BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290

6.0 INDUCTION MOTOR

INDUCTION MOTOR
6.1 INTRODUCTION TO INDUCTION MOTOR

Definition of Induction:
The process by which an electromotive force is produced in a circuit by varying the magnetic
field linked with the circuit.
Induction motors are the most commonly used electric motors.

Although it is possible to use an induction machine as either a motor or a generator, it has many
disadvantages and low efficiency as a generator and so is rarely used in that manner. The
performance characteristics as a generator are not satisfactory for most applications.
For this reason, induction machines are usually referred to as induction motors.
AC current supplied to the stator winding produces a flux through the air gap that induces currents in
the rotor windings.
- Rotor receives electric power by induction in exactly the same way as the secondary of 2
winding transformer.
- Can be treated as a rotating transformer, one in which primary winding is stationary (stator)
but the secondary is free to rotate (rotor).
- Most appliances, such as washing machines and refrigerators, use a single-phase induction
machine
- For industrial applications, the three-phase induction motor is used to drive machines

Advantages
Very simple and extremely rugged
Low cost and very reliable
Requires minimum of maintenance

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290

Disadvantages
Speed cannot be varied without sacrificing some of its efficiency.
Speed decreases with increase in load

6.2 CONSTRUCTION
A machine is called induction machines because the rotor voltage (which produces the rotor current
and the rotor magnetic field) is induced in the rotor windings instead of being physically connected
by wires.
The distinguishing feature of an induction machine is that no DC field current is required to run the
machine.

Although it is possible to use an induction machine as either a motor or a generator, it has many
disadvantages as a generator and so is rarely used in that manner. For this reason, induction
machines are usually referred to as induction motor.
Two sets of electromagnets are formed inside any motor. In an AC induction motor, one set of
electromagnets is formed in the stator because of the AC supply connected to the stator windings.
The alternating nature of the supply voltage induces an Electromagnetic Force (EMF) in the rotor
(just like the voltage is induced in the transformer secondary) as per Lenzs law, thus generating
another set of electromagnets; hence the name induction motor. Interaction between the
magnetic field of these electromagnets generates twisting force, or torque. As a result, the motor
rotates in the direction of the resultant torque.
An induction motor consists of two main parts: stator and rotor. It has the same physical
stator as a synchronous machine but with different rotor construction. There are two types of
induction motor rotors that can be placed inside the stator, i.e. squirrel -cage rotor and wound rotor.
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290

6.2.1 TYPES OF ROTOR

a) Squirrel-Cage Rotor

Squirrel-cage rotor, as shown below, consists of a series of conducting bars laid into slots
carved in the face of the rotor and shorted at either end by large shorting rings.


Fig. 6.0: Example of Squirrel-Cage Rotor

- The rotor is cylindrical and is made of conducting bars short circuited at both ends
- It is also known as brushless induction motor.
- It is more rugged and since there are no brushes it is safer in combustible environment.




BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290

b) Wound Rotor

Wound rotor, as shown below has a complete set of three-phase windings similar to stator
windings. Usually, it is Y-connected and the rotor coils are tied to the slip rings.

Fig. 6.1: Wound Rotor

- The rotor is cylindrical and is made up of a three phase windings with terminals brought out
to slip rings
- Wound rotor induction motors are also known as a slip-ring motors
- This type is the more complicated of the two type but it has a higher starting torque and is
more controllable









BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290

6.2.2 STATOR

The stator is made up of several thin laminations of aluminum or cast iron. They are punched and
clamped together to form a hollow cylinder (stator core) with slots as shown in Fig. 7.2. Coils of
insulated wires are inserted into these slots. Each grouping of coils, together with the core it
surrounds, forms an electromagnet (a pair of poles) on the application of AC supply.

The number of poles of an AC induction motor depends on the internal connection of the stator
windings. The stator windings are connected directly to the power source. Internally they are
connected in such a way, that on applying AC supply, a rotating magnetic field is created.



Fig. 6.2: A Typical Stator
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290

6.3 PRODUCTION OF ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD

When a three phase stator winding is connected to a three phase voltage supply, three phase
currents will flow in the windings which induce three-phase flux in the stator. This flux will rotate at a
speed called as synchronous speed
s
N . The flux is called as rotating magnetization field. The
mathematical equation is given as:

p
f 120
N
s
= where = f the supply frequency
= p no. of poles in the
machine/motor

The currents that flows in the stator are spaced 120 each other. Graphical representation is shown
in Fig. 6.3.

Fig. 6.3: 3-Phase Current

( ) t sin i t i
m R
e =
( ) ( ) = 120 t sin i t i
m Y
e
( ) ( ) + = 120 t sin i t i
m B
e
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290

6.4 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

When a three phase current flow in a three-phase winding, rotating magnetic field (flux) will be
produced. The flux has constant magnitude and is distributed in sinusoidal form. This flux will induce
voltage in the rotor conductor by Flemings Right Hand Rule. By Faradays Law, if the rotor winding is
short-circuited, rotor current will flow in it. The reaction between rotor current and stator flux causes
the rotor to rotate in the same direction as the stator flux.
An induction motor with 2 poles can be taken to explain this phenomena. Conductor A will be
located under north pole while conductor B will be located under south pole as illustrated in Fig. 6.4.
The flux rotates in the clock-wise direction (towards the right).lf the flux is taken as the reference, the
conductors A and B are likely to move to the left. Then, from the Right Hand Fleming, voltage or
current will be induced as shown in
Fig. 6.5.

Fig. 6.4: Conductor A is located under north pole and conductor B is located under south pole

Fig. 6.5: Right Hand Fleming Fig. 6.6: Ampere Right Hand Rule
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The same process happens to conductor B.

As shown in Fig. 6.6, when current flows in the rotor circuit, flux will be induced and the direction is
anti-clock-wise. This is called Ampere Right Hand Rule. The interaction between flux produced by the
rotor current and the rotating flux will induce torque on the rotor conductor that acts to the right.
This torque causes the rotor to rotate clockwise. The illustration is shown in Fig. 6.7.


Fig. 6.7: Interaction between Rotor Current Flux and Rotating Flux

Conclusion:
Rotating field will cause the rotor to rotate at the same direction as the stator flux. The torque
direction is independent upon the conductor position. Torque direction is always the same as the flux
rotation.

At the time of starting the motor, rotor speed = 0. The rotati ng magnetic field will cause the rotor to
rotate from 0 speeds to a speed that is lower than the synchronous speed. If the rotor speed is equal
to the synchronous speed, there will be no cutting of flux and rotor current equals zero. Therefore, it
is not possible for the rotor to rotate at
s
N .


BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290

6.5 SLIP AND SYNCHRONOUS SPEED
Slip is defined as the difference between synchronous speed (magnetic fields speed) and rotor
speed:
s
r s
N
N N
s

= .. (3.0)
where: =
s
N synchronous speed in rev/min.
=
r
N rotor speed in rev/min.

From Eqn. 3.0, the rotor speed can be derived as ( ) s 1 N N
s r
= . Slip can also be represented in
percent. When the rotor move at
r
n rev/sec (rps), the stator flux will circulate the rotor conductor at
a speed of ( )
r s
n n per second. Therefore, the frequency of the rotor emf,
r
f is written as:
( )p n n f
r s r
=
sf =
where:
= s slip
= f supply frequency.

The rotor therefore runs at a speed slightly less than the synchronous speed the difference being
called slip speed.
Slip speed
r s
N N =




BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290

6.6 PER PHASE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

The per-phase equivalent circuit of a three-phase induction motor is just like a single phase
transformer equivalent circuit. The difference is only that, the secondary winding is short-circuited
unlike in the transformer it is open-circuited as a load is to be connected later. The per-phase
equivalent circuit is illustrated in Fig. 6.8 below.


Fig. 6.8: Per-Phase Equivalent of 3-Phase Induction Motor.

The per-phase equivalent circuit referred to the stator winding is shown in Figure 7.9. This equivalent
circuit is categorized into two types: [i] actual equivalent circuit and [ii] approximate equivalent
circuit.

Fig. 6.9: Per-Phase Equivalent Circuit Referred to Stator Winding.

From the equivalent circuit;
=
1
I Stator phase current. :
2 o 1
I I I + =
= Stator line current (for stator Y-connection)
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290

=
3
I
L
, where =
L
I stator line current (for stator: - connection)
=
2
I Rotor current referred to stator winding
=
o
I No-load current,
m c o
I I I + =
=
c
I Core current
=
m
I Magnetizing current

For approximate equivalent circuit;
2 o 1
I I I + =
m c o
I I I + =

;
( )
m
ph s
m
jX
E
I = ;
( )
( )
1 2 1
2
ph s
2
X X j R
s
R
E
I
+ + |
.
|

\
|
+
= ... (3.1)

This model is normally used for analysis purposes for simplicity.







( )
c
ph s
c
R
E
I =
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290

6.7 POWER FLOW DIAGRAM
Power flow diagram is actually a flow of power right from the input to the output.
Input power = Output Power + Losses
Core Loss Iron Loss

Stator Input Power = Stator Output Power + Stator Losses
Stator Iron Losses ( SIL ) @
Core Loss (Pcore)
( Normally Given )
Stator Cooper Losses ( SCL )
@ PSCL
Rotor Input Power ( RIP) @
Air-gap Power


Fig. 6.10: Power Flow Diagram
Fig. 6.10 shows the power flow diagram while Fig. 7.11 illustrates the components that involve in the
power losses calculation.

Fig. 6.11: Components Involved in Power Flow Diagram
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290

From the circuit shown in Fig. 6.11, the power equations can be derived as follows:
[i] SCL occurs at
s
R , then ( )
s
2
2
R I 3 SCL = . (3.2)
[ii] RCL occurs at
R 2
' R R = , then ( )
2
2
2
R I 3 RCL = . (3.3)
[iii]
m
P occurs at ( ) s 1
s
R
2
, then ( ) ( ) s 1
s
R
I 3 P
2
2
2 m
= . (3.4)
[iv] RIP occurs on
s
R
2
, then : ( )
s
R
I 3 RIP
2
2
2
= . (3.5)
From Eqn. (3.2...3.5), we can derive the power equations in terms of slip and power, then:
From Eqn. 3.4 : ( ) ( ) s 1
s
R
I 3 P
2
2
2 m
= =
( )
s
s 1 RCL
= ( ) s 1 RIP (3.6)
From Eqn. 3.5 : ( )
s
R
I 3 RIP
2
2
2
= =
( ) s 1
P
m

=
s
RCL
(3.7)

From these equations, we do not need to recalculate
m
P andRIP , if RCL is known provided that
the value for slip is known.

The input power comes from the stator input, then:
u u cos I V 3 cos I V 3 P
ph ph L L in
= =
Where
L
V and
L
I are line voltage and line current respectively.

ph
V and
ph
I are phase voltage and phase current respectively.
u is the angle between voltage and current.



BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290

6.8 EFFICIENCY
Efficiency for any electrical machine is defined as:

losses . total P
P
P
P
out
out
in
out
+
= = q (3.8)
One thing should be noted that the
out
P is actually the output from the rotor or motor itself while the
input power comes from the stator.

6.9 TORQUE EQUATION
Torque equation can be derived from the power equation that is expressed in mechanical formula
and electrical formula. These two formula can be equated together to obtain its relationship in terms
of circuit parameters.

Basic power equation is given as;
T P e = where
60
N 2t
e = (speed in rad/sec)
= N Speed in rev/min (rpm)
= T Torque in Nm
Then torque,

N 2
P 60
T ; Torque
t
= . (3.9)
Eqn. 3.9 is the general formula for torque equation. This formula can be employed to calculate the
output and mechanical torque by some formula modification.
For mechanical torque :
N 2
P 60
T @ T
m
m mech
t
= .. (3.10)


BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290

For output torque :
N 2
P 60
T
out
o
t
= .. (3.11)

6.9.1 MECHANICAL TORQUE (
m
T
)
The mechanical torque is sometimes called the induced torque. The mechanical torque can be also
expressed in terms of circuit parameters.
( ) ( )
m r
m r 2
2
2 m
T
60
T N 2
s 1
s
R
I 3 P e
t
= = =

where =
r
N speed of the rotor and
=
r
e The rotor speed in rad/s
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
s
2
2
2
s
2
2
2
r
2
2
2
m
s
R I 3
s 1 s
s 1 R I 3
s 1
s
R
I 3
T
e e e
=

=

But,
( )
( )
1 2 1
2
ph s
2
X X j R
s
R
E
I
+ + |
.
|

\
|
+
= ; so ,
( )
( )
2
2
1
2
ph s
2
X R
s
R
E
I
+ |
.
|

\
|
+
=

Substitute
( )
( )
2
2
1
2
ph s
2
X R
s
R
E
I
+ |
.
|

\
|
+
= , into the mechanical torque,
m
T equation,
Thus,
( )
( )
( )
| |
( )
(
(

+ |
.
|

\
|
+
=
(
(
(
(
(

+ |
.
|

\
|
+
=
2
2
1
2
s
2
2
ph s
s
2
2
2
2
1
2
ph s
m
X R
s
R
s
R E 3
s
R
X R
s
R
E
3
T
e
e
.. (3.12)
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290


By simplifying the above equation, therefore, the formula for the mechanical torque,
m
T is
( )
| |
( ) ( ) | |
2 2
1 2
2
s
2
ph s
m
sX sR R
sR
E 3
T
+ +
==
e
.. (3.13)
where
2 1
X X X + =

Fig. 6.12: Motor Torque vs Slip(Speed)

Eqn. 3.13, if we draw on the
m
T versus s on the graph will be appeared as in Fig. 6.12. From the
torque-speed characteristics (Fig. 6.12.) it is observed that;

st
T : The torque required by the motor to start. Also called as initial torque.
max
T : The max torque for the motor. Also called as stalling or pull-out torque.
max
S : The slip at
max
T
NL
T : No-load torque.
FL
T : Full-load torque.
s
N : Synchronous speed.
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290

6.9.2 MAXIMUM TORQUE (
max
T
)

To obtain
max
T , differentiate the
m
T to obtain
max
s ,
From the same curve, the max point can be obtained by differentiating Eqn. 3.13.

0
ds
dT
m
= :
To obtain max torque, then, yield:
( )
2
2
1
2
max
X R
R
s
+
=
Substitute
max
s into Eqn. 3.13, we get:

( )
| |
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
2 2
1 1
s
2
ph s
max
X R R
1
2
E 3
T
+ +
==
e
(3.14)










BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290

6.9.3 STARTING TORQUE (
st
T )
Starting torque can be derived from Eqn. 3.13 with slip, 0 . 1 s =
At starting, 0 N
r
= , therefore, 1 =

=
Ns
Nr Ns
s
As a result, the equation of the starting torque,
st
T is

( )
| |
( ) | |
2
2
1 2
2
s
2
ph s
st
X R R
R
E 3
T
+ +
==
e
(3.15)

Fig. 7.13 represents the relationship between torque and slip/speed with varying R .


Fig. 6.13: Motor Torque vs SIip(Speed)

The relationship between
st
T and
max
T can be obtained by assuming stator resistance =0. From Fig.
6.13, we found that at starting, torque is proportional to the resistance.




BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290

Tutori al
QUESTION 1
A 15 hp, 415V, 50Hz, 4 pol e, thr ee-phase star connected i nducti on motor operates at 1465 rpm when carryi ng
rated l oad. The motor parameters refer to the stator expressed i n ohm per phase are:

O = 3 . 0 Rs O = 83 . 0 Xs O = 31 . 0 ' Rr O = 25 . 1 ' Xr O = 31 Xm
The total rotati onal l osses are 1100 W and are assumed to be constant. At rated vol tage and rated frequency,
fi nd:
i) The motor sli p
ii) The stator current
iii) The stator copper l oss
iv) The power conver ted from el ectri cal to mechanical form
v) The overall machi nes effici ency

QUESTION 2
A si ngl e phase transformer has the fol l owi ng ci rcui t parameters :
20KVA, 1500/5000V, 50Hz, 0.95 l aggi ng power factor.
R
1
= 0.5 R
2
= 1.5
X
1
= 2.0 X
2
= 0.45
R
c
= 350 X
m
= 500
Calcul ate;
i ) The approxi mate equi val ent ci rcui t parameter referred to pri mary si de.
ii ) The ful l -l oad current on the pri mary and secondary wi ndi ngs.
iii ) Assume that thi s transformer is suppl yi ng rated l oad at 5000V and 0.95 l aggi ng power factor.
What is the transformer i nput vol tage?
i v) What is the transformer effi ci ency under condi ti on of part (3).
v) What does the power l osses essenti all y show for the short circui t and open ci rcui t tests.

QUESTION 3
Draw and l abel the rel ated power equati on for the power fl ow di agram of the i nducti on motor.

QUESTION 4
A thr ee-phase 5hp, 50 Hz, 4 pol es i nducti on motor operati ng at rated vol tage and frequency wi th rated l oad
has an effi ci ency of 84.5%. The stator conductor l oss, rotor conductor l oss and core l oss are 225 W, 153 W, and
115 W respecti vel y. Fi nd the percent of sl i p and the shaft speed for thi s i nducti on motor.
A 3-phase 415V, 50Hz, 4 pol es i nducti on motor runni ng at 1450rpm. The motor i s taki ng 70kW at 0.85 laggi ng
power factor. The total stator l osses are 3.5KW and the fricti on mechani cal l osses are 1.5kW. Deter mi ne:
i ) The motor input current
ii ) The motor slip
iii ) The rotor copper loss
v) The overall motor efficiency

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290

QUESTION 5
A 415 V, thr ee-phase, 8-pol e, 50 Hz, star-connected i nducti on motor runs at 5% sli p. Fi nd:
i) The speed of the rotati onal magneti c fi el d.
ii) The speed of the rotor.
iii) The sl i p-speed of the rotor.
iv) The fr equency of the i nduced emf i n the rotor ci rcui t.


QUESTION 6
The motor stated i n Questi on 1 has an output power of 20 hp at the shaft when operati ng on full -l oad when
the sli p is 0,05. Its fricti on and wi ndage l osses are found to be 500 W, Determi ne;
i ) The shaft power i n Watts.
ii ) The shaft torque.
iii ) The mechani cal power devel oped i n the rotor.
i v) The i nduced torque,
v) The ai r gap power.


QUESTION 7
A three phase, star-connected 440 V, 50 Hz si x-pol e i nducti on motor is rated at 100 hp. The equi val ent ci rcui t
parameters

Rs = 0.084 Rr = 0.066 Xm = 6.9
Xs = o.2 Xr' = 0.165
Protor=1.5kW Pcore=1.0kW

For a sli p of 0.035, fi nd
i ) The l i ne current I1
ii ) The stator copper l osses
iii ) The ai r gap power
i v) The power conver ted from el ectri cal to mechanical form
v) The i nduced torque
vi ) The l oad torque
vii ) The overall machi ne effi ci ency


QUESTION 8
Prove that the speed of an i nducti on motor Nr i s gi ven as:
Nr = Ns(1-s)
Where Ns = synchronous speed.
s= sli p


QUESTION 9
State two methods of starti ng an i nducti on motor.


QUESTION 10
A 3-phase 440V, 60Hz, 4 pol es i nducti on motor runni ng at 1710rpm. The motor i s
taki ng 60kW at 0.75 l aggi ng power factor. The total stator l osses are 2.5KW and the
fricti on and wi ndage tosses are 2.0kW. Determi ne:
i ) The motor i nput current
ii ) The motor sli p
iii ) The rotor copper l oss
i v) The brake horse power
v) The overall motor effi ci ency
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290

QUESTION 11
A 440V, 60Hz, si x pol es Y-connected i nducti on motor i s rated at 20hp. Its equi val ent circui t components are:
Rs = 0.344 Xs = 0.498 Xm = 12.4
Rr1 = 0.145 Xr' = 0.226
The rotati onal l osses i ncl udi ng the core l osses amount to 260W. The sli p of the machi ne is 0.03. Draw the
i nducti on machi ne approxi mate equi val ent ci rcui t.
Determi ne:
i ) The i nduced el ectromechani cal power.
ii ) The output power.
iii ) The output torque.


QUESTION 12
A 3-phase, 415V, 50Hz, 6 poles, wye-connected induction motor has the following parameters:-
R1= 0. 06 R2 = 0.24 Xm = 7.5
X1 = 0. 35 X2 = 0. 21
PF&W = 2.7kW PMISC = 230W
Under load, the motor operates at 950rpm. Using approximate equivalent ci rcuit, determine:-
i) stator line current
ii) stator power factor
iii) the developed torque
iv) the overall efficiency

if the induction motor connection is rearranged to operate using delta connection, determine the
stator line current