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14/01/04 Khalaf Batiha

Multirate in Digital Signal Processing

I.

Introduction

Multi-rate signal processing studies digital signal processing systems which include sample rate conversion. Multi-rate signal processing techniques are necessary for systems with different input and output sample rates, but may also be used to implement systems with equal input and output rates. Multi-rate signal processing changes the sampling rate of the discrete time signal. Multi-rate signal processing can be used in digital systems to reduce the complexity of computations and to reduce the transmission data rate; the input signal is downsampled before processing. And also, its changed when two systems connected to each other and they use different Sampling rates. Hence the conversion is needed to match these systems. The digital signal processing (DSP) systems can be classified into two types; namely, single rate systems in which all data are sampled at fixed sample rate, and multi-rate systems in which the sampling rate can be changed.

II.

Sampling Rate Conversion

from sampling analog signal , then we can form with period
,

Sampling rate conversion is converting the signal rate from one rate to another. If we form discrete sequence period with , By

which is analogous to sampling analog signal

Sampling conversion. The Sampling Theorem must be taken in consideration to ensure the reconstruction of original signal; changing the information carried by the signal as little as possible, or in other words minimizes the discrepancy.

and its samples

clarifies an example of an analog signal

with its samples at deferent

sampling frequencies (i.e. deferent data rates), the deferent data rates can be achieved by changing the sampling rate wich can be done in two methods; convert to analogue, and then re-sample. changing sampling rate in digital domain , and . We will discuss the

Multi-rate method; in which we could convert the sampling rate into two modes of operation; decimation (for downsampling), and interpolation (for Upsampling).

i.

Decimation by factor M

Downsampling is the process in which the sampling rate is decreasing by an integer factor ,

It follows

Where x[n] is the input of the system, y[n] is the system output, Fs is the sampling frequency,Fs the output sampling freqquency, and M is the downsampling factor. As indicated in fig.2.

Fig.2.

and its down-sampling version

Fig.2. indicates an example of the down-sampling for some signal factor .

by the

We note that the down Sampling removes samples, hence decreases the sampling rate. But we should take in our consideration the aliasing problem; to prevent the aliasing in this case; we use the digital anti-aliasing filter (low pass) to remove frequencies higher than some pre-determined threshold:

So, the digital frequency is,

 Remark: down sampling combined with the digital filter is called Decimation. Filtering operation is Linear and Time Invariant, but down sampling is not, however, decimation is not linear time invariant operation.

ii.

Interpolation (Upsampling)

Upsampling process is the process of increasing the sampling rate by factor (Integer), such that the new sampling frequency is equal to the original sampling frequency multiplied by the factor as follow:

Interpolation can be achieved by between successive samples, or the LPF

Zero-filling by adding

zeros

Low pass filtering, in which the frequency of

And,

Fig.3. indicates an upsampling conversion example for a given input signal with upsampling factor , where is the interpolated sequence of

Fig. 3. The input signal

vs. the interpolation version

There is a combined case obtained from the two aforementioned methods called non-integer ratio conversion; it is done in two steps; firstly do the interpolation by factor , and secondly the decimation by , this results into non-integer ration conversion ( ). The block diagram in Fig.4 indicates this case.

Fig. 3. The flow diagram of the non-integer sampling conversion

Please find the attached Matlab code in the compressed file which does the interpolation and decimation using Matlab.