ENGINEERING COLLEGE AJMER DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING STUDENT PROJECT PROGRAMME 2013-14 TITLE OF THE PROJECT:

An exper !en" #"$%& '( !p)*" '( +)r '$# p)r)!e"er#,"e*-n .$e# 'n "-e "-er!)/ per('r!)n*e '( #")*0e% "&pe #'/)r #" //1

11 ORIGIN OF THE PROPOSAL:

Ninety-seven percent of the earth's water mass lies in its oceans. Of the remaining 3 percent, 5/6 is brackish, leaving a mere .5 percent as fresh water. s a res!lt, many people "o not have access to a"e#!ate an" ine$pensive s!pplies of potable water. %his lea"s to pop!lation concentration aro!n" e$isting water s!pplies, marginal health con"itions, an" a generally low stan"ar" of living. &olar "istillation !ses the heat of the s!n "irectly in a simple piece of e#!ipment to p!rify water. %he e#!ipment, commonly calle" a solar still, consists primarily of a shallow basin with a transparent glass cover. %he s!n heats the water in the basin, ca!sing evaporation. 'oist!re rises, con"enses on the cover an" r!ns "own into a collection tro!gh, leaving behin" the salts, minerals, an" most other imp!rities, incl!"ing germs. ltho!gh it can be rather e$pensive to b!il" a solar still that is both effective an" long-lasting, it can pro"!ce p!rifie" water at a reasonable cost if it is b!ilt, operate", an" maintaine" properly.

21 In"r'%$*" 'n
%he s!pply of "rinking water is one of the ma(or problems in "eveloping co!ntries. )lean water is a basic h!man necessity, an" witho!t water the life will be impossible. Nowa"ays the poll!tion in rivers an" lakes by in"!strial effl!ents an" sewage "isposal res!lte" in scarcity of fresh water in many big cities aro!n" the worl". *t is known that only 3+ of water on planet earth is fresh where only ,+ is available for h!manity for !se an" the rest is polar ice. %he -or"an water a!thority has given !tmost priority to ari" areas water s!pply in their f!t!re "evelopment plans whereas -or"an lies in a high solar ins!lation ban" an" vast solar potential can be e$ploite" to convert saline water to potable water.

&ingle slope solar stills are one of the solar "evices which can be !se" for fresh water pro"!ction. %hey are consi"ere" as one of the cheapest sol!tions for p!rifying saline/brackish water an" s!itable for the 'i""le .ast an" frica "!e to their low cost an" ease of maintenance. large n!mber of solar "istillation stills have been "evelope" in the last "eca"e. %hese incl!"e single an" m!ltiple effect stills, an" soake"-cloth incline" stills. .$tensive reviews on the !se of vario!s types of "istillation systems, an" a s!rvey of vario!s solar thermal collectors an" applications were reporte". 'any e$perimental an" theoretical st!"ies were con"!cte" on single basin solar stills to test the thermal performance of "ifferent enhancement parameters. %he effectiveness of "ifferent absorbing materials in a solar still to increase the pro"!ctivity of water was st!"ie" !sing a single-basin solar still with "o!ble slopes. /o!n" that the pro"!ctivity of fresh water by solar "istillation "epen"s mainly on the intensity of solar ra"iation, the s!nshine ho!rs an" the type of the still. pplications of thermal mo"eling of a solar still were reporte" by several researchers. 0a"ran an" b!-1ha"er con"!cte" an e$perimental work on a single slope solar still an" eval!ate" its thermal performance !n"er -or"anian climate. %he a!thors presente" a comprehensive theoretical mo"el with "etaile" heat transfer analysis. %he analysis incl!"e" energy balances for each of the three main components of the still system2 s!ch as2 the solar still glass cover, the solar basin bottom plate 3basin liner4, an" the solar still water mass. %he main "rawback of a tra"itional solar still was the low amo!nt of "istille" water pro"!ce" per !nit area which makes the single-basin solar still !nacceptable in some instances. %herefore, there is great scope to improve the efficiency of s!ch type of solar stills. %he ob(ective of the present st!"y was to improve the performance of a tra"itional single slope solar still thro!gh three "esign mo"ifications5 a""ition of internal reflecting mirrors on all interior si"es of still, !sing step-wise water basin instea" of flat basin, an" co!pling the solar still with a s!n tracking system. %hese mo"ifications can increase the solar still capability to capt!re more solar energy.

31 Exper !en")/ #e"-$p

6ario!s system mo"ifications of single slope solar stills were s!ggeste". %wo "ifferent stills 3i.e. step-wise basin an" simple flat basin4 an" an electromechanical s!n tracking system were "esigne" an" constr!cte" by engineering workshops at the pplie" &cience 7niversity 3 &74. lso, the stills components were selecte" from locally available materials at the workshops. %he "esign mo"ifications involve" were5 3a4 fi$ing interior reflecting mirrors, 3b4 man!fact!ring a step-wise water basin instea" of a flat basin, an" 3c4 co!pling the step-wise solar still with a s!n tracking system. /irst of all, it was important to eval!ate the performance of

the tra"itional solar still "esign as a reference. %his helps to meas!re the improvements "!e to the new mo"ifications. %he tra"itional single slope solar still has an incline" top cover of 38. 3/ig. ,4 ma"e of glass 39 mm thickness4, with an interior s!rface ma"e of a waterproof membrane. %he e$terior s!rfaces of the still were painte" black to improve absorption of the s!n:s rays. ;ater was po!re" into the still to partially fill the basin. %he glass cover allows the solar ra"iation to pass into the still, which was mostly absorbe" by the black basin. %he water begins to heat !p an" the moist!re content of the air trappe" between the water s!rface an" the glass cover increases. %he basin also ra"iates energy in the infra-re" region which was reflecte" back into the still by the glass cover, trapping the solar energy insi"e the still. %he heate" water vapor evaporates from the basin an" con"enses on the insi"e of the glass cover. )on"ense" water

trickles "own the incline" glass cover to an interior collection tro!gh an" o!t to a storage bottle. /ig. , presents a tra"itional "esign of a single slope solar still which contains internal mirrors on all si"es of still. %he basin of the still, which accommo"ates the !ntreate" water, has a vol!me of 6<.3=6<.3=6.3 cm3. /ig. 8 shows the schematic "iagram of the flat basin. %he first mo"ification ma"e on the tra"itional still was the a""ition of reflecting mirrors on the insi"e walls of the still 3i.e. back an" si"es4 in or"er to minimi>e the amo!nt of energy lost. l- ?ayek an" 0a"ran @6A in"icate" that a"option of mirrors on the insi"e walls of the solar stills will enhance the pro"!ction of "istille" water an" improve the efficiency thro!gh controlling the ra"iation losses from the still basin. %anaka an" Nakatake @BA fo!n" that the internal an" the e$ternal reflectors can remarkably increase the "istillate pro"!ctivity thro!gho!t the year2 also they fo!n" that the increase in the "aily amo!nts of "istillate by a""ing the internal an" the e$ternal reflectors to the singleslope basin type still for the entire year wo!l" be aro!n" 9B+. /ig. 3 represents the new mo"ifie" "esign for the basin. *t has a step-wise shape to replace the common flat type basin. %he new basin shape provi"e an e$tra 9C+ of the contact s!rface which will "efinitely provi"e more heat an" mass transfer area. /inally, /ig. 9 ill!strates the complete "esigne" system in three "imensions where it shows the solar still with step-wise basin co!ple" with a s!n tracking system. %he installation of a s!n tracking system helpe" to position the "istiller to the best location to gain ma$im!m solar energy.

41 O2JECTI3ES OF RESEARCH,PROJECT:
,. .nhancement of yiel" of stacke" type solar still by provi"ing cotton wick on absorber s!rface. 8. .nhancement of yiel" of solar still by artificial cooling of glass gla>ing 3glass cover4. 3. De"!cing the scale formation an" soli" "eposits on absorber s!rface by prefiltration of brackish water 3imp!re water4 by !sing l!m. 9. .nhancing thermal performance by heating of absorber s!rface !sing solar photo voltaic cell. 5. .nhancement of yiel" of solar still by vac!!mi>ing the basin.

41 FA2RICATION: ,. %he o!ter bo$ will be fabricate" first. *t will be ma"e of woo" an" fille" with glass wool to provi"e back ins!lation. 8. %he stacks will be fabricate" secon" the collector holes will be ma"e at the time of fabrication. /inally the stacks will be assemble" insi"e the o!ter covering. 3. %he collector t!bes are then ma"e an" attache" to the lowermost stage. 9. %he holes are provi"e" for5 a. )ollecting "istille" water b. %ransporting saline water c. %o attach the p!mp 5. %he whole system is seale" !sing sealant to prevent the air from leaking in from the atmosphere. 6. 7sing small fan to con"ensing the water vapo!r at glass cover. E. 0efore s!pplying brackish water, filtrate it by !sing l!m by these scale formation re"!ce" on absorber s!rface. B. 7sing heating coil to heat absorber s!rface.

51 METHODOLOG6 AND PROCEDURE:

fter assembling all parts of stacke" type solar still, creating vac!!m in chamber by !sing vac!!m p!mp. 0y these re"!cing press!re as most possible. %hen s!pplying al!m treate" brackish water to basin, !ntil it isn:t completely fille". P)r)!e"er "' n'"e %'7n,re*'r%e%: ,.4 &olar ra"iation5 intensity of solar ra"iation shall be meas!re" by !sing Fp&r)n'!e"erG, mo!nte" on the weather station. 8.4 mbient air temperat!re5 temperat!re of air will be meas!re" by F"e!per)"$re #en#'rG. 3.4 ?!mi"ity5 h!mi"ity presence in atmosphere will be meas!re" by FA$"'!)" * 7e)"-er #")" 'n G.

O2SER3ATION TA2LE:
&.NO. "ate %ime h!mi"ity ;in" spee" s!nshine Hlass o!ter s!rface temperat !re Hlass inner s!rface tempera t!re bsorber s!rface temperat!r e &!rro!n "ing temperat !re Iiel"3amo !nt of water collecte"4

,. 8. 3.

81 DETAILS OF FACILITIES TO 2E PRO3IDED 26 THE INSTITUTION:

,. .J.)%D*)*%I NK ; %.D 8. %OOJ*NH .L7*M'.N% 3. )O'M7%.D NK *N%.DN.% 9. ' )?*N. / )J*%*.& 3J*1. ;.JK*NH ' )?*N., J %?., &? M.D .%)4 5. M?O%O 6OJ%*) ).JJ

91 COST ANAL6SIS:
S1N'1 , 8. 3. 9. 5. 6. De") /# HJ && 6 )77' M7'M3? NK ' K.4 0 &*N )ON&%D7)%*ON *N&7J %*ON ' %.D* J 6 )77' H 7H. '*&).JJ.N.O7& T'")/ E#" !)"e% 2$%:e" E#" !)"e% C'#" n R#1 ,CCC ,5C ,8CC ,CCC ,CCC

;1 E<PECTED OUTCOME OF PROJECT:

,. %emperat!re of absorber will increase. 8. %emperat!re of glass s!rface will re"!ce.

3. 0oiling temperat!re of brackish water will re"!ce. 9. mo!nt of "istill water will increase by 8-3 litre from previo!s.

101 REFERENCES
2ILAL A1 A=ASH> MOUSA S1 MOHSEN> OMAR OSTA> )n% 6ASER ELA6AN: .$perimental eval!ation of a single-basin solar still !sing "ifferent absorbing materials =1 3 n'"- =$!)r?> R1 =)#"$r 2) : Merformance st!"y on solar still with enhance" con"ensation J1T1 M)-% > 21E1 S! "- > A1O1 S-)r (5 n e$perimental wick-type solar still system5 Kesign an" constr!ction O1O1 2)%r)n5 .$perimental st!"y of the enhancement parameters on a single slope solar still pro"!ctivity H1 AI-H$##) n )n% I1=1 S! "- .nhancing of solar still pro"!ctivity !sing vac!!m technology

NAME OF THE STUDENTS: S1N'1 , 8 3 9 5 6 NAME OF STUDENT )? NKD 0? N &*NH? ? K D H?6.NKD &*NH? )?.% N HOI J D -.NKD &*NH? D %?OD. D 6* 17' D 0?*&?.1 17' D ,C'.,B ,C'.3C, ,C'.,< ,C'.56 ,C'.63 ,C'.C, R'// n'1