Governor Basics

g Power Systems University
Governing Basics
Governing Basics
Objective: To gain an understanding of control fundamentals.
Slide 1
Governing Basics
Safety Information
WARNING!
The engine, turbine or other type of prime mover
should be equipped with an overspeed shutdown
device, that operates independent of the prime mover
control device to protect against runaway or damage to
the prime mover with possible personal injury or loss of
life should the mechanical-hydraulic governor or
electric control, the actuator, fuel control, the driving
mechanism, the linkage, or the control device fail.
Slide 2
Governing Basics
What is a Governor ???

z Governor Definition: a: An attachment to a machine
for automatic control or limitation of speed. b: A
device giving automatic control (as of pressure or
temperature).
z A governor is a device which controls the energy
source to a prime mover to control it for a specific
purpose.
z Basic governors sense speed and sometimes load of
a prime mover and adjust the energy source to
maintain the desired parameter.
z Advanced governors are often referred to as Control
Systems.
Slide 3
Governing Basics
Why do we need Governors ?

Prime movers must be controlled to do useful
work. Common control parameters include:
z Speed
z Load (torque or MW)
z Pressure
z Temperature
z Valve Position
z Speed Derivative
z Pressure Derivative
z Any parameter that can be converted into a 4-20 milliamp
signal.
Slide 4
Governing Basics
Prime Mover Introduction
Slide 9
Governing Basics
Prime Mover Introduction

z Prime Mover Definition: An initial source of motive power
(as a waterwheel, turbine, or engine) designed to receive
and modify force and motion as supplied by some natural
source and apply them to drive machinery.
z Before we can understand what a governor is or how a
governor works, here is a quick introduction of the prime
movers that use governors.
Slide 10
Governing Basics
Basic Control Loop
Woodward
Actuator Control
System
Energy
Source
Prime Load
Mover
Metering
Valve
Exhaust
Slide 11
Governing Basics
Basic Control Loop
zA basic prime mover control loop consists of

the following pieces:
Energy/Fuel Source - Steam, Diesel, Gas, Water...
Fuel Metering Valve - Gas Valve, Steam Valve,
Gate Valve, Injector...
Load - Generator, Compressor, Propeller...
Control System - Governor, Electronic Control
System and Actuator.
Slide 12
Governing Basics
Example of a Gas Turbine
Slide 15
Governing Basics
Example of a Gas Turbine

z A simple gas turbine is comprised of three main sections; a
compressor, a combustion assembly and a power turbine.
z Air is drawn in the front of the turbine and compressed. The
compressed air is then mixed with fuel, and burned. The control
system governs the amount of fuel being burned.
z The resulting hot gas expands and is forced through the power
turbine creating horsepower or work.
z The power turbine section is connected to the load.
z There are many other types of gas turbines; Aero Derivative, 2-
Shaft, 3-Shaft ...
Slide 16
Governing Basics
Speed Control: Constant Load

DESIRED
SPEED
z The driver of the car is the ACTUAL
SPEED
control or governor.
z The speed limit sign is the
desired speed setting.
z The speedometer senses
actual speed.
z The driver compares desired speed to actual speed, If they are the
same, fuel is held steady.
z If desired speed and actual speed are different, the fuel setting is
adjusted by the driver to make actual speed equal desired speed.
z Fuel is held steady until a speed or load change occurs.
Slide 19
Governing Basics
Speed Control: Increased Load

SPEED
LIMIT
z The car starts up the hill, 60
load increases, speed Increase
decreases. Fuel
z The actual speed is less

than desired speed.
z Driver increases the fuel
to increase the speed,
which returns the actual
speed to the desired
speed.
z Before the actual speed reaches the desired speed, the driver
reduces the fuel to prevent overshoot of speed. This is called
Compensation and is adjusted to match the response time of the
prime mover.
z It takes more fuel to pick up load than to maintain load. Slide 20
Governing Basics
Speed Control: Decreased Load

z The car starts down the hill, load
decreases, speed increases.
z Actual speed is greater than
desired speed.
z Driver decreases fuel to
decrease speed, which returns
the actual speed to desired
speed.
z Before the actual speed reaches the desired speed, the driver
increases the fuel to prevent undershoot of speed. This is called
Compensation and is adjusted to match the response time of the
prime mover.
Slide 21
Governing Basics
Closing the Loop
Control
Of The
Actual Speed Energy
or Load
Desired Speed or
Load Reference
Slide 23
Governing Basics
Closing the Loop
z The governor functions the same as the car driver.

z It automatically changes the Fuel Flow to maintain the desired
speed or load.
z Closed Loop Definition: When used as an automatic control
system for operation or process in which feedback in a closed
path or group of paths to maintain output at a desired level.
z If parameter(s) of the loop change, it will effect the entire loop
and fuel will automatically be corrected to maintain the desired
setpoint.
Slide 24
Governing Basics
Early Mechanical Governor
Early Mechanical Governor

Slide 25
Governing Basics
Force Balance
Actual Desired
Speed Speed
Force Force
F(a) F(d)
1000 lb 1000 lb
Increase Decrease
Fuel Fuel
Slide 26
Governing Basics
Force Balance
z In the governor, Actual Speed and the Desired Speed are

converted to a force that represents their respective
actions.
z These forces must be balanced in order to maintain the
speed/load constant.
z If they are not balanced, the governor will increase or
decrease fuel until they are balanced.
Slide 27
Governing Basics
Simple Flyweight System
Simple Flyweight System
z F(a) = Actual Measure of the Centrifugal force = Actual Speed.

z F(d) = Actual measure of the compressed speeder spring =
Desired Speed.
z F(a) = F(d) for a balanced system.
z In other words, when the force of the compressed speeder spring
equals the centrifugal force, the system is in equilibrium.
z The forces are summed together in a thrust bearing. Slide 28
Governing Basics
Flyweights and Pilot Valve
Thrust
Bearing Speed
Adjust Output
Servo
Pilot Valve Pilot

Valve
Plunger
High
Pressure
Oil
Control Land
Control Increase
Land Fuel
Pilot Valve
Bushing Sump
Control Port Oil Pump
Slide 29
Governing Basics
Pilot Valve Bushing and Porting
z Pilot Valve Bushings are

cut differently to Round
compensate for different Slot Hole
size prime movers and
prime mover responses.
z Pilot Valve Bushings are
cut with holes or slots.
Pilot Plunger
z Very tight tolerances are
required on both the pilot Valve and
valves and pilot valve Plunger Bushing
bushings for exact
controlling.
Slide 30
Governing Basics
Unstable Governor
Speed
z As load is added, speed Adjust Output
Servo
decreases. Fuel is added,
increasing speed until speed
equals speed setpoint.
z Due to the acceleration and lag Pilot
Valve
time of the prime mover, speed
High
overshoots thus decreasing the Pressure
Oil
fuel. Control Increase
Land Fuel
z Speed decreases until speed
Sump
equals speed setpoint. Oil Pump
Unstable Governor
z Due to the deceleration and lag Prime Mover

Acceleration Actual
time of the prime mover, speed Speed
Load
undershoots thus decreasing the Added
fuel.
SPEED
Time
z Process is repeated remaining
unstable or in some conditions
becoming more and more Desired
Speed
Prime Mover Setpoint
unstable. Deceleration
Slide 31
Governing Basics
Droop Governor
Feedback Arm
A droop governor
allows the feedback Output
Servo
arm to increase or
decrease the force High
Pressure
on the speeder Oil
Increase
spring, thus Fuel
increasing or Sump
decreasing the speed

reference with a
Speed Setpoint
Load
Added
change in load (fuel

demand) or speed.
Load
Removed
Droop Governor
Time Slide 32
Governing Basics
Droop Curve
Droop Definition:
A decrease in
desired speed
setpoint for an
increase in load
or output servo
position
(feedback). 0%
LOAD 50% 100%
Slide 33
Governing Basics
Droop Calculation
No Load Speed - Full Load Speed
% Droop = X 100
Rated Speed
Example of 5% Droop
3600 RPM (no load speed) 3600 RPM - 3420 RPM X 100 = 5% Droop
(rated speed) 3600 RPM
3420 RPM (full load speed)
0% LOAD 100%
Mechanical Load or Gen. set loaded by a Load Bank
3780 RPM 63 Hz
(no load speed)
3600 RPM 60 Hz (full load speed) 3780 RPM - 3600 RPM X 100 = 5% Droop
(rated speed) 3600 RPM
0% LOAD 100%
Generator Set Loaded to Utility Bus or Other Generator Sets Slide 34

Governing Basics
Droop Calculation
Example of
5% Droop
100 RPM Mechanical Load

(no load speed)
(rated speed)
95 RPM 100 RPM - 95 RPM

X 100
(full load speed) 100 RPM
0% = 5% DROOP
LOAD 100%
105 RPM
63 Hz
(no load speed) Example of
5% DROOP
100 RPM GEN SET

60 Hz Loaded to Utility Bus
(full load speed)
&
(rated speed)
105 RPM - 100 RPM

X 100
0% LOAD 100% 100 RPM
= 5% DROOP
Slide 35
Governing Basics
Speed / Droop Calculation

Speed Setpoint
(63 Hz) 105%
5% Droop Curve Intersection of Droop Curve
(62.4 Hz) 104%
And Actual Speed Determines
(61.8 Hz) 103% Wicket Gate Position / Load
(61.2 Hz) 102%
(60.6 Hz) 101%
(60 Hz) 100%
Actual Speed
(59.4 Hz) 99% “Fixed” When Tied
Large system
30%
40%
50%
60%
10%
20%
70%
80%
90%
0%
100%
Wicket Gate Position / Load Slide 36
Governing Basics

Speed Setpoint
(63 Hz) 105%
Lower Speed Setpoint Intersection of Droop Curve
(62.4 Hz) 104% By 2.5% And Actual Speed Determines
(61.8 Hz) 103% (Shifts Droop Curve) Wicket Gate Position / Load
(61.2 Hz) 102%
(60.6 Hz) 101%
(60 Hz) 100%
(59.4 Hz) 99%
30%
40%
50%
60%
10%
20%
70%
80%
90%
0%
100%
Governing Basics

Speed Setpoint
(63 Hz) 105%
Increase Speed Setpoint Intersection of Droop Curve
(62.4 Hz) 104% By 1% to 103.5% And Actual Speed Determines
(61.8 Hz) 103% Wicket Gate Position / Load
(61.2 Hz) 102%
(60.6 Hz) 101%
(60 Hz) 100%
(59.4 Hz) 99%
Load Increases
By 20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
10%
20%
70%
80%
90%
0%
100%
Governing Basics

Speed Setpoint
(63 Hz) 105%
(62.4 Hz) 104%
If System Frequency Shifts,
(61.8 Hz) 103% Load Will Shift According
To Droop Curve Intersection
(61.2 Hz) 102%
(60.6 Hz) 101%
(60 Hz) 100%
(59.4 Hz) 99%
30%
40%
50%
60%
10%
20%
70%
80%
90%
0%
100%
Governing Basics

Speed Setpoint
(63 Hz) 105%
5%
Dro
(62.4 Hz) 104% op C
urve
(61.8 Hz) 103%
(61.2 Hz) 102% 2% Droop
C ur v e
(60.6 Hz) 101%
(60 Hz) 100%
(59.4 Hz) 99%
30%
40%
50%
60%
10%
20%
70%
80%
90%
0%
100%
Governing Basics
Dashpot Compensated Governor
Slide 41
Governing Basics
Dashpot Compensated Governor
z The dashpot compensated governor was the first governor

designed to be an isochronous governor.
Slide 42
Governing Basics
Isochronous Definition
ISOCHRONOUS
(ISO+CHRONOS = SAME +TIME)
CONSTANT SPEED
No change in speed setting
with an change in load
Slide 43
Governing Basics
Isochronous Curve
Speed / Speed Setpoint
0% LOAD 50% LOAD 100%
Slide 44
Governing Basics
Pressure Compensated Governor
Slide 45
Governing Basics
Pressure Compensated Governor

Response
Speed / Speed Setpoint
Slide 46
Governing Basics
Electronic Governor Basics
Slide 47
Governing Basics
Review of Basic Governor Elements
z Speed Sensor
z Speed Reference
z Summing Point
z Stabilizing Method
z Hydraulic Pressure Source
z Output Servo
z Controlling Amplifier
Slide 48
Governing Basics
Actuators
z The part of an electronic governing system that converts the

electrical output signal of the electronics into a mechanical
movement which positions the throttle, steam valve, fuel metering
valve etc.
z An ACTUATOR is a hydraulic, or pneumatic, or electrical device
that converts an electrical signal to a mechanical position.
z A SERVOMOTOR is a hydraulic cylinder assembly controlled by a
pilot valve and usually directly connected to the prime mover's
energy-medium control (fuel valve, steam valve, etc.).
z Woodward electro-hydraulic actuators usually convert 20 -160
milliamps to zero to ~45 degrees of rotation, or zero to one inch,
depending on the actuator.
z Other manufacturers (Valtec, Vickers, Fisher, etc.) convert 4-20
milliamps to zero to full stroke.
Slide 49
Governing Basics
Proportional Actuator
Level Adjustment
Centering
Screw Increase
Fuel
Coil
+
Demand
From Governor
_
Coil
Permanent
Magnet
High Pressure
Control Oil
Control Land Control Port

To Sump
Slide 50
Governing Basics
Integrating Actuator
Null Current LVDT LVDT
Adjustment Excitation Feedback
Centering Centering
Springs Screw
Increase
Fuel
+ Coil
Demand N N
CL
From Governor
S S
- Coil
Magnet
(-) High Pressure Oil
Power Servo
Control Pressure
CL
Control Port
Control Land
To Sump
Slide 51
Governing Basics
Speed Sensing
• Speed of the prime mover is
sensed using Magnetic Pickups
(MPU).
• An MPU generates a frequency
signal that is directly proportional
to the speed of the prime mover.
• Single pole, alternating current,
electric generator.
• Single magnet, attached to a pole
piece which is wrapped with
multiple layers of copper wire.
• The ferrous gear teeth and the magnet creates a path for the magnetic lines of force.
• Making and breaking of the flux lines induces an alternating voltage into the coil around the
pole piece.
• Each pulse is represented by a gear tooth passing by the Magnetic Pick-up.
• The Impedance of a Magnetic Pick-up is approximately 220 ohms.
Slide 52
Governing Basics
Magnetic Pick-Up’s
Magnetic Lines Ferrous Gear
of Force
1.5 V RMS Gap

Minimum
Jam Nut
s s S
MPU Bracket Coil Pole Piece

mpu Permanent
Magnet
z The voltage amplitude output is dependent on the air gap of the

MPU. A decrease in air gap equals an increase in voltage.
z MPU voltage must be >1.5 V RMS, at the lowest control speed.
Slide 53
Governing Basics
MPU Generated Waveforms
Slide 54
Governing Basics
MPU Generated Waveforms

z The output waveform of the MPU depends on the
following items:
Speed of the gear and number of teeth.
The air gap between the pole piece and the gear tooth.
The dimensions of the MPU and the type of gear.
The impedance connected across the output coil.
z MPU Advances per turn:

16 Threads Per Inch = 0.0625 inch.
Slide 55
Governing Basics
MPU Frequency Calculation

MPU Frequency(cycles/sec) = Gear Speed(revolutions/min) x Number of
Teeth 60(sec/min)
OR
Gear Speed(revolutions/min) = MPU Frequency(cycles/sec) x 60(sec/min)

Number of Gear Teeth
For a 60 Tooth Gear:
Gear Speed(revolutions/min) = MPU Frequency(cycles/sec)
Slide 56
Governing Basics
Proximity Probes
z Proximity Probes or Proximity Switches are active devices usually used where slow
rpm or a large air gap is required. This is necessary due to the large runout of the
monitored gear and the slow speeds of large engines or turning gears on turbines.
These have a slower surface speed which an MPU cannot detect.
z Proximity probes require an external power supply, usually 24 Vdc to operate.
Slide 57
Governing Basics
Hydraulic-Mechanical vs. Electrical
Hydraulic- Electrical
Mechanical Analog Digital
z Speed Fly Weights Magnetic Pick Up or Magnetic Pick Up or
Sensing Proximity Probe Proximity Probe
z Speed Speeder Spring Speed Potentiometer Software Ramp Block

Setting
z Summing of Thrust Bearing Summing Amplifier Software Add Block

Forces
Reset
z Stability Needle Valve Capacitor/Potentiometer Software PID Block
z Gain Buffer Springs Gain Potentiometer Software PID Block
z Reaction to Error Pilot Valve Porting PID Amplifier Software PID Block
Signal Slide 58
Governing Basics
Speed Control Summing Junction

Speed Reference or
Desired Set - Point
Error
PID Feedback
Output Output
To To
Other Inputs Amplifier Actuator
(Load Sensor)
(Synchronizer) PID
(Droop Signal)
(Etc.)
Actual Speed
The Set-point or reference is where you would like the actual measurement to be.
Error is defined as the difference between the set-point and actual measurement
Slide 59
Governing Basics
Summing Point
z The summing point is where all signals in a control loop add

up.
z The input signals must sum up to zero for precise steady
state control.
z The summing point is electronically the same as the thrust
bearing in a hydraulic / mechanical control where all the
forces balance to zero.
z Many parameters can be added into the summing point.
z The PID block and feedback block represent a special type of
amplifier.
Slide 60
Governing Basics
Analog Electronic Speed Control
Desired Speed
+DC Volts PID Feedback
Error Signal PID

Summing Junction
Actuator
Actual Speed
- D.C. Volts Prime Generator
Mover
Frequency
to
Voltage Converter Magnetic
Pickup
AC Sine Wave
Slide 61
Governing Basics
Digital Control System Block Diagram

Setpoint (+)
PID Feedback
Summing Junction
+
Adjustable Dynamics Output To
+ Error Signal and Amplification
Fuel Valve
-
-
PID
The
Thesetpoint
setpointisisthe
theonly
onlyparameter
parameteraccessible
accessibleininthe
theclosed
closedloop
loop
Actual (-) system.
system.
The
Thecontrol
controlwill
willforce
forcethe
theactual
actualparameter
parametertotomatch
matchthe the
setpoint
setpointby
byactuating
actuatingthethefuel
fuelvalve.
valve.
Slide 62
Governing Basics
Closed Loop Speed Control

Speed
Reference Feedback
Generator
Servomotors
Valve
Droop (Gate Position)

Prime Mover
D.C. Volts ZVPU

Interface
Module 15V Zero Velocity
0V Pickups
Pulse Train Slide 63
Governing Basics
Closed Loop Speed Control

z Actual speed is converted to a DC voltage that is
proportional to the speed of the prime mover.
z Speed reference is compared to the actual speed.
z An error signal is produced if the actual speed voltage and
the speed reference are not matched.
z An increase fuel or decrease fuel signal is then given to the
actuator.
Slide 64
Governing Basics
Mechanical / Electrical Governor Comparison

Pivot Points Needle
Speeder Mechanical
Valve
Spring
Gain Reset Electrical
Rated
Speed
Pot
Generator
Summing
Point Error Servomotors
Signal
Valve
Prime Mover
Thrust Flyweights
ZVPU
Bearing
Interface Module
Zero Velocity
Pickups
Pilot Valve Porting Slide 65

Governing Basics
This page left blank intentionally
Slide 66
Governing Basics
HSS - LSS
LSS
Speed Control
HSS
Temperature Control
Accel Control
Output
To
High Limit
Actuator
Decel Control
Low Limit
Slide 67
Governing Basics
HSS - LSS
z LSS = Low Signal Select. Whichever input is the
lowest, will be sent to the output.
z HSS = High Signal Select. Whichever input is the
highest will be sent to the output.
z These Hardware or Software algorithms allow
different items to be in control as they are needed.
z Only one input can be in control at any one time.
Slide 68
Governing Basics
Example of Temperature Limiting LSS
Slide 69
Governing Basics
Example of LSS
z The two inputs on the LSS are speed and
temperature.
z If the temperature input ever exceeds the speed,
then the fuel would be limited by temperature.
z Exhaust Gas Temperature, Compressor
Discharge Pressure, Manifold Air Pressure, Lube
Oil Temperature, Multiple Speeds, are examples
of LSS Inputs.
Slide 70
Governing Basics
Example LSS
Slide 71
Governing Basics
Slide 72
Governing Basics
Example of HSS
Slide 73
Governing Basics
Example of HSS
z Redundant Magnetic Pickups are often used in

control systems.
z Both inputs to the HSS are the same, yet coming
from different MPU’s.
z If either MPU should fail and the input go to zero,
the good MPU will send its output to the summing
point.
Slide 74
Governing Basics
Example HSS
Slide 75
Governing Basics
Slide 76
Governing Basics
What is a PID ?
If you don’t understand the following

equation / algorithm, then continue on.
1 d e(t)
OUTPUT = Kc e(t) + e(t) dt + D
I dt
e=error, Kc = gain, I = integral, and D = derivative settings
Slide 77
Governing Basics
PID Tutorial
z The Set-point or reference is where you would
like the actual measurement to be. Error is
defined as the difference between the set-point
and actual measurement.
Speed Reference or
Desired Set - Point
Feedback
Error Output
Other Inputs To Amplifier Output
(Load Sensor) PID To
(Synchronizer) Actuator
(Etc.)
Actual Speed
Slide 78
Governing Basics
PID Tutorial
z PID stands for Proportional, Integral, and Derivative.

z A PID amplifier is used to calculate an appropriate response to
the output based on changes to the input.
z Controllers use PID’s to eliminate the need for continuous
operator attention.
Slide 79
Governing Basics
PID Tutorial
z Question: Why are dynamic adjustments

necessary in a governor or control system?
z Answer: Control Systems must be matched to the
prime movers, in order for them to operate
properly.
Slide 80
Governing Basics
PID Tutorial
Slide 81
Governing Basics
PID Tutorial
z The output of a PID controller will change in

response to a change in measurement or set-point.
z PID - Combinations of Proportional, Integral, and
Derivative will provide the best type of process
control required.
Slide 82
Governing Basics
PID Tutorial
z Gain - The gain is the proportional gain term in the
PID controller.
z With Proportional Gain, the control output is
proportional to the error in measurement or set-
point.
Slide 83
Governing Basics
PID Tutorial
z Reset - The reset is the integral term in the PID
controller.
z With integral action, the controls output is
proportional to the amount of time the speed error is
present.
z It prevents slow hunting at steady state and controls
the time rate at which the speed error returns to zero
after a speed or load disturbance.
Slide 84
Governing Basics
PID Tutorial
z Compensation - The compensation is the derivative
term in the PID controller.
z With Derivative action, the controls output is
proportional to the rate of change of the
measurement or error.
z The controls output is calculated by the rate of
change of the measurement with time.
z Compensation is used to avoid overshoot.
Slide 85
Governing Basics
PID Tutorial
RESET
ADJUSTMENT
SPEED
GAIN
ADJUSTMENT
COMPENSATION
ADJUSTMENT
TIME
Slide 86
Governing Basics
“Text Book” Dynamic Response
Slide 87
Governing Basics
“Text Book” Dynamic Response

z Characteristics of correctly tuned prime mover:
Stable control at no load.
Stable control over all load ranges.
Minimum overshoot with no ringing or instability.
Slide 88
Governing Basics
Governor Assumptions
• Consistent fuel quality

Steam pressure, gas pressure, BTU value, etc.
• Control of valves
Valves must be calibrated for zero to 100 percent travel
• Linkage
Smooth travel
No lost motion
• Linearity
Linear flow for zero to 100 percent travel
Power output linear with valve position
• Consistent machine geometry
No change in dynamic response
Slide 89

Governor Basics

Transféré par

Informations du document

Description originale:

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Governor Basics

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

g Power Systems University

Objective: To gain an understanding of control fundamentals.

What is a Governor ???

Why do we need Governors ?

Prime Mover Introduction

Prime Mover Introduction

Basic Control Loop

Basic Control Loop

zA basic prime mover control loop consists of

Example of a Gas Turbine

Example of a Gas Turbine

Speed Control: Constant Load

Speed Control: Increased Load

z The actual speed is less

Speed Control: Decreased Load

Closing the Loop

Closing the Loop

z The governor functions the same as the car driver.

Early Mechanical Governor

Early Mechanical Governor

z In the governor, Actual Speed and the Desired Speed are

Simple Flyweight System

Simple Flyweight System

z F(a) = Actual Measure of the Centrifugal force = Actual Speed.

Flyweights and Pilot Valve

Pilot Valve Pilot

Pilot Valve Bushing and Porting

z Pilot Valve Bushings are

z Due to the deceleration and lag Prime Mover

decreasing the speed

change in load (fuel

3420 RPM (full load speed)

Generator Set Loaded to Utility Bus or Other Generator Sets Slide 34

100 RPM Mechanical Load

95 RPM 100 RPM - 95 RPM

100 RPM GEN SET

105 RPM - 100 RPM

Speed / Droop Calculation

Speed / Droop Calculation

Speed / Droop Calculation

Speed / Droop Calculation

Speed / Droop Calculation

Dashpot Compensated Governor

Dashpot Compensated Governor

z The dashpot compensated governor was the first governor

0% LOAD 50% LOAD 100%

Pressure Compensated Governor

Pressure Compensated Governor

Electronic Governor Basics

Review of Basic Governor Elements

z The part of an electronic governing system that converts the

Control Land Control Port

1.5 V RMS Gap

MPU Bracket Coil Pole Piece

z The voltage amplitude output is dependent on the air gap of the

MPU Generated Waveforms

MPU Generated Waveforms

z MPU Advances per turn:

MPU Frequency Calculation

Gear Speed(revolutions/min) = MPU Frequency(cycles/sec) x 60(sec/min)

For a 60 Tooth Gear:

Gear Speed(revolutions/min) = MPU Frequency(cycles/sec)