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WaterTreatment
EENV4331
Lecture1: Introduction
Dr.Fahid Rabah
Usable Water quality q y Isthe1%usablewaterqualitysuitablefordirectuse? Surface S f water t is i mostly tl contaminated t i t d and d not t suitable it bl for direct usage. Surface water has open surfaces, consequently it is subjected to direct pollution from natural and human activities. Ground water is usually suitable for direct usage since it is naturally protected by the geological formations of earth. However, contamination may reach groundwater . In this case it should be purified before usage.
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1.3 Definition of water Pollution Water Pollution is defined as: The presence of impurities in water in such quantity and of such nature as to impair the use of the water for a stated purpose. Pollution = pure water + impurities Notice that pure water H2O does not exist on earth. Water vapor can be considered as pure water. water However, when it rains and runs over the earth surface or through the ground layers many impurities dissolve or stick to it. 6
1.4 Definition of water Treatment Water treatment is defined as: The process of reduction or removal of impurities from water to acceptable concentrations suitable for a stated usage. Types of Impurities in water Dissolved Di l dsolids lid (organic ( i and di inorganic) i ) Suspendedsolids(organicandinorganic) settleable ttl bl Nonsettleable Colloidalsolids(organicandinorganic)
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1.5 Water Treatment Methods Eachtypeofthementionedsolidsrequiresspecial methodtobereducedorremovedfromwater Waterpurification"treatment"methodsareclassified intothreemaincategories: g Physicalmethods Chemicalmethods BiologicalMethods
Water Treatment Methods Examplesoneachtreatmentcategory: Physicalmethods sedimentation Filtration Flocculation Adsorption airstripping Aeration ReverseOsmosesdesalinationRO RO
Water Treatment Methods Chemicalmethods Coagulation Softening Chemicalprecipitations DisinfectionwithchlorineandOzone oxidationreductionreactions DesalinationusingElectodialysis. Electodialysis IonicExchange
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Turbidity
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Hardness
softening; demineralization
Alkalinity
foam and carryover of solids bicarbonate(HCO3-), with steam; embrittlement of lime and lime-soda softening; 2-), carbonate (CO32 ) and boiler steel; bicarbonate and acid treatment; demineralization hydroxide(OH-), carbonate produce CO2 in dealkalization by anion exchange expressed as CaCO3 steam, a source of corrosion in condensate lines
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Impurities p in Water
Constituent Chemical Formula Difficulties Caused Means of Treatment
corrosion
Carbon Dioxide
CO2
PH
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Impurities p in Water
Constituent Chemical Formula Difficulties Caused adds to solids content of water, but in itself is not usually significant, combines with calcium to form calcium sulfate lf t scale l Means of Treatment demineralization, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, evaporation
Sulfate
SO42-
Chloride
Cl -
Nitrate
NO3
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Impurities p in Water
Constituent Chemical Formula Difficulties Caused Means of Treatment cause of f mottled ttl d enamel li in adsorption with magnesium teeth; also used for control of hydroxide, calcium phosphate, or dental decay: not usually bone black; alum coagulation g industrially y significant adds to solids content of water: when combined with OH-, causes corrosion in boilers under certain conditions
Fluoride
F-
Sodium
Na+
Silica
SiO2
scale in boilers and cooling water systems; insoluble turbine blade deposits due to silica vaporization
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Impurities p in Water
Constituent Chemical Formula Difficulties Caused f deposits d it in i water t source of lines, boilers. etc.; interferes with dyeing, tanning, papermaking, p p g, etc. Means of Treatment aeration; coagulation and filtration; lime softening; cation exchange
Iron
Manganese
Mn2+
same as iron
same as iron
Aluminum
AI3+
usually present as a result of floc carryover from clarifier; can cause deposits in cooling systems and contribute to complex boiler scales
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Impurities p in Water
Constituent Chemical Formula Difficulties Caused Means of Treatment corrosion of : water lines, heat exchange equipment, boilers, return lines, etc.
Oxygen
O2
Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S
Ammonia
NH3
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Impurities in Water
Constituent Chemical Formula Difficulties Caused Means of Treatment refers to total amount of dissolved matter, determined lime softening and cation by evaporation; high exchange by hydrogen zeolite; concentrations are demineralization, reverse objectionable because of osmosis, electrodialysis, process interference and as a evaporation cause of foaming in boilers refers to the measure of undissolved di l d matter, tt determined by filtration and drying
Dissolved Solids
none
Suspended S d d Solids
none
Total Solids
none
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b Chemical characteristics: b. Many dissolved chemicals exist in water and many of them are of concern such as:as: Chloride, fluorides, Iron, lead, manganese, sodium, sulfate, zinc, toxic inorganic substances, toxic organic substances,
c. Microbiological characteristic:Pathogens: viruses viruses, bacteria bacteria, protozoa protozoa, helminthes (warms)
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Symbol y
TDS TH (CaCO3) ABS Al Fe M Mn Cu Zn Na Ni Cl F SO4 NO3 Ag Mg Ca K
MCL ( (mg/l) g )
1500 500 1 0.3 1 02 0.2 1.5 15 400 0.1 400 1.5 500 70 0.05 120 200 12
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Disinfection
Storage
Distribution
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Sedimentation
Filtration
Disinfection
Storage
Distribution
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Disinfection
Storage
Distribution
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Sedimentation
Recarbonation
Filtration
Disinfection
Storage
Distribution
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Aeration
Filtration
Disinfection
Storage
Distribution