Auto mation of Boo m at Railway Gate Crossing

Chapter: 1

Introduction

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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Crossing

1. Introduction of Project:
T he #asic re$uirement of a railway engine or #ogie for its locomotion is the continuity of the railway trac% which in this form an& railway trac% networ% which sprea&s across the country, an& in &oing so it intersects 'arious cities an& towns an& there#y also intersects all the roa&s coming across the railway trac% In this pro(ect we are concerne& with pro'i&ing an automatic railway gate control at unmanne& le'el crossings replacing the gates operate& #y gate )eepers It pro'i&es safety to the roa& users #y re&ucing the acci&ents that usually occur &ue to carelessness of roa& users By employing the automatic railway gate control at the le'el crossing the arri'al of train is &etecte& #y the sensor place& *%m #efore railway gate crossing Once the arri'al is sense&, the sense& signal is sent to the microcontroller an& it sen&s the signal after + , secon& to motor #u--er in&ication an& light signals on #oth si&es of railway gate crossing pro'i&e& to the roa& users in&icating the closure of gates T he &eparture of the train is &etecte& #y sensors place& at a#out ./m after the gate crossing The signal a#out the &eparture of the train is sent to the microcontroller after " , secon&, which in turn operates the motor an& opens the gate Thus, the time for which the gate is close& is less compare& to the manually operate& gates since the gate is close& &epen&ing upon the telephone call from the pre'ious station Also r elia#ility is high as it is not su#(ecte& to manual errors As it is to #e un&erstoo& #y e'er yone that the railway #eing mass transport has to #e gi'en prior ity as compare to personal or roa& transport which is comparati'ely smaller one an& has to #e allowe& to #e pass first as compar e to personal or roa& transport 0ot ha'ing a thorough un&erstan&ing of the a#o'e concept an& miscalculating often the spee& of the train it is that there is collision #etween the train an&
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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Crossing men operate& means As regar&s to animals stringing on the trac% this pro(ect has a limitation T he pro(ect contains following assumptions1

2. Assumptions:
" + It is a single trac% route If it is &ou#le trac% an& if train appr oach on it simultaneously from #oth the si&es then it woul& re$uir e interloc%ing facility of the signal for the microcontroller to operate the #oom which is more comple2es in nature hence we ha'e forme& this prototype mo&el, assuming it as a single trac% The sensors ar e assume& to #e put at a height which coinci&es with (ust #elow the top of the railway #oggie 4or the sensor not to mal function in terms of pic%ing up astray inci&ent of a #ir& coming in #etween its path to encounter this &elay time of +5. secon&s has #een purposely %ept for the sensor to operate on continuously sensing Boom of railway gate crossing wor%s when train mo'es from #oth the &irection Our pro(ect is #ase& on the assumption that the roa& passengers plying across the roa& are well aware a#out traffic rules as well as are also aware a#out their li'es safety norms

. 3

, 6

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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Crossing

3. List of Component :
" A7R iBoar& + Tsop 8ensor . Bump 8ensor 3 Motors , Relay Circuit 6 !ower 8upply * Train )it 9 !lywoo& : Tool )it

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Aut ti B t R il t C i

Chapter: 2

Literature Review

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4.1 Introduction to Indi n Rai a!:

It all #egan one fine summer &ay on "6 April "9,. It was single stretch of .3 %ilometer from ;Boree Bun&er <now #ecome C8T= to Tannah <now #ecome T hane= G I ! Railway>s 4irst train e'er to run on the In&ian soil rolle& throughout the change& the history of In&ia, for e'er It also mar%e& the &awn of Railway Age in Asia5 the worl&>s lar gest continent Intro&uce& as early as "9,., In&ian Railways has gr own into one of the largest Railway networ% in the wor l& The networ% sprea& an& e2pan&e& rapi&ly an& has #ecome the principal mo&e of transport in our country The Railways ha'e also #een mo&erni-e& in ter ms of technology, tic%eting, computeri-ation an& o'erall management This effort has #een in tune with the re$uirement of mo'ing large 'olumes of passengers an& fr eight traffic In&ian Railway networ% is sprea& o'er 9",,"" )m co'ering 6,9:6 stations Operating on three gauges 5 #roa& gauge <"6*6 mm= meter gauge <"/// mm= an& narrow gauge <*6+ an& 6"/ mm=, trains in In&ia carry more than "+ million passengers an& more than a million tons of freight e'ery &ay &uring the year "::95:: Broa& gauge although forming 63 , per cent of the route, generate& :6 per cent of freight output an& 9: 6 per cent of the passenger output &uring "::95:: Almost all the &ou#le?multiple trac% sections an& electrifie& routes lie on #roa& gauge "3,,*: route %ms constituting o'er ": , per cent of the total networ% an& ./ per cent of #r oa& gauge networ% on In&ian Railway is electrifie& This carries appro2 3" per cent of the passenger traffic an& ,+ per cent of the freight traffic on In&ian Railways In&ian Railways has nearly ", +",6:: #ri&ges of which "/*:: are ma(or #ri&ges In "::95::, .93 #ri&ges were re#uilt or reha#ilitate& an& +*/ strengthene& or re5gir&ere& The transport effort is sustaine& through the use of *3+: locomoti'es, +, ,.,"96 wagons an& 3/,**, coaching 'ehicles ", ,6,936 telephone e2change lines, "9, 33, long haul MT )ms , ",*./ optical fi#er communication route )ms an& o'er 9,,3,6". trun% tele channels )ms &istinguishes In&ian Railway telecom networ%
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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Crossing In&ian Railway system has &e'elope& a capacity to carry 33" ,9 million tons of originating re'enue earning traffic which in ter ms of transport output is +93 +* #illion 0T)ms <net tone %ilometers= During "::9 5:: the re'enue earning freight traffic mo'e& #y Railways was 3+/ : million tons growing at the rate of *@ The total passenger traffic in the year "::95:: was 33"" million tons

4ig" "1 In&ian railway Indian Rai a!s is di ided into 1" #ones: 0orthern Railway <0R= Central Railway <CR= 0oth Eastern Railway <0ER= 8outh Aestern Railway <8AR= 0ortheast 4rontier Railway <04R= 0orth Aestern Railway <0AR= Aester n Railway <AR= Aest Central Railway <ACR= 8outhern Railway <8R= 0orth Central Railway <0CR= 8outh Central Railway <8CR= 8outh East Central Railway <8ECR= 8outh Eastern Railway <8ER= East Coast Railway <ECoR= Eastern Railway <ER= East Central Railway <ECR=

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4.2 ACCI$%&' CA(%( A' )A&&%$ RAIL* A+ ,A'% CR-((I&,:

" Couple& light engines &ashe& with auto ric%shaw at gate no *9 at %m "3?+5 . of By&era#a& &i'ision of south central railway on "/5/"5/. <%ille& :, in(ure&+= + ,/+* up &ashe& with tractor on gate at %m 3+:?"/5"" #etween Bhatpara rani an& #hatni station of #s# &i'ision of ne rly on ./5/.5/. <%ille& "", in(ure&59= . ,R0 passenger train &ashe& with one tractor trolley on unmanne& le'el crossing at %m """,?.53 The tractor trolley was carrying a marriage party with music on The tractor trolley continue& to cr oss the trac% at high spee& ,9 people %ille&, "3 in(ure& 3 .+" up <Tata 5 0agpur passenger= &ashe& with &umper at unmanne& le'el crossing gate no 3,+ #etween &urg an& murlipur station on +95/95/" The train &r i'er lost his life an& the asstt Dri'er got trappe& in the train engine , on ./ /, /6 %apil'astu e2press <gon&a 5 Gora%hpur= &ashe& with a tractor trailor at unmanne& le'el crossing near %uian 'illage of #alrampur &istrict <up=, where . people &ie& one person seriously in(ure&

4.3 Introduction of (ensor :

A sensor is a &e'ice that pro&uces a measura#le response to a change in a physical con&ition, such as temperature or ther mal con&ucti'ity, or to a change in chemical concentration 8ensors are particularly useful for ma%ing in5situ measur ements such as in in&ustrial process control 8ensors are electrical or mechanical components that are use& to measur e a property or #eha'ior of an o#(ect or system 8ome sensors measure properties &irectly, other sensors measure properties in&irectly, using con'ersions or calculations to &etermine results 8ensors are use& #y scientists an& engineers &ur ing research an& testing acti'ities, #ut they can also #e foun& in many househol& o#(ects, such as temperature sensors in an o'en to accelerometers in an automo#ile air#ag system 8ensors are generally categori-e& #y the type of
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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Crossing phenomenon that they measure, rather than the functionality of the sensor itself Electrical an& mechanical sensors are wi&ely use& to characteri-e the performance an& properties of components an& systems, #ut are also foun& in househol& o#(ects

.actors to consider whi e choosin/ a sensor. Accuracy 5 The statistical 'ariance a#out the e2act rea&ing C Cali#ration 5 Re$uire& for most measuring systems since their rea&ings C will &rift o'er time Cost C En'ironmental 5 8ensors typically ha'e temperature an&?or humi&ity C limits Range 5 Dimits of measurement or the sensor C Repeata#ility 5 The 'ariance in a sensorEs rea&ing when a single C con&ition is repeate&ly measure& Resolution 5 The smallest increment the sensor can &etect C App ication: T he sensor is responsi#le for con'erting some type of physical !henomenon into a $uantity measura#le #y a &ata ac$uisition <DAF= system

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4.4 0(%( -. (%&(-R(:

8ensors are use& to measure #asic physical phenomena inclu&ing1 " Acceler ation 5 8hoc% G 7i#ration + Angular ? Dinear !osition . Chemical?Gas Concentration 3 Bumi&ity , 4low Rate 6 4orce * Magnetic 4iel&s 9 !r essure : !ro2imity 5 8patial !resence "/ 8oun& "" Temperature "+ 7elocity

4.1 ,enera $escription of 'sop sensor

4ig" +1 Tsop 8ensor

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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Crossing T he T8O!5OB8DH8ingle is a general purpose pro2imity sensor Bere we use it for collision &etection The mo&ule consists of an IR emitter an& T8O! recei'er pair The high precision T8O recei'er always &etects a signal of fi2e& fre$uency Due to this, errors &ue to false &etection of am#ient light are significantly re&uce& The mo&ule consists of ,,, IC, wor%ing in asta#le multi'i#rator configuration T he output of T8O! is high whene'er it recei'es a fi2e& fre$uency an& low otherwise The on5#oar& DED in&icator helps user to chec% status of the sensor without using any a&&itional har&ware The power consumption of this mo&ule is low It gi'es a &igital output an& false &etection &ue am#ient light is low

App ication Ideas O#stacle &etection 8haft enco&er 4i2e& fre$uency &etection Pin &o. Connection $escription " Output Digital Output <Bigh or Dow= + 7CC Connecte& to circuit supply . Groun& Connecte& to circuit groun&

4." 2ump (ensor :

A #ump sensor is pro#a#ly one of the easiest ways of letting gate Boom %now itEs colli&e& with something The simplest way to &o this is to fi2 a micro switch to the pillar of gate in a way so that when it colli&es the switch will get pushe& in, ma%ing an electrical connection 0ormally the switch will #e hel& open #y an internal spring

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4ig" .1 Bump 8ensor Tactile Bump 8ensors ar e great for collision &etection, #ut the circuit itself also wor%s fine for user #uttons an& switches as well T here are many &esigns possi#le for #ump switches, often &epen&ing on the &esign an& goals of the ro#ot itself But the circuit remains the same T hey usually implement a mechanical #utton to short the cir cuit, pulling the signal line high or low An e2ample is the micro switch with a le'er attache& to increase its range, as shown a#o'e Tactile switches only wor% if you>re motor can stop instantaneously <li%e when mo'ing slowly= T here are se'eral 'ersions #elow, &epen&ing on how you plan to use the circuit an& your a'aila#le switches 4or the resistor use a 'ery high 'alue, such as 3/%ohms 2ump (ensor Circuits: 7oltage 7oltage goes low goes high with contact with contact

More efficient switch for . lea& switches

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<use for mi ro swit hes=

The followi &i ram shows a t i al circuit for a micro switch #ump sensor The resistor is important #ecause it hol&s the si nal line at groun& while the switch is off Aithout it the signal line is effecti el EfloatingE #ecause there is nothing connecte& to it an& may cause unrelia#le rea&ings as the processor tries to &eci&e if the line is on or off

4ig" 31 Bump 8ensor

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4.3 'he A4R i2oard :

y Inclu&es ATMED ATMega "6 <Also supports ATMega.+= Microcontroller with "6%B flash memory wor%ing at "6 Mips y In system programma#le y On #oar& programmer y On #oar& regulate& power supply y On #oar& motor &ri'ers with current capacity of up to 6//mA per channel y !ower in&icator DED y + on #oar& Dual full B #ri&ge motor &ri'er for + stepper or 3 Dc motors y 8eparate O0?O44 switch for power G motor &ri'es y . DEDs for e2ternal inputs?interrupts On #oar& DCD connector <multipurpose port, which can #e use& for other applications also= .i/1.1: A4R i2oard

Ma2imum Input 'oltage I "67 Minimum Input 'oltage I *7

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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Cr ossing Parts identification: y !ower on switch1 It>s a #asic push to on Hpush to off type switch y IC *9/,1 It>s a three ter minal linear , 'olt regulator use& to supply the microcontroller G other peripherals y Motor Ena#le switch1 This switch is use& to ena#le?&isa#le the motor &ri'er chips hence in tur n ena#ling?&isa#ling the motors y Reset 8witch1 This switch is use& to reset the microcontroller y MAJ+.+1 This chip ta%es care of the 'oltage con'ersions nee&e& to communicate with the !C>8 R8+.+ <serial? COM= port y D+:.D1 It is a 3 channel motor &ri'er with 6//mA of current per channel G has in#uilt clamp &io&es The #oar& contains two such chips y !otentiometer <pot=1 The potentiometer is use& to 'ary the contrast of the DCD y 8ensor port1 At a time, 9 in&i'i&ual sensor mo&ules can #e connecte& to this port The port pro'i&es ,7 supply nee&e& &ri'er sensors y DB : connector1 This is a : pin connector use& to the !C>8 COM port &uring programming or for general KART communications y 8witch array1 four general purpose switches are connecte& in the acti'e5low configuration y Crystal1 A cr ystal sets the microcontroller>s cloc% fre$uency to "" /,:+MBy Beeper1 Connecte& in the acti'e low mo&e, the #eeper can easily #e use& to get au&i#le fee&#ac% from the controller y ADC Test1 8hort the two pins of the (umper ne2t to the potentiometer G the potentiometer gets connecte& to the port A *

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2oard connection $etai s :

!ort A /L * sensor connector !ort B /L . Motor Dri'ers 3 8witch " <Acti'e low= ,, * programmer 6 DED D+ <Acti'e Bigh= Port C O DCD Control pin " DED D" <Acti'e high= + DCD Control pin . Bu--er <Acti'e high= 3L* DCD Data pins Port $ / K8ART RJD " K8ART TJD M DED D. +, . 8witch +, . 3L * Motor &ri'ers A

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4.5 Introduction to at me/a 1" )icrocontro er :

.eatures: A&'ance& RI8C Architecture Kp to "6 MI!8 Throughput at "6 MB"6) Bytes of In58ystem 8elf5!rogramma#le 4lash ,"+ Bytes EE!ROM ") Byte Internal 8RAM .+ !rogramma#le I?O Dines In58ystem !rogramming #y On5chip Boot !rogram 95channel, "/5#it ADC Two 95#it Timer?Counters with 8eparate !rescalers an& Compare Mo&es One "65#it Timer?Counter with 8eparate !rescalers, Compare Mo&e, an& Captur e 4our !AM Channels !rogramma#le 8erial K8ART Master?8la'e 8!I 8erial Interface Byte5oriente& Two5wir e 8erial Interface !rogramma#le Aatch&og Timer with 8eparate On5chip Oscillator E2ternal an& Internal Interrupt 8ources

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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Cr ossing PI& C-&.I,0RA'I-&:

4ig" 61 pin Diagram of At Mega system Micro5controller $etai Pin $escriptions 4CC: Digital supply 'oltage <M,7= ,&$: Groun& </ 7= 0ote ther e are + groun& !ins Port A 6PA3 7 PA89 !ort A ser'es as the analog inputs to the A?D Con'erter !ort A also ser'es as an 95#it #i5&irectional I?O port, if the A?D Con'erter is not use& Ahen pins !A/ to !A* ar e use& as inputs an& are e2ternally pulle& low, they will sour ce current if the internal pull5up resistors are acti'ate& The !ort A pins are tri5state& when a r eset con&ition #ecomes acti'e, e'en if the cloc% is not running

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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Cr ossing Port 2 6P23 7 P289 !ort B is an 95#it #i5&irectional I?O port with internal pull5up resistors <selecte& for each #it= !ort B also ser'es the functions of 'arious special features of the AT mega"6 as liste& on page ,9 of &atasheet Port C 6PC3 7 PC89 !ort C is an 95#it #i5&irectional I?O port with internal pull5up resistors <selecte& for each #it= !ort C also ser'es the functions of the NT AG interface an& other special features of the AT mega"6 as liste& on page 6" of &atasheet If the NTAG interface is ena#le&, the pull5up resistors on pins !C, <TDI=, !C. <TM8= an& !C+ <TC)= will #e acti'ate& e'en if a reset occur s Port $ 6P$3 7 P$89 !ort D is an 95#it #i5&irectional I?O port with internal pull5up resistors <selecte& for each #it= !ort D also ser'es the functions of 'arious special featur es of the AT mega"6 as liste& on page 6. of &atasheet R%(%': Reset Input A low le'el on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a r eset, e'en if the cloc% is not running :'AL1: E2ter nal oscillator pin " :'AL2: E2ter nal oscillator pin + A4CC: A7CC is the supply 'oltage pin for !ort A an& the A?D Con'erter It shoul& #e e2ternally connecte& to 7CC, e'en if the ADC is not use& If the ADC is use&, it shoul& #e connecte& to 7CC through a low5pass filter AR%.: ARE4 is the analog reference pin for the A?D Con'erter

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4.;.1 'he )A:232 < )A:232A:

.i/ure 1.3 )A:232 Inte/rated Circuit

A )A:232 inte/rated circuit T he MAJ+.+ from Ma2im was the first IC which in one pac%age contains the necessary &ri'ers <two= an& recei'ers <also two=, to a&apt the R85+.+ signal 'oltage le'els to TTD logic It #ecame popular, #ecause it (ust nee&s one 'oltage <M,7= an& generates the necessary R85+.+ 'oltage le'els <appro2 5"/7 an& M"/7= internally T his greatly simplifie& the &esign of circuitry Circuitry &esigners no longer nee& to &esign an& #uil& a power supply with three 'oltages <e g 5"+7, M,7, an& M"+7=, #ut coul& (ust pro'i&e one M,7 power supply, e g with the help of a simple *92/, 'oltage con'erter T he MAJ+.+ has a successor, the MAJ+.+A The ICs are almost i&entical, howe'er, the MAJ+.+A is much more often use& <an& easier to get= than the original MAJ+.+, an& the MAJ+.+A only nee&s e2ternal capacitors "?"/th the capacity of what the original MAJ+.+ nee&s It shoul& #e note& that the MAJ+.+ <A= is (ust a &ri'er?recei'er It &oes not generate the necessary R85+.+ se$uence of mar%s an& spaces with the right timing, it &oes not &eco&e the R85+.+ signal, an& it &oes not pro'i&e a serial?parallel con'ersion All it &oes is to con'ert signal 'oltage le'els Generating serial &ata with the right timing an& &eco&ing serial &ata has to #e &one #y a&&itional cir cuitry, e g #y a "6,,/ KART

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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Cr ossing or one of these small micro controllers <e g Atmel A7R, Micr ochip !IC= getting more an& more popular T he MAJ+.+ an& MAJ+.+A were once rather e2pensi'e ICs, #ut to&ay they are cheap It has also helpe& that many companies now pro&uce clones <i e 8ipe2= These clones sometimes nee& &ifferent e2ternal circuitry, e g the capacities of the e2ternal capacitors 'ary It is recommen&e& to chec% the &ata sheet of the particular manufacturer of an IC instea& of relying on Ma2imEs original &ata sheet T he original manufacturer <an& now some clone manufacturers, too= offer s a large series of similar ICs, with &iffer ent num#ers of recei'ers an& &ri'ers, 'oltages, #uilt5 in or e2ternal capacitors, etc E g The MAJ+.+ an& MAJ+.+A nee& e2ternal capacitors for the internal 'oltage pump, while the MAJ+.. has these capacitors #uilt5in The MAJ+.. is also #etween three an& ten times more e2pensi'e in electronic shops than the MAJ+.+A #ecause of its internal capacitors It is also more &ifficult to get the MAJ+.. than the gar&en 'ariety MAJ+.+A )A:232 6A9 $IP Pac=a/e M555'555M C"M 5O" "6O57cc 7M 5O+ ",O5 G0D C"5 5O. "3O5T"out C+M 5O3 ".O5 R"in C+5 5O, "+O5R"out 75 5O6 ""O5T"in T+out 5O* "/O5T+in R+in 5O9 :O5 R+out M5555555

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4.;.2 P0(>7P0LL .-0R C>A&&%L $RI4%R *I'> $I-$%(:

4igure" 9 D+.:D Circuit C 6//mA OKT!KT CKRRE0T CA!ABIDITP !ER CBA00ED C " +A !EA) OKT!KT CKRRE0T <non repetiti'e= !ER CBA00ED E0ABDE 4ACIDITP C O7ERTEM!ERATKRE !ROTECTIO0 DOGICAD Q/Q I0!KT 7ODT AGE K! TO " , 7 <BIGB 0OI8E IMMK0ITP= C I0TER0AD CDAM! DIODE8 $%(CRIP'I-& T he De'ice is a monolithic integrate& high 'oltage, high current four channel &ri'er &esigne& to accept stan&ar& DTD or TTD logic le'els an& &ri'e in&ucti'e loa&s <such as relays solenoi&s, DC an& stepping motors= an& switching power transistors T o simplify use as two #ri&ges each pair of channels is e$uippe& with an ena#le input A separate supply input is pro'i&e& for the logic, allowing operation at a lower 'oltage an& internal clamp &io&es are inclu&e&

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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Cr ossing T his &e'ice is suita#le for use in switching applications at fre$uencies up to , %BT he D+:.D is assem#le& in a "6 lea& plastic pac%age which has 3 center pins connecte& together an& use& for heat sin%ing T he D+:.DD is assem#le& in a +/ lea& surface mount which has 9 center pins connecte& together an& use& for heatsin%ing

4.;.3 R%LA+:
A relay is an electrically operate& switch Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism, #ut other operating principles are also use& Relays fin& applications where it is necessary to control a circuit #y a low5power signal, or where se'eral circuits must #e controlle& #y one signal

4ig" : 8imple electromechanical relay '!pes of Re a! Datching relay o Ree& relay o Mercury5wette& relay o !olari-e& relay o Machine tool relay o Contactor relay o 8oli&5state relay o 8oli& state contactor relay o Buchhol- relay o 4orce&5gui&e& contacts relay
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App ications Relays are use& to an& for1 Control a high5'oltage circuit with a low5'oltage signal, as in some types of mo&ems or au&io amplifiers, Control a high5current circuit with a low5current signal, as in the starter y solenoi& of an automo#ile, Detect an& isolate faults on transmission an& &istri#ution lines #y opening an& y closing circuit #rea%ers <protection relays=

4.;.4 % ectric )otor:

4igur e+ / Types of Motors An electric motor uses electrical energy to pro&uce mechanical energy, 'ery typically through the interaction of magnetic fiel&s an& current5carrying con&uctors The re'erse pr ocess, pro&ucing electrical energy from mechanical energy, is accomplishe& #y a generator or &ynamo Traction motors use& on 'ehicles often perform #oth tas%s Many types of electric motors can #e run as generators, an& 'ice 'ersa Electric motors are foun& in applications as &i'erse as in&ustrial fans, #lowers an& pumps, machine tools, househol& appliances, power tools, an& &is% &ri'es They may #e powere& #y &irect curr ent <for e2ample a #attery powere& porta#le &e'ice or motor 'ehicle=, or #y alternating current from a central electrical &istri#ution gri& The
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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Cr ossing smallest motors may #e foun& in electric wristwatches Me&ium5si-e motors of highly stan&ar&i-e& &imensions an& characteristics pr o'i&e con'enient mechanical power for in&ustrial uses The 'ery largest electric motors are use& for propulsion of large ships, an& for such purposes as pipeline compr essors, with ratings in the millions of watts Electric motors may #e classifie& #y the source of electric power, #y their internal construction, #y their application, or #y the type of motion they gi'e T he physical pr inciple of pro&uction of mechanical force #y the interactions of an electric current an& a magnetic fiel& was %nown as early as "9+" Electric motors of increasing efficiency were constructe& throughout the ":th century, #ut commercial e2ploitation of electric motors on a large scale re$uire& efficient electrical generators an& electrical &istri#ution networ%s '!pes of )otors In&ustrial motors come in a 'ariety of #asic types These 'ariations are suita#le for many &ifferent applications 0aturally, some types of motors are more suite& for certain applications than other motor types are This &ocument will hopefully gi'e some gui&ance in selecting these motors C C C C C C C C AC Motors DC Motors Br ushless DC Motors 8er'o Motors Br ushe& DC 8er'o Motors Br ushless AC 8er'o Motors 8tepper Motors Dinear Motors

$C )otor A series5woun& motor is referre& to as a uni ersa motor when it has #een &esigne& to oper ate on either AC or DC power The a#ility to operate on AC is #ecause the
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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Cr ossing current in #oth the fiel& an& the ar mature <an& hence the r esultant magnetic fiel&s= will alternate <re'erse polar ity= in synchronism, an& hence the resulting mechanical force will occur in a constant &irection The DC motor is one of the earliest motor &esigns To&ay, it is the motor of choice in the ma(ority of 'aria#le spee& an& tor$ue control applications *h! to use $C motor Easy to un&erstan& &esign y Easy to control spee& y Easy to control tor$ue y 8imple, cheap &ri'e &esign y (pecification of )otor 1 C DC Motor C "/ R!M C " ,5"+ 7olt 8upply Re$uire&

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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Crossing

Chapter: 3 $escription of wor= < Imp ementation $etai s

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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Cr ossing

1. $etai *or=in/ of Project:

T he first Tsop 8ensor is place& #efore * %m from the railway gate crossing to &etect the train arri'al an& another Tsop 8ensor is place& at a#out ./m after the railway gate crossing to &etect the train &eparture Two Bump 8ensors place& at !illar of #oom Mechanism to 8top the Motor action DEDs are place& on the pillar, which in tur ns place& on #oth si&es of railway trac%, whose glowing in&icates that the train appr oaching on the railway gate an& gi'ing priority e'eryone has to %eep away from the trac% an& help it pass first The #oom &oes not operate from top to hori-ontal position at one action #ut it &escen&s 'ery slowly !laying a soun& #u--er house& at the control room (ust a&(acent to the r ailway gate an& soun& of #u--er will help the roa& users who is in #etween the two #oom to ta%e motion of the #oom &own process which has #een automate& an& to $uic%ly there #y mo'e outsi&e the range of the two #ooms The #u--er also in turn alerts the other roa& users not to enter in to the area #etween the two #ooms on either si&e As long as if there is no DED an& the #u--er the roa& user s are free to use the railway gate crossing

'he detai ed description of the wor=in/ of the a?ove mode can ?e e@p ained under various heads "= Initia (i/na $isp a! 1 Det R"Ifirst Tsop 8ensor R+I secon& tsop sensor T he roa& user signals can freely mo'e thr ough the gate as #u--er is ma&e RO44> since there is no approach of train an& r oa& users nee& not #e warne& Detection of a train approaching the gate can #e sense& #y means of tsop sensors place& on *%m #efore the railway gate crossing Departure of train &etecte& #y sensor place ./ meter after the gate

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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Cr ossing += 'rain Arriva $etection 1 Ahen train arri'al is &etecte& #y R" it &oes not sen& the signal to microcontroller unless it chec%s for + , sec #ecause of any misuse After + , sec it sen&s the signal to Microcontroller, an& microcontr oller closes the #oom as soon as the #oom press the #ump sensor the motor action is off .= *arnin/ for Road 0sers: At the moment the train arri'al is sense& at railway gate crossing, roa& users are warne& a#out the train approach #y RED signals place& to caution the roa& users passing through the gate RED signal appears for the roa& user once the train cuts the tsop sensor place& *)m #efore the gate A #u--er is ma&e O0 as a precautionar y measur e for the roa& user an& that no#o&y shoul& enter the gate at that moment 3= 'rain $eparture $etection: Ahen train &eparture is &etecte& #y R+ ,it &oes not sen& the signal to microcontroller unless it chec%s for continuous &etection of train After train passes the sensor wait for " , sec #ecause of any misuse, after " , sec it sen&s the signal to microcontroller to open the #oom ,= ,ate -penin/ 1 Ahen the train &eparture is sense& #y the sensors, after " , secon& signal is gi'en to the Microcontroller which operates the motor action in re'erse &irection an& the gates ar e opene&

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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Cr ossing

1.1 AL,-RI'>) 1
8TE! "1 8tart 8TE! +1 8et the 'aria#les 8TE! .1 Ma%e initial settings of the signals for the train an& roa& users 8TE! 31 Chec% for the arri'al of the train in either &irection #y the sensors If the train is sense& go to step , otherwise go to step 3 8TE! ,1 Ma%e the warning signal for the roa& users 8TE! 61 Close the gate an& stop the #u--er warning 8TE! *1 Chec% for the train &eparture #y the sensors 8TE!91 Open the gate 8TE! ""1 Go to 8TE! . 8TE! "+1 8top

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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Cr ossing

". $ia/ram:

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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Crossing

Chapter: 4 Advanta/es < Limitations

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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Cr ossing

3.1 Advanta/e s:
1 Relia#ility of #oom operation on account automation is high as its manually operation is eliminate& 2 Impro'ement in safety of roa& passengers who use railway gate crossing 3 Re&uces the waiting time of roa& passengers

3.2 Limitations:
1 It re$uires sensor to #e %ept at larger &istance away from gate crossing an& proper wir ing has to #e pro'i&e& to reach the signal till the railway, which will cost more 2 Maintenance pro#a#ly may #e high 3 T he pro(ect pro'i&es encountere& safety of animal who acci&ently stray across the railway gate crossing

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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Crossing

1,

A!TER

Conclusion

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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Cr ossing

5. Conc usion:
It is recommen&e& that such a type of automatic functioning of the #oom at the railway gate crossing #e implemente& at each an& e'ery railway gate which will &efinitely impro'es the roa& passenger>s safety system against railway acci&ent Current manual operation for the #oom close5open system may #e su#(ecte& to manual errors on part of the gangman whose effects may #e &isastr ous an& also has the possi#ilities of gangman letharginess in manually operating the #oom with optimum efficiency which &irectly has an effect on the roa& passenger>s unnessesarily waiting time on either si&e of the railway gate By the atomi-ation of the #oom it can #e operate& with optimum efficiency in terms of open an& closure there#y cutting &own on the passengers waiting time an& thus contri#uting towar&s the nation> s human resour ce hours e'ery time the #oom is in action T his pr o(ect is not completely applica#le to current In&ian railway system as of now, hence certain con&itions are assume& as specifie& earlier, on which #asis this pro(ect will wor% T his pr o(ect is more useful at un5 manne& railway crossing where the roa& passenger s ar e left to their soul (u&gment to guar& for their safety against railway acci&ents The automatic operation of the #oom at such places contri#utes in leaps an& #oun&s to roa& passenger>s safety system

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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Crossing

Chapter: " References And 2i? io/raph!

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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Cr ossing

;. References:
" A complete reference of at mega "6 Micro Controllers, #y CD of technosolution !'t Dt& Mum#ai 2. http:AAro?osofts!stems.co. inAro?oshopAinde@.phpAsensorsAsensor7 modu esAsin/ e7tsop7sensor7modu e.htm 3. http:AAro?oti=s4u.? o/spot.comA2885A8"A?ump 7sensor.ht m 4. http:AAwww.societ!ofro?ots.comAsensorsBtact?umpswitch.shtm 1. http:AAwww. atme . comAd!nAresourcesAprodBdocumentsAdoc24"".pdf

;.1 2i? io/raph!

+ Railways o'er'iew5 Boo% of Central Railway

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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Cr ossing

Appen&i2

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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Cr ossing Appendi@: A:

18.1 Projecti e :
&ame 1. )u a 0mer C 2. )und=ar (atish 3. )unno i )ahesh 4. 2ochare Ramdas 1. A==a =ote Rameshwar ,uide: Prof (.2.)ishra Co7,uide Prof A.R.Einde jindeB1;D!ahoo.co.in suni ?ajaran/mishraD!ahoo.com %mai Id umerBmu aDrediffmai .com satishmund=arD/mai .com maheshmnn D/mai .com ramdas?ochareD!ahoo.co.in a==a =ote.rameshwarD/mai .com

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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Cr ossing

18.2 Pro/ram code:

Sinclu&eTa'r?io hU Sinclu&eTutil?&elay hU S&efine CBEC)BIT<2, #=2G<"TT#= S&efine 8ETBIT< 2,#=2OI<"TT#= S&efine CDEARBIT< 2,#=2GIV<"TT#= S&efine TOGGDEBIT<2,#=2WI<"TT#= 'oi& close<'oi&= X CDEARBIT<!ORTD,3=Y 8ETBIT<!ORTD,,=Y CDEARBIT<!ORTD,6=Y 8ETBIT<!ORTD,*=Y Z 'oi& stop<'oi&= X CDEARBIT<!ORTD,3=Y CDEARBIT<!ORTD,,=Y CDEARBIT<!ORTD,6=Y CDEARBIT<!ORTD,*=Y Z 'oi& open< 'oi&= X 8ETBIT<!ORTD,3=Y CDEARBIT<!ORTD,,=Y
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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Cr ossing 8ETBIT<!ORTD,6=Y CDEARBIT<!ORTD,*=Y Z 'oi& &right<'oi&= X CDEARBIT<!ORTD,3=Y 8ETBIT<!ORTD,,=Y 8ETBIT<!ORTD,6=Y CDEARBIT<!ORTD,*=Y Z 'oi& &left<'oi&= X 8ETBIT<!ORTD,3=Y CDEARBIT<!ORTD,,=Y CDEARBIT<!ORTD,6=Y 8ETBIT<!ORTD,*=Y Z 'oi& one< 'oi&= X &o X close< =Y Zwhile<[<CBEC)BIT<!I0A,+===Y stop<=Y

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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Cr ossing while<"= X if <[<CBEC)BIT<!I0A,3=== X &o X C&elayCms<",/=Y Zwhile<[<CBEC)BIT<!I0A,3===Y C&elayCms<+,//=Y if <<CBEC)BIT<!I0A,3=== X &o X open<=Y Zwhile<[<CBEC)BIT<!I0A,6===Y stop<=Y retur n</=Y Z Z Z Z 'oi& two<'oi&= X &o
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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Cr ossing X close< =Y Zwhile<[<CBEC)BIT<!I0A,+===Y stop<=Y while<"= X if <[<CBEC)BIT<!I0A,"=== X &o X C&elayCms<",/=Y Zwhile<[<CBEC)BIT<!I0A,"===Y C&elayCms<+,//=Y if <<CBEC)BIT<!I0A,"=== X &o X open<=Y Zwhile<[<CBEC)BIT<!I0A,6===Y stop<=Y retur n</=Y Z Z Z Z
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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Cr ossing

int main< 'oi&= X int (I/Y 8ETBIT<DDRD,3=Y 8ETBIT<DDRD,,=Y 8ETBIT<DDRD,6=Y 8ETBIT<DDRD,*=Y CDEARBIT<!ORTD,3=Y CDEARBIT<!ORTD,,=Y CDEARBIT<!ORTD,6=Y CDEARBIT<!ORTC,*=Y CDEARBIT<DDRA,"=Y CDEARBIT<DDRA,+=Y CDEARBIT<DDRA,.=Y CDEARBIT<DDRA,3=Y CDEARBIT<DDRA,,=Y CDEARBIT<DDRA,6=Y 8ETBIT<!ORTA,"=Y 8ETBIT<!ORTA,+=Y 8ETBIT<!ORTA,.=Y 8ETBIT<!ORTA,3=Y 8ETBIT<!ORTA,,=Y
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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Cr ossing 8ETBIT<!ORTA,6=Y while<"= X if <[<CBEC)BIT<!I0A,"=== C&elayCms<+,//=Y if <[<CBEC)BIT<!I0A,"=== X one<=Y Z if <[<CBEC)BIT<!I0A,3=== C&elayCms<+,//=Y if <[<CBEC)BIT<!I0A,3=== X two<=Y Z Z retur n</=Y

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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Cr ossing

18.3 %@penditure:
8r Item 0o " A7R iBoar & Cost <Rupees=

"6//?5

+ Tsop 8ensor

.//?5

. Bump 8ensor

+,/?5

3 !ower 8upply

+*,?5

, Tool )it

.//?5

6 Other

+///?5

TOTAD

3*+,?5

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Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Cr ossing

18.4 P>-'-( :
18.4.1: Amdar Praniti (ushi =umar (hinde and our Co e/e (ecretar! )ane )adam

18.4.2 -ur >-$ Prof Chipade (ir and -ur ,roup

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