of the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI), the regression equation has the form33
log10
= a(T)pl + b(T) Imm + c(T) + d(T) s + e(T) v
(16)
in which Iiilnl is the integer corresponding to the level of intensity at the site. Other parameters such as p1,
s and v are defined in the same manner as in equation (15). The numerical values of a, b, c, d and e(T) are
given in Table III.
514

1000
PARKFIELD NO.2,1966
N65E
100
P=0.9
P=0.5
P=O.I
HORIZONTAL
M= 5.6
R = 10.0 km
S= 0
T
W
D
0
U-
0.1
a
0.01
0.01
I
I
0.1
I
PERIOD-SECONDS
I
10
Figure 2
Equations (15) and (16) give Fourier amplitude spectra in terms of pi which, for 0.1 < pl < 0.9, approximates
the actual distribution, pa, of spectral amplitudes about those two assumed models. It has been shown by
Anderson and Trifunacl that pa can be approximated by a Gaussian distribution function at all periods.
They show that
_ p' 1 I 1 (E-,(T) ) 2
j dE
pa _.0 Q(T) V2Tr eXp L 2 \ Q(T)
can be used to approximate pa versus pl and that this functional form is not rejected by either X2 or
Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests of Ho hypothesis . In this expression , (T) and a( T) represent the best values
(in the sense of least squares ) of mean and standard deviation and are determined from the data on FS
amplitudes and for different periods T (see Tables 11(a) and III).
Table 11(a). Regression coefficients for Fourier amplitude parameters: M, R, s, v, pl

log (T)
a(T)
b(T)
c(T)
d(T)
e(T)
10f(T)
1000g(T)
o(T)
(T)
-1.398
-1.150
-0-903
-1.688
-1.620
-1.517
-1.086
-1.380
-1.418
7.615
7.892
7.344
-0-018
-0-080
-0-068
-0-098
-0-026
0.094
1.320
1.527
1.542
-0-441
-0-869
-1.052
0.301
0.300
0.299
0.492
0.502
0.500
-0-655
-0-407
-1.445
-1.460
-1.216
-1.053
6.249
5.587
0.011
0.102
0229
0.304
1.364
1.206
-0-940
-0-709
0.289
0.281
0.488
0.479
-0-159
-1.514
-1.129
5.913
0.163
0.319
1.227
-0-610
0.280
0.479
0.088
0.336
0.584
0.831
1.079
-1.549
-1.570
-1.601
-1-630
-1.633
-1.499
-2-592
-4.042
-4-699
-4.872
7.328
11.230
16.381
18.875
19.715
0.189
0.197
0.200
0.204
0.203
0.309
0.288
0.281
0.292
0.297
1.469
2.250
3.300
3.775
3.900
-0-753
-1.033
-1.258
-1-352
-1.375
0.287
0.301
0.312
0.302
0.289
0.488
0.511
0.532
0.522
0.492
Table 11(b). log,, A0(R) versus epicentral distance R*

R (km) - loglo Ao(R) R (km) - log10 Ao(R)
R (km) - log10 Ao(R)
0
5
10
15
1.400
1.500
1.605
1.716
140
150
160
170
3.230
3.279
3.328
3.378
370
380
390
400
4.336
4.376
4.414
4.451
20
25
1.833
1.955
180
190
3.429
3.480
410
420
4.485
4.518
30
35
2.078
2.199
200
210
3.530
3.581
430
440
4.549
4.579
40
45
2.314
2.421
220
230
3.631
3.680
450
460
4.607
4.634
50
55
60
65
70
80
85
90
95
100
110
2.517
2.603
2.679
2.746
2.805
2.920
2.958
2.989
3.020
3.044
3.089
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
3.729
3.779
3.828
3.877
3.926
3.975
4.024
4.072
4.119
4.164
4.209
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
4.660
4.685
4.709
4.732
4.755
4.776
4.797
4.817
4.835
4.853
4.869
120
3.135
350
4.253
580
4.885
130
3.182
360
4.295
590
4.900
* Only the first two digits may be assumed to be significant.
Unless a particular situation calls for a specified spectrum, the above two empirical scaling functions are
capable of providing site-dependent Fourier amplitude spectra that are consistent with current observations.
Duration of strong shaking
For structural analyses that consider fatigue and non-linear response of structures, the excitation level
alone is generally inadequate to characterize the response, and a description of the duration of strong shaking
is also necessary. For this reason, in this work the duration is included as an important frequency-dependent
quantity while generating a synthetic accelerogram.
The duration of strong shaking is closely related to the difference in arrival times of the fastest and the
slowest waves. Thus, if a representative dispersion curve can be derived for the site, it is most likely that such
an estimate of the duration will be in agreement with the empirical scaling relationships based on recorded
accelerograms.
516
Table III. Regression coefficients for Fourier amplitude parameters: IMM, s, v, p,

log (T)
a(T)
b(T)
c(T)
-1.398
1.707
0.341
-1.141
-0-883
-0.626
1.688
1.559
1.387
0.312
0.285
0.272
-0-368
-0-111
0.146
1.294
1.316
1.413
0.404
0.661
0.919
1.176
d(T)
e(T)
-4-295
0.159
-3-467
-2-523
-1.886
0.222
0.178
0.092
0.272
0.286
0.312
-1.626
-1.667
-1.937
0.023
-0-016
-0-039
1.516
0.320
-2-097
1.537
0.280
-1.947
1.485
1.473
0.216
0.174
-1.793
-1.983
u(T)
(T)
0.011
0.321
0.476
0.025
-0-104
-0.264
0.326
0.326
0.315
0.496
0.506
0.501
-0-335
-0-338
-0-277
0.308
0.307
0.314
0.496
0.497
0.508
-0-079
-0-207
0.333
0.519
-0-102
-0-234
0.342
0.522
-0-063
-0-032
-0-214
-0-014
0.329
0.318
0.530
0.541
Using the definition given by Trifunac and Brady,36 the duration is estimated by the ènergy-like' quantity
I(t) =
J a2(
T)
( 17)
dT
The duration T is defined so that I(T) is 90 per cent of l(oo), i.e. T is taken to be the interval in time in which
90 per cent of the seismic energy is contributed to the motion at a point. Since the input vibrational energy
represents an important parameter in measurements of fatigue , this definition of duration appears to be
useful from a structural analysis point of view.
The duration has been correlated with different parameters describing characteristics of strong shaking
in a manner similar to that used in scaling the Fourier amplitude spectra. In the work by Trifunac and
Westermo' 34,35
the duration is analysed in six frequency bands, ranging from 0.125 Hz to 25 Hz as in
Table IV.
Table IV
Frequency Centre
Band range (Hz) frequency (Hz)
1 10-25 18
2 4-10 7
3 1.5-4 2.7
4 0.7-1.5 1.1
5 0.3-0.7 0.5
6 0.125-0.3 0.2
Table V. Regression coefficients, D = as+bM+cR+do
Centre
frequency
f = 18.0 f0 = 7.0 f0 = 2.7 f = 1.1
f^ = 0.5 ff = 0.2
Vertical acceleration
a
b
c
d
a
-1.04 -1.23 -3.30 -5.83 -6.80 -4.45

0.34 1.38 2.12 0.51 -0-47 -1.09
0.12 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.08
3.43 -0-57 -0-95 16.16 29.57 30.62
5.34 4.59 5.93 8.86 11.65 12.44
Horizontal acceleration
a -1.66 -1.38
- 2.75 -4.09 -4.82 -3.02
b 0.64 1.32 1.28
- 0-36 1.68 -0-43
c 0.13 0 .08 0.09 0.08 0 . 07 0.09
d 1.88 -0 -77 1.42
16.41 11.82 22.00
a 5.89 5.10 5.57 7.41 10 . 75 12.01
517

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526
Using these frequency bands, the correlation of duration with magnitude in each frequency band takes
the form
D = as+bM+cR+du
(18)
where s is the site classification parameter, M is the magnitude, R is the epicentral distance and Q is the
standard deviation. It was found that the vertical and horizontal components of the accelerograms have to
be analysed separately, so the coefficients a, b, c, d and u are tabulated in Table V for both vertical and
horizontal components. For cases where MMI is used, the available data are collected into the form of a
table with the site condition and MMI as independent variables. The results are tabulated in Table VI.
EXAMPLES
Following the development in equations (8)-(13), and by employing equations ( 14)-(19), one can readily
devise a computer program to calculate a synthetic accelerogram.37
Figures 3-6 present examples of artificial accelerograms computed for selected scaling parameters and
using frequency-dependent duration. In addition to synthetic acceleration, these figures show the frequency(cps) and time- (s) dependent amplitudes in equation (13) normalized so that the largest amplitude is equal
to 5. To avoid cluttering and to show the significant contribution to synthesized acceleration , in these
figures we present these amplitudes only for f< 5.75 cps. All accelerograms were calculated , however, for
0.07<f,< 25 cps.
The effect of different site conditions (s = 2 for basement rock and s = 0 for alluvium) is shown in
Figures 7 and 8 for M = 6.5, R = 20 km, v = 0 and p = 0-5. While the overall acceleration amplitudes are
quite similar, for s = 0 duration of strong shaking is longer than for s = 2.
Figures 9 and 10 present a similar comparison between s = 0 and s = 2 (alluvium and basement rock sites)
and for MMI = V, R = 30 km, v = 0 and p = 0.5. Other examples of artificial accelerograms computed in
terms of M and R or MMI and R have been presented by Wong and Trifunac . 37 They also show how equations
(15) and ( 16) and the correlations of the duration of strong shaking can be refined to include the depth of
sedimentary deposits beneath the station.
CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we have presented a method for synthesizing realistic strong motion accelerograms for use in
engineering design. The advantages of this method are that the results have almost all known characteristics
of recorded strong shaking. In particular, these artificial accelerograms have non-stationary characteristics
in time which are derived from known dispersive properties of earthquake waves guided through shallow low
velocity layers of the earth's crust. These dispersive characteristics can be introduced directly as an input
into the computer program and thus can portray directly the geologic environment of each specific site.
Other scaling functionals required for synthesis of artificial accelerograms presented here are (i) the Fourier
amplitude spectrum and (ii) the frequency-dependent duration of strong shaking. These two functionals can
be estimated either in terms of empirical scaling relations developed in terms of earthquake magnitude 31,34
or in terms of Modified Mercalli Intensity.33, 35
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank John G. Anderson and Bruce D. Westermo for critical reading of the manuscript and for useful
suggestions.
This work was supported by a contract from the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
REFERENCES
1. J. G. Anderson and M. D. Trifunac, Òn uniform risk functionals which describe strong earthquake ground motion:
definition, numerical, estimation and an application to the Fourier amplitude of acceleration, Dept. of Civil Engng,
Report No. CE77-02, U.S.C., Los Angeles (1977).
2. M. Amin and A. H. Ang, À nonstationary stochastic model for strong motion earthquakes', Structural Research
Series No. 306, Dept. of Civil Engng, University of Illinois (1966).
3. J. L. Bogdanoff, J. E. Goldberg and M. C. Bernard, `Response of a simple structure to a random earthquake-like

disturbance', Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 51, 293-310 (1961).
4. V. V. Bolotin, `Statistical theory of aseismic design of structures', Proc. 2nd Wld Conf. Earthq. Engng, Japan, 1365-1374
(1960).
5. G. N. Bycroft, `White-noise representation of earthquakes', J. Eng. Mech. Div., ASCE, 86, No. EM2, 1-16 (1960).
6. C. A. Cornell, `Stochastic process models in structural engineering', Technical Report No. 34, Dept. of Civil Engng,
Stanford University (1964).
7. L. E. Goodman, E. Rosenblueth and N. M. Newmark, Àseismic design of firmly founded elastic structures', Trans.
ASCE, 120, 782-802 (1955).
8. H. Goto, K. Toki and T. Aiyoshi, `Generation of artificial earthquakes on digital computer for aseismic design of
structures', Proc. Japan Earthq. Engng Symp. 25-30 (1966).
9. H. Goto and H. Kameda, `Statistical inference on future earthquake ground motion', Proc. 4th Wld Conf. Earthq. Engng,
Santiago, Chile (1969).
10. H. Goto and K. Toki, `Structural response to nonstationary random excitation', Proc. 4th W1d Conf. Earthq. Engng,
Santiago, Chile (1969).
11. H. Honda, `The mechanism of earthquakes', Geophysics Institute, Tohoku University, 9, 1-46 (1957).
12. G. W. Housner, `Characteristics of strong motion earthquakes', Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 37, 19-31 (1947).
13. G. W. Housner, `Properties of strong ground motion earthquakes', Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 45, 187-218 (1955).
14. G. W. Housner and P. C. Jennings, `Generation of artificial earthquakes', J. Eng. Mech. Div., ASCE, 90, No. EMI, 113150 (1964).
15. D. E. Hudson, `Response spectrum techniques in engineering seismology', Proc. 1st Wld Conf. Earthq. Engng, Berkeley,
California (1956).
16. D. E. Hudson, `Strong motion earthquake accelerograms, index volume', Earthq. Eng. Res. Lab. EERL 76-02, Calif.
Inst. of Tech., Pasadena (1976).
17. P. C. Jennings, G. W. Housner and N. C. Tsai, `Simulated earthquake motions', Earthq. Eng. Res. Lab., Calif. Inst.
of Tech., Pasadena (1968).
18. H. Kameda, `Stochastic process models of strong earthquake motions for inelastic structural response', U.S.-Southeast
Symp. Engng for Natural Hazards Protection, Manila (1977).
19. J. Penzien and S. C. Liu, `Nondeterministic analysis of nonlinear structures subjected to earthquake excitations', Proc.
4th Wld Conf. Earthq. Engng, Santiago, Chile (1969).
20. 0. A. Rascon and A. C. Cornell, À physically based model to simulate strong earthquake records on firm ground',
Proc. 4th Wld Conf. Earthq. Engng, Santiago, Chile (1969).
21. C. F. Richter, Elementary Seismology, Freeman, San Francisco, 1958.
22. E. Rosenblueth, `Some applications of probability theory on aseismic design', Proc. 1st Wld Conf. Earthq. Engng,
Berkeley, California (1956).
23. E. Rosenblueth and J. I. Bustamante, `Distribution of structural response to earthquakes', J. Eng. Mech. Div., ASCE,
88, No. EM3, 75-106 (1962).
24. M. Shinozuka and Y. Sato, `Simulation of nonstationary random processes', J. Eng. Mech. Div., ASCE, 93, No. EMI,
11-40 (1967).
25. H. Tajimi, À statistical method of determining the maximum response of building structure during an earthquake',
Proc. 2nd Wld Conf. Earthq. Engng, Japan (1960).
26. M. D. Trifunac, `Response envelope spectrum and interpretation of strong earthquake ground motion', Bull. Seism.
Soc. Am. 61, 343-356 (1971).
27. M. D. Trifunac, À method for synthesizing realistic strong ground motion', Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 61, 1739-1753 (1971).
28. M. D. Trifunac and J. G. Anderson, `Preliminary empirical models for scaling absolute acceleration spectra', Dept. of
Civil Engng, Report No. 77-03, U.S.C., Los Angeles (1977).
29. M. D. Trifunac, `Stress estimates for San Fernando, California, earthquake of 9 February 1971: main event and thirteen
aftershocks', Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 62, 721-750 (1972).
30. M. D. Trifunac, `Tectonic stress and source mechanism of the Imperial Valley, California, earthquake of 1940', Bull.
Seism. Soc. Am. 62, 1283-1302 (1972).
31. M. D. Trifunac, Ànalysis of strong earthquake ground motion for prediction of response spectra', Earthqu. Eng. Struct.
Dyn. 2, 59-69 (1973).
32. M. D. Trifurrac, `Preliminary empirical model for scaling Fourier amplitude spectra of strong ground acceleration in
terms of earthquake, magnitude, source to station distance and recording site conditions', Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 66,
1343-1373 (1976).
33. M. D. Trifunac, `Preliminary empirical model for scaling Fourier amplitude spectra of strong motion acceleration in
terms of modified Mercalli intensity and geologic site conditions', Earthqu. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 7, 63-74 (1979).
34. M. D. Trifunac and B. D. Westermo, `Dependence of duration of strong earthquake ground motion on magnitude,
epicentral distance, geologic conditions at the recording station and frequency of motion', Dept. of Civil Engng, Report
No. 76-02, U.S.C., Los Angeles (1976).
35. M. D. Trifunac and B. D. Westermo, `Correlations of frequency dependent duration of strong earthquake ground
motion with the modified Mercalli intensity and the geologic conditions at the recording stations', Dept. of Civil Engng,
Report No. 77-03, U.S.C., Los Angeles (1976).
36. M. D. Trifunac and A. G. Brady, À study on the duration of strong earthquake ground motion', Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.,
65, 581-626 (1975).
37. H. L. Wong and M. D. Trifunac, `Synthesizing realistic strong motion accelerograms, Depart. of Civil Engng, Report
No. CE 78-07, U.S.C., Los Angeles (1978).

Generation of Artificial Strong Motion: Accelerograms

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Generation of Artificial Strong Motion: Accelerograms

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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS, VOL.

GENERATION OF ARTIFICIAL STRONG MOTION

Received 30 November 1978

L. WONG AND M . D. TRIFUNAC

F1(w) exp (iwt) dw = Q1( t) cos (co,,, t+01) (2)

in which Q1(t) is an envelope function

2c sin Ow(t - t*)

ARTIFICIAL STRONG MOTION ACCELEROGRAMS 511

for wn- Ow<w<, wn+Ow

F2(w) = ^ c2exp [- i(w+Con) t2 -Iq2], for -wn-Ow<w < -wn+Ow

When these two groups of waves are superimposed as

I = Fi (w) + F2(w) I - V {C2 + C2 + 2c1 C2 COS

a function of w over the interval,

< I w < wn +Ow.

H. L. WONG AND M. D. TRIFUNAC

^+12anAnmexp[- i(w- (on )t*

O n )1I , for con -Aw

wl1< uin -f- Own

[- i((w-wn ) tnm-On)] dw (12)

ARTIFICIAL STRONG MOTION ACCELEROGRAMS

The values of Anm as a function of frequency have been defined as

The Fourier amplitude spectrum

= a(T)pl + b(T) Imm + c(T) + d(T) s + e(T) v

H. L. WONG AND M. D. TRIFUNAC

ARTIFICIAL STRONG MOTION ACCELEROGRAMS 515

Table 11(a). Regression coefficients for Fourier amplitude parameters: M, R, s, v, pl

Table 11(b). log,, A0(R) versus epicentral distance R*

R (km) - log10 Ao(R)

* Only the first two digits may be assumed to be significant.

H. L. WONG AND M. D. TRIFUNAC

Table III. Regression coefficients for Fourier amplitude parameters: IMM, s, v, p,

the duration is analysed in six frequency bands, ranging from 0.125 Hz to 25 Hz as in

f = 18.0 f0 = 7.0 f0 = 2.7 f = 1.1

-1.04 -1.23 -3.30 -5.83 -6.80 -4.45

ARTIFICIAL STRONG MOTION ACCELEROGRAMS

^N N't r, ct Wn0Ndten ,O ^ONNIt C^00 +NWn0Z N

M '0000Nc*M 't Z ^O.-+0^0't 'trNCNW)

00r O^n 00^ M--i^Or ON^000^^ 00 o0^-.Mr^A ON

o0N ^'N 0^--^ ^00\^NN0

^N Nei' NM v10N't en O '.0NN -C 00 Nv10'.ON

00 Vl 0\ M 0\ 000 01 N M N 0\ .N-. - IF,". 00

^N NIT rM v10NIt en^ ^NN C,0 -NN'n0'.ON

.^0^ O^O1N'000 -'.0- '.0- C\ It N--m'.O ^N

'.0 00 ItN 'IT 0 r

V1'O NCO a1N9 1 hNd'T VI1 7 C'.0in0

'.ON c,4 ,t Nt M '.O In Ortt 00 '.0 .-' N In 0 '.ON

.-'0\ 010.-- 7'!T d eNN M1N1Ov110

H. L. WONG AND M. D. TRIFUNAC

C Or 00 U OJ0o0,00>00000C 00 X000000000000OU0CO0n0ononoooo0Dnn Do+

,oco 000 0onroonC Ono,ooo,r 00 ra>cnconr0o0o0-no c0 onoono]0oo+ e:

a - OOODDOOOOOO000D00000Gn0000000Cr000GC1O0r]000000000000Q0000DnU000000U0n00UU0........, .. . ... ....... .., ,.. ,.00000

---- -'-- -- ------- .brtbrFbrbb

sss^sss s s sssss s,---rr.

"---:- .,, bbbbbhftbtbbbbftbbbb - ----- ---S.SSS^ hrT<r0_ +

'- -- -C Z':: :2 TT--+

ARTIFICIAL STRONG MOTION ACCELEROGRAMS

., ....000000 .'.' 0000+

0000000000 noo00000000000ri0000000...,00000000..,, TT..,...,.000000 .,.. 00+

OOnn,1n00000000000n000000000000.......1011010000,... 000000.,,,+ 1700+

00000000000000000000000000000000,, . 111111110011 ......, 0000....--11....+

0000'!0000000000000000000000000...,TTTTTTLT., ,, .. ,. TLSTT10000 ....--T1.....

00000000000000000000,o.o.o'iou00.........TTTTTTTTTTTT1TTTTTT TTTTT'.- ZZ..., ,, ObE----7777171 T+

666660 4060-- 6616 0+0+0311,,..+

..brrrr.rr^rr orr orrery-rrrr r-_yssssss,-+