Intercircuit and Cross-country Fault Detection and Classification Using Artificial Neural Network

Anamika Jain#1, A.S.Thoke#2, R.N. Patel+3 and Ebha Koley#4

# 1, 2 and 4

Department of Electrical Engineering, N.I.T. Raipur, C.G. India

1

anamika_jugnu@yahoo.com, 2 asthoke@yahoo.co.in 4 ebha_koley@yahoo.co.in

3

+3

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, S.S.C.E.T., Bhillai, C.G. India

ramnpatel@gmail.com

Abstract The conductor geometry in double circuit lines makes them prone to multi-circuit faults like earthed and unearthed intercircuit faults and cross country faults. The probability of inter-circuit faults is increased when the multiple lines are mounted on the same tower. Mutual coupling is also present during un-earthed intercircuit faults. The phase-to-phase inter-circuit fault (without earth connection) provokes the presence of zero-sequence current, which is detected by ground distance relays. The consequences of intercircuit faults are often not considered in conventional relay design philosophies. In this paper both earthed and un-earthed intercircuit faults are investigated. Artificial neural network based technique has been employed for detection and faulty phase identification (classification) of intercircuit and cross-country faults. The study is carried out on a MATLAB platform and results of ANN based fault detector/classifier are presented and discussed. The simulated test results shows that this technique detects and identifies the faulted phase correctly and quickly over wide range of power system operating conditions; which is a striking benefit of ANN based technique.

Keywords Artificial neural network, cross-country fault, double circuit transmission line and intercircuit fault.

I. INTRODUCTION
ULTI-CIRCUIT

transmission lines are finding more widespread usage due to the limitation of right of way. Being exposed to vagaries of atmospheric conditions, they are more prone to faults due to external conditions as compared to other power system elements. Faults on transmission lines must be detected correctly and quickly to prevent the disturbance or damage to system and maintain security and reliability of supply. When faults in multi-circuit lines are to be studied, the main source of problems and complexity is the mutual coupling and the possibility of occurrence of faults involving two circuits [1]. Mutual coupling in multi-circuit transmission lines causes increase in the current flowing through the similar phase in the parallel line due to induction of zero sequence voltages. If zero sequence mutual coupling compensation is not considered in the signals of a ground distance unit, this cause over or underreaching of ground distance units.

The conductor geometry in double circuit lines makes them prone to multi-circuit faults like earthed and unearthed intercircuit faults and cross country faults. The term earthed inter-circuit fault is used to describe simultaneous earth faults which occur on different phases or same phases of different circuits of line on different location or same location. And unearthed inter-circuit fault is used to describe short circuits which occur on different phases or same phases of different circuits of line on same location. During non-earthed intercircuit faults, zero sequence current is also present which poses problem. The term cross-country fault is a simultaneous earth faults which occur on different line sections and on different phases of same circuit. The probability of intercircuit faults is increased when the multiple lines are mounted at the same tower. The reasons may be bush fire under a line or galloping or broken conductors which causes flashover with or without earth connection [2]. During non-earthed intercircuit faults zero sequence current is also present which poses problem. The most frequent earthed inter-circuit fault is the double earth fault at footing points in different circuits. But it is interesting to study other types of faults. Mutual coupling is also present during un-earthed intercircuit faults i.e. even when fault path does not include ground. The phaseto-phase inter-circuit fault (without earth connection) provokes the presence of zero-sequence current, which normal ground distance units detect. It is demonstrated that intercircuit faults result in unusual current distributions in many cases that modify the measured impedance by units not directly involved in the fault loop, giving important fault selector problems for close-in faults [1,2]. Intercircuit faults and close-in earth faults are also known to result in a loss of phase selectivity for single-pole tripping schemes due to an introduction of zero-sequence currents [3,4]. This can be a serious problem on important circuits where system stability is of concern. The consequences of intercircuit faults are often not considered in conventional relay design philosophies and the failure to observe such faults can have serious consequences. Artificial neural network (ANN) has emerged as a relaying tool for protection of power system equipments [5]. ANN has pattern recognition, classification, generalization and fault

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tolerance capability. In the context of protection, ANN have been applied to (i) the recognition of high impedance faults in distribution feeders; (ii) fault identification in AC/DC transmission systems; (iii) accurate fault location in transmission lines; (iv) transformer protection and more recently (v) protection for EHV transmission lines. Most of the research on ANN based protection schemes, has been carried out for single circuit transmission lines [6-10]. The studies in double circuit line is concentrated in detection and classification of basic shunt faults (line to ground, double line to ground, line to line and three phase fault and three phase to ground faults) [11-13]. However intercircuit fault detection has not been considered in these papers. The impact of interciuit faults while developing the ANN based protection scheme has been studied in only one paper by R.K. Agarwal et al. [14]. Combined unsupervised/supervised neural network has been used for double circuit line fault classification; it considers only A1G, B2G, A1B1G and one intercircuit fault A1C2 and other types of faults have not been considered. This paper presents an artificial neural network based methodology that result in a useful means for analyzing the performance during intercircuit and cross country faults in double-circuit lines. The proposed technique consists of preprocessing the fault current and voltage signal sample using one cycle DFT to yield the fundamental components of three phase voltages and currents of both circuits. After extracting these two features, a decision of fault or no-fault on any phase or multiple phases of the transmission line is made and classified using feed forward neural network (FFNN) with Levenberg Marquardt (TRAINLM) training algorithm. In order to illustrate how intercircuit and cross country faults can be detected and evaluated through this methodology, some fault case studies are presented. Fault data for these examples were obtained from offline simulation using Matlab and its associated toolboxes: Simulink and Simpowersystem and Neural network toolbox of MATHWORKS INC (USA). Throughout the study a 220 kV double end fed double circuit transmission line of 100 km length has been chosen as a representative system. II. POWER SYSTEM NETWORK SIMULATION A 220 kV double circuit line of 100 km connects the two generators of 1.25 GVA short circuit capacities and X/R ratio of 10 as shown in Fig.1. The power system model is simulated using MATLAB /Simulink and SimPowerSystem toolbox. Double circuit transmission line is simulated using distributed parameter line model. A large number of simulation studies have been conducted with different system and fault conditions. In order to cover the spectrum of interest, various fault conditions are simulated, which include the effect of variations in: (i) fault type (ii) fault location (iii) fault inception angle (i) and (iv) fault resistance (Rf). There are over 6000 patterns generated for training, testing and performance evaluation. Further pre-processing is a useful method that significantly reduces the size of the neural network and improves the performance and speed of training

process [15]. The training patterns generation and preprocessing process is depicted in Fig.2.

Fig. 1 Power system model simulated using MATLAB 7.01 software. Simulation By MATLAB Sampling By 1Kz.
V af V bf

AntiAliasing Filter

DFT

Scaling

V cf I a1 f Ib1 f

Fig.2 Training patterns generation and pre-processing.

I c1 f I a 2 f Ib 2 f Ic 2 f

III. ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK BASED FAULT DETECTOR/CLASSIFIER A single artificial neural network for fault detection/classification of intercircuit and crosscountry faults under varying power system operating conditions has been developed. The block diagram of the proposed single ANN based fault detector/classifier (FD/C) approach is shown in Fig. 3. The network inputs and outputs as shown in Fig. 3 are selected as discussed below, where V is the fundamental
af

is the fundamental component of a phase voltage, I a1 f component of a phase current in circuit-1 and so on. Further the outputs A1, B1, C1 represents the three phases of circuit-1 and A2, B2, C2 of circuit-2 and N represent the neutral.
V V V af bf cf I I I a1 f b1 f c1 f I I I a 2 f b2 f c 2 f

ANN BASED FAULT DETECTOR/ CLASSIFIER

A1, B1, C1, A2, B2, C2, N

Fig. 3 Block diagram of Single ANN based FD/C.

A. Selection of Network Inputs and Outputs The network inputs chosen here are the magnitudes of the fundamental components (50 Hz) of three phase voltages and three phase currents of each circuit i.e. six currents measured at the relay location for fault detection/classification. Thus, the inputs X of both fault detection/classification are: - (1) X = V ,V ,V , I ,I ,I ,I ,I ,I

af

bf

cf

a1 f

b1 f

c1 f

a2 f

b2 f

c2 f

The basic task of fault detection/classification is to determine the type of fault alongwith the faulty phase selection. Seven

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outputs corresponding to six phases and neutral (or ground) were considered as outputs provided by the network. It determines whether the six phases: A1, B1, C1, A2, B2, C2 and/or neutral N are present or not in the fault loop. Based on the fault type which occurs on the system, output should be 0 or 1. Thus the network outputs Y of ANN are: - (2) Y = [A1, B1, C1, A2, B2, C 2, N ] B. ANN Architecture The ANN architecture, including the number of inputs to the network and the number of neurons in hidden layers, is determined empirically through a series of trials and modifications of the ANN architecture. The best performance is achieved by using a three layer feed forward neural network with 9 inputs, 7 outputs and 50 neurons in the hidden layer. The architectures of single ANN based FD/C (9-50-7) is shown in Fig.4. The final determination of the neural networks requires the relevant transfer functions in the hidden and output layers to be established. Activation function of the hidden layer of ANN is chosen as hyperbolic tangent sigmoid (tansig) function. Saturating linear transfer function (satlin) has been used in the output layer, as the output of the corresponding phases and neutral if involved in fault loop should be high (1) otherwise it should be low (0).
IW{1,1} b{1} LW{2,1}

b{2} 50 Neurons Fig.4 Architecture of single ANN based FD/C. 7 Outputs

9 Inputs

Fig.5 Test results during earthed intercircuit fault i.e. B1N fault at 50 km at 60 ms (i=0) and A2N fault at 30km from SS-1 end at 60ms (i=0) with Rf =0.

IV. TEST RESULTS Once the network is trained, its weights and biases are frozen. Then the ANN based fault detector/classifier is tested by presenting samples of faults which have not been used during training. The proposed ANN based fault detector/classifier was tested to check its performance during earthed/unearthed inter-circuit fault and cross country faults. As an example of earthed intercircuit fault, two different ground faults were applied at different locations on two circuits of the transmission line e.g. B1N fault at 50 km at 60 ms (i=0) and A2N fault at 30km at 60ms (i=0) with Rf =0. The test results are shown in Fig.5 which shows the three phase currents of each circuit, three phase voltages and seven outputs of ANN in y axis and x-axis denotes time in milliseconds. As shown in Fig.5, all the seven outputs of ANN are low during no fault condition (0-60ms time) and after the inception of fault at 60 ms, the outputs of A1, C1, B2, C2 (healthy phase) are still low and the faulty phases B1, A1 and neutral becomes high (as ground is involved in the fault loop) within one cycle from the inception of fault. Thus it is clear that the network detects and classifies the earthed intercircuit fault correctly within one cycle from the inception of fault.

Further as an example of un-earthed intercircuit fault, short circuit between B1 phase of circuit-1 and C2 phase of circuit2 is applied at 10 km at 60 ms with Rf =0. The test results during un-earthed intercircuit fault are shown in Fig. 6. As shown in Fig.6, all the seven network outputs are low during no fault condition and after the inception of fault at 60 ms, the outputs of A1, C1, A2, B2 are still low and the phases B1, C2 and neutral becomes high (due to presence of zero sequence current) within one cycle from the inception of fault. Thus the single ANN based fault detector and classifier detects and classifies the un-earthed intercircuit faults correctly. The ANN based fault detector/classifier was also tested to check its performance during cross-country faults. As an example, two different A1N fault at 30 km at 60 ms ((i=0) and B1N fault at 50km from SS-1 end at 65ms (i=90) with Rf =50 (high fault resistance) were applied on the transmission line. This is also known as sequential or evolving fault because at 60ms it is single phase to ground fault and then at 65ms it has changed to double phase to ground fault. The test results during cross country fault are shown in Fig. 7, the network detects and classifies the fault correctly. V. CONCLUSION A protective relaying scheme is developed for detection and classification of intercircuit and cross country faults on a double circuit lines using ANN. Majority of the reported works do not include the detection and classification of

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Intercircuit and cross country faults. The proposed technique consists of preprocessing the fault current and voltage signal sample using one cycle DFT to yield the fundamental components of three phase voltages and currents of both circuit to make decision of fault or no-fault on any phase or multiple phases of the double circuit line. The network is

tested for earthed/unearthed intercircuit and cross country faults; the fault is detected and classified accurately within one cycle time from the inception of fault. Test results show the effectiveness and efficiency of this technique clearly.

Fig.6 Test results during un-earthed intercircuit fault between B1 phase of circuit-1 and C2 phase of circuit-2 i.e. B1C2 fault at 10 km at 60 ms with Rf =0.

Fig.7 Test results during cross-country fault i.e. A1N fault at 30 km at 60 ms (i=0) and B1N fault at 50km at 65ms (i=90) with Rf =50. [9] S.R. Samantaray, P.K. Dash and G. Panda, Fault classification and location using HS transform and radial basis functions neural network, International Journal of Electrical Power System Research, 2006. Huisheng Wang and W.W.L. Keerthipala, Fuzzy-neuro approach to fault classification for transmission line protection, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 13, No.4, pp. 10931104, Oct. 1998. T. Dalstain, and B. Kulicke, Neural network-approach to fault classification for high speed protective relaying , IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 1002-1011, Apr. 1995. Srdjan Skok, Ante Marusic, Sejid Tesnjak and Lvica Pevik, Doublecircuit line adaptive protection based on Kohonen neural network considering different operation and switching modes Power Engineering 2002 Large Engineering Systems Conference on LESCOPE, Vol.2, pp- 153 157, 2002. Q.Y .Xuan, R.K. Aggarwal, A.T. Johns, R.W. Dunn and A. Bennett, "A neural network based protection technique for combined 275kV/400kV double circuit transmission lines", Neurocomputing, Vol. 23, pp 59-70, 1998. R.K. Agarwal, Q.Y. Xuan, R.W. Dunn, A.T. Johns & A. Bennett, A novel fault classification technique of double circuit lines based on a combined unsupervised/supervised neural network, IEEE transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.14, No. 4, pp. 1250 1256, Oct. 1999. Devendra K. Chaturvedi, Soft computing techniques and its applications in electrical engineering, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2008.

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