Starch-based ethanol Liquefaction of starch for fuel ethanol production

Application sheet
To effectively process the starch in dry-milled grains for the production of ethanol, alphaamylases are needed to reduce dextrin chain length and mash viscosity prior to saccharification and fermentation with yeast.

Benefits
For the production of ethanol from dry-milled grain substrates, the SC brand of alphaamylases provides the following benefits: Ability to process increased levels of solids maximizes plant throughput and ethanol concentration in fermentation Lower viscosities improve heat exchanger efficiency Enables optimal, cost-effective liquefaction in a variety of plant designs Maximum operational flexibility ensures that your process is optimized Tolerant to process deviations Low usage rates Quality products do not require filtration, recirculation, or agitation Stabilized products maintain constant activity during storage Higher-activity products reduce ordering, handling, and shipping costs

Products
The dry-milled grain liquefaction product range consists of four alpha-amylase products: technical-grade Liquozyme SC DS and Liquozyme SC 4X; and food-grade Termamyl SC and Termamyl SC DS.

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Product Characteristic Viscosity reduction pH range Liquozyme SC DS Superior 5.06.0 8286 C Temperature range (180187 F) Dosage range (% weight of enzyme to weight of corn "as is") Formulation Technical grade Technical grade Food grade Food grade 0.0130.025 (180187 F) 0.0060.013 (180187 F) 0.0250.05 (180187 F) 0.0130.025 Liquozyme SC 4X Superior 5.06.0 8286 C Superior 5.06.0 8286 C Termamyl SC Termamyl SC DS Superior 5.06.0 8286 C

Table 1. Product characteristics.

Further information on these products is available from the online Novozymes Customer Center.

Performance
Dextrose Equivalent (DE) development in liquefaction is determined by the enzyme activity, the enzyme addition rate, the residence time, and the process conditions such as dry substance, pH, and temperature. To achieve identical performance, double and 4x strength versions are added at half and fourth of the rate of regular SC, respectively.

Fig. 1. The effect of pH on viscosity reduction.

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Fig. 2. The effect of pH on DE at two Liquozyme SC DS doses.

Fig. 3. Ethanol concentrations after 68 hr fermentation (using Spirizymes Excel and Fuel) of 30% ds corn mash, liquefied at pH 5.2 and 5.8 with 0.02% w/w Liquozyme SC DS.

Fig. 4. The effect of temperature on performance.

Usage
All of the Liquozyme/Termamyl alpha-amylases provide superior performance at the lowest dosage rates in primary and secondary liquefaction of dry-milled whole-grain substrates.
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Application/process type
The SC alpha-amylases have shown superior performance in many different liquefaction systems with a variety of starches from different whole grains, including corn, sorghum (milo), wheat, and barley. They are applicable over a wide pH range, producing consistent ethanol yields from pH 6.0 down to 5.0. To account for variability in control set points expected in most plants, it is highly recommended that pH 5.2 be the minimum target. There are two widely used strategies for dosing alpha-amylase: Single-dose enzyme addition All enzyme is added prior to the secondary liquefaction tank (post high-temp. cooking) or to the slurry or mix tank (no high-temp. cooking) The DE should be maintained at 46 pH within 5.0 to 6.0 range. Recommended minimum pH target of 5.2. Residence time of minimum 90 minutes and up to 150 minutes at 82 86 C (180187 F) pH within 5.0 to 6.0 range. Recommended minimum pH target of 5.2. Residence time should be minimum 3060 minutes for a cold slurry process at less than 66 C (150 F) or for a hot slurry process at 8286 C (180187 F) Approx. 60% of the total enzyme dose is added prior to the secondary liquefaction tank (post high-temp. cooking) Secondary residence time of minimum 90 minutes or up to 150 minutes at 8286 C (180187 F) Final DE should be maintained at 10 12 Final DE should be maintained at 10 12 Split-dose enzyme addition Approx. 40% of the total enzyme dose is added to the slurry or mix tank

Table 2. Recommended operating parameters for single-dose and split-dose enzyme dosing systems.

The amount of enzyme required depends on many process variables, but all SC alphaamylases are suitable for use under typical liquefaction conditions. Under optimum conditions of pH 5.8, 8286 C (180187 F), 150 minutes residence time and DE 1012, the recommended dosage is approx. 0.02% weight of enzyme to weight of corn "as is" for SC DS and 0.01% for SC 4X.

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Storage in application
Recommended storage conditions are 025 C (3277 F) in sealed packaging, well protected from the sun. The product has been formulated for optimal stability. However, enzymes gradually lose activity over time. Extended storage and/or adverse conditions such as higher temperature may lead to a higher dosage requirement.

Safety, handling, and storage

Safety, handling, and storage guidelines are provided with all products.

Novozymes A/S Tel: +45 4446 0000 Fax: +45 4446 9999 Krogshoejvej 36 2880 Bagsvaerd Denmark bioenergy@novozymes.com

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Laws, regulations, and/or third-party rights may prevent customers from importing, using, processing, and/or reselling the products described herein in a given manner. Without separate, written agreement between the customer and Novozymes to such effect, information provided in this document AS IS is of good faith and does not constitute a representation or warranty of any kind and is subject to change without further notice.

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Novozymes A/S Luna No. 2004-04542-04