09/06/11 Lecture 1 Anatomy is about form or structure (what it looks like) and physiology is the function of the system

m were studying. Everything in the human system is reflected in form and function (shape of something reflects its function). [the human heart]. It has 4 open chambers and each are separated by muscular walls, which is responsible for contraction. We know what it looks like (anatomy); its a system for transporting blood (vascular) with 4 hollow chambers so something has to be filled in there. It needs to propel blood (physiology) to start the blood pathway; so now we understand function (physiology). Form and function are related; theres always a reason for why something is shaped the way it is for a specific function.

Integument; its a barrier that separates the inside from the outside (with other types of function). Skeletal; bones and joints. This allows movement to occur in our body (NOT the system that generates movement; thats the muscular system because it contracts allowing the bones to move). It also provides protection of our internal organs as well shape/structure. Its also for blood cell production in bone marrows and mineral storage (ex: Calcium). Muscular; uniqueness is that it allows contraction so that our bones can move. Contraction doesnt mean flexion or extension. Contraction means it generates force/tension. Tension is developed in the muscular tissue. - skeletal muscle: its attached to the skeletal (its responsible for generating movement and what we can see on the bones). - smooth muscle: associated with hollow organs and blood vessels to allow constriction/contraction - cardiovascular Nervous; its a control system (1 of 2 other system that controls our body). Communication is achieved by electrochemical signal along the pathway to a target. Fast and short lived signals because its electrical. To get a lasting signal, the neurons must keep firing signals to its target Endocrine; also another control system which work together with the nervous system. Its not a fast system like nervous but they do have similarities. It releases hormones instead of electrical signals. Glands in this system produce a hormone and must dump it in a circulation (like blood) and from there it will travel to a target at another location. Both system may travel to the same target but with the nervous system, its going to get there first but short lived. Endocrine is slower but it travels with the flow of blood its longevity is longer lasting. They are not independent on one another.

HAP201 Reproductive Cardiovascular (heart ; vessels. Pathway driven by the heart) - 2 loops (closed; circulatory and open; lungs) Respiratory - it is NOT a closed system because it is exposed to the external environment. Renal (kidneys) - responsible for filtering our blood for what is to be kept or filtered GI system - external system. Taking nutrients from environment and breaking them down where usable at cellular level. Immune system

Homeostasis It tells us the body wants to maintain parameters/range. Cells need a relatively stable and constant environment (pH, temp, water, ions, etc) via negative feedback. Essentially, the body will respond by releasing molecules (like hormones) to counteract a trend and restore levels to a more desirable range. [pH]. In the human system, the normal pH is never at 7.4 (its a range from 7.35 ~ 7.45) Anything beyond 7.45 alkalosis. For normal metabolic function, we want to be within the range from 7.35 ~ 7.45. pH actually never stays at 7.4 because its a dynamic process! *blood glucose+. When its high, we get a different signal instead of telling us to eat. High > low; the body wont signal our body indicating that we have a lot of glucose. With form and function, we have about 10 hormones responsible for raising our blood glucose which tells us its important to keep our blood glucose levels relatively high. Only 1 hormone (insulin)lowers our blood glucose (if it doesnt work then we get type1 diabetes insulin). So really, insulin is what keeps our blood glucose in a dynamic process of maintaining homeostasis.

ATP We dont get the energy until we hydrolyze it. The energy generated is everything that we need for our body. Anything that requires an active process, ATP is essential. We eat to make ATP.

Elements Typically, theyre going to be found in body fluids (intracellular and extracellular). The intracellular component is larger than extracellular (blood, tear, sweat but the volume of water is smaller but we have trillions of them). Elements are to create structure to make compounds.

Compounds H2O -largest component in body (50%~60%) - water has a great capacity to absorb heat (A great buffer for temperature in our body so our metabolic processes can function; body temp of 36~38...again, never at a single point because of feedback loops). - its a universal solvent when it is introduced to other reactions and compounds because it will create activity. - provides a cushion effect (immobilize to allow repair process to occur) when injured like inflammation. Salts - when we add water, it dissolves because it dissociates to its electrolyte form. A&B - SA/SB dissociates completely.

Carbohydrates (CHO) - organic because of the presence of carbon. It is also known as the sugars and we get it from things like bread, potato, rice, etc (mostly from plan sources). - found primarily as hexose or pentose in our body - most common monosaccharide is called glucose - simple - more dramatic effects and absorbed more quickly to spike your blood glucose levels - monosaccharides; o glucose for example is a hexose. o galactose o fructose - complex - we want to focus more on complex carbs. - when we get our carbs from animals, they are usually glycogen or lactose - from plant sources, they are fibres, starch, sucrose

WHY SUGAR IS IMPORTANT * we want to store/maintain [glu] as it is the fastest source of energy. * replenish stored glucose (glycogen) - stored in liver and in our muscles so they can be distributed and utilized as free glycogen when needed. * fats - once weve got glucose at the right level, we convert them to triglycerides and adipose tissues - our body is limited when it comes to storing carbohydrate, so they get converted to glycogen and fat. If we dont get enough carbs in our diets, then our body will start to metabolize proteins and fats as an alternative source of energy (possible acidosis and loss of muscle mass).