2014 Winter Olympics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Sochi Olympics) "2014 Olympics" redirects

here. For the Summer Youth Olympics held in Nanjing, C hina, see 2014 Summer Youth Olympics. Page semi-protected XXII Olympic Winter Games 2014 Winter Olympics logo.svg Host city Sochi, Russia Motto Hot. Cool. Yours.[1] (Russian: ??????. ??????. ????.) Nations participating 88 Athletes participating 2,800+ (estimated) Events 98 in 7 sports (15 disciplines) Opening ceremony 7 February Closing ceremony 23 February Officially opened by Vladimir Putin Athlete's Oath Ruslan Zakharov[2] Judge's Oath Vyacheslav Vedenin Coach's Oath Anastasia Popkova [2] Olympic Torch Vladislav Tretiak Irina Rodnina Stadium Fisht Olympic Stadium Olympic rings Part of a series on 2014 Winter Olympics[show] The 2014 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXII Olympic Winter Games (Fre nch: Les XXIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver), is a major international multi-sport e vent being held in Sochi, Russia in the tradition of the Winter Olympic Games. S cheduled for 723 February 2014, opening rounds in certain events were held on the eve of the Opening Ceremony, 6 February 2014. Both the Olympics and 2014 Winter Paralympics are being organized by the Sochi Organizing Committee (SOC). Sochi was selected as the host city in July 2007, during the 119th IOC Session held in Guatemala City. It is the first Olympics in Russia since the breakup of the USS R in 1991. The USSR was the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. A total of 98 events in 15 winter sport disciplines are being held during the Ga mes. A number of new competitionsa total of 12 accounting for genderare being held during the Games, including biathlon mixed relay, women's ski jumping, mixed-te am figure skating, mixed-team luge, half-pipe skiing, ski and snowboard slopesty le, and snowboard parallel slalom. The events are being held around two clusters of new venues; an Olympic Park constructed in Sochi's Imeretinsky Valley on the coast of the Black Sea, with Fisht Olympic Stadium and the Games' indoor venues located within walking distance, and snow events in the resort settlement of Kr asnaya Polyana. In preparation, organizers focused on modernizing the telecommunications, electr ic power, and transportation infrastructures of the region. While originally bud geted at US$12 billion, various factors caused the budget to expand to over US$5 1 billion, surpassing the estimated $44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing as the most expensive Olympics in history. The lead-up to the 2014 Games was marked by major controversies, including alleg ations of corruption leading to the aforementioned cost overruns, concerns for t he safety and human rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) athl etes and supporters during the Games due to the country's recent anti-LGBT polic ies, which led to ongoing Olympic-focussed protests of the laws and its effects, protests by ethnic Circassian activists over the site of Sochi (the site of wha t they consider to be a genocide) and various security concerns over threats by jihadist groups tied to the insurgency in the North Caucasus. Contents [hide] 1 Bidding process 2 Financing

3 Venues 3.1 Sochi Olympic Park (Coastal Cluster) 3.2 Krasnaya Polyana (Mountain Cluster) 3.3 Tentative post-Olympic usage 4 Marketing 4.1 Logo and branding 4.2 Mascots 4.3 Video game 4.4 Stamps and coins 5 Construction 5.1 Telecommunications 5.2 Power infrastructure 5.3 Transportation 5.4 Other infrastructure 6 The Games 6.1 Torch relay 6.2 Opening ceremony 6.3 Participating National Olympic Committees 6.3.1 National houses 6.4 Sports 7 Medals 7.1 Medal table 8 Calendar 9 Security 9.1 Measures 9.2 Incidents and threats 10 Media 10.1 Broadcasting rights 10.2 Filming 11 Sponsors 12 Concerns and controversies 12.1 LGBT rights 12.2 Circassian concerns 12.3 Budget and infrastructure issues 13 Notes and references 14 External links Bidding process Main article: Bids for the 2014 Winter Olympics Fans celebrate in Sochi after learning that Sochi had won the bid to host the 20 14 Winter Olympics. Sochi was elected on 4 July 2007 during the 119th International Olympic Committe e (IOC) session held in Guatemala City, Guatemala, defeating bids from Salzburg, Austria, and Pyeongchang, South Korea.[3] This is the first time that the Russi an Federation has hosted the Winter Olympics. The Soviet Union was the host of t he 1980 Summer Olympics held in and around Moscow. 2014 host city election ballot results City Country (NOC) Round 1 Round 2 Sochi Russia 34 51 Pyeongchang South Korea 36 47 Salzburg Austria 25 Financing Funds approved from 2006 until 2014 Year Billions of rubles[4] 2006 5 2007 16

2008 32 2009 27 2010 22 2011 27 2012 26 2013 22 2014 8 As of October 2013, the estimated combined cost of the 2014 Winter Olympics had topped US$51 billion.[5] This amount includes the 214 billion rubles (US$ 6.5 bi llion) cost for Olympic games themselves and cost of Sochi infrastructural proje cts (roads, railroads, power plants). This total, if borne out, would be over fo ur times the initial budget of $12 billion (compared to the $8 billion spent for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver), and would make the Sochi games the most expensive Olympics in history, exceeding the estimated $44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing,[6] which hosted 3 times as many events.[7] According to Sochi 2014 Olympic and Paralympic Organizing Committee President an d CEO Dmitry Chernyshenko, partnership and commercial programs allowed the use o f funds generated by Sochi 2014 for the 200910 development period, postponing the need for the state funds guaranteed by the Russian Government. He confirmed tha t the Organizing Committee had raised more than $500 million through marketing i n the first five months of 2009.[8] The Russian Government provided nearly 327 b illion rubles (about US$10 billion) for the total development, expansion and hos ting of the Games.[9] 192 billion rubles (US$6 billion) coming from the federal budget and 7 billion rubles (US$218 million) from the Krasnodar Krai budget and from the Sochi budget. The organizers expect to have a surplus of US$300 million when the Games conclude.[10] Financing from non-budget sources (including private investor funds) is distribu ted as follows:[11] Tourist infrastructure: $2.6 billion Olympic venues: $500 million Transport infrastructure: $270 million Power supply infrastructure: $100 million Venues Main article: Venues of the 2014 Winter Olympics Sochi (Afro-Eurasia2) Sochi Sochi Location of Sochi on the eastern coast of the Black Sea. With an average February temperature of 8.3 C (42.8 F) and a humid subtropical cli mate, Sochi is the warmest city to host a Winter Olympic Games.[12] Sochi 2014 i s the 12th straight Olympics to outlaw smoking; all Sochi venues, Olympic Park b ars and restaurants and public areas are smoke-free during the Games.[13] It is also the first time that an Olympic Park has been built for hosting a winter gam es. Sochi Olympic Park (Coastal Cluster) The Sochi Olympic Park was built by the Black Sea coast in the Imeretin Valley, about 4 km (2.5 miles) from Russia's border with Georgia.[14][15] The venues are clustered around a central water basin on which the Medals Plaza is built, allo wing all indoor venues to be within walking distance. The new venues include:[16 ] Fisht Olympic Stadium ceremonies (opening/closing) 40,000 spectators Bolshoy Ice Dome ice hockey (final), 12,000 spectators Shayba Arena ice hockey, 7,000 spectators Adler Arena Skating Center speed skating, 8,000 spectators Iceberg Skating Palace figure skating, short track speed skating, 12,000 spectat ors Ice Cube Curling Center curling, 3,000 spectators Main Olympic village International broadcasting centre and main press room

A sketch of the layout of Sochi Olympic Park. Krasnaya Polyana (Mountain Cluster) Ski resort of Roza Khutor at Krasnaya Polyana. Main article: Krasnaya Polyana, Sochi, Krasnodar Krai Laura Biathlon & Ski Complex Biathlon, Cross-country skiing Rosa Khutor Extreme Park Freestyle skiing and Snowboarding Rosa Khutor Alpine Resort Alpine skiing Sliding Center Sanki Bobsleigh, Luge and Skeleton RusSki Gorki Jumping Center Ski jumping and Nordic combined (both ski jumping an d cross-country skiing on a 2 km route around the arena) Rosa Khutor Plateau Olympic Village 2014 Winter Olympics Mountain Cluster Venues Tentative post-Olympic usage After the Olympics, a Formula One street circuit is planned for the site. The de al to hold the Russian Grand Prix was signed on 14 October 2010, and runs from 2 014 to 2020.[17] The first race will take place after the Closing Ceremony of th e Games, and the IOC has announced that the race will be delayed until 2015 if c onstruction of the circuit interferes with preparations for the 2014 Olympics.[1 8] Marketing

The Soyuz rocket with the logo of the Sochi Olympics. Logo and branding The emblem of the 2014 Winter Olympics, unveiled in December 2009, carries a min imalistic style, and unlike previous Olympic emblems, consists of typefaces with no drawn elements at all. While more elaborate designs with influence from Khok hloma were considered, organizers eventually decided to use a simpler and more " futuristic" design instead. The "Sochi" and "2014" lettering is designed to mirr or each other vertically (particularly on the "hi" and "14" characters), "reflec ting" the contrasts of Russia's landscape (such as Sochi itself, a meeting point between the Black Sea and the Western Caucasus).[19] Critics, including Russian bloggers, panned the logo for being too simplistic and lacking any real symboli sm; Guo Chunning, designer of the 2008 Summer Olympics emblem Dancing Beijing, c riticized the logo for its lack of detail, and believed it should have contained more elements that represented winter and Russia's national identity, aside fro m its blue color scheme and its use of .ru, the top-level domain of Russia.[19] The Games' official slogan, "Hot.Cool.Yours." ("??????.??????.????." in Russian) was unveiled on September 25, 2012 to mark the 500-day milestone before the Ope ning Ceremony. Presenting the slogan, SOC president Dmitry Chernyshenko explaine d that it represented the "passion" of the Games' athletes, the climate of Sochi itself, and a sense of inclusion and belonging. The Russian-language version of the slogan uses words that can be translated as "heated" and "wintry", a more a ccurate reflection of Chernyshenko's explanation than the simpler terms used by the English slogan, which is intended to emphasize the "hot" coastal climate and "cool" mountain climate of the Games.[20][21] Mascots Main article: 2014 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games mascots Postage stamps depicting the three Olympic mascots. For the first time in Olympic history, a public vote was held to decide the masc ots for the 2014 Winter Olympics; the 10 finalists, along with the results, were

unveiled during live specials on Channel One. On 26 February 2011, the official mascots were unveiled, consisting of a polar bear, a snow hare, and an snow leo pard. The initial rounds consisted of online voting among submissions, while the final round involved text messaging.[22][23][24] A satirical mascot known as Zoich (its name being an interpretation of the styli zed "2014" lettering from the Games' emblem as a cyrillic word), a fuzzy blue fr og with hypnotic multi-coloured rings (sharing the colors of the Olympic rings) on his eyeballs and the Imperial Crown ("to remind about statehood and spiritual ity"), proved popular in initial rounds of online voting, and became a local int ernet meme among Russians (with some comparing it to Futurama's "Hypnotoad"). De spite its popularity, Zoich did not qualify for the final round of voting, with its creator, political cartoonist Egor Zhgun, claiming that organizers were refu sing to respect public opinion. However, it was later revealed that Zoich was de liberately planted by organizers to help virally promote the online mascot vote. [24][25] Video game The official Olympic video game is the fourth game in the Mario & Sonic series, Mario & Sonic at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games. It was released by Nintend o for the Wii U on 8 November 2013 in Europe, and 15 November 2013 in North Amer ica.[26] Others are Sochi 2014: Ski Slopestyle Challenge for Android operating s ystem and Sochi 2014: Olympic Games Resort for online social network Facebook.[2 7] Stamps and coins In commemoration of the Games, Russian Post released a series of postage stamps depicting athletes, venues, and the mascots of the Games. The Bank of Russia als o issued special coins and 100-ruble notes for the Games.[28] Construction

Vladimir Putin with George W. Bush and Laura Bush examining the models of the Ol ympic facilities for Sochi, April 2008. 100 Russian ruble banknote issued in 2013 by the Central Bank of Russia. The Olympic infrastructure is being constructed according to a Federal Target Pr ogram (FTP). In June 2009 the Games' organizers reported they are one year ahead in building the main Olympic facilities as compared to recent Olympic Games.[29 ] In November 2011 IOC President Jacques Rogge was in Sochi and concluded that t he city has made significant progress since he last visited eighteen months earl ier.[30] Telecommunications See also: Telecommunications in Russia According to the FTP, US$580 million would be spent on construction and moderniz ation of telecommunications in the region. Avaya was named by the Sochi Organizi ng Committee as the official supplier of telecommunications equipment. Avaya pro vides the data network equipment, including switches, routers, security, telepho nes and contact-center systems. It provides engineers and technicians to design and test the systems, and works with other technology partners to provide athlet es, dignitaries and fans information about the Games.[31][32] The 2014 Olympics is the first "fabric-enabled" Games using Shortest Path Bridgi ng (SPB) technology.[33] The network is capable of handling up to 54,000 Gbit/s (54 Tbit/s) of traffic.[34] Infrastructure built for the games included: A network of TETRA mobile radio communications for 100 user groups (with capacit y of 10,000 subscribers) 712 km (442 mi) of fiber-optic cables along the Anapa-Dzhubga-Sochi highways and DzhubgaKrasnodar branch Digital broadcasting infrastructure, including radio and television broadcasting stations (building and communications towers) with coverage from Grushevaya Pol

yana (Pear Glade) to Sochi and Anapa cities. The project also includes construct ion of infocommunications centre for broadcasting abroad via three HDTV satellit es. During the Games, the core networks of Rostelecom and Transtelekom are used.[35] In January 2012, the newest equipment for the television coverage of the Games a rrived in the port of Adler. Prepared specifically for the Games, a team of regi onal specialists and the latest technology provide a qualitatively new level of television production in the region.[36] The fiber-optic channel links Sochi between Adler and Krasnaya Polyana. The 46-k ilometre-long (29 mi) channel enables videoconferencing and news reporting from the Olympics.[37] In November 2013, it was reported that the fiber-optic cable that was built by t he Federal Communications Agency, Rossvyaz, had no operator. With Rostelecom and Megafon both refusing to operate it, the line was transferred to the ownership of the state enterprise Center of the IT world (Russian: ????? ??? ??).[38] Russian mobile phone operator Megafon expanded and improved Sochi's telecom infr astructure with over 700 new 2G/3G/4G cell towers. Sochi is the first Games to o ffer 4G connectivity at a speed of 10 MB/sec. It has started to provide content delivery services to Russian state television and radio. The content delivery ne twork of Megafon unites servers located in the major cities of Russia, into a si ngle infrastructure that can speed up information from the Internet for users. C DN service allows major media companies to provide users quick access to content without interruption and delays when transferring large amounts of data. The Ru ssian segment of the bandwidth of the CDN- network of MegaFon is about 250 Gbit/ s.[39] MTS provide full coverage of the Sochi and the Krasnodar Territory, with network capacity doubled. In preparation for the Olympics, Tele2 Russia increased the n umber of base stations in Sochi and Krasnaya Polyana by 15% and the network capa city up to 70%, and provides 100% coverage of the Olympic facilities in the moun tain cluster.[40] Rostelecom also built LTE 4th generation network. It covers an area of 40 km2 (1 5 sq mi) in the mountains and 50 km2 in the coastal clusters. The 4th generation is available in all major Olympic venues in the Imereti lowland and mountain cl uster, as well as Sochi airport and in the Olympic Park.[41] The Russian Ministr y of Communications, together with mobile operators organized internetwork roami ng at Olympic venues. This measure allows subscribers access to the largest Russ ian operators at their standard fare to use the network of MegaFon, which has th e exclusive right to work at Olympic venues. Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network (RTRS), the state operator of Russia's extensive broadcasting infrastructure, commissioned three mobile digita l television broadcasting complexes. Mobile systems can broadcast a signal to a radius of about 30 km (19 miles), depending on terrain. They are used as a backu p transmitter, two multiplexes and two FM-radio stations in the event of a fault or power failure in fixed installations, as well as for the organization of vid eo play-out.[42] On 11 December 2013 Rostelecom said it had completed its infrastructure for the games. The transport component of the infrastructure includes about 500 kilometr es (310 miles) of fiber-optic communication lines linking 35 facilities. The mai n network's capacity has been increased to 140 Gbit/sec. The Olympic Information Technology Center was the core of the project, the largest IT facility for Soch i with an area of more than 2,000 square metres (0.5 acre). The Center is aimed to process information flows, manage the Games' united network and integrate spe cial solutions for each sport.[43] In January 2014, Rostelecom reported that it had connected the Olympic media cen ter in Sochi to the Internet and organized channels of communication with the ma in media center of the Olympic Games in the coastal cluster and press center in Moscow. The media center was built at total cost of 17 million rubles.[44][45] Power infrastructure

Night view of Sochi during the Olympics, taken by Expedition 38 members from the International Space Station A five-year strategy for increasing the power supply of the Sochi region was pre sented by Russian energy experts during a seminar on 29 May 2009, held by the So chi 2014 Organizing Committee, and attended by International Olympic Committee ( IOC) experts and officials from the Russian Ministry of Regional Development, th e Russian Ministry of Energy, the State Corporation Olimpstroy and the Krasnodar Krai administration.[46] According to the strategy, the capacity of the regional energy network increase by two and a half times by 2014, guaranteeing stable power supply during and aft er the Games. Power demand of Sochi in the end of May 2009 was 424 MW. Power demand of the Oly mpic infrastructure is expected to be about 340 MW. Poselkovaya electrical substation became operational in early 2009 Sochi thermal power station is being reconstructed (expected power output is 160 MW) Laura and Rosa Khutor electrical substations were completed in November 2010 Mzymta electrical substation was completed in March 2011 Krasnopolyanskaya hydroelectric power station was completed in 2010 Adler CHP station design and construction was completed in 2012. Expected power output is 360 MW[47] Bytkha substation, under construction with two transformers 25 MW each, includes dependable microprocessor-based protection Earlier plans also include building combined cycle (steam and gas) power station s near the cities of Tuapse and Novorossiysk and construction of a cable-wire po werline, partially on the floor of the Black Sea.[48] President Putin had instructed Alexander Novak, the country's Energy Minister to exert strict control over the energy system of Sochi to prevent possible power failures during the games. Sochi's electricity distribution network included 900 kilometres (560 mi) of cables and overhead transmission lines, as well as 500 s ubstations.[49] Transportation See also: Transport in Russia A "Lastochka" train, which serves the TuapseSochi route. The transport infrastructure prepared to support the Olympics includes many road s, tunnels, bridges, interchanges, railroads and stations in and around Sochi. A mong others, 8 flyovers, 102 bridges, tens of tunnels and a bypass route for hea vy trucks 367 km (228 miles) of roads were paved.[50] The Sochi Light Metro is located between Adler and Krasnaya Polyana connecting t he Olympic Park, the airport, and the venues in Krasnaya Polyana.[51] The transport system serving the 2014 Winter Olympics. The existing 102 km (63-mile), Tuapse-to-Adler railroad was renovated to provide double track throughout, increasing capacity and enabling a reliable regional s ervice to be provided and extending to the airport. In December 2009 Russian Rai lways ordered 38 Siemens Mobility Desiro trains for delivery in 2013 for use dur ing the Olympics, with an option for a further 16 which would be partly built in Russia.[52] Russian Railways established a high-speed Moscow-Adler link and a new railroad ( more than 60 kilometres or 37 miles long) passing by the territory of Ukraine.[5 3] At the Sochi airport, a new terminal had been built along a 3.5 km (2.2-mile) ru nway extension, possibly overlapping Mzymta River.[54] Backup airports were buil t in Gelendzhik, Mineralnye Vody and Krasnodar by 2009.[55] A new railway line w as built to connect central Sochi and the local airport. The line is served by L astochka trains; a new type of electric locomotive, based on the Siemens Desiro design, eveloped for commuting in the Russian environment. All Russian Railways

facilities in Sochi have been built or retrofitted to accommodate disabled passe ngers. Sochi seaport. At the Port of Sochi, a new offshore terminal 1.5 km (0.93 mi) from the shore al lows docking for cruise ships with capacities of 3,000 passengers.[56] The cargo terminal of the seaport is to be moved from the centre of Sochi. Roadways have been detoured, some going around the construction site and others being cut off.[57] In May 2009, Russian Railways started the construction of tunnel complex No. 1 ( the final total is six) on the combined road (automobile and railway) from Adler to Alpica Service Mountain Resort in the Krasnaya Polyana region. The tunnel co mplex No. 1 is located near Akhshtyr in Adlersky City District, and includes:[58 ] Escape tunnel, 2.25 kilometres (1.40 mi), completed in 2010 Road tunnel, 2,153 metres (7,064 ft), completed in 2013 One-track railway tunnel, 2,473 metres (8,114 ft), completed in 2013 Russian Railways president Vladimir Yakunin said the road construction would cos t more than 200 billion rubles.[59] In addition, Sochi's railway stations were renovated. These are Dagomys, Sochi, Matsesta, Khosta, Lazarevskaya, and Loo railway stations. In Adler, a new railwa y station was built while the original building was preserved, and in the Olympi c park cluster, a new station was built from scratch, the Olympic Park railway s tation. Another new railway station was built in Estosadok, close to Krasnaya Po lyana. New bus routes for the guests of the Olympics have begun operating in the city, stretching some 150 kilometres (93 mi) along the Black Sea coast. The buses run with 5-minute intervals during the Games. Some 963 operate during the Olympics, while half of all the transport facilities will be used during the Paralympics. The guests will be able to board buses at transportation hubs, located near the railway station in the centre of Sochi and also in Matsesta, Khosta, and Adler n eighborhoods, as well as in Krasnaya Polyana, Estosadok, Rosa Khutor Alpine Cent er, and near the Sliding Center Sanki.[60] Other infrastructure Funds were spent on the construction of hotels for 10,300 guests.[61] The first of the Olympic hotels, Zvezdny (Stellar), is rebuilt anew.[62] Significant funds were spent on the construction of an advanced sewage treatment system in Sochi, designed by Olimpstroy. The system meets BREF standards and employs top availab le technologies for environment protection, including tertiary treatment with mi crofiltration.[63] Six post offices were opened at competition venues, two of them in the main medi a centre in Olympic Park and in the mountain village of Estosadok. In addition t o standard services, clients have access to unique services including two new pr oducts: "Fotomarka" and "Retropismo". Fotomarka gives the opportunity to get a s tylized post block with eight souvenir stamps with one's own photos, using the s ervices of a photographer in the office. Retropismo service gives the customer t o write their own stylus or pen on antique paper with further letters, winding s tring and wax seal affixing. All new postal items and Post Offices in Sochi will be working during the Olympics until late at night all week, and workers were t rained to speak English.[64] The Games Torch relay Main article: 2014 Winter Olympics torch relay File:2014 Winter Olympics torch relay (Moscow).ogv Torch relay in Moscow. The torch relay lasted 123 days and measured over 64,000 kilometres (40,000 mi) in length, excluding Earth orbits in space. A total of 14,000 torch carriers too

k part in the relay. The Olympic flame was taken to the Caucasus' tallest peak Mou nt Elbrus, lowered to the bottom of Lake Baikal, and visited the North Pole and the International Space Station.[50] On 29 September 2013, the Olympic torch was lit in Ancient Olympia, beginning a seven-day journey across Greece and on to Russia, then the torch relay started a t Moscow on 7 October 2013 before passing 83 Russian cities and arriving at Soch i on the day of the opening ceremony, 7 February 2014.[65] It is the longest tor ch relay in Olympic history, a 40,000-mile route that passes through all regions of the country, from Kaliningrad in the west to Chukotka in the east. The Olympic torch reached the North Pole for first time via a nuclear-powered ic ebreaker (50 Let Pobedy). The torch was also passed for the first time in space; the flame was carried on flight Soyuz TMA-11M to the International Space Statio n (ISS), and the spacecraft itself was adorned with Olympic-themed livery, inclu ding the Games' emblem. Russian cosmonauts Oleg Kotov and Sergey Ryazansky passe d the torch at the outlet of the ISS. The torch returned to Earth five days late r on board Soyuz TMA-09M.[66][67] The torch also reached the Europe's highest mo untain Mount Elbrus, and even the depths of Siberia's Lake Baikal.[68] Opening ceremony Fireworks over Fisht Olympic Stadium following the lighting of the Olympic Cauld ron. Main articles: 2014 Winter Olympics opening ceremony and 2014 Winter Olympics Pa rade of Nations The opening ceremony took place on February 7, 2014. More than 3,000 people from artistic groups participated in dance, ballet, acrobatic and circus performance s during the opening ceremony which was watched by a 40,000 strong audience at S ochi's Fisht Olympic Stadium. Figure skater Irina Rodnina and ice hockey player Vladislav Tretiak lit the torc h.[69] Participating National Olympic Committees A record 88 nations qualified to compete,[70] which beat the previous record of 82 set at the previous Winter Olympics in Vancouver. The number of athletes who qualified per country is listed below . Seven nations, Dominica, Malta, Paraguay , Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, and Zimbabwe, are making their Winter Olympics debut .[71] Kristina Krone qualified to compete in her second consecutive games for Puerto R ico, but the island's Olympic Committee chose not to send her to compete again a s they did in 2010.[72] Similarly, South Africa decided not to send alpine skier Sive Speelman to Sochi.[73] Algeria also did not enter its only qualified athle te, Mehdi-Selim Khelifi.[74] The participating nations at the Winter Olympics 2014 in Sochi: Countries debuting in the Winter Olympics Not debuting, participant nations [hide]Participating National Olympic Committees (number of qualifying athletes) Albania (2) Andorra (6) Argentina (7) Armenia (4) Australia (61) Austria (130) Azerbaijan (4) Belarus (24) Belgium (7) Bermuda (1) Bosnia and Herzegovina (5) Brazil (13) British Virgin Islands (1)

Bulgaria (18) Canada (221) Cayman Islands (1) Chile (6) China (66) Croatia (11) Cyprus (2) Czech Republic (85) Denmark (12) Dominica (2) Estonia (24) Finland (103) France (105) Georgia (4) Germany (153) Great Britain (56) Greece (7) Hong Kong (1) Hungary (16) Iceland (5) India (3)[a] Iran (5) Ireland (5) Israel (5) Italy (113) Jamaica (2) Japan (113) Kazakhstan (52) South Korea (71) Kyrgyzstan (1) Latvia (58) Lebanon (2) Liechtenstein (4) Lithuania (9) Luxembourg (1) Macedonia (3) Malta (1) Mexico (1) Moldova (4) Monaco (5) Mongolia (2) Montenegro (2) Morocco (2) Nepal (1) Netherlands (41) New Zealand (15) Norway (134) Pakistan (1) Paraguay (1) Peru (3) Philippines (1) Poland (59) Portugal (2) Romania (24) Russia (226) San Marino (2) Serbia (8) Slovakia (62) Slovenia (66) Spain (20)

Sweden (106) Switzerland (168) Chinese Taipei (3) Tajikistan (1) Thailand (2) Timor-Leste (1) Togo (2) Tonga (1) Turkey (6) Ukraine (43) United States (230) Uzbekistan (3) Venezuela (1) Virgin Islands (1) Zimbabwe (1) Countries that participated in 2010, but not 2014. Countries that are parti cipating in 2014, but did not in 2010. Algeria Colombia Ethiopia Ghana North Korea Senegal South Africa British Virgin Islands Dominica Luxembourg Malta Paraguay Philippines Thailand Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Venezuela Virgin Islands Zimbabwe a India's athletes originally competed as Independent Olympic Participants and marched under the Olympic flag during the opening ceremony, as India was origina lly suspended in December 2012 over the election process of the Indian Olympic A ssociation.[75] On 11 February, the Indian Olympic Association was reinstated an d India's athletes were allowed the option to compete under their own flag from that that time onward.[76] National houses During the Games some countries will have a national house, a meeting places for supporters, athletes and other followers.[77] Houses can be either free for vis itors to access or they can have limited access by invitation only.[78] Nation Location Name Website Austria Mountain Cluster Austria Tirol House Official website Canada[79] Coastal Cluster (Next to Fisht Olympic Stadium) Canada House China[80] Zhemchuzhina hotel China House Czech Republic[81] Adler Czech House France[82] Gornaya Karusel (Mountain Cluster) Club France Official website Germany[83] Estosadok, Krasnaya Polyana (Mountain Cluster) German House Official website Italy[84] Olympic Park (Coastal Cluster) Italy House Official website Japan[78] Olympic Park (Coastal Cluster) Japan House Latvia[85] Radisson Hotel Latvian House Netherlands[86] Azimut Hotel Resort (near Coastal Cluster) Holland Heineken House Official website

Russia[78] Olympic Park (Coastal Cluster) NOC Hospitality Houses of Russia Slovakia[87] Sochi railway station Slovak Point South Korea[78] Olympic Park (Coastal Cluster) Pyeongchang 2018 Korea H ouse (no official) Switzerland[78] Olympic Park (Coastal Cluster) House of Switzerland Official website United States[88] Olympic Park (Coastal Cluster) USA House Sports 98 events over 15 disciplines in 7 sports were included in the 2014 Winter Olymp ics. The three skating sports disciplines are figure skating, speed skating, and short track speed skating. There are six skiing sport disciplinesalpine, cross-c ountry skiing, freestyle, Nordic combined, ski jumping and snowboarding. The two bobsleigh sports disciplines are bobsleigh and skeleton. The other four sports are biathlon, curling, ice hockey, and luge. A total of twelve new events are co ntested to make it the largest Winter Olympics to date.[89][90] Numbers in paren theses indicate the number of medal events contested in each sports discipline. Alpine skiing (10) (details) Biathlon (11) (details) Bobsleigh (3) (details) Cross-country skiing (12) (details) Curling (2) (details) Figure skating (5) (details) Freestyle skiing (10) (details) Ice hockey (2) (details) Luge (4) (details) Nordic combined (3) (details) Short track speed skating (8) (details) Skeleton (2) (details) Ski jumping (4) (details) Snowboarding (10) (details) Speed skating (12) (details) Postage stamps of Pridnestrovie, Sochi Olympic Games (2014). On 6 April 2011, the IOC accepted a number of events that were submitted by thei r respective sports federations to be considered for inclusion into the official program of these Olympic Games.[91] The events include: Figure skating team event Women's ski jumping Mixed relay biathlon Ski half-pipe Team relay luge On 4 July 2011 the IOC announced that three events would be added to the program .[92] These events were officially declared by Olympic Committee President Jacqu es Rogge on 5 July 2011.[90] Ski slopestyle Snowboard slopestyle Snowboard parallel special slalom Team alpine skiing was presented as a candidate for inclusion in the Olympic pro gram but the Executive board of the IOC rejected this proposal. The Internationa l Ski Federation persisted with the nomination and this was considered.[93] Ther e were reports of Bandy possibly being added to the sports program,[94][95][96] but the IOC rejected this request. Subsequently, the international governing bod y, Federation of International Bandy, decided to that Irkutsk and Shelekhov in R ussia, would host the 2014 Bandy World Championships just before the Olympics. On 28 November 2006, the Executive Board of the IOC decided not to include the f ollowing sports in the review process of the program.[97] Ski mountaineering[98] Ski-orienteering[99] Winter triathlon[97]

Medals Main article: List of 2014 Winter Olympics medal winners Sochi's medal design was unveiled in May 2013. The design is intended to resembl e Sochi's landscape, with a semi-translucent section containing a "patchwork qui lt" of diamonds representing mountains; the diamonds themselves contain designs that reflect Russia's regions.[100] Those who win gold medals on 15 February wil l receive special medals with fragments of the Chelyabinsk meteor, marking the o ne-year anniversary of the event where pieces of the cosmic body fell into the C hebarkul Lake in the Ural Mountains in central Russia.[101] Medal table Main article: 2014 Winter Olympics medal table Key * Host nation (Russia) Rank NOC Gold Silver Bronze Total 1 Germany (GER) 7 2 1 10 2 Switzerland (SUI) 5 1 1 7 3 Canada (CAN) 4 5 2 11 4 Norway (NOR) 4 3 6 13 United States (USA) 4 3 6 13 6 Netherlands (NED) 4 3 5 12 7 Belarus (BLR) 3 0 1 4 8 Russia (RUS)* 2 5 5 12 9 China (CHN) 2 2 0 4 10 France (FRA) 2 0 2 4 1125 Remaining NOCs 8 19 15 42 Total 45 43 44 132 Calendar Main article: Chronological summary of the 2014 Winter Olympics In the following calendar each blue box represents one or more event competition (s), such as a qualification round, on that day. The yellow boxes represent meda l-awarding finals for a sport with in each box the number of finals that were co ntested on that day.[102] All dates are MSK (UTC+4) OC Opening ceremony ? Event competitions 1 Event fi nals EG Exhibition gala CC Closing ceremony February 6th Thu 7th Fri 8th Sat 9th Sun 10th Mon 11th Tue 12th Wed 13th Thu 14th Fri 15th Sat 16th Sun 17th Mon 18th Tue 19th Wed 20th Thu 21st Fri 22nd Sat 23rd Sun Events Ceremonies OC CC Alpine skiing 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

10 Biathlon 1 1 1 11 Bobsleigh ? 1 ? 1 Cross-country skiing 1 1 1 1 1 12 Curling ? ? ? ? 2 Figure skating ? 1 ? 1 5 Freestyle skiing ? 1 1 10 Ice hockey ? ? ? ? 2 Luge ? 4 Nordic combined 1 1 Short track speed skating 1 2 8 Skeleton 1 1 2 Ski jumping ? 1 1 4 Snowboarding ? 1 1 2 Speed skating 1 1 1 Total events 6 7 5 6 98 Cumulative total 38 44 51 56 98 February 6th Thu 7th Fri 8th Sat 9th Sun 10th Mon 11th Tue 12th Wed 13th Thu 14th Fri 15th Sat 16th Sun 17th Mon 18th Tue 19th Wed 20th Thu 21st

1 1

1 1 1

1 1 3 2 1 ? 1 EG 1 1 ? ? 1 1 ? 1 ? ?

? 1 2 ? 1 1

? ?

? 1 ? 1 1 ? ? ?

? 1 ? 1 2

1 ? ? 1

? 1 1 3

? ? 1

1 3 ?

? 1 1 1 5 5 62

1 1 1 8 8 5 67 2 1 ? 5 6 13 75

1 1 1 2 8 7 18 81 1 10 1 6 7 26 88

1 12 6 3 32 95

Fri 22nd Sat 23rd Sun Events Security Measures Security during the Games will is being handled by over 40,000 law enforcement o fficials, including police and the Russian Armed Forces.[103][104] A Presidentia l Decree signed by President Vladimir Putin took effect on 7 January, requiring that any protests and demonstrations in Sochi and the surrounding area through 2 1 March (the end of the Paralympics) be approved by the Federal Security Service .[105] For the duration of the decree, travel restrictions will also be in effec t in and around Sochi: "controlled" zones, dubbed the "ring of steel" by the med ia, cover the Coastal and Mountain clusters which encompass all of the Games' ve nues and infrastructure, including transport hubs such as railway stations. To e nter controlled areas, visitors must pass through security checkpoints with x-ra y machines, metal detectors and explosive material scanners.[106] Several areas are designated as "forbidden", including Sochi National Park and the border with Abkhazia.[105][107] An unmanned aerial vehicle squadron, along with S-400 and P antsir-S1 air defense rockets will be used to protect Olympic airspace. Four gun boats were also deployed on the Black Sea to protect the coastline.[108] A number of security organizations and forces began stationing in and around Soc hi in January 2014; Russia's Ministry of Emergency Situations (EMERCOM) was stat ioned in Sochi for the Games beginning on 7 January 2014.[109][110] A group of 1 0,000 Internal Troops of the Ministry of Interior will also provide security ser vices during the Games.[111] In mid-January, 1,500 Siberian Regional Command tro ops were stationed in a military town near Krasnaya Polyana.[112] A group of 400 cossacks in traditional uniforms are also present to accompany police patrols.[ 113][114] The 58th Army unit of the Russian Armed Forces, will defend the Georgi a-Russia border.[115] The United States also supplied Navy ships and other asset s for security purposes.[116] Incidents and threats Organizers received several threats prior to the Games. In a July 2013 video rel ease, Chechen Islamist commander Doku Umarov called for attacks on the Games, st ating that the Games were being staged "on the bones of many, many Muslims kille d ...and buried on our lands extending to the Black Sea."[117] Threats were received from the group Vilayat Dagestan, which had claimed respons ibility for the Volgograd bombings under the demands of Umarov, and a number of National Olympic Committees had also received threats via e-mail, threatening th at terrorists would kidnap or "blow up" athletes during the Games. However, whil e the IOC did state that the letters "[contained] no threat and appears to be a random message from a member of the public", the U.S. ski and snowboarding teams hired a private security agency to provide additional protection during the Gam es.[115][118][119] Media Broadcasting rights Main article: List of 2014 Winter Olympics broadcasters In most regions, broadcast rights to the 2014 Winter Olympics were packaged toge ther with broadcast rights for the 2016 Summer Olympics, but some broadcasters o btained rights to further games as well. Domestic broadcast rights were sold by Sportfive to a consortium of three Russian broadcasters; Channel One, VGTRK, and NTV Plus.[120] In the United States, the 2014 Winter Olympics will be the first in a US$4.38 bi llion contract with NBC, extending its broadcast rights to the Olympic Games thr ough 2020.[121] In Canada, after losing the 2010 and 2012 Games to CTV, the 2014 Winter Olympics will mark the return of the Olympics to CBC Television and French sister networ k Ici Radio-Canada Tl for the first time since 2008.[122] In Australia, after all three major commercial networks pulled out of bidding on

rights to both the 2014 and 2016 Games due to cost concerns, the IOC awarded br oadcast rights to just the 2014 Winter Olympics to Network Ten for A$20 million. [123][124][125] Filming Several broadcasters are using the Games to trial the emerging ultra high defini tion television (UHDTV) standard. Both NTV Plus and Comcast announced plans to f ilm portions of the Games in 4K resolution; Comcast planned to offer its content through smart TV apps, while NTV+ planned to hold public and cinema viewings of the content. NHK will film portions of the Games in 8K resolution for public vi ewing. Olympic sponsor Panasonic filmed the opening ceremony in 4K.[126][127][12 8][129] Sponsors

A Volkswagen Jetta in 2014 Winter Olympics livery from sponsor Volkswagen Group Rus. The following are the "Worldwide Olympic Partners":[130] Atos The Coca-Cola Company Dow Chemical Company General Electric McDonald's Omega SA Panasonic Procter & Gamble Samsung Visa Inc. The following are the "National Partners Sochi 2014": Aeroflot Bosco MegaFon Rosneft Rostelecom Russian Railways Sberbank of Russia Volkswagen Group Rus Concerns and controversies This section may stray from the topic of the article. Please help improve this s ection or discuss this issue on the talk page. (February 2014) Main article: Concerns and controversies at the 2014 Winter Olympics The lead-up to the Games were affected by numerous controversies and concerns; p rimarily concerning exploitation of workers engaged in Olympic construction; all egations of the illegal dumping of construction waste threatening residents' hea lth and safety; evictions and displacement of residents to make way for Olympic venues; economic issues; and harassment of environmental and human rights activi sts and journalists who criticise Olympic preparations or the government's antiLGBT policies;[131][132][133] and disputes with Circassian nationalists, who dem anded that the events be cancelled or moved unless Russia apologises for the 19t h-century deaths, which Circassians regard to be a genocide.[134] LGBT rights LGBT demonstrators posing with the Sochi sign in Portland, Oregon The rights of LGBT people in Russia were a major concern leading up to the Games . In March 2012, the Russian government blocked the establishment of a Pride Hou se in Sochi for the Games, ruling that it would "[lead] to propaganda of non-tra ditional sexual orientation which can undermine the security of Russian society"

, and that it contradicted with public morality and the country's policies "in t he area of family motherhood and childhood protection."[135] The passing of a la w in June 2013 banning the distribution of "propaganda of non-traditional sexual relations" to minors was criticized by LGBT rights activists, human rights acti vists, and world leaders, for being a broad attempt to suppress LGBT culture in Russia. In particular, activists argued the law was too vague (Human Rights Camp aign president Chad Griffin believed that even kissing a same-sex partner or dis playing LGBT symbols like the rainbow flag in public was illegal under the law), [131][132][136][137] attributed it to an increase in the level of homophobic vio lence in the country,[138][139][140] and considered it inconsistent with the Oly mpic Charter, which states that "[discrimination] on grounds of race, religion, politics, gender or otherwise is incompatible with belonging to the Olympic Move ment."[141] Although the IOC and President Vladimir Putin both guaranteed the safety of LGBT athletes and spectators during the Games,[142] Olympic-focused campaigns were h eld in protest of Russia's anti-LGBT polices, and there were also calls to boyco tt the Games,[131][143] although a writer for the Financial Times felt that a bo ycott would have been counter-productive, as there was no boycott of the 2008 Su mmer Olympics in Beijing despite China's poor human rights record.[144] In early February 2014, a group of 40 major human and LGBT rights organizations sent a j oint letter to the ten Worldwide Olympic Partner companies, urging them to suppo rt the rights of LGBT people under the Olympic Charter, and pressure the IOC to show greater scrutiny towards the human rights abuses of future host countries.[ 145] On 3 February 2014, AT&T, a supporter of the United States Olympic Committe e, issued a statement in support of LGBT rights at the Games, becoming the first major Olympic advertiser to condemn Russia's policies.[146] A number of world leaders, including Barack Obama, David Cameron, Franois Holland e and Stephen Harper, declined to attend the Opening Ceremony as national delega tes. Although they denied their decisions were for political reasons, there was speculation it may had been a symbolic boycott related to the anti-LGBT laws.[14 7][148][149] In response to the controversy, the U.S. appointed Billie Jean King and Caitlin Cahow, who are both openly gay, as its delegation instead. Although he stressed diversity and made no reference to the controversy when announcing them, U.S. president Barack Obama confirmed the intent of the selections in an i nterview prior to the games, stating that "there is no doubt we wanted to make i t very clear that we do not abide by discrimination in anything, including discr imination on the basis of sexual orientation."[150][151] Although the U.S. gover nment was praised by HRC for the decision, a writer for the Washington Post has since noted that, though not to the same extent as the Russian law, eight U.S. s tates (including Utah, which hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics) have laws regulati ng or banning the coverage of homosexuality in school sex education classes.[152 ] Circassian concerns Circassians commemorate the banishment of the Circassians from Russia in Taksim, Istanbul Some Circassian organisations have objected to the Games being held on land thei r ancestors held until 1864,[153][154] when most of them were vanquished at the end of the Russian-Circassian War (17631864), in what is called ethnic cleansing or genocide. The Games also coincide with the 150th anniversary of this event.[1 55][156] They demanded the Games be cancelled or moved unless Russia apologises. [157] Some Circassian groups accepted the Olympics, and argued that symbols of C ircassian history and culture should be featured, as Australia, the United State s and Canada did for their indigenous cultures in 2000, 2002, and 2010 respectiv ely.[158] The Games use of Krasnaya Polyana as a site for skiing and snowboarding events w as also considered controversial to Circassians, as Krasnaya Polyana (which tran slates to "Red Hill" or "Red Glade"), was named for a group of Circassians who w ere defeated in a bloody battle with Russians while attempting to return home ov

er it in 1864.[159][160] Budget and infrastructure issues While Olympic Games typically have high cost overruns, for the 2014 Games they a re much higher than usual, with the costs being more than all the previous 21 Wi nter Olympics combined.[161] Allison Stewart of the Sad Business School at Oxford , notes that relations between the government and construction companies appear closer in Sochi than in other games.[162] Oligarch Arkady Rotenberg has won cont racts worth $7.4 billion.[162] In a press conference, IOC president Thomas Bach defended the high costs of the Games, stating that the costs were in line with p revious Olympics, but that the additional costs were a "long-term investment" in to making Sochi a year-round resort and winter sports complex.[163] Criticism also surfaced over the quality and availability of accommodation in So chi during the final weekend before the Games. Due to contractors failing to mee t deadlines, along with inclement weather, three of the nine hotels for accredit ed media were left with unfinished rooms. Journalists reported various issues, i ncluding rooms that were unclean, no working water, discoloured tap water, and m issing furniture or amenities. Executive Director Gilbert Felli stated that the rooms would be finished by 5 February, while Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Kozak noted that the media hotels just needed a "final cleaning".[106][164][165][166][ 167] Notes and references Jump up ^ "Sochi 2014 Reveals its Slogan". Sochi 2014 Olympic and Paralympic Gam es Organizing Committee. 25 September 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012. ^ Jump up to: a b "News". sochi2014.com. Retrieved 10 February 2014. Jump up ^ "Sochi Elected as Host City of XXII Olympic Winter Games, Internationa l Olympic Committee". Olympic.org. 4 July 2007. Retrieved 17 January 2014. Jump up ^ Interfax[dead link] Jump up ^ Oliphant, Roland (30 October 2013). "Sochi: chaos behind the scenes of world's most expensive Winter Olympics". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 5 February 2014. Jump up ^ Owen Gibson (9 October 2013). "Sochi 2014: the costliest Olympics yet but where has all the money gone?". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 February 2014. Jump up ^ The Waste and Corruption of Vladimir Putin's 2014 Winter Olympics, bus inessweek, January 02, 2014 Jump up ^ "Sochi 2014 Confirms Ability to Self-finance in 200910". Sochi2014.com. 2 June 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2014. Jump up ^ "2014 Winter Olympics Create New Opportunities for U.S. Ag Exporters", from Alla Putiy & Erik W. Hansen [1] Jump up ^ "Sochi 2014 Expects $300 Million Surplus". Gamesbids.com. 14 October 2 011. Retrieved 17 January 2014. Jump up ^ Experts analyzed which industries are most interested in Sochi Olympic s[dead link] Rosbalt.biz, 6 July 2007 (Russian) Jump up ^ Vancouver Olympics: Embarrassed Russia looks to 2014 Sochi Olympics Th e Christian Science Monitor, 1 March 2010 Jump up ^ Rio Golf Course; Women's World Cup; IOC Nominee for Japan? No Smoking in Sochi[dead link] Around the Rings, 14 July 2011 Jump up ^ "Sochi's mixed feelings over Olympics". BBC News. 26 November 2008. Re trieved 17 January 2014. Jump up ^ Russian Deputy PM leads Sochi delegation to inspect Munich Olympic Par k Inside the Games, 22 May 2010 Jump up ^ ?????????? ??????? Yugopolis, 16 July 2013 Jump up ^ Korsunskaya, Darya; Gennady Fydorov, Alan Baldwin (14 October 2010). " Sochi to host Russian GP from 20142020". Reuters. Retrieved 20 October 2010. Jump up ^ "IOC threatens to postpone Russian Grand Prix". GP Update. 13 January 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2012. ^ Jump up to: a b "Behind Sochi's Futuristic Logo". The New Yorker. Retrieved 4 February 2014. Jump up ^ "Sochi releases Olympic slogan that is neither hot, nor cool". USA Tod ay. Retrieved 10 February 2014.

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Jump up ^ Siemens signs Russian Olympic train order Railway Gazette Internationa l, 1 January 2010 Jump up ^ Expensive road to the Olympics Gudok, 22 August 2007 (Russian) Jump up ^ Runway in Sochi airport will cross the river YuGA.ru, 8 July 2007 (Rus sian) Jump up ^ Russia to build 3 reserve airports in country's south by 2009 RIA Novo sti, 7 July 2007 Jump up ^ "Playing in the snow | WAG MAGAZINE ONLINE". Wagmag.com. Jump up ^ Sochi authorities close the entrance to the city[dead link] DP.RU, 8 O ctober 2007 (Russian) Jump up ^ Russian Railways started mountain tunnel complex construction from Soc hi to Krasnaya Polyana[dead link] Interfax, 27 May 2009 (Russian) Jump up ^ "Russian Railways President Yakunin sums up investment programme for f irst 7 months of 2011". Russian Railways. Retrieved 17 August 2011.[dead link] Jump up ^ "New 5-minute-interval buses are launched in Sochi for Olympics". ITAR -TASS. 28 January 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2014. Jump up ^ Sochi is not a place for recreation Gazeta.ru, 5 July 2007 (Russian) Jump up ^ Construction of the first olympic hotel starts in Sochi RIA Novosti, 7 August 2007 (Russian) Jump up ^ Minister of Natural Resources held a meeting on design and constructio n of sewage treatment facilities in preparation for 2014 Olympics in Sochi[dead link] Press Service of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russian Federation, 13 July 2009 (Russian) Jump up ^ "????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??????, ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????????? ???????????". TASS Telecom. Retrieved 9 Januar y 2014. Jump up ^ "Russia anti-gay law casts a shadow over Sochi's 2014 Olympics". Washi ngton Post. Retrieved 29 September 2013. Jump up ^ "Soyuz TMA-09M safely returns crew back to Earth". NASASpaceFlight. Re trieved 4 February 2014. Jump up ^ 9. listopadu 2013 17:51. "Kosmonauti si poprv ve volnm vesmru predali oly mpijskou pochoden". Technet.idnes.cz. Retrieved 9 December 2013. Jump up ^ Loumena, Dan (23 November 2013). "Sochi Olympic torch takes plunge int o world's deepest lake". Latimes.com. Retrieved 9 December 2013. Jump up ^ Sam Sheringham (February 7, 2014). "Sochi 2014: Winter Olympics opens with glittering ceremony". BBC. Retrieved February 7, 2014. Jump up ^ "Record 88 nations to participate in Winter Games". Global News (Sochi , Russia). Associated Press. 2 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014. Jump up ^ MacKenzie, Eric (16 January 2014). "Sochi Spotlight: Zimbabwe's first Winter Olympian". Pique Newsmagazine (Whistler, British Columbia, Canada). Retri eved 16 January 2014. Jump up ^ Pagan Rivera, Esteban (12 January 2014). "Kristina Krone: Quera ir a So chi, pero nunca recibi contestacin del Comit Olmpico". Primerahora (in Spanish). Ret rieved 12 January 2014. Jump up ^ "Sascoc crush Speelman's Olympic dream". http://www.iol.co.za/. IOL Sp ort. 23 January 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014. Jump up ^ Dubault, Fabrice (24 January 2014). "L'histoire invraisemblable de Meh di Khelifi priv de J.O par l'Algrie". France 3. Retrieved 24 January 2014. Jump up ^ "Sochi Games: Four Indian skiers to go as independent athletes". Zee n ews. 31 December 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2013. Jump up ^ "IOC Executive Board lifts suspension of NOC of India". Retrieved 11 F ebruary 2014. Jump up ^ "National Olympic Houses". tripadvisor. Retrieved 24 January 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Olympic Parc; Hospitality Houses". sochi2014.com. Retri eved 24 January 2014. Jump up ^ "Opening Canada House". CBC. 6 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 201 4. (Dutch) Jump up ^ "China House opens in Sochi". XinHua Net. 7 February 2014. Retrieved 1 0 February 2014. Jump up ^ "Zeman slavnostne otevrel Cesk dum a pravil: Budu v maskot" (in Czech). L

idov noviny. 8 February 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014. Jump up ^ "Dossier de presse Sotchi 201". http://espritbleu.franceolympique.com. 28 January 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2014. (French) Jump up ^ "Deutsches Haus Sotschi 2014 in Russlands Bergen". DOSB. 25 April 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2014. Jump up ^ 5 min fa. "Sochi, la Gazzetta entra a Casa Italia: tra cantieri, optio nal e sobriet - La Gazzetta dello Sport". Gazzetta.it. Retrieved 2014-02-08. Jump up ^ lsm.lv. "Linda Leen nozog hokejistu sirdis". Retrieved 2014-02-10. Jump up ^ "Holland Heineken House dichter bij olympirs dan ooit". nusport.nl. 13 January 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014. (Dutch) Jump up ^ "Slovak athletes set for Sochi". The Slovak Spectator. 3 February 2014 . Retrieved 7 February 2014. Jump up ^ "USOC plans USA House sites in Sochi, at home". sportsbusinessdaily.co m. 21 October 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2014. Jump up ^ "Discover the twelve new winter sports events for Sochi 2014!". Olympi c.org. 18 December 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b "Rogge announces three new disciplines for Sochi 2014". Russia Today. 5 July 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2011. Jump up ^ Women's ski jumping gets 2014 Sochi Olympics go-ahead BBC Sport, 6 Apr il 2011 Jump up ^ Slopestyle given Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics go-ahead BBC Sport, 5 July 2011 Jump up ^ "FIS Congress 2010 Decisions". FIS-Ski. Retrieved 23 March 2011.[dead link] Jump up ^ "Russian ice hockey will be skating in Sochi". Infox.ru. AktivMedia. 7 June 2010. Retrieved 23 March 2011. Jump up ^ It's Not Hockey, It's Bandy New York Times, 29 January 2010 Jump up ^ No time to relax! The show must go on...again! Eastbourne Herald, 9 Ma rch 2010 ^ Jump up to: a b "Olympic Programme Updates". Olympic.org. International Olympi c Committee. 28 November 2006. Archived from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2008. Jump up ^ "No Olympics for Ski Mountaineering". The Mountain World. Retrieved 2 April 2012. Jump up ^ "No inclusion of ski orienteering in the IOC review process for 2014". International Orienteering Federation. Retrieved 2 April 2012. Jump up ^ "Sochi 2014 Unveils Olympic Medals". Olympic.org. Retrieved 4 February 2014. Jump up ^ "Winners at Sochi Winter Olympics to receive pieces of Russia meteorit e". The Telegraph. 26 July 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2013. Jump up ^ "Competition Schedule". SOCOG. Retrieved 21 December 2013. Jump up ^ "Russian Police to Speak 3 Languages at Sochi Olympics Ministry". RIA Novosti. Retrieved 6 December 2013. Jump up ^ "Russian Military to Ensure Security at 2014 Olympics". RIA Novosti. R etrieved 6 December 2013. ^ Jump up to: a b "Sochi Olympic Protests to Require Approval from Russia's Secu rity Service". RIA Novosti. Retrieved 6 December 2013. ^ Jump up to: a b "Sochi Olympic organisers face accommodation crisis". The Dail y Telegraph. 2 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014. Jump up ^ "The shambles behind the scenes at Sochi". The Daily Telegraph. Retrie ved 5 February 2014. Jump up ^ "Russia takes unprecedented security measures ahead of Sochi Olympics" . ITAR TASS. Retrieved 11 January 2014. Jump up ^ "Space monitoring systems of emergency situations deployed in Sochi". ITAR TASS. Retrieved 9 January 2014. Jump up ^ "Russian emergencies minister praises Sochi security system". ITAR TAS S. 27 January 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Jump up ^ "Internal Troops to provide security at Sochi Olympics". Russia Beyond the Headlines. 15 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014. Jump up ^ "Siberia joins national effort to make the Sochi Olympics safe and suc

cessful". Siberia Times. 16 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014. Jump up ^ "Sochi Drafts In Cossacks for Olympic Security". RIA Novosti. Retrieve d 9 January 2014. Jump up ^ "Some 300 Cossacks to Help Police Sochi Olympics". RIA Novosti. Retrie ved 9 January 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b "Olympic Teams Prepare for Possible Security Crisis in Sochi". The Moscow Times. 22 January 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014. Jump up ^ "Obama offers US security assistance to Putin as Olympic terror fears mount". Fox News. 22 January 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014. Jump up ^ "Caucasus Emirate Leader Calls On Insurgents To Thwart Sochi Winter Ol ympics". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 13 February 2014. Jump up ^ "Winter Olympics 2014: email threat to 'blow up' athletes at Sochi Gam es dismissed by IOC". Telegraph. 22 January 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014. Jump up ^ "European Olympic Committees Report Sochi Terror Threats". En.ria.ru. 2014-01-22. Retrieved 2014-02-07. Jump up ^ Love, Tom (3 September 2012). "Sportfive concludes Olympic agreement i n Russia". SportsPro. Retrieved 4 September 2012. Jump up ^ "Lazarus: We Believe Sochi Olympics Will Be Profitable". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved 13 August 2013. Jump up ^ "CBC wins rights to 2014, 2016 Olympic Games". CBC Sports. Retrieved 1 August 2012. Jump up ^ "Olympic fury over rules for TV sport". The Australian. 7 April 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2013. Jump up ^ "Seven withdraws from bidding for Olympics as price tag proves too gre at for TV networks". Fox Sports. 8 April 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013. Jump up ^ MacKay, Duncan (12 May 2013). "Ten Network signs $20 million deal to b roadcast Sochi 2014 in Australia, claim reports". Inside the Games. Retrieved 13 August 2013. Jump up ^ "Comcast to Produce Olympics 2014 in Ultra HD". The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 27 January 2014. Jump up ^ "Russia to transmit 4K from Sochi". TVBEurope. NewBay Media. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Jump up ^ "Putin cancels New Year holidays for officials responsible for Winter Games". ITAR-TASS. Retrieved 30 November 2013. Jump up ^ Pennington, Adrian (2014-02-04). "Sochi Games to Set Record for Live a nd VOD Streaming". Streaming Media Europe. Retrieved 2014-02-08. Jump up ^ "Partners". ^ Jump up to: a b c Johnson, Ted (24 July 2013). "Russia's Anti-Gay Laws Present Challenge for NBC's Olympics Coverage". Variety. Retrieved 25 July 2013. ^ Jump up to: a b Fierstein, Harvey (21 July 2013). "Russia's Anti-Gay Crackdown ". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 July 2013. Jump up ^ Skybenko, Ella (7 February 2014). "Companies can help advance human ri ghts; Sochi shows they rarely use it". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 February 2014. Jump up ^ Russian Olympics clouded by 19th century deaths. Reuters. 21 March 201 0 Jump up ^ "Judge bans Sochi 2014 gay Pride House claiming it would offend "publi c morality"". Inside the Games. Retrieved 12 February 2014. Jump up ^ "The Facts on LGBT Rights in Russia". Council for Global Equality. Ret rieved 8 February 2014. Jump up ^ "Gays in Russia Find No Haven, Despite Support From the West". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 February 2014. Jump up ^ "Gay teenager kidnapped and tortured by Russian homophobes claimed to have died from injuries". Pink News. 6 August 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2013. Jump up ^ Greene, Andy (2014-01-22). "Elton John Blasts Russia: 'Vicious Homopho bia Has Been Legitimized'". Rollingstone.com. Retrieved 2014-02-08. Jump up ^ "Russian anti-gay law prompts rise in homophobic violence". The Guardi an. Retrieved 8 February 2014. Jump up ^ Gregory, Sean. "Three Big Issues Facing the Next Olympic Committee Pre sident". Time. Retrieved 10 February 2014. Jump up ^ "Putin says gays should feel welcome at Sochi". Al Jazeera English. Re

trieved 17 January 2014. Jump up ^ "Merchandise Uses Olympics Principles Against Russian Anti-Gay Laws". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 February 2014. Jump up ^ "Boycott of Sochi Olympics may prove counterproductive". Financial Tim es. 9 August 2013. Jump up ^ "Human rights groups urge Olympic corporate sponsors to speak out agai nst Russia's policies". Boston.com. Retrieved 9 February 2014. Jump up ^ "AT&T Becomes First Major Advertiser to Protest Russia's Antigay Law". T he New York Times. Retrieved 9 February 2014. Jump up ^ "Obama Backs Gays In U.S. Sochi Delegation". RFE/EL. 21 December 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2014. Jump up ^ "Putin Plays Games to Salvage Olympics". Bloomberg.com. 19 December 20 13. Jump up ^ "President Obama joins list of world leaders to snub Sochi Olympics". Salon. 18 December 2013. Jump up ^ Boren, Cindy. "Obama names openly gay athletes to Sochi Olympic delega tion". Washington Post. Retrieved 10 February 2014. Jump up ^ "Olympics: Obama, Bob Costas Chat About 'Tough Guy' Putin During Inter view (Video)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 10 February 2014. Jump up ^ "Eight U.S. states have policies similar to Russia's ban on gay `propagand a'". Washington Post. Retrieved 8 February 2014. Jump up ^ Jaimoukha, Amjad. Ancient Circassian Cultures and Nations in the First Millennium BCE. Pages 17, 914 Jump up ^ Encyclopdia Britannica entry for Circassians: "From ancient times Circa ssia, comprising roughly the northwestern region of the Caucasus, acquired the e xotic reputation common to lands occupying a crucial area between rival empires. .." Jump up ^ "145th Anniversary of the Circassian Genocide and the Sochi Olympics I ssue". Reuters. 22 May 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009. Jump up ^ Ellen Barry (20 May 2011). "Georgia Says Russia Committed Genocide in 19th Century". Jump up ^ "Olympics-IOC says Russia-Georgia conflict "a sad reality"". Reuters. 9 August 2008. Jump up ^ Azamat Bram. Circassians Voice Olympian Anger. Institute for War and P eace Reporting Caucasus Reporting Service No. 413, 5 October 2007. Retrieved on 2 April 2010. Jump up ^ Andrea Alexander (9 February 2010). "North Jersey Circassians 'in exil e' launch Olympic protest". Tje Record. Retrieved 13 February 2014. Jump up ^ Gabriele Barbati (6 February 2014). "Circassians Protest Winter Olympi cs Being Held At Sochi Genocide Site". International Business Times. Retrieved 1 0 February 2014. Jump up ^ Bennetts, Marc (19 January 2014). "Winter Olympics 2014: Sochi Games " nothing but a monstrous scam," says Kremlin critic Boris Nemtsov". Telegraph. Re trieved 4 February 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Sochi Olympics: Castles in the sand". The Economist. 13 J uly 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013. Jump up ^ "Bach: 'I am still assured' of security in Sochi". Associated Press. 3 February 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2014. Jump up ^ "From Sochi, journalists report Winter Olympics woes: poor conditions and ongoing construction". New York Daily News. Retrieved 8 February 2014. Jump up ^ "Sochi Olympics: Hotel delays aren't affecting athletes, IOC official sa ys". Associated Press. Retrieved 8 February 2014. Jump up ^ "Sochi 2014 Olympics: `Worst. Games. Ever?' No, pampered journalists shoul d just chill: DiManno". Toronto Star. Retrieved 8 February 2014. Jump up ^ "Welcome to Sochi: Beware the water". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 9 Feb ruary 2014. External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Sochi 2014 Olympic and Paralympic Game s.

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