List of nuclear power accidents by country

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Worldwide, many nuclear accidents have occurred since the Chernobyl disaster in 1986. Two thirds of these mishaps occurred in the US.[1] The French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) has concluded that technical innovation cannot eliminate the risk of human errors in nuclear plant operation. An interdisciplinary team from MIT have estimated that given the expected growth of nuclear power from 20052055, at least four serious nuclear power accidents would be expected in that period.[1]

Contents
1 Overview 2 Canada 3 France 4 Germany 5 India 6 Japan 7 Ukraine 8 United Kingdom 9 United States 10 Nuclear safety 11 See also 12 References 13 External links
The abandoned city of Pripyat, Ukraine with the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the distance.

Overview
Globally, there have been at least 99 (civilian and military) recorded nuclear power plant accidents from 1952 to 2009 (defined as incidents that either resulted in the loss of human life or more than US$50,000 of property damage, the amount the US federal government uses to define nuclear energy accidents that must be reported), totaling US$20.5 billion in property damages. Property damage costs include destruction of property, emergency response, environmental remediation, evacuation, lost product, fines, and court claims.[2] Because nuclear power plants are large and complex accidents on site tend to be relatively expensive.[3] The 1979 Three Mile Island accident in Pennsylvania was caused by a series of failures in secondary systems at the reactor, which allowed radioactive steam to escape and resulted in the partial core meltdown of one of two reactors at the site, making it the most significant accident in U.S. history.[4] The world's worst nuclear accident has been the 1986 Chernobyl disaster in the Ukraine, one of two accidents that has been rated as a level 7 event on the International Nuclear Event Scale.[5] The accident occurred at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant after an unsafe systems test led to a rupture of the reactor vessel and a series of explosions that destroyed reactor number four. The radiation plume spread to the surrounding city of Pripyat and covered extensive portions of Europe with traces of radioactivity, leaving reindeer in Northern Europe and sheep in portions of England unfit for human consumption. A 30 kilometres (19 mi) "Zone of alienation" has been formed around the reactor.[6] At least 57 accidents have occurred since the Chernobyl disaster, and over 56 nuclear accidents have occurred in the USA. Relatively few accidents have involved fatalities.[2]

Canada

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Nuclear power accidents in Canada[7][8][9][10][11][12] Cost (in millions 2006 US$) See NRX accident See NRU accident. Atomic Energy of Canada named the report "Protected".

Date

Location

Description

Fatalities

3:07 p.m. CRL, Friday, Ontario, December Canada 12, 1952 May 24, 1958 CRL, Ontario, Canada

The NRX accident. Explosions occurred in the reactor core.The world's first (http://www.ottawacitizen.com/health/Chalk+River+toxic+legacy/5874735/story.html) 0 major nuclear reactor accident. The NRU accident. Fuel rods in the reactor overheated and ruptured inside the reactor core. A rod caught fire and broke when removed, then dispersed fission products and alpha-emitting particles. LOCA Major loss of coolant accident. 2,739 litres of coolant oil leaked, most of it into the Winnipeg River. It took several weeks for workers to repair it. See ref 12. 0

WR-1 reactor at November Pinawa, 1978 Manitoba, Canada Pickering nuclear August 1, Reactor 2, 1983 CRL, Ontario, Canada Bruce nuclear Reactor 2, CRL, Ontario, Canada

LOCA Major loss of coolant accident. Catastrophic pressure tube rupture. Tube that 0 holds the fuel rods ruptured. See ref. 11 . Page 8 and 24 of PDF

Unknown.

March 1986

LOCA Major loss of coolant accident. Catastrophic pressure tube rupture. Tube that 0 holds the fuel rods ruptured. See ref. 11 . Page 24 of PDF

Unknown.

France

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Nuclear power accidents in France [3][13] Date Location Description Fatalities Cost (in millions 2006 US$) INES rating

Saint17 Oct 50 kg of uranium dioxide melted inside of the A1 nuclear reactor of Laurent-des1969 Saint-Laurent-des-Eaux, during a refueling operation Eaux, France 25 Jul 1979 Saclay, France Radioactive fluids escape into drains designed for ordinary wastes, seeping into the local watershed at the Saclay BL3 Reactor

Unknown (likely far less than the 4 13 Mar 1980 accident) 5 22 2 5 50 55 102 12 7 2 ? 1 1 1 1 2 4

A malfunctioning cooling system fuses fuel elements together at the Saint 13 Mar Loir-etLaurent A2 reactor, ruining the fuel assembly and forcing an extended 0 1980 Cher, France shutdown 14 Apr Bugey, 1984 France 22 May Normandy, 1986 France 12 Apr Tricastin, 1987 France 27 Dec Blayais, 1999 France 21 Jan 2002 Manche, France Electrical cables fail at the command centre of the Bugey Nuclear Power Plant and force a complete shutdown of one reactor 0

A reprocessing plant at Le Hague malfunctions and exposes workers to 0 unsafe levels of radiation and forces five to be hospitalised Tricastin fast breeder reactor leaks coolant, sodium and uranium hexachloride, injuring seven workers and contaminating water supplies An unexpectedly strong storm floods the Blayais Nuclear Power Plant, forcing an emergency shutdown after injection pumps and containment safety systems fail from water damage Control systems and safety valves fail after improper installation of condensers, forcing a two-month shutdown 0 0 0

Cattenom-2, Sub-standard electrical cables at the Cattenom-2 nuclear reactor cause 16 May Lorraine, 0 2004 a fire in an electricity funnel, damaging safety systems [14] France 13 Jul 2008 9 Aug 2009 5 Apr 2012 Tricastin, France Gravelines, France Penly, France Dozens of litres of wastewater contaminated with uranium are accidentally poured on the ground and runoff into a nearby river Assembly system fails to properly eject spent fuel rods from the Gravelines Nuclear Power Plant, causing the fuel rods to jam and the defueling operation to be suspended Fire on a primary pump of the second reactor, followed by a small radioactive leak inside the pump 0 0 0

Germany

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in Germany[3][13]

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Nuclear power accidents in Germany[3][13] Cost (in millions 2006 US$) 267 13

Date

Location

Description

Fatalities

4 May 1986

HammUentrop, Germany

Operator actions to dislodge damaged fuel elements at the thorium high-temperature reactor release excessive radiation to 4 km2 surrounding the facility Stop valve fails at Biblis Nuclear Power Plant and contaminates local area

0 0

17 Dec Hesse, 1987 Germany

Electrical error at Greifswald Nuclear Power Plant causes a fire in the main trough and Greifswald, 07 Dec destroys control lines and the electric supply for 5 main coolant pumps (out of a total of East 0 1975 6) and induces a partial meltdown in bloc 1. Ultimately classified as INES 3. The incident Germany was not reported to the public until 14 years after it occurred. A near core meltdown occurs at Greifswald Nuclear Power Plant. It's the fifth dangerous Greifswald, incident at the plant. Three out of six cooling water pumps were switched off for a test. A Nov 24, East fourth pump broke down and control of the reactor was lost; 10 fuel elements were 1989 Germany damaged. The accident was reportedly attributed to sticky relay contacts [15]

443

India
Nuclear power accidents in India[3][13] Date 4 May 1987 Location Description Fatalities Cost (in millions 2006 US$) 300 78 Operators at the Tarapur Atomic Power Station find Tarapur, 10 Sep that the reactor had been leaking radioactive iodine at Maharashtra, 0 1989 more than 700 times normal levels. Repairs to the India reactor take more than a year The on line hours of unit 1&2 in 1990 were 7772 and 7827 hrs (source IAEA PRIS. Repairs lasting more than one year from 10 Sep 1989 can not yield such on line hours.surely something is wrong.

Fast Breeder Test Reactor at Kalpakkam refuelling Kalpakkam, accident that ruptures the reactor core, resulting in a India two-year shutdown

Tarapur, 13 May A malfunctioning tube causes the Tarapur Atomic Maharashtra, 1992 Power Station to release 12 curies of radioactivity India Bulandshahr, The Narora Atomic Power Station suffers a fire at 31 Mar Uttar two of its steam turbine blades, damaging the heavy 1993 Pradesh, water reactor and almost leading to a meltdown India 2 Feb 1995 Kota, Rajasthan, India The Rajasthan Atomic Power Station leaks radioactive helium and heavy water into the Rana Pratap Sagar River, necessitating a two-year shutdown for repairs

2 220 The cost data is not on comparable basis. 2400 or so US 2006 dollars for TMI and 220 for NAPS unit 1 is wrong.

280

Almost 100 kg radioactive sodium at a fast breeder 22 Oct Kalpakkam, reactor leaks into a purification cabin, ruining a 2002 India number of valves and operating systems

30

Japan
See also: Timeline of the Fukushima nuclear accidents and Nuclear power in Japan

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Nuclear power accidents in Japan Cost (in millions 2006 US$) INES rating

Date

Location

Description

Fatalities

2 Nov 1978 1981

Fukushima No1, Japan Tsuruga, Japan

Japan's first criticality accident at No 3 reactor, this accident was hidden for 29 years and reported on 22 Mar 2007 Almost 300 workers were exposed to excessive levels of radiation after a fuel rod ruptured during repairs at the Tsuruga Nuclear Power Plant.[16] The fast breeder Monju Nuclear Power Plant sodium leak.[16] State-run operator Donen was found to have concealed videotape footage that showed extensive damage to the reactor.[17] The Tokaimura nuclear reprocessing plant fire and explosion. 37 workers were exposed to low doses of radiation. Donen later acknowledged it had initially suppressed information about the fire.[16][17] A fuel loading system malfunctioned and set off an uncontrolled nuclear reaction and explosion.[16] The criticality accident at the Tokai fuel fabrication facility.[16] Hundreds of people were exposed to radiation and two workers later died. This is not a nuclear power plant accident, however.[17] Two workers were exposed to a small amount of radiation and suffered minor burns during a fire.[17] A steam explosion at the Mihama-3 station; the subsequent investigation revealed a serious lack in systematic inspection in Japanese nuclear plants, which led to a massive inspection program.[18] A small amount of radioactive steam was released at the Fukushima Daiichi plant and it escaped the compound.[17] 5 1 2 4

December Tsuruga, 1995 Japan March 1997 18 Jun 1999 Tokaimura, Japan Shiga, Japan

September Tokaimura, 1999 Japan 2002 9 Aug 2004 2006 Onagawa, Japan Mihama, Japan Fukushima No1, Japan

16 Jul 2007

a severe earthquake (measuring 6.8 on the Richter scale) hit the region where Tokyo Electric's Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant is Kashiwazaki, located and radioactive water spilled into the Sea of Japan; as of March 2009, all of the reactors remain shut down for damage verification and Japan repairs; the plant with seven units was the largest single nuclear power station in the world.[18] Leakage accident of Radio active water. 34 workers were exposed to radiation The world's second INES 7 accident. A magnitude 9.0 earthquake and associated tsunami triggered cooling problems at Fukushima 1 & 2 stations with several reactors. Hydrogen explosions cause structural damage, and loss of coolant results in meltdowns in three units and a fire in overheated spent fuel rods. Radioactive steam was released into the atmosphere, and highly radioactive water spilled into the ocean through utility trenches. Some immediate injuries resulted.

December Hamaoka, 2009 Japan

11 Mar 2011

Fukushima No1, Japan

Ukraine

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Nuclear power accidents in Ukraine [3][13] Cost (in millions 2006 US$)

Date

Location

Description

Fatalities

26 Apr Pripyat, 1986 Ukraine

Fewer than 50 Steam explosion and meltdown (see Chernobyl disaster) necessitating the evacuation of 300,000 people from Pripyat and dispersing radioactive material directly, Eventually as 6700 across Europe (see Chernobyl disaster effects) many as 4,000[19]

United Kingdom
Nuclear power accidents in the UK[3][13] Cost (in millions 2006 US$) 78

Date

Location

Description

Fatalities

8 Oct 1957 May 1967

Windscale, Fire ignites plutonium piles, contaminating surrounding dairy farms UK Scotland, United Kingdom Partial meltdown at Dumfries and Galloway. Graphite debris partially blocked a fuel channel causing a fuel element to melt and catch fire at the Chapelcross nuclear power station. Contamination was confined to the reactor core. The core was repaired and restarted in 1969, operating until the plant's shutdown in 2004.[20][21] 20 tonnes uranium and 160 kg plutonium leak from a cracked pipe at the Thorp nuclear fuel reprocessing plant

19 Apr Sellafield, 2005 UK

65

United States
Main article: Nuclear reactor accidents in the United States Nuclear reactor accidents in the U.S.[3][13] Cost (in millions 2006 US$) 5 32 22 19 INES rating

Date

Location

Description

Fatalities

November Idaho Falls, 29, 1955 Idaho, US July 26, 1959 Simi Valley, California, USA

Power excursion with partial core meltdown at National Reactor Testing 0 Station's EBR-1 Experimental Breeder Reactor I Partial core meltdown at Santa Susana Field Laboratorys Sodium Reactor Experiment Explosion at National Reactor Testing Station's SL-1 Stationary LowPower Reactor Number One Sodium cooling system malfunctions at Enrico Fermi demonstration breeder reactor causing partial core meltdown Steam generator leak causes manual shutdown of pressurized water reactor 0 3 0

January 3, Idaho Falls, 1961 Idaho, US October 5, 1966 Monroe, Michigan, USA

Palisades, August 11, Michigan, 1973 USA

10

Browns Ferry, Fire burns for seven hours and damages more than 1600 control cables March 22, Alabama, for three nuclear reactors at Browns Ferry, disabling core cooling 1975 USA systems Brownsville, November Nebraska, 5, 1975 Hydrogen gas explosion damages the Cooper Nuclear Facilitys Boiling

240

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USA

Water Reactor and an auxiliary building

13

June 10, 1977 February 4, 1979

Waterford, Connecticut, USA

Hydrogen gas explosion damages three buildings and forces shutdown of 0 Millstone-1 Pressurized Water Reactor 0 0

15 12 2,400 5

Surry, Virginia, Surry Unit 2 shut down in response to failing tube bundles in steam USA generators Loss of coolant and partial core meltdown, see Three Mile Island accident and Three Mile Island accident health effects

Middletown, March 28, Pennsylvania, 1979 US

October 17, 1981

Buchanan, New York, USA

100,000 gallons of Hudson River water leaked into the Indian Point Energy Center Unit 2 containment building from the fan cooling unit, undetected by a safety device designed to detect hot water. The flooding, covering the first 9 feet of the reactor vessel, was discovered when 0 technicians entered the building. Two pumps which should have removed the water were found to be inoperative. NRC proposed a $210,000 fine for the incident.[22] Recirculation system piping fails at Nine Mile Point Unit 1, forcing two year shutdown Damage to steam generator tubes and main generator resulting in a shut down Indian Point Energy Center Unit 3 for more than a year 0

Lycoming, March 20, New York, 1982 USA Buchanan, March 25, New York, 1982 USA June 18, 1982 February 12, 1983 February 26, 1983

45

0 0

56 10 32 54 110 1,830 1,001

Senaca, South Feedwater heat extraction line fails at Oconee 2 Pressurised Water Carolina, USA Reactor, damaging thermal cooling system Fork River, New Jersey, USA Fort Pierce, Florida, USA

Oyster Creek Nuclear Power Plant fails safety inspection, forced to shut 0 down for repairs Damaged thermal shield and core barrel support at St Lucie Unit 1, necessitating 13-month shutdown Safety violations, operator error, and design problems force six year outage at Browns Ferry Unit 2 Instrumentation systems malfunction during start-up, which led to suspension of operations at all three Browns Ferry Units 0 0 0 0

September Athens, 15, 1984 Alabama, US March 9, 1985 April 11, 1986 Athens, Alabama, US

Plymouth, Recurring equipment problems force emergency shutdown of Boston Massachusetts, Edisons Pilgrim Nuclear Power Plant US Peach Bottom units 2 and 3 shutdown due to cooling malfunctions and unexplained equipment problems Malfunctions force Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation to shut down Nine Mile Point Unit 1

Delta, March 31, Pennsylvania, 1987 US Lycoming, December New York, 19, 1987 US

400

150

September Surry, Virginia, Refuelling cavity seal fails and destroys internal pipe system at Surry Unit 0 2, forcing 12-month outage 10, 1988 USA March 5, 1989 Tonopah, Atmospheric dump valves fail at Palo Verde Unit 1, leading to main Arizona, USA transformer fire and emergency shutdown 0 0 0

9 14 120 5

March 17, Lusby, Inspections at Calvert Cliff Units 1 and 2 reveal cracks at pressurized 1989 Maryland, US heater sleeves, forcing extended shutdowns November Scriba, New 17, 1991 York, USA April 21, Southport, Safety and fire problems force shut down of the FitzPatrick nuclear reactor for 13 months

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1992

North NRC forces shut down of Brunswick Units 1 and 2 after emergency Carolina, USA diesel generators fail Bay City, Texas, USA Buchanan, New York, USA Auxiliary feed-water pumps fail at South Texas Project Units 1 and 2, prompting rapid shutdown of both reactors

February 3, 1993 February 27, 1993 March 2, 1993

3 2

New York Power Authority shuts down Indian Point Energy Center Unit 0 3 after AMSAC system fails

Soddy-Daisy, Equipment failures and broken pipes cause shut down of Sequoyah Unit Tennessee, 0 1 USA Shut down of Fermi Unit 2 after main turbine experienced major failure due to improper maintenance Steam generator tubes unexpectedly crack at Maine Yankee nuclear reactor; shut down of the facility for a year Ventilation systems fail at Salem Units 1 and 2 Leaking valve forces shutdown Millstone Nuclear Power Plant Units 1 and 2, multiple equipment failures found Balance-of-plant equipment malfunction forces shutdown and extensive repairs at Crystal River Unit 3 0 0 0 0 0

Newport, December Michigan, 25, 1993 USA 14 January Wiscasset, 1995 Maine, USA May 16, 1995 February 20, 1996 Salem, New Jersey, USA Waterford, Connecticut, US

67 62 34 254 384 38 71 11

September Crystal River, 2, 1996 Florida, US September Clinton, 5, 1996 Illinois, USA September Senaca, 20, 1996 Illinois, USA Bridgman, September Michigan, 9, 1997 USA May 25, 1999 Waterford, Connecticut, USA

Reactor recirculation pump fails, prompting shut down of Clinton boiling 0 water reactor Service water system fails and results in closure of LaSalle Units 1 and 2 0 for more than 2 years Ice condenser containment systems fail at Cook Units 1 and 2 0

Steam leak in feed-water heater causes manual shutdown and damage to 0 control board annunicator at the Millstone Nuclear Power Plant Major Freon leak at Hope Creek Nuclear Facility causes ventilation train 0 chiller to trip, releasing toxic gas and damaging the colling system Severe corrosion of control rod forces 24-month outage of Davis-Besse 0 reactor A fault in the main transformer at the Donald C. Cook nuclear power 0 plant causes a fire that damages the main generator and back-up turbines Exelons Braidwood nuclear station leaks tritium and contaminates local 0 water supplies Entergys Indian Point Energy Center Nuclear Plant leaks tritium and strontium into underground lakes from 1974 to 2005 Nuclear fuel services plant spills 35 litres of highly enriched uranium, necessitating 7-month shutdown 0

Lower September Alloways 29, 1999 Creek, New Jersey, USA February 16, 2002 January 15, 2003 June 16, 2005 Oak Harbor, Ohio, US Bridgman, Michigan, USA Braidwood, Illinois, USA

143

10 41 30

Buchanan, August 4, New York, 2005 USA March 6, 2006 Erwin, Tennessee, USA

98

Buchanan, January 7, New York, 2010 USA

NRC inspectors reported that an estimated 600,000 gallons of mildly radioactive steam was intentionally vented after an automatic shutdown of 0 Indian Point Energy Center Unit 2. The levels of tritium in the steam were below those allowable by NRC safety standards.[23]

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February 1, 2010

Montpelier, Vermont, US

Deteriorating underground pipes from the Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant leak radioactive tritium into groundwater supplies

700

This list is incomplete; please help to expand it .

Nuclear safety
Main article: Nuclear safety The nuclear power industry has improved the safety and performance of reactors, and has proposed new safer (but generally untested) reactor designs but there is no guarantee that the reactors will be designed, built and operated correctly.[24] Mistakes do occur and the designers of reactors at Fukushima in Japan did not anticipate that a tsunami generated by an earthquake would disable the backup systems that were supposed to stabilize the reactor after the earthquake.[25] According to UBS AG, the Fukushima I nuclear accidents have cast doubt on whether even an advanced economy like Japan can master nuclear safety.[26] Catastrophic scenarios involving terrorist attacks are also conceivable.[24] An interdisciplinary team from MIT have estimated that given the expected growth of nuclear power from 20052055, at least four serious nuclear accidents would be expected in that period.[1][27] To date, there have been five serious accidents (core damage) in the world since 1970 (one at Three Mile Island in 1979; one at Chernobyl in 1986; and three at Fukushima-Daiichi in 2011), corresponding to the beginning of the operation of generation II reactors. This leads to on average one serious accident happening every eight years worldwide.

See also
Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents Nuclear and radiation accidents by country

References
1. ^ a b c Benjamin K. Sovacool (January 2011). "Second Thoughts About Nuclear Power" (http://www.spp.nus.edu.sg/docs/policybriefs/201101_RSU_PolicyBrief_1-2nd_Thought_Nuclear-Sovacool.pdf) . National University of Singapore. p. 8. http://www.spp.nus.edu.sg/docs/policy-briefs/201101_RSU_PolicyBrief_1-2nd_Thought_Nuclear-Sovacool.pdf. 2. ^ a b Benjamin K. Sovacool. A Critical Evaluation of Nuclear Power and Renewable Electricity in Asia (http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a923050767~db=all~jumptype=rss) Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol. 40, No. 3, August 2010, pp. 379-380. 3. ^ a b c d e f g Benjamin K. Sovacool (2009). The Accidental Century - Prominent Energy Accidents in the Last 100 Years (http://www.touchoilandgas.com/ebooks/A1ioj0/eandpvol7iss2/resources/134.htm) 4. ^ Stencel, Mark. "A Nuclear Nightmare in Pennsylvania" (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/tmi/tmi.htm) , The Washington Post, March 27, 1999. Accessed July 5, 2010. 5. ^ "International Nuclear Event Scale Enhances Public Communications" (http://www.nei.org/keyissues/safetyandsecurity/policybriefs/internationalnucleareventscale3) , Nuclear Energy Institute. Accessed July 5, 2010. 6. ^ Mulvey, Steve. "Chernobyl diary - Part One" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4843316.stm) , BBC News, April 4, 2006. Accessed July 5, 2010. 7. ^ "Radiation spill at Point Lepreau nuclear plant probed" (http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/story/2011/12/13/nb-pt-lepreauradiation-detector.html) . CBC news. December 13, 2011. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/story/2011/12/13/nb-pt-lepreauradiation-detector.html. 8. ^ "Nuclear emergency planning at Canada's power plants" (http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2011/03/14/f-nuclear-power-plants-canadaemergency-preparedness.html) . CBC news. March 14, 2011. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2011/03/14/f-nuclear-power-plantscanada-emergency-preparedness.html. 9. ^ "Pickering nuclear plant reports water leak" (http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/story/2011/03/16/pickering-nuclear-leak.html) . CBC news. March 16, 2011. http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/story/2011/03/16/pickering-nuclear-leak.html. 10. ^ "Leak from Darlington" (http://www.thestar.com/news/ontario/article/741975--leak-from-darlington-station-poses-no-harm-opg) . The Star. Dec 22, 2009. http://www.thestar.com/news/ontario/article/741975--leak-from-darlington-station-poses-no-harm-opg. 11. ^ "Ontarios Nuclear Generating Facilities: A History and Estimate of Unit Lifetimes and Refurbishment Costs" (http://pubs.pembina.org/reports/appendix2.pdf) . http://pubs.pembina.org/reports/appendix2.pdf. 12. ^ "Manitoba's forgotten nuclear accident:By: Dave Taylor" (http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/westview/manitobas-forgottennuclear-accident-118563039.html) . http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/westview/manitobas-forgotten-nuclear-accident118563039.html. 13. ^ a b c d e f Benjamin K. Sovacool. A Critical Evaluation of Nuclear Power and Renewable Electricity in Asia, Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol. 40, No. 3, August 2010, pp. 393400. 14. ^ Autorit de Sret Nuclaire (2004) (http://www.asn.fr/index.php/content/view/full/94986) 15. ^ nuclearfiles.org, Accidents 1980's (http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/issues/accidents/accidents-1980%27s09.htm) 16. ^ a b c d e Benjamin K. Sovacool. A Critical Evaluation of Nuclear Power and Renewable Electricity in Asia, Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol. 40, No. 3, August 2010, pp. 380. 17. ^ a b c d e Associated Press (March 17, 2011). "A look at Japan's history of nuclear power trouble"
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(http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9M0VHR82.htm) . Bloomberg Businessweek . http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9M0VHR82.htm. ^ a b The World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2007 (http://www.greens-efa.org/cms/topics/dokbin/206/206749.pdf) p. 23. ^ "The international experts have estimated that radiation could cause up to about 4000 eventual deaths among the higher-exposed Chernobyl populations, i.e., emergency workers from 1986-1987, evacuees and residents of the most contaminated areas". World Health Organization. Chernobyl: the true scale of the accident (http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2005/pr38/en/index.html) 5 September 2005. ^ [1] (http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/552/5297.html) ^ [2] (http://www.kare-uk.org/magnoxes.htm) ^ Perrow, Charles Normal Accidents (New York: Basic Books 1984) ISBN 0-465-05142-1 pp. 45-46 ^ Luby, Abby (January 7, 2010). "Nuclear steam leak intentional: Response to Indian Point plant shutdown" (http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2010/01/08/2010-0108_nuclear_steam_leak_intentional_response_to_indian_point_plant_shutdown.html) . Daily News (New York). http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2010/01/08/2010-0108_nuclear_steam_leak_intentional_response_to_indian_point_plant_shutdown.html. ^ a b Jacobson, Mark Z. and Delucchi, Mark A. (2010). "Providing all Global Energy with Wind, Water, and Solar Power, Part I: Technologies, Energy Resources, Quantities and Areas of Infrastructure, and Materials" (http://www.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/WWSEnergyPolicyPtI.pdf) . Energy Policy. p. 6. http://www.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/WWSEnergyPolicyPtI.pdf. ^ Hugh Gusterson (16 March 2011). "The lessons of Fukushima" (http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/columnists/hugh-gusterson/thelessons-of-fukushima) . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/columnists/hugh-gusterson/the-lessons-offukushima. ^ James Paton (April 4, 2011). "Fukushima Crisis Worse for Atomic Power Than Chernobyl, UBS Says" (http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-04-04/fukushima-crisis-worse-for-atomic-power-than-chernobyl-ubs-says.html) . Bloomberg Businessweek . http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-04-04/fukushima-crisis-worse-for-atomic-power-than-chernobyl-ubs-says.html. ^ Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2003). "The Future of Nuclear Power" (http://web.mit.edu/nuclearpower/pdf/nuclearpowerfull.pdf) . p. 48. http://web.mit.edu/nuclearpower/pdf/nuclearpower-full.pdf.

External links
The Worst Nuclear Disasters (http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1887705,00.html) TIME magazine U.S. Nuclear Accidents (http://www.lutins.org/nukes.html) Compiled by allen lutins Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_nuclear_power_accidents_by_country&oldid=509298764" Categories: Lists of nuclear disasters Nuclear history Nuclear safety Nuclear power by country Nuclear technology-related lists This page was last modified on 26 August 2012 at 19:44. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

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