05 Chapter

CHAPTER 4
INTEGRATION

4.1 Indefinite Integral

Indefinite integral is a process of summation, or the inverse process of the differentiation. If
f(x) be any anti-derivative of F(x) then indefinite integral of F(x) is defined by
() () where is an arbitrary constant (called integrating constant)
where F(x) is called the anti-derivative function of f (x) or indefinite integral. F(x) is called
the integrand, dx is called the variable of integration.

Example 4.1-1: Prove that f(x)=[(
is an anti-derivative of
F(x) = 4
.
Solution:
We have, ()
[()
().

Example 4.1-2: Find the anti-derivative of ()

Solution:
()

()

Note that: By adding any constant C to the anti-derivative function f(x) the derivative does
not change i.e.,
() () is a general solution where C is an arbitrary constant.

Chapter 4
138

: Indefinite Integral

Table 4.1: Some Important formulae to be memorized:
Differentiation Integration
1
) ( )
()

3
( )

4
()
( )
( )

7
( )
8

10
(||
||
11

12

13
||
||
||
||
14
[ () () , then
[ ( ) ( )
( )
( )
15 If ()
[|()|
()
()

()
()
|()|
16
If
[()]
()
()

()
()
() .
Note: C is an arbitary constant.

Chapter 4
139


Example 4.1-3: (a) Evaluate (
)
(b) Evaluate ||
Solution:
(a) Using formula from Table 4.1
(

(b)
||
||

Example 4.1-4: Evaluate ( )

Solution:
( )

Example 4.1-5: Evaluate ( )

Solution:
( )
( )
( )

Example 4.1-6: Evaluate
( )

Solution:
Chapter 4
140


()

( )
( )
( )
( )

Example 4.1-7: Evaluate [(
( )

Solution: Using formulae from Table 4.1
[(
( )
()

()

Example 4.1-8: Evaulate

Solution: Using formula from Table 4.1
() f ' ()

||


Solution: ()

Example 4.1-10: Evaulate (
)


(


Chapter 4
141


4 3
2
2 2
1 1 1
3
x x
dx x dx c
x x x
+ | |
= + = +
|
\ .
} }

2
1
1
x
dx
x
+
}

Solution:

2 2 2
2 1
1 1 2 1
1 2 1 1
1
ln 1 tan
2
x x
dx dx dx
x x x
x x C
=
+ + +
= e + +
} } }

Rectilinear Motion (Motion of particle in straight line)
If ( )
dv
v a t
dt
' = = , then
1
( ) ( ) x t a t dt C = +
}
,
where v(t) is the velocity, a(t) is the acceleration and C
1
is an arbitrary constant that can be
obtained from the initial condition, i.e.
0
(0) (0) x v v ' = = .
If ( )
dv
x v t
dt
' = = , then
2
( ) ( ) x t v t dt C = +
}
,
where x(t) is the position function, v(t) is the velocity and C
2
is an arbitrary constant that can
be obtained from the initial condition, i.e.
0
(0) . x x =

In a typical situation, the following information is known:

a(t) = The particle acceleration from
Newton's second law.

x(0) = x
0
= initial position.

v(0) =v
0
= initial velocity.

Initial Position

Example 4.1-13: A particle starts from rest at the point x = 10 and moves along x-axis with
acceleration a(t) =20t . Find its resulting position function.
Solution ( ) ( ) 20
dv
v t a t t
dt
' = = = then

2
1 1 1
( ) ( ) 20 10 v t a t dt C tdt C t C = + = + = +
} }

Using the initial condition (0) 0, weget v =

2
1 1
0 0 0 10 C C v t = + = =

Chapter 4
142

: Sums and Sigma Notation

()
()

() ()

Using the initial condition x(0) = 15, we have

()

4.2 Sums and Sigma Notation:

The symbol
is used to abbreviate the sum of the n numbers x

1
, x
2
,x
3
, ..., x
n

i.e.

For examples:

()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()

Example 4.2-14: Write in summation notation: 1+3+ 5 + 7 + 9 +11++17 and compute the
sum.
Solution:

Example 4.2-15: Write in summation notation: 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 and
compute the sum.
Chapter 4
143

Solution:
()()

Example 4.2-16: Compute ( )

Solution: We have
( )
()
()( )
()()

Example 4.2-17: Compute (

Solution: We have
(
()
)
( )( )

Example 4.2-18: Compute the sum of the form
(
) ()

x=2.1,2.2 , 2.3, , 3.0; x = 0.1; n = 10.

( )
( )( )
0
( )

Theorem 4.2-1: If n is any positive integer and c is any constant, then

[

Theorem 4.2-2: For any constants c and d
Chapter 4
144

Solution: We have

(
) [(
) (
) (
) (
)

Then

(
) [() () () ()()
) (

([()
[()
[()
[()
)
= 0.54
Or, if
()() then

( ) ( )() ().
We have
(
) (
)()

[()
()

()
()
()

Example 4.2-19: Compute
()
.
Solution: We have
Chapter 4
145


()

()()

()

Example 4.2-20: Use the principle of mathematical induction to prove
( )

Solution: For
( )
()

Assume it is true for

( )

Now we will show that it is true for
( )
( )
( )
( )

( )

( )
( )
( )

.

Chapter 4
146

: Area
4-3 Area:
To estimate the area of the region S bounded by the continuous function f (x) 0 on the
interval [a, b] and above x-axis, we start with dividing the region S into n strips of equal
width
| |
1
andlet * ,
i i i
b a
x x x x
n
A = e as shown in the figure 4.3-1.

Figure 4.3-1

Then the area of the i
th
strip may be approximated by the rectangle with base x and height
( ) i
f x
-
, i.e.
( )
i
f x x
-
(
A

So the total area of the region S is approximated by sum of the areas
of these rectangles.
Approximate area,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
1
...
n
n i i
i
A A f x x f x x f x x f x x
- - - -
=
~ = A + A + + A = A

where , ( 1, 2,..., )
i
x i n
-
= are called evaluation points. We use the evaluation points
i i
x x a i x
-
= = + A for left endpoints (Figure 4.3-2 (a)),
1
( 1)
i i
x x a i x
-
= = + A for mid points

(Figure 4.3-2 (b)) and
1
1
( )
2 2
i i
i
x x
x a i x
-
+
= = + A for right end points (Figure 4.3-2 (c)).

Figure 4.3-2 (a) Figure 4.3-2 (b) Figure 4.3-2 (c)

Chapter 4
147

: Area
As n, x the sum will approach a finite number and the area of the region S is given
by

)

Example 4.3-21: Find the approximate area under the curve ()
on the interval
[0,1], for n=10 by using the evaluation rules of (a) Left endpoint, (b) midpoint, and (c) right
endpoint.
Solution:
)
( ) ( )

([( )

()
] ()

()
] ()
)
[( )
(

0(

()
] ()

Chapter 4
148

: Area
)

()

[()

()
()

Exact value:
(

Example 4.3-22: Find the approximate area under the curve ()
on the interval[,
using 10, 20, 40 = n Compute the exact area.

Solution: We have

Using the right endpoint, we will have,

[() () () ()()
( )()

Chapter 4
149

: Area
Or,
()

()
( )( )

Similarly for
()

()

For
.

.

The exact area

Since the exact area (i.e. n) does not depend on the evaluating points, then we will use
the right endpoints, i.e.
. For the above example

and (

Therefore, by the Theorem 4.2.1, we have

0(
1 (

Chapter 4
150

: Reimann Sum and Definite Integral
2
3
1
3
2
2
1
1 ( 1)(2 1)
6
( 1)(2 1)
.
6
1 1
1 2
( 1)(2 1) 1
lim lim lim .
6 6 3 6
n
i
n
n n n
i
n
n n n
n
n n
n
n n n n
A A
n
=

=
+ +
=
+ +
=
| | | |
+ +
| |
+ +
\ . \ .
= = = =

4-4 Reimann Sum and Definite Integral:

Figure 4.4-1
Definition: Riemann sum
Let ( ) f x be a function defined on the interval [a,b], and let{ }
0 1
, ,...,
n
x x x be a regular partition of
the interval [a,b], with
1 i i
b a
x x x
n
= A = , for all i. If{ }

1 2
, ,...,
n
C C C are the evaluation points
where | |
1
, ,
i i i
C x x
e then the Riemann sum for this partition and the set of evaluation points is
defined by
1
( ) .
n
n i
i
R f C x
=
= A

Definition: Definite Integral
For any function f(x) defined on the interval [a,b], the definite integral of f from a to b is given by
1
( ) lim lim ( )
n
b
n i
a
n n
i
A f x dx R f C x

=
= = = A
}

whenever the limit exist and is the same for any choice of evaluation points { }
1 2
, ,...,
n
C C C
The function f is called integrable on [a,b] if the limit exists.
Chapter 4
151

Notice that the difference x0, becoming differential dx. .The
i
c have become so crowded
together in the limit that we no longer think of a choppy selection of x values between a to
b . The symbol } an elongated S and was chosen because an integral is a limit of sum.

Summary:
In the problems that involve the accumulation of some quantity over an interval [a, b] (e.g.
area, distance), an approximate value can be obtained by partitioning the interval into
subintervals pertaining the rate on each subinterval is constant, then accumulation quantity is
given by Reimann sum.
Approximate value (accumulation quantity) =
1
( ) .
n
i
i
f x x
=
A

The exact value can be obtained by taking n, (i.e. x 0) which is known as the Integral
and is denoted by Exact value (accumulation quantity
Exact value (accumulation quantity) = ( ) .
b
a
f x dx
}

Note that:
The approximating area A under the curve ( ) 0 f x > froma to b is a special case of Riemann
sum and the exact area is the definite integral of ( ) f x from a to b( ) 0 . A>

Figure 4.4-2(a) Figure 4.4-2(b)

Chapter 4
152

If takes on both positive and negative as shown in the figure 4.4-3, the Reimann sum will
estimate the approximate net area [the area above x-axis (A
1
) - the area below x-axis (A
2
), and
the definite integral will calculate the exact net area (A
1
-A
2
).

The definite Integral = net area
1 2
( )
c
a
f x dx A A =
}

The total area will be the sum of absolute areas (|
| |
).

Figure 4.4-3

The total area = sum of the absolute areas. i.e.
1 2
( ) ( ) .
b c
a b
S A A f x dx f x dx = + = +
} }

Example 4.4-23: Using the limit of Riemann Sum, find the area under the curve
()
on the interval [1,3].

Solution: We have

2
1 2
( ) 2 2 [1, 3], , 1
i
i
f x x on x x
n n
= + A = = +

2
1
2 2
2 1 2
n
n
i
i
A
n n
=
(
| |
= + +
(
|
\ .
(

2
2
1
2 8 8
4
n
i
i i
n n n
=
| |
= + +
|
\ .

2
3 2
1 1
16 16 2
4
n n
i i
i i n
n n n
= =
= + +

3 2
16 ( 1)(2 1) 16 ( 1)
8
6 2
n n n n n
n n
+ + + | | | |
= + +
| |
\ . \ .

Chapter 4
153


0
( )( )
( )

Example 4.4-24: Using Riemann sum by choosing Right End Points with n=4, approximate

Solution: We have

( )

Example 4.4-25: Use Riemann sum to estimate
(
taking the evaluation points

to be right endpoints with n =6. Evaluate the integral.
Solution: We have given n=6

I = (
()

(
) [() () () () () ()()
[ ()
For exact, we may use the right endpoints, so

Figure 4.4-4

Chapter 4
154


then
(
0(
)1
) 0.
/ (
)1
()] {
.
( )
( )
)3

Note that:
Most often, we cannot compute the limit of Riemann sums. However, we can obtain an
approximation to the definite integral by calculating the Riemann sum for large values of n .
For example, if n = 40 , then (

Solution:
(

Chapter 4
155


0(
( )( )
()

( )( )
[
(
) (
]

The existence of definite integrals:
The function f (x) is integrable if it is a piecewise continuous function that has a finite number
of jump discontinuities (but not infinite discontinuities).

For example: If
() {

()

Figure 4.4-5
Chapter 4
156

Example4.4-27: Evaluate ()
() {

Solution: The given integral we can write
() () ()

Basic Rules of the definite integral:

Example 4.4-28: Compute
() () {

Solution: We have
()
()
()

.

1)
[() () ()
()
where c and d are constants

2) () () ()
where [
3) () ()

4) If () () , for all [ , then () ()

5) If () [ then ( ) () ( )

Figure 4.4-6
Chapter 4
157

: The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

2
1
. x dx

Solution:
||
||
||

1
2
1 2

5
2
.
Example 4.5-30: Using the property (5) estimate the value of
.
Solution: Since 1
1 3 for all 0,2, then

1 2 0
3 2 0 Then 2
6.

4-5 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:

The evaluation of the definite integral by using limit of Riemann sum is not easy to apply.
Fortunately, the definite integral can be evaluated by the anti-derivative function according to
the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

Proof:
Let interval [a,b] be divided into subinterval as follows.

and
so that

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part I:
If fx is continuous on the closed interval , , and is any anti-derivative of fx,
then

Chapter 4
158

Now we have by the Mean Value Theorem of Differential Calculus
(
) (
) (
) where
) (
) (
) where
) (
) (
) where
) (
) (
) where

Take the sum of each side separately, we get,
(
) (
) (
) (
) (
)
(
) () ()
()
Let
for i=1,2,... ... n

Since F is an antiderivative of f, F is differentiable on (a,b) and continuous on [a,b]. Now
from equation (1) we get,
() () (
) (

Taking limit both side as n then applying the definition of RiemaanSum

| |
1
( ) lim ( ) lim ( ) ( )
n
a
i
b n n
i
f x dx f Z x F b F a

=
= A =
[() ()
() ().

Example 4.5-31: Evaluate (

Solution:
(

0
()
()
1 [

Chapter 4
159


Solution:

( )

[
( )
,[()()
[()()


Solution:

[||

[|| ||


Solution:
()
()

Chapter 4
160


Example 4.5-35: Can we apply the fundamental theorem of calculus to compute

Justify your answer.
Solution: Yes. The given function is continuous on [-2,-1].

Example 4.5-36: If () (
) ()

find
()
Solution:

From the theorem we have,
()

Example 4.5-37: If
()

Compute
()
Solution: Let
then ()

then
()
() and

()
()
)

Example 4.5-38: If
()

Compute
() for x<0

Solution: The Fundamental Theorem applies only with variables in the upper limit, so first
rewrite the integral in the form
()
() ()()
()(

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part II:
If ()is continuous on the closed interval [ () ()
then, where is the

anti-derivative of f. i.e.,
() () on [ .
Chapter 4
161


Example 4.5-39: Find the equation of the tangent line for the function
() (

at
Solution: Let
then
() ()

[(
)()
[(
) ()

() [(
)()()

Then the equation of the tangent line at () (

with slope
()
()
()
So,
( )

Example 4.5-40: Find the equation of tangent line to the function
(
)
||

at the point

Solution:
(
)
||
() [(||)
||

() () (

The equation of tangent line is

( )

Example 4.5-41: Suppose that the downward velocity of a sky diver is given by
() (
) for the first 10 seconds of a jump. Compute the distance fallen.

Solution: ()
) Integrating from to we have

() |

(
) |

() () (
) (
)
Chapter 4
162

: Integration by Substitution
Since at () then
() (
)

Example 4.5-42: If a space shuttles downward acceleration is a(t) = 32ft/s
2
, find the
position function s(t) where initial velocity v(0) = 100ft/s
2
, and initial position s(0) =
100000ft.
Solution: Since () and v(0)=-100
o
, we have
()

()
, so that
()
() ( )

()

()

4-6 Integration by Substitution:
In many situations, we can not find the integration of many integrands. By using suitable
substitution of a new variable, the integrands can be reducible to the elementary form.


Solution: Let
, then the differential should change to the differential

through So, the integration with the new variable becomes

Example 4.6-44: Find

Solution:
()

let then
Chapter 4
163

So,


Solution:

let
then

So,
()


Solution:

()
()

let then
So,
| |

This method is working whenever the integrand function in the form
[()
() () where () and
()
The most common choice of u is the innermost expression (inside) term of a composition
functions. The main challenge in using Substitution Rule is to replace a relatively
complicated integral by a simpler integral. Finding the right substitution is a bit of art. If the
first guess doesn't work try another substitution.

Chapter 4
164

2
3xcos(x ) dx.
}

Solution: Let
2
u x = , then 2 du xdx =
( )
2 2
1 3 3
3 cos( ) 3 cos sin sin .
2 2 2
x x dx u du u C x C = = + = +
} }

In some simple cases we can eliminate the substitution step as ( ) u g x = and ( ) , du g x dx ' = by
recognizing that

i.e. the differential of ( ) g x is equal to the derivative of ( ) g x times the differential of x.
Any function taken after d should be integrated, and any function taken out of d should be
differentiated. Then

3
3sin cos x xdx
}

Solution: Let sin u x = then cos du xdx =
4
3 3 4
3 3
3sin cos 3 sin
4 4
u
x x dx u du C x C = = + = +
} }

Or,
3 3 4
3
3sin cos 3 sin sin sin .
4
x xdx xdx x x C = = +
} }

cos
.
x
dx
x
}

Solution: Let u x = , then
1
2
du dx
x
=
cos
2 cos 2sin 2sin .
x
dx u du u C x C
x
= = + = +
} }

1
tan
2
.
1
x
e
dx
x
+
}

Solution: Let
1
tan , u x
= then
2
1
1
du dx
x
=
+

1
tan
2
1
x
u
e
dx e du
x
=
+
} }

u
e C = +
Chapter 4
165

1
tan
.
x
e C
= +
Substitution in the Definite Integral:

Solution: Let
then
)

(

Solution:

(
)
(
)
]


Solution:
()
()
()


Solution:
()
()
||]
()

x 0 1
u 0 1

Chapter 4
166

EXERCISES 4

Evaluate the following integral:

1.
2. (
)
3.

4. (

5.
6.

7.

( )
8.

(
)
9.

10.

11.

12.

13.
14.
( )

15. 16. (
)

Use summation rules to compute the sum:
17. ( )
18. (

19. (

Compute the following limit of sum as n
20.
0(
)1

21.
[(
)]
.
Chapter 4
167

: Exercise 4
Compute sum of the form (
for:
22. ()
x=0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 1.0; x=0.2 and n=5

23. ()
x=2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, ..., 3.0; x=0.1 and n=10.

Using Riemann sum by choosing (a) Right end point, (b) left end point and (c) right mid
point. Approximate the following:
24.
[ 25. [
]
26.
[

Evaluate the definite following integral by computing the limit of Riemaan Sum:
27.
28.

29. (
30. (

Compute ()

31. () {

32. () {

Evaluate the definite following integral using Fundamental Theorem:
33. ( )
34. (

35.

Evaluate the following definite integrals:
36. (
37.

38.

39.

40.
41.

Chapter 4
168

: Exercise 4
42.

43.
( )

44.
45.

46.

47.

48.
49.

Using Principle of Mathematical Induction, prove that:
50.
( )( )

51.
( )

52.
( )
for all integers n

53. (
where c and d are constants.

54.

for constants a and r .

05 Chapter

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CHAPTER 4

is used to abbreviate the sum of the n numbers x

A = e as shown in the figure 4.3-1.

= = + A for mid points

. For the above example

= A = , for all i. If{ }

on the interval [1,3].

taking the evaluation points

where c and d are constants

1 3 for all 0,2, then

for i=1,2,... ... n

then, where is the

) for the first 10 seconds of a jump. Compute the distance fallen.

) Integrating from to we have

, then the differential should change to the differential

x=0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 1.0; x=0.2 and n=5

x=2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, ..., 3.0; x=0.1 and n=10.

for all integers n

where c and d are constants.

for constants a and r .

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