ANALELE UNIVERSITII DIN ORADEA FASCICULA CONSTRUCII I INSTALAII HIDROEDILITARE

REHABILITATION OF VADU CRISULUI RAILROAD BRIDGE PILE HULPU Trifan-Alexan r!" TIRLA Oli#$i!% ABSTRACT
The extensive rehabilitation works of transportation infrastructure are required by the increase of the traffic intensity in respect to speed and safety issues.Moreover, important damages are developed as consequences of local instability or a landslide activity in the zone of interest. When developing pro ects of road rehabilitation involving the increase of the traffic lanes, the landslide risk is increased and thus mitigation measures are necessary to consider. There are active measures and passive measures, and strongly orientated to protect the risk elements against life threat and property loss.This paper presents design and rehabilitation pro ect for !adu "risului railway bridge pile. Keywords: Grouting, railroad, bridge pile

"& INTRODUCTION Railroads are constantly looking for cost-effective ways and means of maintaining existing bridges and keeping them open to rail traffic due to the high capital cost of constructing new bridges. The subsurface soils, being natural deposits, tend to introduce unexpected variability in the subsoil that is not revealed by the soil exploration or during construction. [ !. This situation could lead to costly delays in the process. "n addition, errors in construction of foundations could lead to serious problems that would re#uire costly intervention. $hen the soil under a footing cannot provide ade#uate support for the substructure %in terms of bearing capacity, overall stability, or settlement&, support is obtained through the use of piles, which extend down from the footing to a stronger soil layer or to bedrock. There are a variety of types of piles ranging from concrete, which is cast in place %also called drilled shafts or caissons& or precast, to steel '-sections driven to sound rock. [(!
)ng. *h+ ,tudent, Technical -niversity of .lu/-0apoca, 1aculty of .ivil )ngineering, e-mail: trifan.hulpus2cif.utclu/.ro )ng. ,... 3456 TR40,"7540"4 ,.R.7.

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.onstruction that occurs in phases, usually to permit the flow of traffic through a construction site, is called staged construction. 4n example would be a bridge replacement pro/ect where half of the structure is removed and replaced while traffic continues over the remaining portion of the structure. 6nce the first half has been removed and reconstructed, traffic is then diverted over to the new side while work begins on the rest of the structure. This is an aspect of rehabilitation design which offers some interesting challenges to engineers.. "n a rehabilitation design, the inspecting engineer will spend time focusing on the existing structure elements in an effort to determine which need simple maintenance and which need extensive rehabilitation or replacement. 3aintenance inspections, conducted to rate a bridge structure and /udge its performance, are more rapidly conducted than the other two forms. The principal intent of this type of inspection is to document the structure8s condition and aid in deciding whether maintenance or rehabilitation is re#uired. %& 'ET-GROUTING +evelopments in /et grouting techni#ues in recent years gave the possibility of using it as one remedy alternative. 4ccording to, the basic concept was propounded in 9apan in :;< by the large-scale water /et being utili=ed in coal mine excavation. [>!. 'owever it is only since the early :?@8s that the /et grouting have approached its full economic and operational potential as ground treatment. The /et grouting can be defined according to the 4,.) Aeotechnical )ngineering +ivision .ommittee on Arouting as a Btechni#ue utili=ing a special drill bit with hori=ontal and vertical high speed water /ets to excavate alluvial soils and produce hard impervious columns by pumping grout through the hori=ontal no==les that /ets and mixes with foundation material as the drill bit is withdrawnC. [D! The success of using grout in sandy layers is approved, but it is a doubtful solution in soft clay. ,ome recent advances in the field of grouting for tunneling in soft clay are recorded [<! Ease grouting is the techni#ue that is to provide cement grout in/ection from the bottom tip of the constructed piles. The grout material will be delivered through the installed grout pipe to the bottom of the pile where a set of Tube-a-3anchette %T43& is installed. The base grouting takes care of possible disturbance at the pile tip caused by the drilling operation or accumulation of bentonite sediment. The process of base grouting compresses the loosened pile tip and improves the end bearing [;! (

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There are many situations in which the foundation block in our case the bridge pile can suffering degradations through cracking the concrete element. The consolidation and rehabilitation of a bridge pile with cracks can be made with grout in/ection method. The execution phases of this technology are: cleaning of the cracks if they are full of soilF drilling a hole in/ection with a cement water suspension. "n 1igure there is shown the technology of grouting, in many cases there are a lot of similarieties with the classical /et-grouting method.

Fig. 1. Grouting equipment and injection phases 1or the preparing of the grouting fluid it is used a mixer-shaker combination with electrical engines because of different speed necessary for the fluid in/ection and its #uantity too. Then there is a piston pump that can deliver pressures up to @@ bar and maximum flow needs. The in/ection is made through a pipe fitted with no==les with different shapes called packers.

Fig. 2. Preparing of the suspension for grouting ,ometimes it is necessary to control and verify the flow and pressure in/ected in order not to compromise the ad/acent works. 1igure > shows the way to control and verify the in/ection fluid. >

SECTION: Architecture, Co !tructio , C"#"!tr"$ Sur%e&, S" it"r& E 'i eeri ' A # E %iro (e t"$ )rotectio

Fig. . !ontrolling the fuid for the grouting (& CASE STUD) 5adu .risului .ity is located in the northwestern part of Romania, in Eihor .ounty - the eastern railway 6radea - .lu/-0apoca and );@ %+0 & 6radea - .lu/-0apoca at a distance of <@ km from 6radea @@ km from .lu/-0apoca. The village is situated at the exit from a sector .risului narrow gorges , marking the southeastern 5ad +epression GgolfG between *adurea .raiului and *lopisului mountains. %1igure D&

Fig. ". #adu !risului map and !risu $epede %efile &ational Par' The railroad 6radea-.lu/-0apoca is an important part of national railroads and a international railway lines too. 6n this railroad there is a lot of freight traffic. "n figure < is presented the height profile of the track

Fig. (. )he height profile of the trac' *radea+!luj+&apoca

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The execution pro/ect was the consolidation of the railway bridge km ;@<H?<:, line >@@ between ,uncuius and 5adu .risului stations. %1igure ;&

Fig. ,. )he railroad bridge The existing situation of the railway bridge pile is shown in figure I

Fig. -. )he e.isting situation of the bridge The rehabilitation of 5adu .risului railway bridge was foundation repair and protection of piles with gabions, grout in/ections in pile "", repairing bearings with special mortar.[I! This operation of the grout in/ections was made in phases of execution. )xecution details are shown in 1igure ?

<

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: Fig. /. 0.ecution details for the pile rehabilitation 1igure : shows the details for execution of self-drilling anchors R>(.

Fig. 1. %etails for e.ecution of self+drilling anchors The consolidation details for the in/ection of railway bridge pile are shown in 1igure @ with all the execution phases.[?!

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Fig. 12. Phases of injection consolidation technology *& CONCLUSIONS Rehabilitation of the constructions in general are very important for the good and safety life in order that our work must be done in the best conditions. The practice of building operations often need interventions in problems of soil-structure interaction %foundations, deep basements, underground storage tanks& due to the emergence over time deficiencies

SECTION: Architecture, Co !tructio , C"#"!tr"$ Sur%e&, S" it"r& E 'i eeri ' A # E %iro (e t"$ )rotectio

caused by either faulty initial conception or execution, or changes operation during construction. +& REFERENCES "& 36R47), 3,T. 6no %(@@D# $ettlement of a light pier supported on large diameter bored piles remediated by et grouting *roceedings : 1ifth "nternational .onference on .ase 'istories in Aeotechnical )ngineering, 0ew Jork , 4pril >- I, (@@D. %& T60"4, +, 9. K'46 %(@@;& %ridge &ngineering' (ehabilitation and maintenance of modern highway bridges , 3cAraw-'ill *roffesional (& SHIBAZAKI, M. (1997# $tate of the )rt *routing in +apan, *roceedings of the "nternational .onference on Arouting and +eep 3ixing, held in Tokyo, 9apan and )dited by Jonekura, Terashi L ,hiba=aki , pp ?< -?;I. *& -,434, 4. 36R,J %(@@(# (epair of damietta bridge foundations using micro,piles') case study 4nnual .onference of the .anadian ,ociety for .ivil )ngineering, 3ontreal, Muebec, .anada, 9une <-? (@@(. +& ER-.), +. 4, *)77)AR"06, A. and $47N)R, 4. +. % ::<& *round treatment for tunelling' Three -ew "ase .istories , *roceedings of Tunnelling 4ssociation of .anada, >th .onference, 3ontreal, 6ct ::<. ,& RJ"-9" 3. %(@ @& , &nhancement of pile capacity by shaft grouting technique in (upsa %ridge pro ect, Aeotechnical )ngineering 9ournal of the ,)4A, L 4A,,)4 5ol D , 0o. >, ,eptember (@ @, ",,0 @@D;-<?(?. -& . D:-?I Technical instructions on procedures to remedy the defects of concrete and reinforced concrete elements. :?I .& ,T-@ <-:I Technical specification for restoration by obturation and sealing of soil,structure interaction for civil, social, cultural and industrial buildings ::I