A PIPING TUTORIAL

1.

Introduction 1.1. Definition of Piping 1.2. Piping Nomenclature & Components 1.3. Regulatory Acts, Codes & tandards 1.". #ine Designation $a%les Pro%lem et 1

2 3 ! & ' * 11 12 13 1" 11& 2! 22& 2' 2* "2 !" !'

2.

Codes & tandards 2.1. A () 2.2. N)PA + N,PA 2.3. C A 2.". ( 2.!. API 2.-. A $( Pro%lem et 2

3.

upplemental Documents 3.1. ./ner0s pecifications & Documents 3.2. Contractor0s tandards & Documents Pro%lem et 3

".

Piping Design ".1. ,ailure (ec1anisms ".2. Code Considerations for Design ".3. (aterial election ".". ,a%ricated $ees & Area Reinforcement ".!. Piping ,le3i%ility Analysis Exam EDA Ltd. 2002

1.0 1.1

Introduction Definition of Pi in! Pipe is a pressure tig1t cylinder used to con4ey a fluid or to transmit a fluid pressure, ordinarily designated pipe in applica%le material specifications. (aterials designated tu%e or tu%ing in t1e specifications is treated as pipe /1en intended for pressure ser4ice. Piping is an assem%ly of piping components used to con4ey, distri%ute, mi3, separate, disc1arge, meter, control or snu% fluid flo/s. Piping also includes pipe5supporting elements %ut does not include support structures, suc1 as %uilding frames, %ents, foundations, or any e6uipment e3cluded from Code definitions. Piping components are mec1anical elements suita%le for 7oining or assem%ly into pressure5tig1t fluid5containing piping systems. Components include pipe, tu%ing, fittings, flanges, gas8ets, %olting, 4al4es and de4ices suc1 as e3pansion 7oints, fle3i%le 7oints, pressure 1oses, traps, strainers, in5line portions of instruments and separators. Piping is typically round.

1.2

Pi in! Nomenc"ature# $om onent%

9rap1ic of piping system illustrating 1eader %ranc1 connection 4al4e flange e3pansion 7oint e3pansion loop pipe support reducer el%o/

Pipe system essentials: ;eader $a8e off tu% in <ranc1 reinforcement NP Pipe support (ain run of piping <ranc1 run <ranc1 fitting connection made to 1eader %y direct attac1ment of %ranc1 (aterial added in t1e 4icinity of a %ranc1 opening to restore t1e mec1anical integrity of t1e pipe Nominal pipe si=e upport elements /1ic1 ser4e to maintain t1e structural integrity of t1e piping system, t1ese are typically non5linear elements upport pro4ided %y an element composed of a spring assem%ly, t1ese are linear support elements upport pro4ided %y an element composed of a non5linear, damping element >it1in reference of <31.3, a ser4ice classification >it1in reference of <31.3, a ser4ice classification Any 4apour or gaseous su%stance, any li6uid under suc1 pressure and temperature suc1 t1at /1en pressure is reduced to atmosp1eric, /ill c1ange to a gas $est pressure ? 1.! 3 (A>P @some of t1e timeA (a3imum allo/a%le /or8ing pressure (inimum design metal temperature $ypically measured %y CBN @C1arpy B Num%erA at (D($

pring support

nu%%er

Category D Category ( )3pansi%le fluid

;ydro test (A>P (D($ ,racture toug1ness

1.&

Re!u"ator' Act%# $ode% ( )tandard% $ode%

Codes are rules for t1e design of prescri%ed systems /1ic1 are gi4en t1e force of la/ t1roug1 pro4incial, state and federal legislation. In Canada, pro4incial go4ernments 1a4e t1e responsi%ility for pu%lic safety t1at includes t1ese facilities, among ot1ers: Pressure piping Pressure 4essels <oilers Pipelines Plum%ing systems 9as piping

A"*erta )afet' $ode% Act% and $ode% of Practice $1e follo/ing are applica%le to t1e first four facilities listed a%o4e. <oilers and Pressure Bessels Regulation Prescri%es re6uirements for registration of pressure 4essels, %oilers, pressure piping and fittings Design, Construction and Installation of <oilers and Pressure Bessels Regulations Cites t1e codes and C%odies of rulesD t1at form part of t1e regulations C A <!1 <oiler, Pressure Bessel and Pressure Piping Code C A <!2 (ec1anical Refrigeration Code CAN+C A E1'" 9as Pipeline ystems A () <oiler & Pressure Bessel Code A () <31 Pressure Piping Codes <31.1 Po/er Piping <31.3 Process Piping <31." #i6uid $ransportation ystems for ;ydrocar%ons, #i6uid Petroleum 9as, An1ydrous Ammonia and Alco1ols <31.! Refrigeration Piping AN I F-1.1 afety Re6uirements for t1e torage and ;andling of An1ydrous Ammonia N,PA !' tandard for t1e torage and ;andling of #i6uefied Petroleum 9ases D.$ Regulations of t1e Department of $ransportation 9o4erning t1e $ransportation of ;a=ardous (aterials in $an8 (otor Be1icles ( tandard Practice P 2! tandard (ar8ing ystem for Bal4es, ,ittings, ,langes and Gnions $)(A tandards of $u%ular )3c1anger (anufacturers Association

Pi e"ine Act Cites t1e Cminimum re6uirements for t1e design, construction, testing, operation, maintenance and repair of pipelinesD: CAN+C A E1'3 .il Pipeline ystems CAN+C A E1'" 9as Pipeline ystems C A E1-* Aluminum Pipe and Pressure Piping ystems Canadian Petroleum Association Recommended Practice for #i6uid Petroleum Pipeline #ea8 Pre4ention and Detection in t1e Pro4ince of Al%erta

Currently, C A E--2 .il and 9as Pipeline ystems @$1is standard supercedes E1'3 & E1'"A In t+e U), As in Canada, some facilities are go4erned %y federal regulations. Interstate pipeline facilities are defined %y t1e: Code of ,ederal Regulations, $itle "* Part 1*2 $ransportation of Natural and .t1er 9as %y Pipeline H (inimum ,ederal afety tandards Part 1*3 #i6uefied Natural 9as ,acilities Part 1*! $ransportation of ;a=ardous #i6uids %y Pipeline

.t1er pipeline pressure piping codes include: 1.A () <31." Pipeline $ransportation ystems for #i6uid ;ydrocar%ons and .t1er #i6uids A () <31.' 9as $ransmission and Distri%ution ystems

Line De%i!nation Ta*"e% $1e Pro4ince of Al%erta afety Codes Act IDesign, Construction and Installation of <oilers & Pressure Bessels RegulationsI par &@2A re6uires t1at construction of a pressure piping system must include su%mission of dra/ings, specifications and ot1er information and include: @aA flo/ or line diagrams s1o/ing t1e general arrangement of all %oilers, pressure 4essels, pressure piping systems and fittings @2 copiesA @%A pipeline identification lists s1o/ing t1e ma3imum pressures and temperatures for eac1 pressure piping system @2 copiesA @cA a list of pressure relief de4ices, including t1e set pressure @2 copiesA @dA material specifications, si=e, sc1edule and primary ser4ice rating of all pressure piping and fittings @2 copiesA @eA t1e /elding procedure registration num%er

@fA t1e pressure pipe test procedure outlining t1e type, met1od, test media , test pressure, test temperature, duration and safety precautions @1 copyA @gA a form, pro4ided %y t1e Administrator, completed %y t1e engineering designer or contractor /1ic1 relates to t1e general engineering re6uirements for design and field construction of pressure piping systems @A< *-A @1A suc1 ot1er information as is necessary for a safety codes officer to sur4ey t1e design and determine /1et1er it is suita%le for appro4al and registration Pro*"em )et 1 1 2 3 " 2.0 >1ic1 Act go4erns t1e design of plant pressure piping systems in Al%ertaJ Are process plant /ater lines considered pressure piping systemsJ ,or /1at fluid ser4ice category may a 1ydrotest %e /ai4ed per <31.3J >1at is t1e difference %et/een a pipe el%o/ and a %endJ

$ode% and )tandard% $1e follo/ing codes are used for t1e design, construction and inspection of piping systems in Nort1 America.

2.1

T+e A).E /&1 Pi in! $ode% Piping codes de4eloped %y t1e American ociety of (ec1anical )ngineers: <31.1 Po/er Piping Piping typically found in electric po/er generating stations, in industrial and institutional plants, geot1ermal 1eating systems and central and district 1eating and cooling plants. <31.3 Process Piping Piping typically found in petroleum refineries, c1emical, p1armaceutical, te3tile, per, semiconductor and cryogenic plants and related processing plants and terminals. <31." Pipeline $ransportation ystems for #i6uid ;ydrocar%ons and .t1er #i6uids Piping transporting products /1ic1 are predominately 6uid %et/een plants and terminals and /it1in terminals, pumping, regulating, and metering stations. <31.! Refrigeration Piping Piping for refrigerants and secondary coolants. <31.' 9as $ransportation and Distri%ution Piping ystems Piping transporting products /1ic1 are predominately gas %et/een sources and terminals including compressor, regulating and metering stations, gas gat1ering pipelines. <31.* <uilding er4ices Piping

Piping typically found in industrial, institutional, commercial and pu%lic %uildings and in multi5unit residences /1ic1 does not re6uire t1e range of si=es, pressures and temperatures co4ered in <311.1 <31.11 lurry $ransportation Piping ystems Piping transporting a6ueous slurries %et/een plants and terminals /it1in terminals, pumping and regulating stations.

$1e follo/ing codes are used to specify t1e geometric, material and strengt1 of piping and components: A).E /10 Dimen%iona" $ode% T+e A).E /10 Pi in! $om onent )tandard% Piping component standard de4eloped %y t1e American ociety of (ec1anical )ngineers or t1e American National tandards Institute @AN IA <1-.1 <1-.3 <1-." <1-.! <1-.* <1-.12 <1-.11 <1-.12 <1-.1" <1-.1! <1-.1' <1-.22 <1-.21 <1-.22 <1-.23 <1-.2" <1-.2! <1-.2<1-.2' <1-.2* <1-.32 <1-.33 <1-.3" <1-.3<1-.3& <1-.3' <1-.3* Cast Iron Pipe ,langes and ,langed ,ittings (allea%le Iron $1readed ,ittings, Class 1!2 and 322 Cast Iron $1readed ,ittings, Classes 12! and 2!2 Pipe ,langes and ,langed ,ittings ,actory (ade >roug1t teel <utt/elding ,ittings ,ace to ,ace and )nd to )nd Dimensions of Bal4es ,orged ,ittings, oc8et >elding and $1readed Cast Iron $1readed Drainage ,ittings ,errous Pipe Plugs, <us1ings and #oc8nuts /it1 Pipe $1reads Cast <ron=e $1readed ,ittings Class 12! and 2!2 Cast Copper Alloy older Koint Pressure ,ittings Ring Koint 9as8ets and 9roo4es for teel Pipe ,langes Nonmetallic ,lat 9as8ets for Pipe ,langes >roug1t Copper and Copper Alloy older Koint Pressure ,ittings Cast Copper Alloy older Koint Drainage ,ittings H D>B Cast Copper Alloy Pipe ,langes and ,langed ,ittings Class 1!2, 322, "22,-22, *22, 1!22 and 2!22 <utt/elding )nds Cast Copper Alloy ,ittings for ,lared Copper $u%es >roug1t teel <utt/elding 1ort Radius )l%o/s and Returns >roug1t Copper and >roug1t Copper Alloy older Koint Drainage ,ittings H D>B Cast Copper Alloy older Koint ,ittings for o4ent Drainage ystems (anually .perated (etallic 9as Bal4es for Gse in 9as Piping systems Gp to 12! psig @si=es L t1roug1 2A Bal4es H ,langed, $1readed and >elding )nd .rifice ,langes ;ydrostatic $esting of Control Bal4es #arge (etallic Bal4es for 9as Distri%ution @(anually .perated, NP 2 L to 12, 12! psig ma3imumA (allea%le Iron $1readed Pipe Gnions, Classes 11!2, 2!2 and 322

<1-."2 <1-."2 <1-."&

(anually .perated $1ermoplastic 9s 1utoffs and Bal4es in 9as Distri%ution ystems Ductile Iron Pipe ,langes and ,langed ,ittings, Class 1!2 and 322 #arge Diameter teel ,langes @NP 2- t1roug1 NP -2A

A).E /&0 Pi in! $om onent )tandard% Piping standards de4eloped %y t1e American ociety of (ec1anical )ngineers + American National tandards Institute: <3-.12 <3-.1* >elded and eamless >roug1t teel Pipe tainless teel Pipe

.t1er A () or AN I <&3.1 <&3.2 <133.2 2.2 NEPA $ode% National )lectrical Protection Association Piping co4ering fire protection systems using /ater, car%on dio3ide, 1alon, foam, dry c1emical and /et c1emicals. N1$ 2 N1PA $ode% National ,ire Code + National ,ire Protection Association N,PA ** ;ealt1 Care ,acilities Piping for medical and la%oratory gas systems. 2.& $)A )tandard% Canadian tandards Association C A E--2 5 *" .il & 9as Pipeline ystems $1is standard supercedes t1ese standards: CAN+C A E1'3 .il Pipeline ystems CAN+C A E1'" 9as Pipeline ystems CAN+C A E1'& .ffs1ore Pipelines ;ori=ontal, )nd uction Centrifugal Pumps Bertical In5line Centrifugal Pumps <asic 9as $ur%ine

.t1er C A Piping and Component Codes: < !1 < !3 < !2 < -3 <oilers and Pressure Bessels Identification of Piping ystems (ec1anical Refrigeration Code >elded and eamless teel Pipe

< 13&.3 < 13&." > "'.1 > "'.3 E 2"!.1 E 2"!.11 E 2"!.12 E 2"!.1! E 2"!.22 E 2"!.21 E 2&-

Rigid Poly5Binyl C1loride @PBCA Pipe Polyet1ylene Piping ystems for 9as er4ice (ild teel Co4ered Arc5>elding )lectrodes #o/5Alloy teel Arc5>elding )lectrodes teel #ine Pipe teel ,ittings teel ,langes teel Bal4es )3ternal ,usion <ond )po3y Coating for teel Pipe )3ternal Polyet1ylene Coating for Pipe #N9 5 Production, torage and ;andling

2..)) )tandard Practice% Piping and related component standards de4eloped %y t1e (anufacturer0s tandardi=ation ociety. $1e ( standards are directed at general industrial applications. $1e pipeline industry ma8es e3tensi4e use of t1ese piping component and 6uality acceptance standards. P5P52! P5"" P5!3 P5!" P5!! P5!' P5-1 P5-* P5&! P5'2 P5'* tandard ,inis1es for Contact ,aces Pipe ,langes and Connecting )nd ,langes of Bal4es and ,ittings tandard (ar8ing ystem for Bal4es, ,ittings, ,langes and Gnion teel Pipeline ,langes Muality tandards for teel Castings and ,orgings for Bal4es, ,langes and ,ittings and .t1er Piping Components 5 (agnetic Particle Muality tandards for teel Castings and for Bal4es, ,langes and ,ittings and .t1er Piping Components 5 Radiograp1ic Muality tandards for teel Castings and for Bal4es, ,langes and ,ittings and .t1er Piping Components 5 Bisual Pipe ;angers and upports 5 (aterial, Design and (anufacture Pressure $esting of teel Bal4es Pipe ;angers and upports 5 election and Application ;ig1 $est >roug1t <utt >elding ,ittings Bal4e Pressure $esting (et1ods Pipe ;angers and upports 5 ,a%rication and Installation Practices

2.3

API American Petroleum Institute $1e API standards are focused on oil production, refinery and product distri%ution ser4ices. )6uipment specified to t1ese standards are typically more ro%ust t1an general industrial applications. pec. pec. pec. pec. pec. pec. pec. td. td. td. td. td. td. td. td. td. td. td. td. td. td. !# -D -,A 12D 12, 12K 12F #ine Pipe Pipeline Bal4es ,ire $est for Bal4es ,ield >elded $an8s for torage of Production #i6uids 1op >elded $an8s for torage of Production #i6uids .il and 9as eparators Indirect $ype .il ,ield ;eaters >afer and >afer5#ug C1ec8 Bal4es Bal4e Inspection and $esting (etal Plug Bal4es 5 ,langed and <utt5>elding )nds teel 9ate Bal4es5,langed and <utt5>elding )nds Compact teel 9ate Bal4es5,langed $1readed, >elding, and )3tended5<ody )nds Class 1!2, Cast, Corrosion5Resistant, ,langed5)nd 9ate Bal4es ,ire $est for oft5 eated Muarter5$urn Bal4es (etal <all Bal4es5,langed and <utt5>elding )nds #ug5and >afer5$ype <utterfly Bal4es Centrifugal Pumps ,or Petroleum, ;ea4y Duty C1emical and 9as Industry er4ices 9eneral Purpose team $ur%ines for Refinery er4ices pecial Purpose team $ur%ines for Refinery er4ices pecial Purpose 9ear Gnits for Refinery er4ices #u%rication, 1aft5 ealing and Control .il ystems for pecial Purpose Application ound Control of (ec1anical )6uipment for Refinery er4ices 9as $ur%ines for Refinery er4ices Centrifugal Compressors for 9eneral Refinery er4ices Reciprocating Compressors for 9eneral Refinery er4ices Rotary5$ype Positi4e Displacement Compressors for 9eneral Refinery er4ices Design and Construction of #arge, >elded, #o/ Pressure torage $an8s $u%e and ;eader Dimensions for ,ired ;eaters for Refinery er4ice >elded teel $an8s for .il torage ;eat )3c1angers for 9eneral Refinery er4ice Air5Cooled ;eat )3c1angers for 9eneral Refinery er4ice Bi%rations, A3ial Position, and <earing5$emperature (onitoring ystems pecial Purpose Couplings for Refinery er4ice Positi4e Displacement Pumps5Reciprocating Positi4e Displacement Pumps5Controlled Bolume Positi4e Displacement Pumps5Rotary

!*" !*' !** -22 -22 -23 -2& -2' -2* -12 -11 -12 -13 -1"

td. -1! td. -1td. -1& td. -1' td. -1* td. -22 td. -32 td. -!2 td. --2 td. --1 td. -&2 td. -&1 td. -&" td. -&! td. -&-

td. td. td. td.

-&& -&' 112" 2222

9eneral Purpose 9ear Gnits for Refineries er4ices Accelerometer5<ase Bi%ration (onitoring ystem >elding Pipelines and Related ,acilities Benting Atmosp1eric and #o/5Pressure torage $an8s 5 Non5Refrigerated and Refrigerated Calculation for ;eater $u%e $1ic8ness in Petroleum Refineries ,ired ;eater for 9eneral Refinery er4ices 1aft ealing ystem for Centrifugal and Rotary Pumps Pressure $esting of #i6uid Petroleum Pipelines teel for ;ydrogen er4ice at )le4ated $emperature and Pressures in Petroleum Refineries and Petroc1emical Plants afe >elding and Cutting Practices in Refineries afe )ntry and Cleaning of Petroleum torage $an8s

RP !32 RP !-2 RP -'2 RP 1112 Pu%l. *"1 Pu%l. 222* Pu%l. 221! 2.0 A)T.

$1ere are numerous American ociety for $esting and (aterials designations co4er t1e specification of /roug1t materials, forgings and castings used for plate, fittings, pipe and 4al4es. $1e A $( standards are directed to dimensional standards, materials and strengt1 considerations. ome of t1e more material standards referenced are: A 3A !3 A 12! A 12A 1'1 A 1'2 A 1*3 A 1*" A 23" A 333 A 3!2 pecification for tructural teel pecification for Pipe, teel, <lac8 and ;ot HDipped, Einc Coated >elded and eamless pecification for ,orgings, Car%on teel, for Piping Components pecification for eamless Car%on teel Pipe for ;ig1 $emperature er4ice pecification for ,orgings, Car%on teel for 9eneral Purpose Piping pecification for ,orged or Rolled Alloy teel Pipe ,langes, ,orged ,ittings, and Bal4es and Parts for ;ig1 $emperature er4ice pecification for Alloy teel and tainless teel <olting (aterials for ;ig1 $emperature er4ice pecification for Car%on and Alloy teel Nuts for <olts for ;ig1 Pressure and ;ig1 $emperature er4ice pecification for Piping ,ittings of >roug1t Car%on teel and Alloy teel for (oderate and )le4ated $emperatures pecification for eamless and >elded teel Pipe for #o/ $emperature er4ice pecification for ,orgings, Car%on and #o/ Alloy teel Re6uiring Notc1 $oug1ness $esting for Piping Components

A 3!2 A "22 A -*" A &2& Pro*"em )et 2 1.

pecification for teel Castings, ,erritic and (artensitic for Pressure Containing Parts uita%le for #o/ $emperature er4ice pecification for Piping ,ittings of >roug1t Car%on teel and Alloy teel for #o/ $emperature er4ice pecification for ,orgings, car%on and Alloy teel for Pipe ,langes, ,ittings, Bal4es and Parts for ;ig1 Pressure $ransmission er4ice pecification for ,langes, ,orged, Car%on and Alloy teel for #o/ $emperature er4ice

A pro7ect a/ard 1as %een made. At t1e 8ic8 off meeting, t1e P( ad4ises t1at piping design /ill %e to <31.". $1e facility is steam piping in a refinery e3tending from t1e %oiler to t1e tan8 farm. >1at do you do or say and /1yJ A li6uid pipeline is to %e %uilt to E1'". Nou raise an issue. >1yJ >1at flange specification /ould you e3pect to reference for a gas pipeline facilityJ 1o/ t1e de4elopment of your ans/ers.

2. 3.

ection 1 H References Due to copyrig1t la/s, t1e follo/ing figures 1a4e not %een pu%lis1ed 1ere. >e lea4e as an e3ercise for t1e user to retrie4e t1ese for reference. ,ig 122.1.2@<A of A () <31.1 ,ig 322.1.1 of A () <31.3 1**,ig 322.1.1 of A () <31.3 1*** ,ig "22.1.1 of A () <31." ,ig "22.1.2 of A () <31." ,ig 1.1 of C A E --2 ,ig 1.2 of C A E --2 $a%le of Contents C A E --2 &.0 &.1 )u "ementa" Document%

O4ner5% ) ecification% ( Document% (any of t1e ./ners in t1e industries /e ser4ice are tec1nically sop1isticated and /ill often 1a4e supplementary specifications, standards or practices. It is t1e intent of t1ese documents to clarify and pro4ide interpretation of t1e legislated Codes and industry5accepted standards specific to t1e ./ner0s facilities. $1ese specifications typically go %eyond t1e re6uirements of Codes and /it1out e3ception do not contra4ene a Code re6uirement.

&.2

$ontractor5% ) ecification% ( Document%

)ngineering contractors may %e called upon to pro4ide t1e engineering specifications for a pro7ect if an ./ner does not 1a4e 1is o/n standards or if re6uired %y terms of t1e contract. Pro*"em )et & 1 2 3 " -.0 >1at is t1e typical precedence of documents for engineering standardsJ Can t1e ./ner0s engineering standard o4erride a Code pro4isionJ Gnder /1at conditions can t1e ./ner0s standard o4erride a Code pro4isionJ ;o/ /ould you de4iate from an ./ner0s engineering specificationJ

Pi in! De%i!n Piping design deals /it1 t1e: analytical design material selection geometric layout fa%rication inspection specification component specification

of piping and piping components. -.1 1ai"ure .ec+ani%m% Piping and piping components may fail if inade6uately designed, %y a num%er of different mec1anisms. $1ese failures, in t1e ma7ority of cases are eit1er load controlled or displacement controlled failures. Pipe rupture due to o4erpressure <ending failure in pipe span )l%o/ crac8ing after 12 years of ser4ice, !222 cycles of 1eat up to !22 , .n 1eat up, a line comes into contact /it1 ad7acent 1eader /1ic1 is at am%ient temperature During startup on a cold /inter day in 9rande Prairie, an outdoor gas line located a%o4e grade and constructed to E--2 is suddenly su%7ected to full line pressure and ruptures. A 12D c1."2 1eader, %ottom supported, "2 feet long runs 4ertically up a to/er and connects to a no==le. .n steam out of t1e 4essel, a 10 deflection is o%ser4ed in t1e pipe and remains after t1e steam out procedure is completed and t1e pipe returns to am%ient temperature. A 1eader of a reciprocating compressor 1as %een stressed c1ec8edO during operation 4i%ration is o%ser4ed in t1e line. During t1e unit turnaround, crac8ing is found at midspan in t1e /roug1t piping material. A stress c1ec8 determines t1at a 1ot, 1ig1 alloy line does not pass t1e fle3i%ility re6uirements per <31.3. $/enty5fi4e cycles are e3pected o4er t1e lifetime of t1e line.

-.2

$ode $on%ideration% for De%i!n Design of piping systems is go4erned %y Codes. All codes 1a4e a common t1eme, t1ey are intended to set fort1 engineering re6uirements deemed necessary for safe design and construction of piping installations. $1e Codes are not intended to apply to t1e operation, e3amination, inspection, testing, maintenance or repair of piping t1at 1as %een placed in ser4ice. $1e Codes do not pre4ent t1e Gser from applying t1e pro4isions of t1e Codes for t1ose purposes. )ngineering re6uirements of t1e Codes, /1ile considered necessary and ade6uate for safe design, generally use a simplified approac1. A designer capa%le of applying a more rigorous analysis s1all 1a4e t1e latitude to do so, %ut must %e a%le to demonstrate t1e 4alidity of suc1 analysis. De%i!n $ondition% Design conditions refer to t1e operating and design temperature and pressure t1at t1e piping system /ill operate at o4er t1e course of its design life.

$ode De%i!n Tem erature ( De%i!n Pre%%ure

$ode <31.1 De%i!n Tem erature $1e piping s1all %e designed for a metal temperature representing t1e ma3imum sustained condition e3pected. $1e design temperature s1all %e assumed to %e t1e same as t1e fluid temperature unless calculations or tests support t1e use of ot1er data, in /1ic1 case t1e design temperature s1all not %e less t1an t1e a4erage of t1e fluid temperature and t1e outside /all temperature. $1e design temperature of eac1 component in a piping system is t1e temperature at /1ic1, under t1e coincident pressure, t1e greatest t1ic8ness or 1ig1est component rating is re6uired in accordance /it1 par. 321.2 $1e design temperature is t1e metal temperature e3pected in normal operation. It is not necessary to 4ary t1e design stress for metal temperatures %et/een H22 , and 2!2 ,. De%i!n Pre%%ure $1e internal design pressure s1all %e not less t1an t1e ma3imum sustained operating pressure @( .PA /it1in t1e piping system including t1e effects of static 1ead.

<31.3

$1e design pressure of eac1 component in a piping system s1all %e not less t1an t1e pressure at t1e most se4ere condition of coincident internal or e3ternal pressure and temperature e3pected during ser4ice, e3cept as pro4ided in par. 322.2.". $1e piping component at any point in t1e piping system s1all %e designed for an internal design pressure /1ic1 s1all not %e less t1an t1e ma3imum steady state operating pressure at t1at point, or less t1an t1e static 1ead pressure at t1at point /it1 t1e line in a static condition. $1e ma3imum steady state operating pressure s1all %e t1e sum of t1e static 1ead pressure, pressure re6uired to o4ercome friction losses and any re6uired %ac8 pressure. Design pressure is t1e ma3imum operating pressure permitted %y t1e Code, as determined %y t1e design procedures applica%le to t1e materials and locations in4ol4ed. $1e design pressure at any specific location s1all %e specified %y t1e designer, s1all not %e less t1an t1e intended ma3imum operating pressure at any location, and s1all include static 1ead, pressure re6uired to o4ercome friction loss and any re6uired %ac8 pressure.

<31."

<31.'

No design temperature. $1e Code mentions only am%ient temperature and ground temperature. @1*&!A

E--2

,or restrained piping, t1e temperature differential s1all %e t1e difference %et/een t1e ma3imum flo/ing fluid temperature and t1e metal temperature at t1e time of restraint.

,or unrestrained piping, t1e t1ermal e3pansion range to %e used in t1e fle3i%ility analysis s1all %e t1e difference %et/een t1e ma3imum and minimum operating temperatures.

De%i!n of Pi in! 6 /&1.1 <31.1 essentially limits t1e pressure design consideration to t1ree items: .inimum t+ic7ne%% for re%%ure,

tmin ?

P A , or

t? $1e limit is %ased on t1e limit stress %eing less t1an t1e %asic allo/a%le stress at temperature. $1is limit is %ased on t1e static yield strengt1 of t1e material. .aximum "on!itudina" %tre%% due to %u%tained "oadin!% 8) L 9,
# 1 O stress due to sustained loadings s1all %e less t1an t1e %asic allo/a%le stress at temperature. ustained loadings are t1ose due to pressure, self /eig1t of contents & piping and ot1er sustained loadings particular to t1e situation. $1e limit is %ased on t1e static yield strengt1 of t1e material.

lp

T+e com uted di% "acement %tre%% ran!e )E , A ? f@1.2! c P 2.2! 1A. ) stresses arise from t1e constraint of t1e t1ermal strain ) displacements associated /it1 t1e e3pansion of pipe due to temperature. $1e limit is %ased on fatigue considerations. >1ere t1e sum of t1e longitudinal stresses is less t1an additional t1ermal e3pansion allo/ance.
1

, t1e difference may %e used as an

/&1.1 8cont5d9 T+e com uted di% "acement %tre%% ran!e )E, $1e factor CfD is a stress range reduction factor:

$'c"e%# N &,222 and less Q &,222 to 1",222 Q1",222 to 22,222 Q 22,222 to "!,222 Q "!,222 to 122,222 Q 122,222 to 222,222 Q 222,222 to &22,222 Q &22,222 to 2,222,222 De%i!n of Pi in! 6 /&1.&

1actor# f 1.2 2.* 2.' 2.& 2.2.! 2." 2.3

<31.3 essentially limits t1e pressure design consideration to t1ree items: .inimum t+ic7ne%% for re%%ure,

t?

or t ?

or t ?

@#amR )6uationA

$1e limit is %ased on t1e limit stress %eing less t1an t1e %asic allo/a%le stress at temperature. $1is limit is %ased on t1e static yield strengt1 of t1e material. .aximum "on!itudina" %tre%% due to %u%tained "oadin!% 8) L 9,
# 1 O stress due to sustained loadings s1all %e less t1an t1e %asic allo/a%le stress at temperature. ustained loadings are t1ose due to pressure, self /eig1t of contents & piping and ot1er sustained loadings particular to t1e situation. $1e limit is %ased on t1e static yield strengt1 of t1e material.

T+e com uted di% "acement %tre%% ran!e )E , A ? f@1.2! c P 2.2! 1A. ) stresses arise from t1e constraint of t1e t1ermal strain ) displacements associated /it1 t1e e3pansion of pipe due to temperature. $1e limit is %ased on fatigue considerations. >1ere t1e sum of t1e longitudinal stresses is less t1an additional t1ermal e3pansion allo/ance.
1

, t1e difference may %e used as an

De%i!n of Pi in! 6 /&1.<31." essentially limits t1e pressure design consideration to t1ree items: .inimum t+ic7ne%% for re%%ure,

t? $1e limit is %ased on t1e limit stress %eing less t1an t1e %asic allo/a%le stress at temperature. $1is limit is %ased on t1e static yield strengt1 of t1e material. , /1ere (N is t1e specified minimum yield strengt1 of t1e material .aximum "on!itudina" %tre%% due to %u%tained "oadin!% 8) L 9,
#

2.&!
A

/1ere

#, t1e stress due to sustained loadings s1all %e less t1an 2.&! 3 t1e allo/a%le stress range, A at temperature. ustained loadings are t1ose due to pressure, self /eig1t of contents & piping and ot1er sustained loadings particular to t1e situation.

T+e com uted di% "acement %tre%% ran!e )E , ,or restrained lines:
#

,or unrestrained lines:

)

De%i!n of Pi in! 6 /&1.: <31.' @1*&!A essentially limits t1e pressure design consideration to t1ree items: De%i!n re%%ure,

P?

,)$

, ? design factor for construction type @includes a location factorA ) ? longitudinal 7oint factor $ ? temperature derating factor ,

/1ere (N is t1e specified minimum yield strengt1 of t1e material Tota" com*ined %tre%%, $1e total of t1e follo/ing s1all not e3ceed : aA %A cA ,urt1er, $1e sum of @%A P @cA 2.&! ,$ Com%ined stress due to e3pansion #ongitudinal pressure stress #ongitudinal %ending stress due to internal P e3ternal loads

T+e com uted di% "acement %tre%% ran!e )E , <31.' applies itself to t1e a%o4e ground piping in discussing e3pansion and fle3i%ility to a temperature of "!2 ,. ,or t1ese CunrestrainedD lines:
)

2.&2

De%i!n of Pi in! 6 $)A ;002 E--2 essentially limits t1e pressure design consideration to t1ree items: Pre%%ure De%i!n,

P?

O units are metric

, ? design factor ? 2.' # ? location factor per $a%le ".1 @appear to %e safety factorsA K ? longitudinal 7oint factor $ ? temperature derating factor ? pecified (inimum Nield trengt1 @ (N A .aximum "on!itudina" %tre%% due to %u%tained "oadin!% 8) L 9, ,or restrained lines @%elo/ groundA: 5 2.*2 $ O /1ere, ? @%elo/ groundA

# P

<

S note conser4atism /it1 respect to definition of $, Code re6uires use of temperature at time of restraint
1

# P

<

$ O @a%o4e ground, freely spanning segmentsA

T+e com uted di% "acement %tre%% ran!e )E , ,or unrestrained lines @a%o4e groundA:
)

2.&2

De%i!n of Pi in! T+e De%i!n Effort $ontinuum

$ode Calculation (et1od imple

$ode <

Comple3

Ans/er Muality Conser4ati4e

Accurate

)ffort #east

(ost

De%i!n Load% $1e Codes prescri%e minimum rules for stress conditions and alert t1e designer e3plicitly to some of t1e loadings li8ely to act on a system. In addition to t1e pre4ious listing, most of t1e Codes specify design rules for: .ccasional loads suc1 as /ind & eart16ua8e )3ternal pressure

$1e Codes caution t1e designer to consider t1e effect of ot1er loadings and t1eir impact on t1e stress state of t1e system: impact e4ents @1ydraulic s1oc8, li6uid & solid slugging, flas1ing, transientsA auto5 refrigeration, seasonal temperature 4ariations 4i%ration disc1arge reactions temperature gradients %i5metallic connections effects of support & restraint mo4ements cyclic effects

$1e Codes do not e3plicitly alert t1e designer to ot1er loadings /1ic1 may cause failure in t1e piping system, including: %uc8ling @s1ell & columnA no==le loadings on attac1ed e6uipment, suc1 as pumps, compressors, engines pressure 4essels steam generating e6uipment fired 1eaters 1eat e3c1angers loadings on in5line e6uipment suc1 as flanges, 4al4es, filters, strainers

-.&

.ateria" )e"ection Fey Considerations (aterial specification C1emical Composition (ec1anical Properties <rittle fracture toug1ness Car%on e6ui4alent Inspection Repair >elding Procedure

#et0s discuss a couple of t1ese considerations at t1is time.

.ateria" )e"ection 6 $ommon ) ecification% for $ar*on )tee" )'%tem%

Commodity <31.1 <31.3 <31."

Pipe

A $( A 12-

A $( A !3 API !#

A $( A !3 API !# API !#G

Pipe H #o/ $emp Pipe H ;ig1 $emp <olting

A $( A 333 9r.A $( A 12A $( A 1*3 <&

A $( A 333 9r.A $( A 12A $( A 1*3 <& A $( A 322

A $( A 333 9r.A $( A 12A $( A 1*3 <& A $( A 322 A $( A 1*" 2;

Nut ,ittings ,ittings H #o/ $emp ,ittings H ;ig1 $emp

A $( A 1*" 2; A $( A 23" >P< A $( A "22 >P#A $( A 23" >P< A $( A 21- >C<

A $( A 1*" 2; A $( A 23" >P< A $( A "22 >P#A $( A 23" >P< A $( A 21- >C< A $( A 12! A $( A 1'1 A () <1-.! A $( A 3!2 #,2 A $( A 3!2 #C< A $( A 12! A $( A 1'1 A $( A 21- >C< A $( A 12! API -22 A $( A 3!2 #,2 A $( A 3!2 #C< A $( A 21- >C<

A $( A "22 >P#A $( A 23" >P<

,langes

A $( A 12! A $( A 1'1 A () <1-.!

A $( A 12! A $( A 1'1 A () <1-.! A $( A 3!2 #,2

,langes H #o/ $emp

A $( A 3!2 #,2 A $( A 3!2 #C<

,langes H ;ig1 $emp

A $( A 12! A $( A 1'1 A $( A 21- >C<

A $( A 12! A $( A 21- >C<

Bal4es

A $( A 12! A () <1-.3"

API -D API -22

Bal4es H #o/ $emp

A $( A 3!2 #,2 A $( A 3!2 #C<

Bal4es H ;ig1 $emp

A $( A 21- >C<

As can %e seen from t1e $a%le, material selection can %e made from a4aila%le national standards suc1 as A $( and API.

.ateria" )e"ection 6 $ommon ) ecification% for $ar*on )tee" )'%tem% 8cont5d9

Commodity <31.' C A E--2

Pipe

A $( A !3 API !#

C A E 2"!.1

Pipe H #o/ $emp Pipe H ;ig1 $emp <olting

A $( A 333 9r.A $( A 12A $( A 1*3 <& A $( A 3!" A $( A ""*

C A E 2"!.1

C A E 2"!.

Nut ,ittings ,ittings H #o/ $emp ,ittings H ;ig1 $emp ,langes

A $( A 1*" 2; ( P5&! C A E 2"!.11 C A E 2"!.11

A $( A 12! A $( A 3&2 ( P5""

C A E 2"!.12

,langes H #o/ $emp ,langes H ;ig1 $emp Bal4es A $( A 12! API -D A () <1-.3" A () <1-.3' Bal4es H #o/ $emp Bal4es H ;ig1 $emp

C A E 2"!.12

C A E 2"!.1!

C A E 2"!.1!

/ritt"e 1racture <rittle fracture refers to t1e often catastrop1ic failure of materials /1en su%7ected to stresses at a lo/er temperature /1ic1 t1e materially /ould normally %e a%le to /it1stand at 1ig1er temperatures. A Ctransition temperatureD can %e defined at t1e 13.!, 22, 2& K @12, 1!, 22 ft5l%A energy le4el. C1arpy test results for steel plate o%tained from failures of #i%erty s1ips re4ealed t1at plate failure ne4er occurred at temperatures greater t1an t1e 225K @1! ft5l%A transition temperature. $1is transition temperature 4aries /it1 t1e material and is not used as a criterion. Tran%ition Tem erature% $1e transition temperature esta%lis1es t1e temperature at /1ic1 a material Cgoes %rittleD. It0s ma7or s1ortcoming is it0s imprecision and non5repeata%ility. $+ar ' Te%tin! Impact testing pro4ides a repeata%le means to esta%lis1 t1e impact toug1ness capa%ility of a material under temperature. $1e more common met1od is t1e C1arpy drop test measurement /1ic1 determines t1e energy a%sor%ing capacity of a standard specimen. .inimum Re=uired $+ar ' > Notc+ Im act >a"ue% 8/&1.&21???9 )nergy ,ully Deo3idi=ed teels Koules ,t5l%f .t1er t1an ,ully Deo3idi=ed teels Koules ,t5 l%f

pecified (inimum $ensile trengt1 @aA Car%on & #o/ Alloy teels ($ -! 8si -! 8si < ($ &! 8si &! 8si > ($ < *! 8si

Num%er of pecimens

A4erage for 3 specimens (inimum for 1 specimen

1' 122 12& 22

13 12 1! 12 22 1!

1" 12 1' 1" T T

12 & 13 12 T T

#ateral )3pansion *- 8si < ($ @%A teels in P5Nos. -, &, ' (inimum for 3 specimen (inimum for 3 specimen 2.21! in 2.21! in

Im act Te%tin! Exem tion Tem erature% 6 /&1.& Refer to ,igure 323.2.2 in t1e Code. $1is figure pro4ides a correlation %et/een material group, reference t1ic8ness and e3emption temperature. (aterial group is defined in $a%le A51. ,or e3ample, A 12- < is gi4en a (in $emp rating of C<D. )ntering ,igure 323.2.2A, t1is material is impact testing e3empt up to a t1ic8ness of 2.!D do/n to a minimum temperature of H22 ,. Cur4e < rises to a minimum temperature of &! , for a material t1ic8ness of 3D.

.inimum Re=uired $+ar ' > Notc+ Im act >a"ue% 8$)A ; 00221???9 $a%le !.1 pro4ides a toug1ness category matri3. $1is matri3 is some/1at cum%ersome to apply as it re6uires cross referencing to C A E 2"! and ma8es use of toug1ness categories I, II & III. It is not intuiti4ely o%4ious /1at t1ese categories represent. $1is $a%le also in1erently pro4ides for a ris8 %ased approac1 %y %ringing in ser4ice fluid, test fluid and pipe design operating stress parameters. $a%e )tud', .n t1e ne3t page, t1e (aterial Re6uisition ,orm 1as certain %o3es mar8ed off to indicated inspection needs. Not all mar8ed %o3es are appropriateU Do you 8no/ /1ic1J -.1a*ricated Tee% ( Area Reinforcement Paragrap1 32".3.2 of t1e Code pro4ides e3plicit direction on t1e proper design of %ranc1 connections. In summary, t1is paragrap1 states t1at %ranc1 connections must %e made using fittings t1at are in1erently reinforced suc1 t1ose listed in $a%le 32-.1 or fa%ricated and sufficiently reinforced using design criteria %ased on area reinforcement principles. $1is presumes t1at a %ranc1 connection opening /ea8ens t1e pipe /all and re6uires reinforcement %y replacement of t1e remo4ed area to t1e e3tent it is in e3cess to t1at re6uired for pressure containment. $1e Code is fully detailed in t1e necessary calculations. $1ese calculations can %e 4ery tedious, time consuming prone to error if done %y 1and. A computer program is ad4ised for producti4ityO a spreads1eet %ased program is more t1an ade6uate. No calculation is re6uired for %ranc1 connections made %y /elding a t1readed or soc8et /eld coupling or 1alf coupling if t1e %ranc1 does not e3ceed 2 NP nor V t1e nominal si=e of t1e run line. $1e coupling cannot %e rated for less t1an 2222 C>P. (ultiple openings are addressed %y t1e Code. $1e area reinforcement rule can %e at times, %e o4erly conser4ati4eO in ot1er instances, t1is approac1 can %e deficient e4en /it1in t1e limits of applica%ility defined in t1e Code. Code users must %e a/are of t1e limits of applica%ility of t1e Code rules /1ic1 are gi4en in paragrap1 32".3.1. Kurisdictions suc1 as t1e Al%erta <oiler afety Association @A< AA 1a4e defined additional limits. >RC pu%lications also 1a4e guidance on t1is issue.

-.3

1"exi*i"it' Ana"'%i% )tre%% Ana"'%i% $riteria, $1is stress analysis criteria esta%lis1es t1e procedure, lists critical lines and piping stress+design liaison flo/ s1eet to %e follo/ed. #ines to %e analy=ed: all lines attac1ed to pumps, compressors, tur%ines and ot1er rotating e6uipment all lines attac1ed to reciprocating compressors all pressure relief 4al4e piping all category ( piping all lines on rac8s @/it1 discretionA all lines /1ic1 t1e piping designer is uncomforta%le /it1 all 4acuum lines all 7ac8eted piping all tie5ins to e3isting piping all non metallic piping all steam out, deco8ing and regeneration lines all lines 1-D and larger all lines -D and larger o4er !22 , all lines o4er &!2 , all lines specifically re6uested %y t1e stress department. all lines specifically re6uested %y t1e Client.

$1e a%o4e list is actually 4ery conser4ati4e and discretion is re6uired in applying t1ese rules to ensure economical approac1 to piping analysis. Paragrap1 31*.".1 lists t1e conditions under /1ic1 fle3i%ility analysis may %e /ai4ed. If formal analysis is deemed necessary, follo/ t1e re6uirements of paragrap1 31*.".2. $1e ot1er Codes /ill 1a4e similar pro4isions.