Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 72

Topics

Relation between Energy and Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, Energy and Human Development Index Energy Consumption Energy Trends Demand and Supply of Energy in world and Nepal Global Warming and CDM Conventional and Non-conventional/ Renewable Energy Resources Conventional Energy Sources

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

Energy and Maslows hierarchy of needs


Energy Basic need??? How important is Energy in achieving Basic needs? Give reasons!!!!

Energy and Needs


Energy availability is key determinant of how and how much food is grown, how food is cooked, the health impacts of how food is cooked How living spaces are heated The time required to procure household energy Due to insufficient energy:
Long time of work to collect fuel wood Adverse health impacts eye and lungs problem because of the energy choices (indoor pollution)

Air: clean technology Food: clean technology, proper cooking time Drink: water purifier technology, water pumping for drinking water Warmth, sex, shelter, sleep: heating systems, (what more??) Financial: employment opportunity Health: ??? Love belonging:?? Esteem:?? Self Actualization:??

Assignment 1
A society in rural area of Nepal has basic needs of food, transportation, proper hygiene. List some other needs that may be the important requirement of the society. The government, instead of implementing the projects related to food, road construction or health, choose to implement energy project in the region. Is the step taken by government right? Justify your answer relating to Maslows hierarchy of needs.

HDI
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices to rank countries into four tiers of human development. The four tiers are : 1. Very High Human development 2.High Human Development 3. Medium Human Development 4. Low Human Development It was created by economist Mahbub ul Haq, followed by economist Amartya Sen in 1990, and published by the United Nations Development Programme.

Human Development
HDI combines three dimensions: a. Life Expectancy : A long and a healthy life b. Education Index: Mean and Expected years of schooling c. Income Index: A decent standard of living (GNI per capita)
Besides that : Sustainable development: locally, nationally and globally Should be empowering Better life for poor Environment sustainability Promote sustainability

HDI in various countries

How energy is related to HDI


Life Expectancy: better resources available, refrigeration system to conserve medicines, lighting, heating systems, better hygiene Education: reduced drudgery (??) Income: employment opportunity (??)

Energy Consumption

Assignment 2
What is your energy consumption per day and for what purposes? How do the energy that you consume contribute to maintain your quality of life? Relate with importance of energy in achieving human development.

Energy Supply in Nepal

Assignment 3
Collect necessary data to show the energy consumption pattern in the world (no old than 2007). List the sources of the energy consumed along with their contribution. What problems do you think the present trend of energy consumption can lead to? Discuss about the solutions to the problems.

Global Warming
Since late 19th and early 20th century Causes GHG (water vapour, CO2, CH4, N2O, O3) Negative impacts Positive impacts

28

Rising temperatures results in changing weather patterns


Melting polar caps, glaciers Shifts in weather patterns Increased occurrence of dramatic weather such as hurricanes

Historic Temperature Data

Atmospheric CO2 Concentration and Temperature Change Carbon dioxide (ppmv) 150 100 50 0

Temperature change (oC)

Thousands of Years ago

Climate Change
Climate change is caused by both natural events (like volcanic eruptions) and human activities

Human Sources of GHGs


Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Most prevalent GHG Methane (CH4) Second most common, 21x the potency of CO2 Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 310x the potency of CO2 Other Gases HFCs, PFCs, and SF6 = range 600 23900x potency of CO2

Transportation Transport Energy Generation Industrial Processes

Land Use: Agriculture & Forestry

GHG and Environmental Impacts


Changes in temperature, weather patterns and sea level rise
Coastal Areas: Erosion and flooding Inundation Change in wetlands Agriculture: Changes in crop yields Irrigation demands, Productivity

Human Health: Weather related mortality Infectious disease Air quality - respiratory illness

Water Resources: Changes in water supply and water quality Competition/Trans-border Issues

Forests: Change in Ecologies, Geographic range of species, and Health and productivity

Industry and Energy: Changes in Energy demand Product demand & Supply

Sea level rise

3D modeling and visualization tools are used for vulnerability assessment, exact location and quantification of areas which are susceptible to floods due to rise in sea level. Study area: Northern part of Navotas, Metro Manila

2. UNFCCC and KYOTO PROTOCOL

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change


Objective of the Convention
Stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should be achieved within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened, and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Commitments by the Parties to the Convention Parties have common but differentiated responsibilities.

Division of Parties by Annex

Annex II
Australia / Austria / Belgium / Canada / Denmark / EC / Finland / France / Germany / Greece /Iceland / Ireland / Italy / Japan / Luxembourg / Netherlands / New Zealand / Norway / Portugal / Spain / Sweden / Switzerland / Turkey / United Kingdom / USA

Belarus / Bulgaria / Croatia / Czech Republic / Estonia / Hungary / Latvia / Liechtenstein / Lithuania / Monaco / Poland / Romania / Russian Federation / Slovakia / Slovenia / Ukraine

Non-Annex I Countries = All the Rest of Ratifying Countries

Kyoto Protocol
The overall emission reduction target for Annex I Parties as a group is at least 5 percent below 1990 levels, to be achieved by the commitment period 2008 to 2012 (an average over the five years). The Protocol covers six greenhouse gases (Annex A) CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6 The negotiated targets for individual Annex I Parties are included in Annex B of the Protocol.

Selected Quantified Emission Limitation (%)


Industrialized Countries Australia Canada EC bubble (Germany (Portugal Japan Norway New Zealand USA 108 94 92 75) 140) 94 101 100 93 ???

Economies in Transition Bulgaria Baltics Croatia Czech Republic Hungary Poland Romania Russia Ukraine 92 92 95 92 94 94 92 100 100

Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted at COP-3 in December, 1997, in accordance with Berlin Mandate of COP-1. The Protocol will enter into force when not less than 55 Parties to the Convention, accounting for at least 55 percent of the 1990 total CO2 emissions of the Annex 1 Parties, have ratified the Protocol. US: 34%; Russia: 16%; Japan: 8% ;EU: 23%; Other Annex 1 Parties 19%

Kyoto Protocol: Flexibility Mechanisms


Annex I GHG Emissions
Clean Development Mechanism

Emission Trading

1990 level
Joint Implementation

- 5%
Domestic Actions

Assigned Amounts

Present day

2012 (BaU)

2012 with KP

Clean Development Mechanism


Enables developed countries (known as Annex B countries) to meet their emission reduction commitments in a flexible and costeffective manner Assists developing countries (non-Annex B countries) in meeting their sustainable development objectives Investors benefit by obtaining Certificates of Emissions Reductions (CERs) Host countries benefit in the form of investment, access to better technology, and local sustainable development

What can the CDM do for developing countries


Attract foreign investment to countries engaged in the trading of CERs Increase the profitability of cleaner more efficient technology in energy, industry, and transport sectors Clean up waste management operations Improve land-use strategies and practice Contribute to sustainable development of the host country

What are the Criteria for CDM Projects?


Sustainable development
Host country criteria Environmental Impact Assessment Stakeholder consultations

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reductions


Environmental additionality

Project additionality Project viability


Technologically proven Financially sound

Host country approval Project validation and registration

CDM Eligible Projects


Renewable energy Fuel switching End-use energy efficiency improvements Supply-side energy efficiency improvements Agriculture (reduction of CH4 & N2O emissions) Industrial processes (CO2 from cement, HFCs, etc) Sink projects (only afforestation & reforestation)

Renewable energy
Solar power Hydro power Wind power Geothermal Biomass Tidal / Wave power

Renewable energy
Renewable energy for the grid For electricity generation by households or commercial users
E.g., Solar home systems, solar water pumps, photovoltaics, wind battery chargers

For mechanical energy by households or commercial users


E.g. wind-powered pumps, solar water pumps, water mills, wind mills

Renewable energy
Thermal energy for households or commercial users
E.g., solar thermal water heaters and dryers, solar cookers, energy derived from biomass for water heating, space heating or drying

Biomass combined heat and power (co-generation) systems

Fuel switching
For industrial facilities
From steam or compressed air to electricity

For buildings
From oil to gas

For vehicles
From diesel to LPG or to CNG

End-use energy efficiency improvements


Energy efficiency equipment
Motors Lamps Ballasts Refrigerators Fans Air conditioners Appliances Etc

Supply-side energy efficiency improvements


Generation
Efficiency improvements at power stations and district heating plants and co-generation

Transmission and Distribution


Examples: Upgrading voltage on a transmission line Replacing a transformer Increased insulation of pipes

Agriculture
Reducing emissions from agricultural soils
Use of ammonium sulfate instead of urea Use of phosphogypsum in combination with urea instead of urea

Reducing methane emissions from livestock Conservation agricultural tillage Agricultural land management practices
Use of composted rice straw instead of fresh rice straw

Industrial processes
Methane (CH4) recovery and avoidance from landfills, coal mines, agro-industries, waste water treatment facilities
Cement production (CO2) Electric equipment manufacturing (SF6) PFC emissions from aluminum production
CH4 has global warming intensity 21-times that of CO2

PFC and SF6 emissions from semiconductor manufacturing Nitrous Oxide (N2O) emissions from adipic acid and nitric acid manufacturing
N2O has global warming intensity of 310-times that of CO2

PCF gases have global warming intensity over 6000-times that of CO2

Sink projects
Afforestation
Planting trees on agricultural land

Reforestation
Planting trees on denuded forest land

Clean Development Mechanism


Types of small-scale projects that could qualify for fasttrack approval procedures
Renewable energy projects up to 15 megawatts (MW) of output capacity Energy efficiency improvements that reduce energy consumption on the supply and/or demand side by up to 15 gigawatt-hours (GWh)/year Other project activities that both reduce emissions at source and directly emit less than 15 kilotons (kt) of CO2 equivalent annually

CDM Project
Achieves Sustainable Development objectives for the host developing country Reduces GHG Emissions

Simplistic numerical example


Provide electricity for a barangay Business-as-usual (baseline): Diesel generator sets
Cost of project $10 Emissions 1 tC

Cleaner project (CDM-eligible): Micro-hydro


Cost of project $13 Zero Emissions

Simplistic numerical example


CDM Investor (e.g. Japan)
Invests $3 ($13-$10, difference between cleaner and business-as-usual project) Gains Certificate of Emissions Reduction of 1 tC, which it can meet some of its Kyoto Protocol commitments to reduce emissions

Simplistic numerical example


WIN WIN WIN WIN for the host country
Sustainable development benefit: Cleaner energy production technology

WIN for the Annex I country


Credits for emissions reduction

WIN for the Global Environment


Emissions reduction

Environmental additionality and baseline


CO2 Emissions

Additional CO2 emissions reduction

Real, measurable and long-term

Years

Starting Point: Viable Project


A potential CDM Project is a feasible project
Technologically feasible Financially sound

A potential CDM Project is a project which has an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC)

Contents of CDM-PDD
A. General description of project activity B. Baseline methodology C. Duration of the project activity/ Crediting period D. Monitoring methodology and plan E. Calculations of GHG emissions by sources F. Environmental impacts G. Stakeholders comments

National Approval
Approval is by the Designated National Authority (DNA) for CDM Main Criteria for Approval: Does project contribute to the sustainable development objectives of the Nepal? Sustainable development indicators Project type priorities
Positive list Negative list

Validation
Designated Operational Entity External Auditor Validates the PDD
Including the Baseline Study and the Monitoring Plan

Recommends whether the project should be registered as a CDM Project

Registration
Registration is done by the CDM Executive Board (presently based in Bonn, Germany) CDM Project Registry

Issuance of CERs
Based on the certification by the Operational Entity, the CDM Executive Board issues the Certificate of Emission Reductions Official registry of CERs CERs are a tradable asset (like stocks or bonds)

CDM Project Cycle

CDM Project Cycle

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi