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The bond strength of resin to metal or ceramic .\urfaces has been increased with the introduction of vari-
ous surface-conditioning techniques. The principles of currently used conditioning methods and clinical
trials with these methods are summarized. The advances in surface-conditioning methods have increased
bonding to a high level: however, interpretation of the literature review itidicates that chemical honding
by means of recently introduced techniques provides better results than does mechanical bonding.
(Quintessence Int 1998:29:713-724)
Key words: ceramic surface conditioning, metal surface conditioning, resin bonding
Surface-conditioning methods
Clinical relevance
Mechanical bonding
Chemical bonding appears to give better results in
different clinical applications, such as resin veneers, In 1989, Hansson' reported that in clinical practice,
resin-bonded prostheses, and veneered clasps, than either a direct or an indirect technique could be used for
do other conditioning methods. the construction of resin-bonded prostheses. The direct
technique was first described in 1973, by both Ibsen-'
and Portnoy,-' as a simple method in which an acrylic
resin denture tooth or the patient's own tooth was
A lthough satisfactory bonding between porcelain
and metal is achieved with current dental practices,
during the last decade many attempts have been made
bonded, using a resin composite material, to the etched
enamel of the abutment tooth without metal
to create and develop techniques for bonding composite reinforcement. In the same year, Rochette-'^ presented an
materials and dental metals. This has led to the develop- alternative method, an indirect technique, in which a
ment of various surface-condition ing techniques. perforated cast-metal splint was bonded to the enamel
With the advent of adhesive dentistry, competition in with poly(methyl methacrylate) resin. On the basis of
these investigations, mechanical bonding gained
developing techniques and adhesive materials with in-
importance.
creased bonding strength has emerged between dental
scientists and manufacturers. Therefore, the intent of
this article is to review the published literature on the Macromechanical bonding
advantages and disadvantages of the most commonly
used surtace-conditioning concepts, concentrating on Macromechanical bonding is one of the oldest methods
their brief history and their applications with different used to retain metal restorations, allowing the cement to
dental materials, as well as to provide an overview of lock into the metal. This method involved a perforated
clinical results obtained. design, which had the disadvantage of exposing the
resin to saliva, causing piaque retention, and subjecting
* Research Assistant, Deparlment of Prosthodonlics. School of Oral
the resin to wear and crack propagation.*" The simple,
and Demal Medicine. University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
old technique of using mechanical beads had the main
disadvantage that considerable thickness was added to
'^Professor, Department of Prosthodontics. School of Oral and Denial
Medicine, University of Cologtic, Cologne, Germany.
the restoration. The network retainer system, first intro-
'»'Assistant Professor, Department oí Prosthoiionlics, School of Oral dticed by Shen' in 1984, was composed of prefabricated
and Dental Medicine, university of Coiogne, Cologne, Germany, mesh casting patterns to provide undercuts in the re-
Reprint requests: Prof Dr P. Pfeiffer, Department of Prosthodontics. tainer surface. This also had the disadvantage of requir-
School of Oral and Dentai Medicine, Utiiversily of Cologne, Kerpener
Strasse 32. 50931 Coiogne, Germany, E-maii: peter.pfei ffer@uni-koeln.de ing considerable metal thickness.
From available information, it is clear that mechani- moistened with a solution of opaque resin and tin. The
cal retention has the following disadvantages : unreliable surface is then oxidized and air dried, A second coating
bonding values, gap formation, and microleakage result- of tin is applied at 9 V, and the sttrface is oxidized,
ing from differences in thermal coefficients of expan- washed with water, and dried, A special opaque resin is
sion, Furtbermore, mechanical retention requires a then applied before the resin veneer is built up.
thickness of materials that might result in overcontour- Electrolytic tin plating is required particularly for
ing of the restoration, which is inconsistent with the precious metal alloys because only base metal alloys
conservative approach.* can be etched,'•• Other studies noted that tin oxides form
crystals on the surface of the alloy, making it easy for
Micromechanical bonding the resin to penetrate and produce micromechanical
and chemical retention,'^"'
Mi crome chani cal bonding systems involveii sandblast-
ing, which improved the retention between the metal and Chemical etching
resin by cleaning oxides or any greasy materials from
metal surfaces. Sandblasting created very fine roughness The use of an acid-based gel is an alternative to etching
and ihus increased the bonding surface area, enhancing the alloy retainer electrolytically. This alternative was
mechanical and chemical bonding between some resins originated by Lividitis" in 1986, Although new chetni-
and metals.* However, bond strengths obtained from cal-etching systems have been claimed to provide better
sandblasting were insufficient. Long-term durable bond- retention than either electrolytic etching or perforated
ing was obtained with resin composites (Panavia Ex, prostheses when used with some metals,'* these chemi-
Ktiraray) that contained phosphate monomer, cal etchants produce a shallower etching pattem than is
found on electrolytically etched metal.'' This technique
¡Electrochemical etching has the advantage of being very simple to use chaiiside;
furthermore, the restoration can be re-etched in case of
Electroetched retainers were developed in 1982 by failure, without the need for sophisticated laboratory
Lividitis and Thompson^ at the University of Maryland, procedures.
Fine irregularities in the surface of base alloys were
formed to increase the bond strength, ehminating resin Chemical bonding
exposure. Furthermore, metal could be made thinner to
avoid overcontouring and massive tooth reduction. SR Spectra Link. SR Spectra Link (Ivoclar) creates a
Electrolytic etching is the most widely used procedure to physicochemical bond between the resin and the metal
create increased mechanical retention to metal surfaces, without silane coating (Table 1), The adhesive resin is a
but only some nickel-chromium and cobait-chrotnium light-cured bonding medium based on metliacrylic acid,
alloys have been successfully etched,''*'Electrochemical which has a metal-active, a resin-active, and a water-
etching has tbe di.sadvantages of difficulty in creating repellent component. Because SR Spectra Link contains
a properly etched surface and not working well witb pre- a fluorinated alkyl methacryiate, it greatly reduces the
cious alloys. It is also technique sensitive, requires susceptibility of the bonding system to hydrolysis,
expensive equipment, and is time consuming. Tbe metal-active part of Spectra Link reacts with
Electrochemical etching of the metal framework cer- metal oxides and thus provides tbe necessary conditiotts
tainly improves the longevity of tesin-bonded restora- for an optimum bond. The Spectra Activator prepares
tions; however, to circumvent its limitations, numerous the polymerized surface of the Spectra Link for chemi-
alternatives have been proposed in recent years. cal bonding with tbe specially developed light-curing
Spectra Opaquer, Polymerization takes place in the
Electrolytic tin plating Spectramat iu 5 minutes. This is followed by the appli-
cation of the resin-activator component. Spectra
Most debondings in resin-bunded prostheses resuit from Activator, The framework is coated with Spectra
failure at the resin-metal interface,"-'^ It was therefore Opaquer and polymerized twice to make sure that all
necessary to improve the retention between the resin lut- the surfaces are irradiated. The surface treatment is
ing cement and the metal sutface of the prosthesis. The completed by tbe use of tbe desired Spectrasit color.
tin-plating technique consists of coating the rnetal sur- This method can also be used to provide a high-quality
face electrolytically, at 6 V, with a thin layer of tin oxide. bond between the metal and denture base material,
The layer is placed on the freshly sandblasted metal sur- Silicoater Classical. Silicoater (Heraeus-Kulzer) was
face, which acts as the cathode, with a felt-tipped anode developed at Jena University by Tiller et al-" in 1984
715
Quintessence Internationai
Ozean et al
t Application ot Solvent evaporated after 30 seconds 1, Sandbiasting Aiuminum oxide, 250 [jm;
retention beads pressure: > 0.4 MPa:
2 Sandbiasting Aluminum oxide, 50 to 250 |jm. time: approximately 15 seconds
steam cleaning, drying with oil-tree 1. Hinsing Silioiean: Air drying
compressed air 3. Mounting Positioning in the Silicoater apparatus
3 Coating Spectra Link: Polymerization in 4. Conditioning Silitlam' Approximately 5 minutes;
Spectramat for 5 minutes tiame proportion ol air-propane 20:1
4 Surface activation Spectra Activator (air application 130 L7h;
(resin-reactive component) propane 6.5 L/h for approximateiy
5 Coating Spectra Opaquer: Polymerization 4 minutes; cooling down in air)
in Spectramat and coating witfi 5. Siianization Silicoup A and B: Drying for
Spectrasit Cclor apprcximateiy 4 minutes
6. Coating Dentaooior Opaquer; 90-second
poiymerizatioo in Dentaooior XS
apparatus
1. Sandblasting Aluminum oxide, 250 |jm; 1. Sandblasting Aluminum oxide, 110 [jm.
pressure: 2 0.4 MPa; pressure: 0.2 MPa
time: approximately 15 seconds 2. Coating Kevloo-Primer; Appiied and dried
2. Rinsing Siliclean; Ait drying for 1 to 2 minutes
3. Conditioning Brushing a thin iayer ot Sililink; 3. Aotivation Kevloc Bond in Kevloc AC for
sample positioning in the middle of 8 minutes; cooling down tor 5 minutes
the apparatus; 2 minutes of cooiing 4. Polymerization Dentacoior Opaquer or Artglass
down in thin layers, in Dentacolcr XS
4. Siianization Coating with Siliseal; for 90 seconds
drying for 2 minutes
5. Coating Dentacolor Opaquer; Polymerization
in Dentaooior XS for 90 seconds
ing system (Table 6). The principle is a tribochemical with the hlasting pressure, results in the embedding of
application of a silica layer by means of sandblasting. silica particles on the metal surface, rendering the metal
First, surface conditioning takes place in the Rocatector surface chemically more reactive to resin via silane.
Delta (ESPE) with Rocatec Pre, llO-pm aluminum ESPE-Sil silane agent (ESPE) is applied before the sur-
oxide (ESPE), at a pressure of 0.25 MPa. Then the sam- face is coated with the opaquer and dried at room tem-
ples are blasted with 1 lO-pm aluminum oxide modified perature for 5 minutes.
with silicic acid, Rocatec Plus (ESPE), in the The particular advantages of the process are the
Rocatector Delta at 0.25 MPa at a distance uf 1 cm from bpeed and accuracy of coating, the fact that the adhesive
the metal surface for 13 sec/cm-. layer can be checked visually, and the fact that thermal
The theoretic calculated speed of the Rocatec Plus stressing of the framework is avoided. This is especially
particles hitting the alloy surface is 200 m/s, producing useful in repairs hecause remaining acrylic resin does
spot heating up to !,000°C. This spot heating, together not have to be removed."
Comparison of conditioning systems The effect of water storage on bonds obtained with
Silicoater Classical, Silicoater MD, Rocatec system,
Metal conditioning and Panavia Ex to different types of alloys was ad-
dressed by Beldner et al,^^ who concluded that the bond
strength developed with both the Rocatec system and
Numerous studies over the years have assessed the sur-
Panavia Ex to cobalt-chromium alloys remained the
face conditioning of alloy surfaces. Crcugers et aV were
same, without significant change. The values related to
among the pioneers of such studies. They compared the
Silicoater MD dropped by a value of 30%, while those
bond strength of silica coating in combination with
obtained with the Silicoater Classical system increased
MicroponI (Kulzer), sandblasting with Panavia Ex, elec-
slightly from the results obtained before water soaking.
troplating with Panavia Ex, and etching in combination
with Clearfil to nickel-chromium and cob alt-chromium When nickel-chromium-beryllium alloys were
treated with silica and then silanated (Silicoater MD
alloys. The mean tensile bond strengths of silica-coated
and Rocatec), cohesive failure of the opaqtiers between
and sandblasted specimens were significantly higher
the composite veneering materials and the porcelain
than those of both electrolytically tin-plated specimens
fusing alloys was ohserved in both experimental
and etched specimens. There was an overall effect of
groups.^^ The analysis of pre sandblasting, which is rec-
luetal alloy on the bond strength but no significant dif-
ommended as pretreatment to thermal silica coating or
ferences between both alloy types for etched specimens. as part of a tribochemical silica-coating process, and
In a subsequent study, Luthy et al" investigated fac- the influence of particle size on the loss of substance
tors influencing metal-resin bond strength to filled com- revealed that volume loss, surface morphology, and
posites. Apparently, bond strength was greater to silica- compositional changes are greater in noble alloys
coated metal than to sandblasted and electroetched
717
Quintessence International
Ö2can et al
(gold-silver-copper) than in base alloys (nickel- other ceramic or glass materials. Because of its high
chromium and cobalt-chromium); however, these dif- strength, this ceramic has been suggested as a core ma-
ferences did not seem to be critical for the fit of the terial for resin-bonded fixed partial den tu re s,"*"-^' This
restorations.-" Embedded alumina particles were also clinical application requires a stable resin bond to the
found in all alloys after sandblasting, and alumina con- ceramic and is advantageous for other clinical applica-
tent was increased by 14 to 37 wt% as measured by en- tions, such as inlays or artificial crowns. Etching silica-
ergy-dispersive K-ray spectroscopy. Also following tri- based ceramics with hydrofluoric acid or ammonium bi-
bochemical silica coating, a layer of small silica fluoride creates a sufficient resin bond that is enhanced
particles remained on the surface, increasing the silica with a silane coating of the etched ceramics. However,
content to between 12 and 20 wt%." neither etching with these solutions, nor adding silane,
However, in another study,"* slightly higher loss of resulted in an adequate resin bond to the alumina-based
substance was observed with palladium alloys, and par- In-Ceram ceramic.'"—'"
ticle sizes smaller than 30 p m caused dust production Although In-Ceram ceramic can be etched with boil-
and obstruction of the nozzle during sandblasting. ing sulfuric acid, all of the etched samples were found
Therefore, it was recommended that the thin metal mar- to have debonded after 150 days of storage in isotonic
gins be blasted only with silicated corundum with a par- artificial saliva solution because of a weakened bond to
ticle size of 30 |im before bonding. Unnecessary sand- the superficial alumina particles as a result of etch-
blasting of the restorations should be avoided because it ¡i^g .16,49 Therefore, the development of alternative meth-
is likely to damage the margins of the restorations. ods of bonding to In-Ceram was needed. In following
The bond strengths of two adhesives (Microfill pon- studies, it was noted that the use of resin composites
tic, Kulzer; Nimetic-grip. ESPE) and two metal pre- that contained phosphate monomer, in combination with
treatment methods (Silicoater MD and Rocatec) were sandblasting or silica coating, increased the bond
assessed by Stark and Holste"' for bonded fixed partial strength to In-Ceram.-"*"^''"-'"
dentures. The test procedure was carried out in accor- After sandblasting or silica coating of In-Ceram, the
dance with German Industrial Standards (DIN 532S3; tensile bond strength of the modified bis-GMA resin
DIN 8200), which ensure high reproducibility in sand- Panavia Ex {Kuraray) showed no significant changes
blasting and bonding pairs of metallic specimens. within the first 30 days, but there was a pronounced
Although few differences were detected between the decrease after 150 days of storage and thermocyciing.
adhesives, the Rocatec method showed significantly Silica coating In-Ceram with the Roeatec system resulted
lower strength values than Silicoater MD. in a better bond strength to the conventional resin. Micro-
The same outcome was reported in a comparative fill pontic. than did use of .silane only.''^ In vitro shear
study of the bonding of high-gold and nonprecious alloy strength of the resin bond was found to be higher to
treated with these systems and adapted with Microfill glass-infiltrated aluminum oxide ceramic material treated
pontic to the enamel of extracted human teeth. The two with Sihcoater or Rocatec systems than to nonprecious
methods of veneering increased the composite strength metal alloys. With this method, the small marginal gap
and the nonprecious alloy yielded the highest values for and film thickness of the luting cement was decreased.^'
shear strength. The shear resistance of the Silicoater MD Most notably. Kern et ai," using alignment appara-
system was found to be higher than that of the Rocatec tus, bonded resin composite filled in Plexiglas tubes to
system.'* The results of these two studies contradicted disk-shaped metal, core ceramic, glass-ceramic, and
the findings of previous studies. Nevertheless, both enamel .specimens. Specimen surfaces were conditioned
methods can be used for bonded fixed partial dentures cither by sandblasting and etching or the Silicoater MD
because the bond strengths they provide are adequate. procedure. After storage, statistically significant differ-
In summary, studies related to surface conditioning ences were recorded in bond strength between the test
with current methods revealed that silica coating of the materials. The group treated with Silicoater MD gave
alloy is an important advance in adhesive bonding of the best bonding results at the end of 150 days" water
resin composites to metal because it reduces the impor- storage and thermal cycling.
tance of the alloy composition and its oxide formation Gobel et al'' studied the effect of surfaee conditioning
to the bonding mechanism. on different dental ceramic materials—glass ceramics
(Bioverit, Schott; Vita-Miirk2, Vita Zahnfabrik; Cerec,
Ceramic conditioning Vita Zahnfabrik), sintered ceramics (Vita Omega, Vita
Zahnfabrik), and aluminum oxide ceramics (In-
A new glass-infiltrated alumina ceramic (In-Ceram, Vita Ceram)—in shear bond strength tests of the ceramic-
Zahnfabrik) has shown greater ñexural strength than cotnposite bond. Among the conditioning methods, silica
coating with Silicoater Classical, Silicoater MD, aud lated after 1 year of water storage and 900 repetitions of
Rocatec, as well as Siloc, Kevloc, and Spectra Link, pro- thermocycling between I5''C and 70°C,
vided better results tban did sandblasting, grinding, or Another study in the arena of water storage, by
etching with phosphoric acid. Wben glass-infiltrated, Peutzfeldt et al,-" found that immersing the samples in
cyhndrical alumina ceramic In-Ceram specimens were boiling water for 55 minutes and then storing them at
bonded to phosphoric acid-etched human enamel, the 22°C for 5 minutes, repeated four times before tensile
results of the shear tests indicated that durable bond be- bond testing, did not change the bond strength values of
tween enamel and In-Ceram was more likely to be ob- silica-coated Wirobond alloy (cobalt-chromium)
laiued witb Rocatec than with Silicoater MD or (Bego), whereas it did cause a statistically significant
Panavia.-" decline in the bond strength of gold-based and palla-
dium-based alloys. Testing of nonsilicated specimens
Mode affaiiure also resulted in significantly lower bond strengths. This
decrease was related to the difference,'; in coefficient of
Altemative adhesive methods for bonding to In-Ceram expansions, which pre.sumably sped up the diffusion of
exhibited different bond failure modes in scanning elec- water between tbe resin cetnent and the metal,
tron microscopic studies,^-" The reason for the adhesive Pfeiffer" studied the bond strength of Panavia Ex
failure and low bonding in tbe presence of loose silica and Orthomite (J, Morita) to nickel-chromium and
panicles on the silica-coated alloy surface was studied.^' pal I ad iurn-silver alloys after 3 days aud 150 days of
It was suggested that ultrasonic cleaning instead of sim- water storage at 37°C. He noted that tbe initially high
ple bench tapping, as recommended by the manufac- bond strength values of nonprecious alloys bonded
turer, should be performed to increase the bond strength. with Panavia Ex remained unchanged. The palladium-
Scanning electron microscopy and chemical analysis silver alloys, in contrast, had initial bonding values
demonstrated adhesive failure patterns on tbe treated lower than those of the other alloys, and tbese values
surface. With the Rocatec tribochemical silica-coating were further reduced by 33% after 150 days' water
system, failures occurred witbin the silica layer itself. storage.
When thermal silica coating witb Silicoater MD was Kern et aF^ compared five different resin bonding
used, only cobesive failures within the resin layer were systems to cobalt-chromium alloys, Tbese were stored
found. On tbe otber band, sandblasting showed different in artificial saliva for 150 days at 37°C and every sec-
failure modes,^' ond day were subjected to 1,000 thermocycles in a tem-
perature range of 5°C to 55°C for a total of 75,000 cy-
Effect of water storage and tbermocycling cles. Specimens were tested after 24 bours, 10 days. 30
on bond strength days, 90 days, and 150 days. The results indicated that
in contrast to the micromechanical bonding systems,
Several authors conducted research concentrated on the mechanical-chemical ones (Rocatec system) showed no
effect of water storage and thermocycling to simulate significant change in the tensile bond strength during
the aggressive oral environment under laboratory condi- this observation period. The ,system was recommended
as suitable for cobalt-chromium alloy used in resin-
tions-' and found no significant differences between
bonded restorations,
fresh silica-coated nonprecious alloys and those stored
in water at 37''C for I week, except for sandblasted Tbe effect of short-, medium-, and long-term water
specimens bonded witb Panavia Ex, where bonding val- storage and thermocycling on the bonding durability
ues were increased, A sbort-term storage study was per- and failure bebavior of Rocatec and Silicoater systems
formed by Laufer et al," and tbey concluded that ce- used witb gold-silver- and palladium-silver-based al-
mentation significantly increased the bond strength for loys was studied, Silicoater produced better results
both etched and silica-coated specimens after 30 min- after 20 hours of water storage. Three hundred sixty
utes to 3 days of water immersion. An increase in bond thermal cycles between 15''C and 70°C for 12 weeks
strength of silica-coated, nickel-chromium alloy speci- resulted in a significant drop of the bond strength and
mens after 30 days of water immersion was reported by an adhesive mode of failure and without significant
change in adhesive failure after storage of the samples.
Guggenberger,^^ No statistically significant decline was
On the otber hand, 1,080 thermal cycles for 22 weeks
found in the adhesive strength of the Rocatec system reduced the bond value between 38% and 69% in the
from baseline to long term; tbe initial bonding results group treated with Silicoater, which exhibited adhe-
were obtained after 20 hours of water storage at 36''C sive failure. They attributed this drop in bond values to
plus 6 hours of thermocycling, repeated 180 times be- the effects of thermocycling. which facilitated water
tween 15°C and 70°C, and long-term values were calcu-
719
Qtjintessence iniernationai
attack of the SiO^-composite bonding. The Rocatec the bond was decreased in the case of gold alloys,^'*
system recorded the lowest drop in bond values, rang- Pfeiffer^^i reported that regardless of the resin type, the
ing from 8% to 15%," Silicoater MD system produced high initial bond
Ishijima et aP" evaluated the effect of I week of strengths, which deteriorated after thermoeycling and
water storage, 500 cycles, and 1,500 thermai cycles on long-term water storage. The Rocaiec system, in com-
the hond strength produced with the Silicoater system, bination with Nimetie-grip, provided lower but clini-
Panavia Ex, and Superbond used with different precious cally acceptable, stable bonding even after thermocy-
and nonprecious alloys. They found that increasing the cling and water storage.
thermal stress led to the diminution of the bond When tensile bond strength was tested, the tribo-
strengths of all systems. chemical silica-coating procedure with Rocatec was
Smith et al" compared bond strength and durability found to be suitable for cobait-chromium alloys in
of the Silicoating, electroetching, and Panavia Ex sys- resin-bonded restorations after 18,750 thermocycles,^^
tems bonded to nickel-chromium alloy. After short- Hansson and Moberg''' evaluated three different meth-
term (2,672 cycles) and long-term (10,584 cyeles) ex- ods of increasing the bond strength of resin to metal.
posure, silica aud silane-treated specimens The original Silicoater technique, Silicoater MD, and
demonstrated the greatest decrease in bond strength the Rocatec systems were tested. The results proved
(39%), whether it was under aqueous or thermocycled that with each system, the retention of resin to the gold
conditions. The second highest value was obtained specimens decreased after thermocycling but retention
from electroetched specimens, while Panavia Ex speci- to the coba h-chromium alloy and titanium was not af-
mens had the least decrease in bond strength. The fected. The original Silicoater technique produced
Silicoating technique resulted in a significant reduction higher hond strengths than its new version, Silicoater
in hond strength with respect to time with or without MD,
thermocycling, which could indicate that there is a high
initial attachment of resin to metal but that this effect Clinical studies
may deteriorate over time in a water environment. The
bond quality achieved with Rocatec, Silicoater MD, Resin veneers
and SR Spectra Link systems and different types of
precious and nonprecious alloys was tested after the Musil and Hàselbarth,''" after applying the Silicoater
specimens were subjected to 10,000 thermocycles. The technique for resin veneers, carried out a follow-up
results demonstrated that the Silicoater MD system study from 1984 to 1988 on 13,133 Den taco lor-coated
produced the lowest bond values to the nonprecious al- prosthetic applications. They ob.served only a 2,7% inci-
loys, while the Rocatec system achieved superior bond dence of fracture failure,
strength to all types of alloys,^" WÖstman'^^ observed fracture failures of the facings
The bond strength of Panavia Ex. Cover up (Parkell), in 54 patients with 157 veneers (Silicoater/Dentacolor).
and silica-coated stainless steel and the effect of ther- Between the period of 6 and 18 months, in the silica-
mocycling on the bond values were evaluated in another coated group, fractures were found in only 4 of 157 ve-
study, Panavia Ex and Cover up produced bond neers ohserved, Bruhn et al"'' earned out a 3-year fol-
strengths superior to that produced by the Silicoater sys- low-up study comparing the Silicoater/Dentacolor
tem. Interestingly, thermocycling was found to have no technique to other methods in 304 crowns. Surface con-
signiflcant effect on the hond values,^^ ditioning with Silicoater gave clinically acceptable re-
In a similar study, the effect of storage conditions (24 sults esthetically, although there were some small color
hours of water storage and 1,000 thermocycles) on the differences that could be attributed to insufficient poly-
hond strength of eight different bonding systems, in- merization. Over this period of time, a defect rate of 4%
cluding Rocatec. Panavia Ex and Silicoater, to a nickel- was observed,
chromium alloy was tested, Thermocycliug was found Heidi'*' followed up on 4,893 crowns (Silicoater/
to have no effect on the Rocatec system but resulted in a Dentacolor), observing a fracture rate of 2,3% for gold-
decreased bond strength for Panavia Ex and Silieoater based alloys, van der Veen^** compared the Silicoater
MD; the reduced values were close to the critical clini- system clinically and experimentally with other systems
cal values,**" and, after thermocycling, obtained the highest bond val-
More recently, it was found that the retention of ues with the Silicoater system. Clinically he evaluated
resin to cobalt-chromium and titanium alloys treated 40 flxed partial dentures. At the end of 2 years, 10%
with the Rocatec system was not affected by immersion debonding was observed. The importance of a thin opa-
of the samples in boiling water for 25 minutes, while quer layer was also emphasized,^^
According to their manufacturers, most of the new 2. Ibsen RL. One-appointment technique using an adhesive compos-
chemical bonding systems require sandblasting of the ite. Dent Surv 1973 ;49:30-32.
3. Ibsen RL. Fixed prastheties with a natural crown pontic using an
metals prior to honding to achieve a high bond adhesive eomposite. J South Calif Dent Assoc 1973;41;10i)-102.
strength. Sandblasting the restorations has the potential 4. Portnoy LL. Constructing it composite pontie in a single visit.
to remove significant amounts of material and could af- Dent Surv l973;49:2Q-23.
fect the cUnical adaptation of the prosthesis. Thus, the 5. Roebette AL, Attachment of a splint lo enamel of lower anterior
material loss resulting from these procedures is impor- teetb. I Prosthet Dent 1973;3O;4I8^23.
tant to the clinical fit of restorations. Therefore, knowl- 6. Metal resin bonding. Adept Report l991;2:29-36.
edge of the surface characteristics of different alloys 7. Shen G. Resin bonded bridge bond strength using a cast mesh
after these surface treatments is needed to improve the technique [abstract 464]. J Dent Res 1984;2:221.
8. Lividitis GJ, Thompson VP Etched castings; An improved reten-
understanding of the bonding mechanism and the fail- tive mechanism for resin-bonded retainers. J Prosthet Dent 1982;
ure modes involved. 47:52-58.
Sandblasting with alumina not only resulted in 9. Thompson VP, Lividitis GJ, Del CE. Resin bond to eleetrolyti-
micromechanical roughening of the surface but also left cally etched nonprecious alloys for resin bonded prostheses.
alumina particles embedded in the surface. The role of J Prosthet Dent 1981;(special issue);337.
this alumina in honding for these systems is not known. 10. Thompson VP, Pfeiffer P. Das elektrolytische Anätzen einer
Ni-Cr-Legiening. Disch Zahnärztl Z I986;4I ;82i)-83L
Unfortunately, there are no data available to indicate
11. Marinello C, Lütby H. Scbarer P. Silicoater erhöht Verbund-
whether the adhesive failures reported appear within, at, festigkeit in der Adhäsivprothetik. Dent Labor 1990;38:
or outside the silica layer, which necessitates further 1625-1629.
research. The encouraging results obtained from the 12. van der Veen JH. Resin-bonded bridges in vitro and in vivo [the-
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