Drug Administration

Drug Administration
Angeluz Fernandez-Garcia,RM,RN,MSN
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Drug
 Is a substance that affects the function of living

cells, used in medicine to diagnose, cure, prevent
the occurrence of diseases and disorders, and
prolong the life of patients with incurable.
 Medicines are drugs used to prevent or

treat disease.
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
How Drugs are named:
 Chemical – scientific name, refers to the

drug’s atomic and molecular structure
 Generic – shorter name derived from the

chemical name [non-proprietary]
 Trade – brand name selected by the

manufacturer
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
PHARMACOLOGY
 Definition: The Study of Drugs
 Pharmacokinetics – how the body acts on

the drug
 Pharmacodynamics – how a drug acts on
the body.
 Pharmacotherapeutics – use of drugs to
prevent and treat diseases
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
Certain drugs work by interacting with receptors, special sites on the
surface of body cells. Drugs may bind to a specific receptor, possibly
preventing naturally occurring chemicals from binding to the receptor. In
so doing, if a drug enhances cell activity, it is called an agonist; if it blocks
cell activity, it is called an antagonist.
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
Pharmacokinetics
 Absorption
 Distribution
 Metabolism
 Excretion
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
1. Drug Absorption
 is the transfer of a drug from its site of

administration to the bloodstream.
 The movement of a drug from its point of

entry into the body into systemic circulation
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
Factors affecting drug
absorption
Administration route
 Blood flow to the administration site
 First pass effect
 Drug solubility (water based vs oil based)
 Drug concentration
 Dosage form
 Liquid: syrup, suspension, solution,
 Solid: tablet, pill, powder, capsule
 Gas ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
2. Drug Distribution
 It is the manner in which a drug is transported from
the site of absorption to the site of action.
 Once absorbed, most drugs bind to and are carried
by plasma proteins in the blood and lymph for
distribution
 It is Influenced by several factors:
 Blood Flow
 Solubility
 Protein binding
 Blood-brain and placenta barriers
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
3. Drug Metabolism
The process by which drugs are
inactivated and transformed into a
form that can be eliminated from the
body.
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
4. Drug Excretion
 The process of eliminating drugs from the

body.
 Elimination of toxic or inactive metabolites
 Organs of excretion
 Kidneys
 Intestine
 Lungs
 Sweat
and salivary glands
 Mammary
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
Route of administration
 is the path by which a drug, fluid,

poison, or other substance is
brought into contact with the body.
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
Route of Drug Administration
Classification
A. Topical
- local effect, substance
is applied directly
where its action is
desired.
1,Epicutaneous --
application onto the
skin.
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
Epicutaneous
Skin patch
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
2. Inhalation- is the movement of air from the
external environment, through the air ways, and
into the alveoli.
Inhaled dosage forms:

 Aerosol
 Gas/Vapor
 Inhaler & Metered
dose inhaler
 Solution for nebulizer
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
Inhalational administration
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
Ultrasonic Nebulizer Air compressing nebulizer
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
3. enema- is the procedure of introducing
liquids into the rectum and colon via the anus
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
3. Optic / Ophthalmic - drugs that re
administered on the eyes
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
4. Otic- drugs that are introduce via the ears
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
5. Intranasal – introduction of drugs thru the
nasal cavity.
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
6. Vaginal – introduction of drugs via the
vaginal route
 Vaginal dosage forms

 Douche
 Intrauterine device
 Pessary (vaginal
suppository)
 Vaginal ring
 Vaginal tablet
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
7. Cream- Emulsion of oil and water in approximately
equal proportions. Penetrates stratum corneum outer
layer of skin well.
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
8. Ointment- Combines oil (80%) and water
(20%). Effective barrier against moisture loss.
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
9. Gel - Liquefies upon contact with the skin.
- is a solid, jelly-like material that can have
properties ranging from soft and weak to hard
and tough.
10. Paste - Combines three agents - oil, water,

and powder; an ointment in which a powder is
suspended.
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
11. Powder - material composed of very fine
particles that are not cemented together
12.Liniment- is a medicated topical preparation
for application to the skin.
-Preparations of this type are also called
balm.
- liniments are typically sold to relieve pain and
stiffness, such as from sore muscles or from
arthritis ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
13. Lotion- is a low- to medium-viscosity,
topical preparation intended for application
to unbroken skin; creams and gels have a
higher viscosity
14. Transdermal patch-
- aka. skin patch is a medicated adhesive patch that
is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of
medication through the skin and into the
bloodstream. Often, this promotes healing to an
injured area of the ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
body.
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
Patch & Liniment
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
B. Enteral: desired effect is systemic (non-
local), substance is given via the digestive
tract.
 Routes:
 Oral
 Capsule
 Powder
 Solution
 Suspension
 Tablet
 Buccal or sublingual tablet
 Orally disintegrating tablet
 Thin film
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
Capsule - a small gelatinous
case enclosing a dose of
medication.
Powder - material composed

of very fine particles that are
not cemented together
Solution- is a homogeneous
mixture composed of two or
more substances
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
Suspension - mixture of two
chemicals with the character
that one does not rapidly
settle out
A tablet is a mixture of
active substances and
excipients, usually in
powder form, pressed or
compacted into a solid.
Sublingual – a drug
administered 'under the
tongue'
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
Enteral
 is a term used to describe the intestines or

other portions of the digestive tract.
 by gastric feeding tube, duodenal feeding

tube, or gastrostomy, many drugs and
enteral nutrition
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
Enteral Adminstration
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
Parental administration
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
C. Parenteral: refers to a route of
administration that involves piercing the skin
or mucous membrane
 Subcutaneous-
(SC, SQ, sub-cu, sub-Q or
subcut)
- the layer of skin directly below
the dermis and epidermis
 Intramuscular injection-
is the administration of
drug directly into a
muscle
Deltoid muscle
Vastus lateralis muscle
Gluteus medius muscle
 Intradermal - An
intradermal injection is
given into the skin.
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
 Intravenous therapy
or IV therapy is the
giving of liquid
substances directly into
a vein.
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
Complication Description
Hematoma bruising
Cellulitis infection of the subcutaneous tissue
Thrombosis creation of a blood clot
Phlebitis infection of the vein
Sepsis generalized systemic infection
Pulmonary creation of a clot that lodges in the lungs
thromboembolism
Air embolism allowing an air bubble to enter the
circulatory system
Catheter fragment breaking the continuity of the
embolism intravenous catheter and allowing the
fragments to enter the circulatory
system.
Local infiltration infusion of intravenous fluid into the
tissues of the skin.
Circulatory overload administration of an excessive amount of
fluid into the circulatory system that may
cause heart failure and pulmonary
edema.
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN
Good Luck
And
God Bless
ANGELUZFERNANDEZ-
GARCIA,RM,RN,MSN

Drug Administration

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Drug Administration

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Drug Administration

 Is a substance that affects the function of living

 Medicines are drugs used to prevent or

 Chemical – scientific name, refers to the

 Generic – shorter name derived from the

 Trade – brand name selected by the

 Definition: The Study of Drugs

 Pharmacokinetics – how the body acts on

 is the transfer of a drug from its site of

 The movement of a drug from its point of

 The process of eliminating drugs from the

 is the path by which a drug, fluid,

Inhaled dosage forms:

 Vaginal dosage forms

10. Paste - Combines three agents - oil, water,

Powder - material composed

 is a term used to describe the intestines or

 by gastric feeding tube, duodenal feeding

Gluteus medius muscle

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