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NON - INHIBITIVE
Fresh - water bentonite mud Fresh - water lignosulphanate mud INCREASING INHIBITION
Sea - water mud Calcium based mud Potassium mud Magnesium mud Magnesium/Potassium mud Polymer mud Oil - based mud
INCREASING SALINITY
FULLY INHIBITED
(ROT) Rule of Thumb: The more inhibited the mud, the more stable the hole.
DENSITY
CHANGE INCREASE DECREASE
RESULT
INCREASED OVERBALANCE
DECREASED OVERBALANCE
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
MOBILE FORMATIONS
VISCOSITY
YIELD POINT
VISCOSITY
TEMPERATURE
GEL STRENGTH
Gel strength is a measure of the attractive forces between the solids in the mud when it is stationary. Gels are Important as they keep solids in the mud in suspension. Gel strength increases with time. Gel strength is a function of the amount of solids in the mud.
PLASTIC VISCOSITY (PV) A measure of the muds resistance to flow due to the quantity, size and shape of solids in the mud. YIELD POINT (YP) A measure of the muds resistance to flow due to the type of solids in the mud. The higher yields point the better of carrying capacity of the mud.
RHEOLOGY
CHANGE INCREASE DECREASE
RESULT
REDUCTION IN CUTTINGS
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
REDUCED HOLE
FLUID LOSS
CHANGE INCREASE
RESULT
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
FORMATION INSTABILITY
A. MUD ENGINEER RECOGNIZES PROBLEM. e.g. INCREASED WATER LOSS DUE TO SALT CONTAMINATION OF FRESH WATER BASED MUD (N.B. REACTIVE SWELLING SHALE FORMATION ALSO EXPOSED IN OPEN HOLE SECTION). B. MUD ENGINEER ASSESSES IMPLICATIONS OF PROBLEM WITH RESPECT TO FORMATIONS EXPOSED - (CONSULTS WITH MUD LOGGER). C. MUD ENGINEER NOTIFIES DRILLING TEAM OF PROBLEM. D. Drilling TEAMS NOW ALERTED!!! E. MUD ENGINEER ASSESSES SEVERITY OF PROBLEM AND RECOMMENDS TREATMENT. F. MUD ENGINEER BEGINS TREATMENT. (DRILLING MAY HAVE TO STOP). G. MUD ENGINEER MONITORS RETURNS FOR SIGNS OF IMPROVEMENT IN MUD SYSTEM. H. IMPROVEMENTS MAY TAKE ALONG TIME. (INCREASED RISK OF HOLE PROBLEMS DURING THIS RECOVERY PERIOD). I. MUD ENGINEER INFORMS DRILLING TEAM OF IMPROVED MUD CONDITION BUT STRESSES THAT TIME REQUIRED TO ASSESS THE EFFECT ON HOLE CONDITION.
DIFFERENTIAL STICKING
1. Circulation...................................... 2. Reciprocal pipe movement................................... 3. Torque............................................. 4. Problem............................in relation to............... Problem usually occurs when pipe is.......
KEY WORDS
HEALS TIME UNABLE IMPOSSIBLE RESTRICTED DETERIORATES STATIONARY INCREASES UNAFFECTED
GEOPRESSURED FORMATIONS
I. Circulation may be... .....due to ...........entering the annulus. 2. Pipe movement may be.... due to .. 3. .Torque may....... 4. Problems occur due to formation pressure being .......................than mud hydrostatic pressure. Problem is.........to stabilize with time. Problem can occur while... KEY WORDS HIGHER INCREASE LIKELY TRIPPING RESTRICTED PACKING OFF DECREASE DRILLING UNUKELY UNAFFECTED LOWER CAVINGS
REACTIVE FORMATIONS
1. Circulation may be affected due to hole ............................................ 2. Pipe movement may be............................. 3. Rotation may be possible but with gradual higher as hole size........................... 4. When initially penetrated formation may not cause problems. A time delay may occur as.........progresses. Problems can occur while....... KEY WORDS
UNCONSOLIDATED FORMATIONS
1. Pump pressure may indicating bridging or packing off. 2. Upward pipe movement may bewill cure this. 3. Downward pipe movement may be restricted. In this case.................or..................side build up may have occurred and a.........may be necessary. 4. Torque may be..............., but may improve with...... Problem can occur while................................
KEYWORDS
ERRATIC INCREASE TRIPPING LOW PILL RESTRICTED DRILLING HIGH DECREASE DRILLING & TIRIPPING SMOOTH FILL CIRCULATION ROTAT1NG TIME 74 Stuck pipe prevention& fishing operations
MOBILE FORMATION
1. If formation encroachment is severe. Circulation may be........ 2. Up and down movement may both be. . 3. Rotation may be.........................but with ..torque. 4. There is often a...............delay before these formation into the wellbore. Problem can occur while ..
KEY WORDS
IMPOSSIBLE UNAFFECTED Flow LIMITED TIME Drilling HIGH POSSIBLE Restricted UNRESTRICTED DRILLING &TRIPPING Low
FRACTURED/FAULTED FORMATIONS
I. Circulation may be affected due to... 2. Overpull and drag will increase due to ....................................load. 3. .Rotation may be possible but with higher ............................................ 4. Problems are likely to occur as the formation is drilled. .. ....is paramount and drilling ahead must take second place. With time the formation may......,............. Problem can occur while........
KEYWORDS
1B
KEYSEATING
1. Clrculation................................................. 2. .................movement restricted. 3. Rotation may be............................................................ 4. A keyseat will...................................with time.
KEYWORDS
UNLIKELY REDUCED WORSEN DOWNWARD OUT HEAL RESTRICTED INCREASED UNAFFECTED IN UPWARD IMPOSSlBLE LOST FLUID POSSIBLE
WELLBORE GEOMETRY
1. Circulation usually .... 2. Overpull and drag likely to be..........................as opposed to a gradual increase. 3. Rotation may be possible but with. torque. 4. Problems tend to be mechanical (i.e ledging, doglegs) and are a result of the hole profile. It is......that the condition will stabilize with time. Other problems such as ............can develop with time. Problem can occur during...
KEYWORDS
KEY WORDS
IMPOSSSBLE UNRESTRSCTED DOWNWARD UNAFFECTED TRIPPING JAR DOWN RESTRICTED DRILING JAR UP UPWARD POSSIBLE TRIPPSNG & DRILLING
KEY WORDS
JUNK
1. Circulation likely to be... 2. Restrictions to up and down movement are likely to be.... 3. Rotation may be possible but torque likely to be 4. Problem ..with time. Problem can occur during. KEY WORDS DETERIORATES UNRESTRICTED RESTRICTED UNAFFECTED TRIPPING POSSIBLE SMOOTH DRILLING GRADUAL ERRATIC IMPOSSIBLE TRlPPING & DRILLING
CEMENT BLOCKS
1. Circulation likely to be... 2. Pipe movement up and down may be.. 3. Torque likely to be................... and.................. 4. Problem may.......................with time if cement blocks cease to fall into the hole. Problem can occur during.
KEY WORDS
DETERIORATE UNRESTRICTED RESTRICTED LOW TRIPPING HIGH SMOOTH DRILLING STABILIZE ERRATIC IMPOSSIBLE TRlPPING & DRILLING
GREEN CEMENT
1. Circulation may be....depending on cement condition. 2. Up and down pipe movement...possible but deteriorates rapidly. 3. Rotation may be possible but torque willas cement........ 4. Problem will deteriorate... with time. Problem can occur during....
KEY WORDS
SETS DECREASE RAPIDLY TRIPPING& DRILLING POSSIBLE INCREASE FLOWS DRILLING INITIALLY SLOWLY ERRATIC TRIPPING
Collapsed Casing
1- Circulation 2- Up and down pipe movement may be restricted depending on how much the casing I.D.is 3- If the casing is jammed and rotation is impossible should commence immediately. 4- The casing I.D. may reduce with time as formation continues Problem can occur during .
Key Words
Jarring Increasing Fracturing Tripping Unrestricted Circulation Restricted Drilling Squeezing Reduced Impossible Tripping & drilling
TRIPPING IN WEIGHT INDICATOR SHOWS SUDDEN LOSS OF WEIGHT UPWARD PULL SHOWS EXCESSIVE DRAG WITH KELLY ON PUMP PRESSURE INCREASES DRAMATICALLY CAN JAR UP, BUT CANNOT JAR DOWN, CANNOT ROTATE PROBLEM?
WHILE TRIPPING IN WEIGHT INDICATOR SHOWS SUDDEN ERRATIC LOSS OF WEIGHT. UPWARD PULL SHOWS EXCESSIVE DRAG PREVIOUS BIT WAS NOT GAUGED DEVIATED DOG LEG NEEDS TO BE SURVEYED ON THIS TRIP IN BHA IS NOW 30 FT. LONGER THAN LAST BHA
PROBLEM?
TRIPPING OUT - DRILLER NOTICED A LOT OF ERRATIC AND OVERPULL, 20 STANDS OFF BOTTOM. RELIEF DRILLER LEFT NO NOTES OF ANY PROBLEMS IN THIS NEW HOLE SECTION. WITHOUT CIRCULATION, DRILLER CANNOT GO UP OR DOWN DRILLER CAN ROTATE SLOWLY AND MOVE UP OR DOWN PROBLEM?
WHILE TRIPPING OUT - EXCESSIVE DRAG AND OVERPULL LIMITED ROTATION (HIGH TORQUE) CAN'T PULL UP OR DOWN CIRCULATE IMPOSSIBLE
0B
PROBLEM?
WHILE DRILLING INCREASED TORQUE NO CHANGE IN FORMATION SUSPECTED SHORT TIME FOR BIT TO BE IN HOLE EXCESSIVE HOLE DRAG NOTICED NO DOG LEG SUSPECTED PRESSURE TO CIRCULATE INCREASING. DRAG REDUCES WHEN PUMPING FASTER. PROBLEM?
GEOPRESSURED FORMATIONS
* Take time to clean the hole. * Inspect the shakers for evidence of cavings. * If situation allows increase the mud weight. * Ream each single. * Perform regular wiper trips. * Observe pump pressure trends to identify annullus overloading. * Control rate of penetration. * Minimize open hole time. Recognize increasing overpull trends and stop drilling until hole is clean. * Ensure mud specifications are maintained.
UNDERGAUGE HOLE
Work/jar string upwards. Apply maximum forces from start of freeing operations.
UNCONSOLIDATED FORMATIONS
Be prepared when using a top drive system to ream during the stand. Control penetration rate. Use ALL solids removal equipment efficiently. Be prepared for shaker screen blinding. Clean out the hole before drilling ahead. Us viscous sweeps. Avoid excessive periods of circulation opposite these formations. Wipe each connection. Avoid excessive surge/swab pressures. Be prepared for loose fiII when running to bottom.
MOBILE FORMATIONS
If annulus packed off concentrate on establishing/ improving circulation. Work string by applying forces gradually. In the case of squeezing salt if circulation is possible spot freshwater mud while working the pipe. Do not delay in pumping water base mud . Water base mud should be large enough to cover stuck point with 20 bbls left in the string. In oil based systems pump a water/ detergent spacer ahead of the pill. Maintain maximum pull on the pipe while the pill is circulated. If pipe is not free in 2 hours repeat procedure. Key point Remember well control implications. If circulation is possible an increase in mud weight should be considered.
FRACTURED/FAULTED FORMATIONS
Clean out excess fill before drilling ahead. Check condition of hole before drilling too far ahead. Clean out annulus at a slow, controlled rate (remember - lost circulation potential) Minimize surge pressures restrict tripping speeds. Run a jar in the upper assembly. Be prepared to wash/ream when tripping in. Design B.H.A. to minimize risk of ledge formation.
REACTIVE FORMATIONS
KEY POINT These formations result in packing off of the annulus Concentrate on establishing full circulation by working the string. Concentrate on downward working. Rotation may also help in disturbing the material packing off the annulus. Apply freeing forces gradually. If circulation is established an increase in mud weight may be beneficial.
KEY SEATING
Concentrate on working pipe upwards gradually. Avoid jamming string into key seat. Try to rotate string up and out of the key seat with minimum tension. If string reamer/key seat wiper installed attempt to remove key seat by back reaming. Minimize pipe rotation at the same point. Wiper trips. Minimize dogleg severity. Consider BHA design / configuration. Minimize length of rathole below casing. Consider in stalling a wiper or string reamer in the string if the problem is anticipated.
KEY POINT
Immediate working required to reduce the risk of wall sticking.
JUNK
Concentrate on upward and downward working/ jarring to dislodge the obstruction. Gradually increase applied freeing forces. Only use equipment in good condition. Inspect equipment regularly. Be careful when working around the rotary table. Leave hole covered as long as possible. Install drill pipe wiper on the hole whenever possible.
Mobile formations
Recognize the significance of reaction time associated with these formations. Regular wiper trips may be necessary. When tripping in slow down in advance and be prepared to ream. Condition mud prior to penetrating the formation. Consider the use of eccentric PDC bits. Consider increasing the mud weight if the situation allows. Minimize open hole time.
Green Cement
Pre treat the mud if green cement suspected. Always know the theoretical top of cement. Begin circulation well above theoretical top of cement. Check for cement returns at the shakers Do not rely on the weight indicator. Restrict R.O.P. when cleaning out cement.
Cement blocks
Minimize rathole below casing shoe. When drilling casing ratholes or cement plugs always ream section thoroughly before drilling ahead. Beware when tripping back though the casing or past cement plugs.