1 Structural design - Basics

behavior of structure based on its loading and the related deformations

requirements regarding these deformations
according to building codes:
necessary conditional
bearing capacity serviceability
E
d
R
d
E
d
C
d
loads critical/buckling loads, material resistance loads, deformations specic values
applied frequencies = eigenfrequency

y
stress in all structural points yield/ultimate stress
description of structure, compute structural response to a dened loading
analytical (exact)
numerical (approximation)
2 Description of structures
2.1 Idealization of structures
dimensions in all 3 directions are of similar magnitude
body (3d structures, solids)
one dimension much smaller than other two
surface (2d structures)
folded plates (at) shells (curved)
(extremely thin: membranes)
walls plates
1
two dimensions much smaller than third
line (1d structure)
trusses/frameworks
(only axial forces)
beams/frames
(axial forces, bending, torsion)
arches/cables
2.2 Support
symbol reaction force
degrees of freedom
at the support
loose bearing
(rolling bearing)
F
B
dof = 2
(1 displacement,
1 rotation)
xed bearing
F
Bh
F
Bv
dof = 1
(1 rotation)
clamped
support
M
B
F
Bh
F
Bv
dof = 0
parallel support
M
B
F
Bh
dof = 1
(1 displacement)
orthogonal
support
F
Bv
M
B
dof = 1
(1 displacement)
2
2.3 Loading
type
external loads prescribed deformations
F single loads
line loads
surface loads
volume loads v
^
temperature changes
support sagging
time-dependency
static dynamic
permanent loads
long-term loads
inertia eects negligible
sometimes quasi-static
F(t)
t
inertia eects
wind
earthquake
impact
F(t)
t
2.4 Material
description by stress-strain dependency
time-dependency
rate-independent rate-dependent
linearly or non-linearly elastic viscoelastic/viscoplastic
F
g
F
g
elasto-plastic elastic-brittle creep, shrinkage, relaxation
F
g
F
g
3
3 Governing equations
18 unknowns: stresses
x
,
y
,
z

xy
,
yx

xz
,
zx

yz
,
zy
displacement u
x
, u
y
, u
z
strains
x
,
y
,
z
shear strains
xy
=
yx

xz
=
zx

yz
=
zy
18 conditional equations: 3 equilibrium conditions of forces
3 equilibrium conditions of moments
6 strain-displacement dependencies
6 stress-strain dependencies
3.1 Stresses
dA
n
dF
stresses are dened as the forces related to a specic area
the stress vector t is dened as
t =
dF
dA
where dF is the force acting on the area dA (unit:[N/mm
2
])
stress vector and its components dependent on normal direction n
F
J
t
n
components of the stress vector
... normal stress ( to cross-section)
... shear stress (in plane)
the 3d stress state of structural point dened by the components of stress vector in 3 directions
dx
dy
dz
x y
z
F
x
F
y
F
z
J
xy
J
yx
J
yz
J
zy
J
xz
J
zx
stress tensor:
=
_

x

xy

xz

yx

y

yz

zx

zy

z
_

_
4
equilibrium conditions
(1) equilibrium of moments

xy
=
yx
,
xz
=
zx
,
yz
=
zy
stress tensor is a symmetric tensor of 2
nd
order:
ij
=
ji
(2) equilibrium of forces
e.g. for 2d case:
F
y
+
MF
y
My
dy
J
yx
+
MJ
xy
My
dy
F
x
+
MF
x
Mx
dx
J
xy
+
MJ
xy
Mx
dx
f
x
f
y
y
x
F
y
F
x
J
xy
J
yx
dy
dx
t ... thickness
f
x
and f
y
... external/internal volume
forces (e.g. gravitation)
only consideration of rst term of Taylor-chain
equilibrium of forces in x-direction:

x
dy t
yx
dx t +
_

x
+

x
x
dx
_
dy t + +
_

yx
+

yx
y
dy
_
dx t + f
x
dx dy t = 0

x
x
+

yx
y
+ f
x
= 0
equilibrium of forces in y-direction:

y
y
+

xx
x
+ f
y
= 0
for 3d:

x
x
+

xy
y
+

xz
z
+ f
x
= 0

yx
x
+

y
y
+

yz
z
+ f
y
= 0

zx
x
+

zy
y
+

z
z
+ f
z
= 0
_

_
div + f = 0
3 coupled dierential equations for the 6 independent components of the stress tensor
in case of homogeneous stress state: all components are constant, i.e. no partial derivations and
f
x
= f
y
= f
z
= 0
5
3.2 Strain-displacement-dependencies (linear case)
Strains describe the changes of the longitudinal dimensions (normal strains) and the changes of
angles (shear strains) of a cuboid volume element.
x
y
z
P
u
P
displacement vector
u = u
x
e
x
+ u
y
e
y
+ u
z
e
z
with u
x
, u
y
, u
z
... displacement components
uniaxial strain state
normal strain: =
du
dx
dx du
biaxial strain state
normal strain:
x
=
u
x
x
dy
dx
dx
Mx
Mu
x

y
=
u
y
y
dy
dx
dy
My
Mu
y
shear strain:
xy
=
u
x
y
+
u
y
x
dy
dx
dx
Mx
Mu
x
Mu
y
My
dy
triaxial strain state

x
=
u
x
x

y
=
u
y
y

z
=
u
z
z

xy
=
yx
=
u
x
y
+
u
y
x

yz
=
yz
=
u
y
z
+
u
z
y

xz
=
zx
=
u
x
z
+
u
z
x
6
strain tensor
=
_

x
1
2

xy
1
2

xz
1
2

yx

y
1
2

yz
1
2

zx
1
2

yz

z
_

_
symmetric tensor of 2
nd
order
3.3 Stress-strain-dependencies (linear case)
strains depend on loading of structure and therefore on stresses
in case of linear-elastic, homogeneous, isotropic material: Hookes law
uniaxial stress state (truss, beam)
=

E
+
T
T
E ... Youngs modulus

T
... temperature coecient
T ... change of temperature
plane stress state

x
=
1
E
(
x

y
) +
T
T

y
=
1
E
(
y

x
) +
T
T

xy
=
1
G

xy
shear modulus: G =
E
2 (1 + )
, Poissons ratios:
3d stress state

x
=
1
E
[
x
(
y
+
z
)] +
T
T

y
=
1
E
[
y
(
x
+
z
)] +
T
T

z
=
1
E
[
z
(
x
+
y
)] +
T
T

xy
=
1
G

xy

yz
=
1
G

yz

zx
=
1
G

zx
few selected material parameters
material E [MPa]
T
[1/C]
steel 2.1 10
5
0.3 12 10
6
aluminum 0.7 10
5
0.3 23 10
6
copper 1.2 10
5
0.3 16 10
6
concrete 0.3 10
5
0.15 . . . 0.3 10 10
6
timber (ber) 0.1 10
5
0.45 3 . . . 9 10
6
7
tensor notation
= C :
Voigts notation
= C
= C
1

with =
_

x

y

z

xy

yz

zx
_
T
, =
_

x

y

z

xy

yz

zx
_
T
and
C =
E
1 +
_

_
1
1 2

1 2

1 2
0 0 0

1 2
1
1 2

1 2
0 0 0

1 2

1 2
1
1 2
0 0 0
0 0 0
1
2
0 0
0 0 0 0
1
2
0
0 0 0 0 0
1
2
_

_
,
C
1
=
1
E
_

_
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 2 (1 + ) 0 0
0 0 0 0 2 (1 + ) 0
0 0 0 0 0 2 (1 + )
_

_
3.4 Assumptions/Accuracy
magnitude of resulting displacement:
very small compared to cross-section dimensions (rst order theory)
equilibrium at undeformed conguration, small deformations and strains
in the magnitude of cross-section dimensions (secondary theory)
equilibrium at deformed conguration, large deformation and small strains
bigger than cross-section dimensions
equilibrium at deformed conguration, large deformations and strains
8