Chapter 6 : Metal and nonmetal

i) General comparison between metals and nonmetals ii)Metal

Aluminum
Industrial production of aluminum Physical and chemical properties Applications

General comparison between metals and nonmetals

METALS
Form cation in aqueous Good heat and electrical conductor High melting and boiling point Usually appear as solid at room temperature Formed basic oxides

NONMETALS

Iii)Nonmetals
Preparations of chlorine in
laboratory (concentrated HCl) Industry ( electrolysis:Downs method) Chemical test Physical and chemical properties Applications

Industrial production of Aluminum : Extraction of Aluminum using electrolytic method

The ore containing aluminum compaund, which is comercially used in the extractive metallurgy is called bauxite. Bauxite is a hydrated aluminum oxide. Extraction of aluminum from bauxite is carried out in three stages: Ore dressing cleaning ore by means of separation of the metal containing mineral from the waste (gangue). Chemical treatment of bauxite for converting the hydrated aluminum oxide to pure aluminum oxide. Reduction of aluminum from aluminum oxide by the electrolytic process.

Process of extraction of aluminum:

Aluminium is obtained by the electrolytic reduction of its molten oxide, alumina (Al2O3). Hall-Heroult process Alumina is a very poor electricity conductor and has a very high melting point (2045C). Therefore the mineral cryolite (Na3AlF6) is added to lower the melting point.

Al2O3 in molten cryolite

During the electrolysis of Al2O3, the pure aluminium is attracted to the cathode, At the cathode, reduction takes place :

Al 3+ + 3eSteel (Fe)

Al

Then the oxygen is attracted to the anode, At the anode, oxidation takes place :

2O2-

O2 + 4e-

However, at HIGH temperature of the cell, the carbon anodes burn in this oxygen to form carbon dioxide. Continual replacement of the anodes is a major expense.

Some economic and environmental considerations

Economic considerations Think about:
The high cost of the process because of the huge amounts of electricity it uses. Energy and material costs in constantly replacing the anodes

Physical properties of aluminum:

Aluminium is a soft, lightweight metal has a low density is a good electrical conductor good heat conductor has a good appearance nontoxic/ nonpoisonous nonmagnetic

Environmental problems in mining and transporting the bauxite Think about:

Loss of landscape due to mining Noise. Atmospheric pollution from the various stages of extraction. For example: carbon dioxide from the burning of the anodes (greenhouse effect);

Chemical Properties of Aluminum:

1) Resists corrosion because of the strong thin layer of oxide on its surface that helps protect the metal from attack by air. So, normally, aluminum metal does not react with air. 2) Aluminum will burn in oxygen to form the aluminum oxide, 4Al(s) + 3O2(l) 2Al2O3(s) 3) Aluminium metal reacts vigorously with all the halogen:
2Al(s) + 3Cl2(l) 2Al(s) + 3Br2(l) 2AlCl3(s) Al2Br6(s)

Application of aluminum:
for aircraft industry useful for construction and automotive industries electrical conductor useful for cookware

4) Dissolve in acid and bases 2Al(s) + 6HCl 2Al3+ + 6Cl- + 3H2(g) 2Al(s) + 2NaOH + 6H2O 2Na+ + 2[Al(OH)4]- + 3H2(g) 5) Good reducing agent (easily oxidized), especially LiAlH4

The Preparation of Chlorine in the Laboratory

Production of chlorine in industry: Downs method

Na+ ions migrate to cathode where they are reduced to Na.

Na+ + e-

Na (Reduction)

Cl--ions migrate to anode and oxidised to form chlorine gas

2Cl-

Cl2 + 2e- (Oxidation)

Na+ + eNa 2Cl Cl2 + 2e- (Oxidation) __________________

2Na+ + 2Cl2Na + Cl2

Chemical test for chlorine

DRAW BACKS OF DOWN'S METHOD Melting point of NaCl is 801C. At this temperature molten NaCl and Na form a metallic fog in the container which is impossible to separate. In order to over come this difficulty instead of only NaCl, a mixture of NaCl and CaCl2 is electrolyzed in down's cell. The melting point of this mixture is 600C. At 600C no metallic fog is formed.

Test for Chlorine Gas, Cl2(g). 1) Is green-yellow in colour. 2) Has a pungent choking smell. 3) Will turn moist litmus or universal indicator paper red, and then bleach it white.

Some of the chemical/physical properties of chlorine include:

Some of the chemical/physical properties of chlorine include: Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature. Chlorine has a pungent, irritating odor The density of chlorine gas is approximately 2.5 times greater than air Chlorine is not flammable, but may react explosively or form explosive compounds Chlorine is slightly water soluble reacts with water to produce hypochlorite, OCl-. slightly soluble in water non-combustible gas at room temperature and at standard pressure. Chlorine is highly reactive, especially with hydrogen.

Applications of chlorine
Bleaching agent Disinfectant Raw material for production of chemicals

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