Chapter 9

Manufactured Substances in Industry

Name: Nur Atiqah Nadia Class: 4 science 2 School: SMK Gunung Rapat Teachers name: Pn. Norhana

Introduction Objectives 9.4 Synthetic Polymers

9.4.1 Types of synthetic polymers 9.4.2 Advantages of synthetic polymers 9.4.3 Environmental pollution caused by synthetic polymers

9.5 Glass & Ceramics 9.6 Composite Materials Conclusion References

Introduction
All the object that exist around us are made up of chemical substances.These objects exist as element,compound and mixture. Chapter 9 in chemistry form 4 syllabus introduces the students with an interesting topic about manufactured substances in industry.This topic is important and vital as it teaches the students how the chemical substances are produced into materials as later on will help mankind in their daily life.

Objectives
Evaluate the uses of synthetic polymer. Apply the uses of glass and ceramics. Evaluate the uses of composite materials

9.4 synthetic polymers

The meaning of polymers: Polymers are large molecules made up of monomers which are joined together by covalent bond.

Synthetic Polymers :
man-made by chemical processes

Polymers

Naturally Occuring Polymers :

exist in plants & animals Eg : protein,carbohydrate,natural rubber

9.4.1 Types of synthetic polymers

Examples : 1.polythene 2.PVC 3.polypropene 4.polystyrene 5.perspex Thermoplastic : 1.become soft when subjected to heat. 2.can be moulded into various shape. Properties : 1.light 2.strong 3.inert to acid and alkali 4.electical & heat insulators

Plastics

Long chained polymers that withstand stretching.

Examples : 1.Nylon 2.Terylene

Synthetic Fibres

Can regain its original shape when strecthed.

Examples: 1.Natural rubber 2.Synthetic rubber

Elastomers

Uses of synthetic polymers

Synthetic Polymer 1.polyethylene 2.polypropylene 3.polyvinylchloride,PVC 4.polystyrene 5.perspex

Monomer ethene

6.teflon 7.terylene

8.nylon

propene chloroethene phenylethene Methyl-2methyl propenoate tetrafluoroethene Coating for non stick frying pan Hexane-1,4Sails,ropes,fishing nets dicarboxylic acid Hexane-1,6Ropes,carpets diamine

Plastic cups & plates Plastic bottles,bottle crates Water pipe,shoes,rain clothes Heat insulators,toys Airplane windows,car lamps

Uses bags,plastic

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS IN OUR DAILY LIFE

9.4.2 Advantages of synthetic polymers

cheap,light

longlasting,resistant to decay

Advantages

easily coloured,mould ed into shapes

noncorrosive,water proof,good insulators

9.4.3 Environmental pollution caused by synthetic polymers 1.Most polymers are non-biodegradable(cannot decomposed) which can cause disposal problems. be

2.Discarded plastic items may cause blockage of drainage systems and rivers , thus causing flash floods. 3.The open burning of polymers, may release harmful and poisonous gases that will cause air pollution.

9.4.4 Method problem

to

overcome

the

environmental

1.Reduce,reuse,recycle synthetic polymers. 2.Develop biodegradable polymers

9.5 Glass and Ceramics

Glass: The major component of glass is silica or silicon dioxide which can be found in sand.

Ceramics:

1.Ceramic is a manufactured substance made from clay that is dried and baked at high temperature. 2.The main constituent of clay is aluminate,silica and feldspar. 3.Properties: Hard,strong but brittle Have high melting point, remain stable at high temperature Heat & electric instrument Resistant to corrosion Chemically inert Both glass and ceramics have the same properties as follows: 1.hard but ductile 2.chemically inert 3.electricity insulator 4.conductors of heat & electricity 5.can be easily cleaned. The differences in properties between glass and ceramic: Glass Ceramic Transparent opaque Softhen when heated High melting point,hence retains shape on heating Impermeable Usually porous except when glazed.

The uses of improved glass & ceramics for specific purposes: Glass :

1.Photochromic glass Sensitive to light intensity Darken when exposed to sunlight, became clear when light intensity decrease Used in windows,sunglasses 2.Conducting glass A type of glass that can conduct electricity Used in the making of LCD Ceramic : 1.Superconductor Are a class of ceramics that conducts electricity without resistance & loss of electrical energy Used to make light magnets,electrical generators,electric motors 2.Ceramic car engine block High thermal resistance Is used because it can resist high temperatures Ceramic engines offer great advantages in terms of fuel economy,efficiency,weight savings & performance

9.6 Composite materials

The meaning of composite materials:

A structural material formed by combining two or more materials with different with different physical properties, producing a complex mixture.

Reinforced concrete Photochromic glass

Superconductor

Types of composite materials

Fibreglass

Fibre optic

1.Reinforced concrete Concrete is hard, fireproof, waterproof,

comparatively cheap and easy to maintain

Can withstand very high applied forces (high pressure) & can support very heavy load Used to construct framework for highways, bridges, oil platforms & high-rise buildings

2.Superconductors
Can conduct electricity with zero resistance when they are cooled to extremely low temperatures.

 Used to make more efficient generators, magnetic energy storage systems, transfomers

3.Fibre optic (optical fibres)

Bundles of glass tubes with very small diametres Composite material that can transmit electronic data or signals, voice and images in a digital format, in the form of light along the fine glass tubes at great speeds

4.Fibreglass
Light,strong,tough,resilient,inflammable,flexible with a high tensile strength Easily coloured,moulded & shaped

Is used for making water storage tanks, boat hulls,pipes.

5.Photochromic glass Has the ability to change colour & become darker when exposed to UV light Used to make camera lens, car windshields

Conclusion
We should appreciate all these various synthetic materials as their rapid development made a significant impact in our lives. As we lived in this fast-paced world, more and new materials are needed to overcome new challenges and predicament that we face every day. Hence, continuous

and constant effort has to be put into research and development (R&D) to ensure our quality of lives are at the highest standard.At the same time, these synthetic material cause adverse effects on human beings and the environment, therefore we must find a concrete solutions and a responsible, systematic method of handling the waste of synthetic materials and their by-product. This is vital to prevent environmental pollution. So, with new technologies development, we should try our hardest to make new discoveries on new and friendly synthetic materials to overcome shortage of natural materials problems.

References
1.Chemistry form 4 textbook 2.Success chemistry SPM