IDEAL FLOW THEORY

FLOW NETS
For any two-dimensional irrotational flow of a ideal fluid, two series of lines may be drawn : (1) lines along which is constant (2) lines along which is constant

SECTION B

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

stream line perpendicular to the velocity potential These lines together form a grid of quadrilaterals having 90 corners. This grid is known as a flow net. It is provides a simple yet valuable indication of the flow pattern.

SECTION B

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

COMBINING FLOW PATTERNS

If two or more flow patterns are combined, the resultant flow pattern is described by a stream function that at any point is the algebraic sum of the stream functions of the constituent flow at that point. By this principle complicated motions may be regarded as combinations of simpler ones.

SECTION B

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

AP = 1 + + 2
AQ = 1 + 2 +

The resultant flow pattern may therefore be constructed graphically simply by joining the points for which the total stream function has the same value. This method was first described by W.J.M.Rankine (1820-1872)
SECTION B 4

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

Velocity components ;
u= ( 1 + 2 ) = 1 + 2 = u1 + u 2 = y y y y
= v1 + v 2 x

v=

Net velocity potential ; net = 1 + 2 + 3 + .......

SECTION B

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

BASIC PATTERNS OF FLOW

Uniform Flow ;

velocity components ;

u = q cos v = q sin

stream function ; = uy vx velocity potential ; = ux + vy

SECTION B

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

Source Flow ;

A source is a point from which fluid issues uniformly in all directions. If for two-dimensional flow, the flow pattern consists of streamlines uniformly spaced and directed radially outward from one point in the reference plane, the flow is said to emerge from a line source.
SECTION B 7

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

The strength m of a source is the total volume rate of flow from it. The velocity q at radius r is given by;
volume rate of flow m q= = area perpendicu lar to velocity 2r

velocity components ;
u = m = r 2 r = =0 v r

stream function; m source = 2

SECTION B

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

velocity potential ;
source =
m ln r + C 2

( I ) at = 0, r = 0 C = 0
source =
m ln r 2
m

( II ) at = 0, r = A C = 2 ln A
source =
m r ln 2 A

SECTION B

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

Sink ;

A sink, the exact opposite of a source, is a point to which the fluid converges uniformly and from which fluid is continuously removed. The strength of a sink is considered negative, and the velocities, , are therefore the same as those for a source but with the signs reversed.
SECTION B 10

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

stream function; m sink = 2

velocity potential ;
sink =
m ln r + C 2

( I ) at = 0, r = 0
sink =
m ln r 2

( II ) at = 0, r = A
sink =
m r ln 2 A

SECTION B

11

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

Vortex ;

2 types ; 1. Irrotational vortex 2. Forced vortex

SECTION B

12

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

Irrotational vortex ;
Circulation ;
vortex = ( r v + v r ) vortex = v 2r

vorticity ;
vortex
v v = + =0 r r

stream function ;
vortex =
ln r 2r

velocity potential ;
vortex =
SECTION B

2
13

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

Forced vortex ;
v = r

vorticity ; 0 = 2
v v = 2 = + r r

SECTION B

14

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

COMBINATION OF BASIC FLOW PATTERNS

Linear and Source ;

Stream function ; combination = linear + source

combination
m = U r sin + 2
1

SECTION C

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

stagnation point S is the point where the resultant velocity is zero.

OS = B = m 2U

stream function at = 0 ;
= 0 = U sin +
m = 0 2

It is called stagnation line. The body whose contour is formed by the combination of uniform rectilinear flow and a source is known as a half body, since it has a nose but no tail, or Rankine body.

SECTION C

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

Distance from origin to = 0 ; m r= 2U sin Asymptote y ;

y = r sin = m m and 2U 2U

Velocity components ;
u = m U cos 2r

v = U sin

SECTION C

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

If rectilinear flow comes from the other side ;

combination

m = 2

m( ) r= 2U sin m u = + U cos 2r v = U sin

SECTION C

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

Source and Sink ;

In this situation, the assumption again being made that the fluid extends to infinity in all directions.

SECTION C

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

Combination of stream function ; combination = source + sink

combination =
m (1 2 ) 2

combination

m 2 Ay 1 tan = 2 2 2 2 x A +y

Component velocity ;
m x A x+ A u= 2 2 2 ( x A) + y ( x + A)2 + y 2 m y y v= 2 2 2 2 2 ( x A) + y ( x + A) + y

velocity potential ;
combination
r1 m = ln 2 r2

SECTION C

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

Source, Sink and Linear ;

Combination of stream function ; combination = source + sink + linear

combination
m = 2 1 2 Ay tan x 2 A2 + y 2 Uy

SECTION C

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

Component velocity ;
m x A x+ A u= U 2 2 2 2 2 ( x A) + y (x + A) + y m y y v= 2 2 2 2 2 ( x A) + y ( x + A) + y

value of x ;
m x=A +1 UA

value of ymax ;
ymax m = U 1 ymax tan A

SECTION C

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

COMBINATION OF BASIC FLOW PATTERNS

Doublet ;

SECTION D

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

Stream function ;
combination =
m (1 2 ) = sin 2 2r

velocity components ; cos u = 2 2r sin v = 2 2r q= 2r 2 velocity potential ; = cos 2r

SECTION D

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

Doublet and Uniform ;

Stream function ; combination = Ur sin 2r

SECTION D

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

velocity potential ; + Ur cos combination = 2r

combination = 0 , = 0 , = r= 2U

SECTION D

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

r =A = 2U
2 2

stream function ;
combination
A2 = Ur sin 1 r 2

velocity potential ;
combination
A2 = Ur cos 1 r 2

SECTION D

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

velocity components ;
A2 u = U cos 1 r 2 A2 v = U sin 1 + r 2

velocity at cylinder surface ; r = A , = 90

u = 0 v = 2U

Pressure coefficient CP ;
P2 P 2 1 = 1 4 sin CP = 1 2 2 U

SECTION D

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

Pressure at cylinder surface ;

2 2 1 P2 = P + U 1 4 sin 1 2

Drag force FD ;
FD = dF cos = 0

Lift force FL ;
FL = dF sin = 0

In real situation, both of these force are exist.

SECTION D

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

Doublet, vortex and Uniform ;

stream function ;
combination
A2 C r = Ur sin 2 ln A 1 r 2

velocity components ;
A2 u = U cos 1 r 2 A2 C v = U sin + 2r 1 + r 2

SECTION D

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

velocity at cylinder surface ; r = A,

u = 0
v = 2U sin + C 2A

stagnation point S ;
r=A

sin =

C 4UA

C = 0 sin = 0

SECTION D

IDEAL FLOW THEORY

C = 0 sin = 0

C < 4UA sin < 1.0

C = 4UA sin = 1.0

C > 4UA sin > 1.0

(Impossible)

SECTION D

10