Evaluating Socio Economic Development, SOURCEBOOK 1: Themes and Polic !

"eas, T"anspo"t [PLEASE NOTE: The following SOURCEBOOK text is designed for present tion s p rt of the !nternet"# sed $olle$tion of % teri ls for E& l' ting So$io E$ono%i$ (e&elop%ent) nd sho'ld #e &iewed in this $ontext* !ntrod'$tor+ re% r,s re pro&ided on the site www*e& lsed*infoTRANSPORT (es$ription of Poli$+ Are T"anspo"t #as one o$ the Eu"opean Communit %s $i"st common polic a"eas& The t"anspo"t polic has 'een mainl $ocused on "emoving 'a""ie"s at the 'o"de"s 'et#een the (em'e" States in o"de" to $acilitate the $"ee movement o$ goods and pe"sons& )o#eve", it #as mainl #ith the int"oduction o$ the inte"nal ma"*et in the 'eginning o$ the 1++,s that 'oth t"anspo"t and ene"g polic made signi$icant p"og"ess at Communit level& -ithin the Eu"opean Commission st"uctu"es, the Di"ecto"ate .ene"al $o" Ene"g and T"anspo"t /D. TRE01 is "esponsi'le $o" developing and implementing Eu"opean policies in the $ields o$ ene"g and t"anspo"t, and #as c"eated in 2anua" 3,,, th"ough a me"ge" o$ the D. $o" T"anspo"t and the D. $o" Ene"g & The D.%s mission is to ensu"e that t"anspo"t and ene"g policies a"e designed $o" the 'ene$it o$ all secto"s in societ , cities, "u"al a"eas, 'usinesses and citi4ens& 5u"the"mo"e, the D. handles State !id dossie"s and manages the $unding p"og"ammes $o" T"ans6 Eu"opean 0et#o"*s /TE01 and technological development and innovation& The main themes o$ D. TRE0 a"e as $ollo#s: Completing the inte"nal ma"*et in ene"g and t"anspo"t Ensu"ing sustaina'le development o$ t"anspo"t and ene"g Deplo ment o$ ma7o" net#o"*s in Eu"ope Space management 8mp"oving sa$et !ccomplishing enla"gement Developing inte"national coope"ation

!s pa"t o$ the Commission%s initiative to imp"ove Eu"opean gove"nance, the Eu"opean Ene"g and T"anspo"t 5o"um #as c"eated in 3,,1& 8t is a consultative committee, esta'lished #ith the aim o$ '"inging t"anspo"t and ene"g policies into line ' esta'lishing a dialogue #ith 'oth secto"s th"ough one single 'od & The 5o"um is constituted ' high6level "ep"esentatives $"om a #ide "ange o$ secto"s and activities in the a"eas o$ t"anspo"t and ene"g & 8n con7unction #ith the int"oduction o$ the Single (a"*et in the 1+9,s, the idea o$ TE0 eme"ged& (ode"n and e$$icient in$"ast"uctu"e #as $ound necessa" to lin* the va"ious "egions and national net#o"*s #ithin the Single (a"*et& The T"ans6Eu"opean T"anspo"t 0et#o"*s /TE06T1 guidelines #e"e adopted in 1++:& The guidelines cove" "oads, "ail#a s, inland #ate"#a s, ai"po"ts, seapo"ts, inland po"ts and t"a$$ic management s stems #hich se"ve the enti"e continent, ca"" the 'ul* o$ the long distance t"a$$ic and '"ing the geog"aphical and economic a"eas o$ the EU close" togethe"& ! la"ge num'e" o$ p"o7ects have 'een suppo"ted $inanciall th"ough the TE06'udget as #ell as the Cohesion 5und and the St"uctu"al 5unds& Cont"i'utions, th"ough loans, have also 'een made ' the Eu"opean 8nvestment Ban* /E8B1& Recentl the Commission adopted ne# polic guidelines #hich envisage ne# goals $o" Eu"opean ene"g and t"anspo"t policies, as set out in t#o ma7o" documents: a ."een Pape" on ene"g and a -hite Pape" on T"anspo"t&

Final Materials December 2003

Evaluating Socio Economic Development, SOURCEBOOK 1: Themes and Polic !"eas, T"anspo"t The -hite Pape" on T"anspo"t, ;Eu"opean T"anspo"t Polic $o" 3,1,: Time to decide% is a st"ategic document that includes measu"es to p"omote passenge" "ights, "oad sa$et , p"evention o$ congestion, the development o$ sustaina'le mo'ilit , ha"monisation o$ $uel ta<ation $o" comme"cial use"s, a high level o$ =ualit in t"anspo"t se"vices, optimisation o$ in$"ast"uctu"e investments, suppo"t $o" a Eu"opean "adio6navigation s stem and glo'alisation management in the t"anspo"t secto"& The -hite Pape" #as designed to change the app"oach to the Common T"anspo"t Polic , as a "esponse to the polluting and congested modes o$ t"anspo"t cha"acte"istic o$ p"esent Eu"opean t"anspo"t s stems& The Pape" "e$ocuses Eu"ope%s t"anspo"t polic on the demands and needs o$ EU citi4ens& T#o annual con$e"ences on ene"g and t"anspo"t #e"e held in Ba"celona in 3,,1 and 3,,3& The theme $o" the 3,,1 Con$e"ence #as sa$et and secu"it , #he"eas the 3,,3 con$e"ence p"ovided a $o"um $o" de'ate on Eu"ope%s ma7o" in$"ast"uctu"e net#o"*s& The con$e"ences have p"ovided impo"tant $eed'ac* to the Commission $o" $utu"e initiatives& The themes $o" the con$e"ences also con$i"med the impo"tance o$ the *e =uestions highlighted in the ."een Pape" on Ene"g and the -hite Pape" on T"anspo"t& 8n addition to the polic guidelines, the Commission has developed a num'e" o$ initiatives and p"og"ammes& !n e<ample in the t"anspo"t polic a"ea is the Single Eu"opean S* initiative& Since the li'e"alisation o$ ai" t"a$$ic, the g"o#th in $lights has caused dela s 'ecause o$ the satu"ation o$ ai" space& The Eu"opean s* is still a patch#o"* o$ national s stems, #hich di$$e" signi$icantl $"om one state to anothe"& The Eu"opean S* initiative aims to ha"monise Eu"opean ai" t"a$$ic management s stems& E<amples o$ othe" initiatives and p"og"ammes initiated ' the Commission #ithin the t"anspo"t polic $ield include .alileo /a "adio6navigation satellite s stem1, the Eu"opean Rail T"a$$ic (anagement S stem /ERT(S1, the (a"co Polo p"og"amme /intends to help the t"anspo"t and logistics indust" to achieve sustained modal shi$ts o$ "oad $"eight to sho"t sea shipping, "ail and inland #ate"#a 1 and the E"ica 8 and 88 pac*ages /ma"itime sa$et measu"es1& 5u"the"mo"e, the speci$ic p"og"amme ;8nteg"ating and st"engthening the Eu"opean Resea"ch !"ea% #ithin the :th 5"ame#o"* p"og"amme includes a num'e" o$ activities aimed at mo"e sustaina'le ene"g and t"anspo"t s stems in Eu"ope& The Accession Countries Relations #ith thi"d count"ies a"e c"ucial #hen it comes to the a"eas o$ ene"g and t"anspo"t& !s desc"i'ed a'ove, the EU is highl dependent on e<te"nal sou"ces o$ ene"g & This situation #ill not change as a conse=uence o$ the enla"gement o$ the Union& 0egotiations #ith the accession count"ies on ene"g and t"anspo"t sta"ted in 1+++& The p"og"ess to#a"ds accession ' each candidate count" in the $ields o$ ene"g and t"anspo"t is desc"i'ed in the "epo"t ;To#a"ds the Enla"ged Union: St"ateg Pape" and Repo"t o$ the Eu"opean Commission on the p"og"ess to#a"ds accession ' each o$ the candidate count"ies% /3,,31& The Pha"e p"og"amme is one o$ the th"ee p"e6accession inst"uments $inanced ' the EU to assist the applicant count"ies o$ cent"al Eu"ope in thei" p"epa"ations $o" 7oining the Eu"opean Union& >egislative alignment in the t"anspo"t a"ea has p"og"essed in most o$ the candidate count"ies& )o#eve", some count"ies still need to ma*e imp"ovements "ega"ding legislation and "e$o"m in the "ail secto" and in "elation to ma"itime t"anspo"t& The administ"ative capacit needs to 'e st"engthened in all a"eas, 'ut in pa"ticula" in the $ield o$ "oad t"anspo"t& Su'stantial investments #ill also 'e "e=ui"ed ove" the coming decade as a "esult o$ the e<tended T"ans6Eu"opean T"anspo"t 0et#o"*&

Final Materials December 2003

Evaluating Socio Economic Development, SOURCEBOOK 1: Themes and Polic !"eas, T"anspo"t -ith "ega"d to the t"anspo"t secto", the candidate count"ies a"e p"esentl esta'lishing and implementing p"og"ammes o$ app"o<imation to the EU standa"ds& The t"anspo"t in$"ast"uctu"e net#o"*s a"e 'eing updated in o"de" to $o"m pa"t o$ the T"ans6Eu"opean T"anspo"t 0et#o"* a$te" enla"gement& 5u"the" t"anspo"t issues that need to 'e add"essed can 'e classi$ied acco"ding to the $ollo#ing p"io"it themes: T #le .: Ke+ !ss'es in Priorit+ The%es P"io"it theme Road t"anspo"t 8nland t"anspo"t Rail t"anspo"t #ate"#a 8ssues Technolog , sa$et and envi"onment legislation, ma"*et access, $iscal matte"s and social legislation 5leet capacit 8nteg"ation o$ se"vices 'et#een EU and CEEC "ail#a companies, as #ell as imp"oving the latte"%s o"ganisation and $inancial situation to ope"ate in ma"*et conditions (a"*et access and sa$et and in$"ast"uctu"e o"ganisation En$o"cement o$ the ma"itime sa$et ac=uis

!i" t"anspo"t (a"itime t"anspo"t

The 8nst"ument $o" St"uctu"al Policies $o" P"e6accession /8SP!1 #as developed ' the Commission to help the cent"al and easte"n Eu"opean count"ies compl #ith Communit envi"onmental and t"anspo"t standa"ds& 5"om 3,,,63,,:, a total o$ EUR 1 ,?, million a ea" /at 1+++ p"ices1 #ill 'e made availa'le $o" in$"ast"uctu"e p"o7ects in the $ield o$ t"anspo"t and envi"onment& The main p"io"ities conce"ning the a"eas o$ ene"g and t"anspo"t a"e $amilia"ising the candidate count"ies #ith the policies and p"ocedu"es o$ the EU and e<panding and lin*ing #ith t"ans6Eu"opean t"anspo"t net#o"*s& B"inging t"anspo"t in$"ast"uctu"e in the candidate count"ies up to the standa"ds o$ the Union to meet the e<pected g"o#th o$ t"a$$ic #ill call $o" ma7o" investments& 8SP! the"e$o"e cont"i'utes to $unding the development o$ "ail#a s, "oads, po"ts and ai"po"ts, ta*ing into account "e=ui"ements $o" sustaina'le t"anspo"t and modal change& T+pes) S$ les nd Re$'rren$e of !nter&entions St"uctu"al 5und inte"ventions in the $ield o$ t"anspo"t in$"ast"uctu"e encompass "oads, '"idges and moto"#a s, "ail#a s lines and stations /eithe" inte"6cit o" su'u"'an1, su'#a s, ai"po"ts, po"ts, inte"modal cent"es, etc& 8nte"ventions involve const"uction as #ell as upg"ading& 8n$"ast"uctu"e p"o7ects a"e gene"all la"ge and "elativel $e# in num'e"& The usuall conce"n p"o7ects that eithe" ta*e the $o"m o$ the const"uction o" mode"nisation o$ a lin* 'et#een a num'e" o$ nodes /e&g& "oads, "ail#a s, ca'les, pipes, etc&1 o" a"e nodes themselves /e&g& po"ts, multimodal e<changes, and telephone e<changes1& Eligi'le p"o7ects a"e la"gel limited to in$"ast"uctu"e and do not usuall include mo'ile e=uipment li*e t"ains, $e""ies and ae"oplanes& (a7o" $unding o$ t"anspo"t in$"ast"uctu"es is channelled th"ough the ERD5 in O'7ective 1 a"eas, o$ten in pa"allel #ith E8B loans& 8nte"ventions ta*e va"ious $o"ms: la"ge p"o7ects, ope"ational p"og"ammes /t"anspo"t speci$ic1 o" t"anspo"t measu"es #ithin "egional p"og"ammes& T"anspo"t in$"ast"uctu"e has a num'e" o$ speci$ic cha"acte"istics, #hich shape the s stems o$ indicato"s used to evaluate inte"ventions in the $ield& Recipients di"ectl use some p"o7ects /"oads1 and these a"e non6t"adea'le se"vices& Othe"s /"ail#a s1 need an ope"ato" and complementa" investments 'e$o"e the "each thei" end use"s and a"e the"e$o"e t"aded se"vices $o" #hich a p"ice can 'e $i<ed in the ma"*et& The app"oach to $inancial and economic evaluation o$ these t#o ma 'e di$$e"ent& 5inall , a t"anspo"t in$"ast"uctu"e p"o7ect is pa"t o$ a net#o"*, onl the net#o"* p"ovides 'ene$its $o" the use"s, not the p"o7ect ' itsel$&

Final Materials December 2003

Evaluating Socio Economic Development, SOURCEBOOK 1: Themes and Polic !"eas, T"anspo"t The imp"ovement o$ "egional competitiveness "emains the $oundation o$ the e<istence and dimension o$ t"anspo"t in$"ast"uctu"e p"o7ects #ithin the St"uctu"al 5unds& (an studies have sho#n that these impacts a"e di$$icult to assess& Sometimes, it ma*es 'ette" sense to appl economic impact indicato"s to the t"anspo"t s stem as a #hole& 8t is o$ten mo"e di$$icult, p"acticall and conceptuall , to appl economic impact indicato"s to a single p"o7ect& The inc"easing sophistication o$ some t pes o$ t"anspo"t in$"ast"uctu"e has led to a g"o#ing concent"ation o$ costs, #hich can "esult in st"onge" discontinuities o$ p"ovision and ine=uit in te"ms o$ accessi'ilit & Evaluation must the"e$o"e conside" not onl the gains $o" those #ho 'ene$it $"om the use o$ imp"oved se"vices, 'ut also issues o$ dist"i'ution a"ising $"om di"ect and indi"ect e$$ects on pe"sons and "egions not 'ene$iting $"om inte"ventions& !nothe" set o$ signi$icant e<te"nal impacts o$ t"anspo"t investment "elate to e$$ects on the envi"onment& T"anspo"t investment plans o$ a signi$icant natu"e a"e nea"l al#a s "e=ui"ed to 'e accompanied ' some $o"m o$ Envi"onmental 8mpact !ssessment& -hilst inte"ventions in the $ield o$ t"anspo"t in$"ast"uctu"e c"eate impo"tant and #idesp"ead e<te"nal impacts in nume"ous non6t"anspo"t $ields, impacts a"ising $"om non6t"anspo"t in$"ast"uctu"e o"iented inte"ventions on t"anspo"t in$"ast"uctu"es a"e gene"all mo"e limited& -hen these impacts do occu", the a"e most li*el to 'e gene"ated ' inte"ventions aimed at suppo"ting economic development and ente"p"ises& 8nte"ventions in these $ields a"e li*el to a$$ect t"anspo"t s stem impact indicato"s via inc"eased economic activit & Simila"l , inte"ventions ta"geted at the envi"onment o" tou"ism ma have an impact on the t"anspo"t s stem /i&e& dec"eased o" inc"eased p"ivate vehicle use1& Possi#le Appro $hes) /ethods nd Te$hni0'es for E& l' tion T"anspo"t in$"ast"uctu"e p"o7ects a"e $unded ' means o$ g"ants and loans that a"e la"gel allocated on the 'asis o$ p"o7ect6speci$ic app"aisal #ithin the $"ame#o"* o$ a "egional development st"ateg & 5o" the cohesion count"ies, $"om 'oth a ph sical and $inancial point o$ vie#, the planning and $inancing o$ t"anspo"t in$"ast"uctu"e a"e among the most impo"tant a"eas o$ EU polic & T"anspo"t in$"ast"uctu"e investments a"e intended to a$$ect socio6economic cohesion in t#o ma7o" #a s: ' eliminating 'ottlenec*s and "educing t"avelling times, costs and const"aints on indust" /e&g& o$ t"anspo"ting "a# mate"ials, semi6$inished and $inished p"oducts, etc&1 a"e "educed and economic p"oductivit is imp"oved /e&g& ' allo#ing ne# o"ganisational techni=ues such as 7ust6in6time ope"ations1A and ' inc"easing accessi'ilit and mo'ilit 'et#een "egions, the"e$o"e "educing the e$$ects o$ pe"iphe"alit on 'usiness and individuals&

This t"aditional a"gument is that imp"ovements in t"anspo"t and, in pa"ticula", t"anspo"t in$"ast"uctu"e, $oste" economic development and "educe dispa"ities 'et#een "egions& This h pothesis is, ho#eve", =uestioned ' some #ho a"gue that imp"oved in$"ast"uctu"e ma in some cases #o"sen dispa"ities, at least in the sho"t6te"m, ' opening up "egions to impo"ts o"iginating $"om lo#e"6cost sou"ces& 8n addition to this possi'le undesi"a'le e$$ect, inte"ventions #ithin the $"ame#o"* o$ the TE0 initiative, #hich account $o" the ma7o"it o$ investments in this domain, a"e not aimed at achieving cohesion 'ut at inc"easing the ove"all competitiveness o$ the EU as a #hole& 8nte"ventions o$ this *ind ma the"e$o"e have g"eate" positive e$$ects in non6cohesion count"ies in #hich the 'ul* o$ the investment in TE0 p"o7ects occu"s and #hich a"e mo"e $avou"ed in te"ms o$ accessi'ilit ' thei" geog"aphical position& 0eve"theless, the "ole o$ the Communit in identi$ ing, planning and co6$inancing the TE0 is seen as an impo"tant $acto" in counte"ing the national 'ias o$ most t"anspo"t in$"ast"uctu"e p"o7ects& 8t also seems possi'le that the tendenc o$ imp"oved in$"ast"uctu"e to att"act individuals and 'usinesses to the mo"e d namic "egional poles o$

Final Materials December 2003

Evaluating Socio Economic Development, SOURCEBOOK 1: Themes and Polic !"eas, T"anspo"t activit at the e<pense o$ cohesion ma 'e la"gel ove"estimated& 8n the medium to longe" te"m it can 'e e<pected that the"e #ill 'e a deg"ee o$ "e'alancing o$ activit as the costs and disadvantages o$ la"ge agglome"ations /e&g& o$$ice "ents, pollution, congestion, etc&1 sta"t to out#eigh the 'ene$its& 8n addition to the upg"ading and const"uction o$ in$"ast"uctu"e, the"e is a g"o#ing emphasis on mo"e e$$icient use o$ e<isting in$"ast"uctu"e th"ough high6technolog solutions to p"o'lems o$ "oad congestion and t"anspo"t "elated envi"onmental p"o'lems /e&g& !dvanced T"anspo"t Telematics technologies1& The e$$ect o$ this development on cohesion ma p"ove to 'e less than o$ten claimed, since this so"t o$ solution seems mo"e suited to developed "athe" than pe"iphe"al pa"ts o$ the Communit & T"anspo"t has 'een the su'7ect o$ de"egulation policies that a"e having, o" #ill have impo"tant st"uctu"al "epe"cussions& The identi$ication o$ lin*s 'et#een li'e"alisation policies and "egulato" $"ame#o"*s #ith inte"ventions di"ected to e<plicit cohesion o'7ectives "ep"esents an impo"tant element o$ evaluation& The p"ovision o$ t"anspo"t in$"ast"uctu"e ma also have negative e$$ects a"ising $"om such p"o'lems as "oad congestion, due to the "elease o$ supp"essed demand $o" "oad space& 0egative e$$ects on the =ualit o$ li$e ma "esult $"om ai" and noise pollution gene"ated ' the use o$ the in$"ast"uctu"e& The evaluation o$ the e$$ects o$ inte"ventions in t"anspo"t #ill depend upon #hat is conside"ed as the cont"i'ution o$ t"anspo"t to the econom & That cont"i'ution la"gel t"anslates into "educed costs and const"aints $o" 'usinesses and individuals& 8t also has a st"ong =ualitative aspect, nota'l in te"ms o$ sa$et and envi"onment& Experien$e in the Use of Spe$ifi$ E& l' tion Tools for Tr nsport This section p"esents a small num'e" o$ e<amples o$ tools used& Ex %ple .: S1OT: Ex %ple of the str tegi$ o&er&iew of tr nsport iss'es for the Rep'#li$ of !rel nd S-OT anal sis /St"engths, -ea*nesses, Oppo"tunities and Th"eats1 is pa"ticula"l use$ul $o" pe"$o"ming a st"ategic anal sis at the time o$ the conception o" evaluation o$ a p"og"amme o" polic & 8ts implementation involves a num'e" o$ steps: 1& Scanning the *e issues and p"o'lems $aced ' a "egionA 3& O"de"ing p"io"itiesA @& 8denti$ ing oppo"tunities and th"eats /$acto"s outside the p"o7ect, "egion, etc&1A ?& 8denti$ ing st"engths and #ea*nesses /$acto"s "elated to the cha"acte"istics o$ the p"o7ect, "egion, etc&1A B& S nthesising "esults and anal sis o$ the S-OT mat"i<A :& 5o"mulating st"ategies& 8n this pa"ticula" e<ample a S-OT anal sis #as unde"ta*en to e<amine the position o$ the Repu'lic o$ 8"eland #ith "ega"d to the national t"anspo"t secto" and in "elation to the ove"all conte<t in #hich it e<ists& The anal sis, 'ased on the $acto"s summa"ised in the mat"i< p"esented 'elo#, comes to the conclusion that the ove"all position o$ t"anspo"t $o" the Repu'lic o$ 8"eland is one o$ #ea*ness and inade=uac & This anal sis allo#s the ela'o"ation o$ st"ateg options aimed at eliminating identi$ied #ea*nesses o" at compensating $o" them th"ough the development o$ identi$ied st"engths& E<ample o$ a S-OT anal sis mat"i<
St"engths 8ndust"ial 'ase "elativel mode"n -ea*nesses Small si4e, pe"iphe"al location

Final Materials December 2003

Evaluating Socio Economic Development, SOURCEBOOK 1: Themes and Polic !"eas, T"anspo"t
T"adition o$ open econom Educated #o"*$o"ce Unspoiled envi"onment P"o<imit to sea Political sta'ilit Oppo"tunities SE( 6 access to mainland Role as ent"epot $o" the US!D Shannon as Eu"opean ai" hu'D Suited to tou"ism and leisu"e Telecoms 'ased se"vices (a"icultu"e, natu"al ene"g Poo" indigenous "esou"ces Cualit o$ domestic in$"ast"uctu"e Unsatis$acto" access to t"anspo"t >imited $inance Unemplo ment, social p"o'lems Th"eats Eu"opean cent"e moving east#a"ds Unce"taint o$ $utu"e EC $unding Scotland and -ales, post Channel Tunnel >a"ge indust"ial alliances Unsta'le Eu"ope6 social E economic Emig"ation o$ #o"*$o"ce

Ex %ple 2: S$ores nd 1eights: Ex %ple of the 3Corridor R n,ing 4r %ewor,3 56ree$e) !rel nd nd Port'g l7 This tool is o$ten used in the e< ante app"aisal o$ p"o7ects, using a standa"d set o$ selection and "an*ing c"ite"ia& 8t usuall involves t#o stages: 1& 3& Sc"eening out p"o7ects that do not satis$ the "elevant c"ite"iaA Ran*ing p"o7ects that have 'een "etained acco"ding to the c"ite"ia&

8n the case o$ the FCo""ido" Ran*ing 5"ame#o"*F, p"esented he"e, the "elative impo"tance o$ co""ido"s depends on the speci$ic o'7ectives that unde"pin t"anspo"t in$"ast"uctu"e inte"ventions and that cont"i'ute to attaining the glo'al o'7ective o$ socio6economic cohesion& The "an*ing o$ co""ido"s in this th"ee6count" evaluation #as unde"ta*en on the 'asis o$ seven c"ite"ia that #e"e themselves "an*ed acco"ding to thei" "elative impo"tance& The c"ite"ia used #e"e the $ollo#ing: 1& Does the co""ido" p"ovide lin*ages to the "est o$ the Eu"opean Communit D 3& Does the co""ido" connect impo"tant population cent"es /mo"e than B,,,,, inha'itants1D @& Does the co""ido" p"ovide lin*s to e<te"nal access points /i&e& ai"po"ts and seapo"ts1D ?& !"e t"a$$ic volumes on the co""ido" high and, as a "esult, does congestion occu" "egula"l , etc&D B& Does the co""ido" complete land and E o" sea "outesD :& Does the co""ido" $acilitate inte"national t"a$$icD G& Does the co""ido" integ"ate "emote o" isolated "egions #ith development potentialD 8n the case o$ evaluation o$ the t"anspo"t secto" in ."eece, co""ido"s 'et#een economic cent"es #e"e "an*ed acco"ding to the c"ite"ia listed a'ove, "e$lecting a num'e" o$ t"anspo"t6"elated o'7ectives /e&g& imp"oving connections to othe" Eu"opean count"ies, lin*ing up cent"es o$ high population concent"ation, imp"oving lin*s to po"ts, etc&1 The method o$ sco"ing allo#s the "elevance o$ the p"o7ect to 'e ta*en into account ' indicating #hethe" the c"ite"ia appl to the p"o7ect $ull , pa"tiall o" not at all& The c"ite"ia a"e also "an*ed acco"ding to thei" ove"all impo"tance& This in$o"mation is p"esented in the $o"m o$ a mat"i<, an e<t"act o$ #hich is given 'elo#:

Final Materials December 2003

Evaluating Socio Economic Development, SOURCEBOOK 1: Themes and Polic !"eas, T"anspo"t

E<t"act $"om a Fco""ido" "an*ing $"ame#o"*F applied to ."eece

Dec"easing p"io"it
1 Potential candidate T"ans6 co""ido"s $o" Eu"opea development n Road 3 Connects populatio n concent6 "ations /cities H B,*1 @ >in*s e<te"nal access points ? )as t"a$$ic volumes B Complet es land E se a "outes : 5acilitate s inte"6 national t"a$$ic G 8nteg"ates "emote E isolated a"eas

11 !thens 6 Pat"as 31 !thens 6 Thessaloni*i @1 Thessaloni*i 6 8goumenitsa ?1 Co"inthois 6 Kalamata B1 8goumenitsa 6 Pat"as

8oannina

C"ite"ia $ull applies

C"ite"ia applies pa"tiall

C"ite"ia does not appl

8t is impo"tant to note that the e<ample a'ove is onl one #a o$ "an*ing p"o7ects& !nothe" set o$ c"ite"ia #ould "e$lect anothe" set o$ o'7ectives o" a di$$e"ent t pe o$ inte"vention /e&g& total p"o7ect cost, $inancial "etu"n, socio6economic value, "elationship to o'7ectives, leve"age e$$ects, timing conside"ations, local geo6political $acto"s, envi"onmental sa$et and othe" "elated o'7ectives, net#o"* e$$ects, etc&1& Ex %ple 8: C se St'dies: Ex %ple of tr nsport se$tor pro9e$ts 5!rel nd7 Case Studies #e"e emplo ed in 8"eland to o'tain 'oth =uantitative and =ualitative data on the economic impacts o$ a num'e" o$ speci$ic t"anspo"t p"o7ects& Su"ve s o$ use"s /local companies, "oad haulie"s1 and Cost6Bene$it !nal sis #e"e used to in$o"m the Case Studies& -hilst the Case Studies selected /a ' 6pass, a moto"#a , "egional ai"po"t development and a seapo"t1 p"ovided some in$o"mation to complement mac"o6level data "esulting mainl $"om seconda" sou"ces, thei" cont"i'ution to the evaluation could 'e conside"ed as less than satis$acto" $o" a num'e" o$ "easons: the 'ene$its a"ising $"om the p"o7ects #e"e conside"ed individuall and the"e$o"e could not 'e $ull app"eciated 'ecause the p"o7ects $o"m an integ"al component o$ a s stemA and, secondl , competing $acto"s ove"#helmed the speci$ic e$$ects a"ising $"om the individual p"o7ects& !lthough Case Studies in this e<ample p"ovide use$ul illust"ations o$ inte"ventions and thei" e$$ects, thei" cont"i'ution to the evaluation could have 'een inc"eased i$ a num'e" o$ methodological conside"ations had 'een ta*en into account& 5i"stl , the selection p"ocedu"e $o" cases should 'e t"anspa"ent and the impo"tance o$ the case in "elation to ove"all polic o'7ectives needs to 'e cla"i$ied& Secondl , as pa"t o$ a t"ansnational evaluation, the selection o$ cases should allo# $o" the g"eatest possi'le deg"ee o$ compa"ison ac"oss count"ies and "egions to 'e unde"ta*en& 5inall , the measu"ing o$ impacts at the p"o7ect level neglects the s ne"gies and e<te"nalities gene"ated ' an

Final Materials December 2003

Evaluating Socio Economic Development, SOURCEBOOK 1: Themes and Polic !"eas, T"anspo"t inte"vention& 8n o"de" to ta*e these $acto"s into account, a Case Stud should $ocus on a num'e" o$ *e p"o7ects #ithin a ci"cumsc"i'ed geog"aphical a"ea&

Ex %ple :: (ELP;!: Ex %ple of fore$ sting the de&elop%ent of tr nsport tele% ti$s te$hnologies The advantages o$ telematics in the domain o$ t"anspo"t is that the p"ovide a #a o$ optimising the use o$ e<isting net#o"*s th"ough 'ette" t"a$$ic management and in$o"mation& The the"e$o"e "ep"esent a pa"tial alte"native to "oad in$"ast"uctu"e investment& 8n this pa"ticula" e<ample, the DE>P)8 techni=ue #as used to $o"ecast the li*el level o$ use o$ a selection o$ t"anspo"t telematics technologies in the ea" 3,1B in medium6si4ed Eu"opean cities& The DE>P)8 techni=ue allo#s e<pe"ts to collectivel pe"$o"m =uantitative estimations o$ potential impacts o$ inte"ventions& The stud itsel$ involved a total o$ 33? e<pe"ts in !dvanced T"anspo"t Telematics technolog /!TT1 $"om the vast ma7o"it o$ (em'e" States& 8t $ocused on 19 di$$e"ent !TT technologies and thei" possi'le adoption ove" the pe"iod up to 3,1B& B pa"ticipating in a consultation p"ocess, this techni=ue allo#ed the e<pe"ts to p"ovide in$o"mation on the technologies the thought #e"e li*el to 'e adopted, the $acto"s that might lie 'ehind thei" adoption, and those that might "est"ict o" "eta"d this p"ocess& ! techni=ue "elated to DE>P)8, the (at"i< o$ C"oss 8mpacts /S(8C1, #as used in pa"allel #ith the stud outlined a'ove& This techni=ue, unli*e DE>P)8, allo#s inte"actions among events to 'e conside"ed ' "e$ining the p"o'a'ilities "elating to the occu""ence o$ individual $utu"e developments& The "esulting p"o'a'ilities can 'e used di"ectl in the planning p"ocess o" as the 'asis $o" developing scena"ios that can su'se=uentl 'e used $o" planning& 8n total, 13: e<pe"ts #e"e involved $"om ac"oss the EU& Si< possi'le events #e"e identi$ied #hich could 'e '"o*en do#n into t#o main g"oups: events involving the use o$ technologies to "educe t"anspo"t p"o'lems events involving t"a$$ic and t"anspo"t p"o'lems o" conse=uences1&

! $i"st stage o$ anal sis assessed the single p"o'a'ilit o$ the occu""ence o$ the si< events conside"ed sepa"atel & ! second stage e<amined the conditional p"o'a'ilit o$ the events $o"ecast& The "esult o$ the stud #as a selection o$ scena"ios chosen on the 'asis o$ the estimated li*elihood o$ thei" occu""ence& Ex %ple <: Pro9e$t Spe$ifi$ 4in n$i l nd E$ono%i$ Appr is l 5Asi n (e&elop%ent B n, 5A(B7 Appr is l of Centr l Asi n Tr nsport Pro9e$ts7 !DB p"o7ect app"aisal app"oaches $all into t#o '"oad catego"ies: Non-traded transport services such as high#a s p"o7ects /e<cluding toll "oads1, $o" #hich no di"ect ta"i$$ is cha"ged& 5inancial app"aisals a"e not no"mall unde"ta*en since the"e a"e costs 'ut no di"ect "evenues& Traded transport services such as "ail, 'us, ai", o" toll "oad se"vices $o" #hich a di"ect ta"i$$ is cha"ged& 8n this case a $inancial app"aisal is no"mall unde"ta*en assessing the impact o$ costs and "evenues $"om ta"i$$s on the implementing agenc & The $inancial sustaina'ilit o$ the p"o7ect is assessed and the "e=ui"ement $o" an su'sidies to the implementing agenc and the a$$o"da'ilit to consume"s

Final Materials December 2003

Evaluating Socio Economic Development, SOURCEBOOK 1: Themes and Polic !"eas, T"anspo"t estimated& This is no"mall 'ased on e<isting and $utu"e ta"i$$ data and accounting data $"om the implementing agenc conce"ned& The e<ample he"e is conce"ned #ith the app"oach to the $o"me" since in the evaluation o$ non6 t"adea'le se"vices p"o7ects such as high#a it is o$ten mo"e di$$icult to ensu"e that , #hethe" the p"o7ect is $inanciall sustaina'le o" not, the"e a"e su$$icient economic 'ene$its to 7usti$ the investment& !lso, pa"ticula" emphasis is inc"easingl given to the economic 'ene$its o$ high#a p"o7ects de"ived ' the poo" o" othe"#ise sociall e<cluded& Conside"a'le "esea"ch into the economic 'ene$its o$ "oads p"o7ects has 'een unde"ta*en $o" the inte"national $unding institutions& ! good e<ample o$ "ecent development o$ the app"oach is the "ecent pape" Poverty Reduction and Road Projects: A Pros ective !stimation Method , ' ."ego" R .a7e#s*i and (a"c >uppino, p"epa"ed $o" the >ouis Be"ge" ."oup 8nc and the !sian Development Ban*, 'uilding on actual p"o7ect e<pe"ience in Ta7i*istan, K "g 4stan and 8ndia& The pape" p"esents an app"oach $o" estimating the potential pove"t "eduction 'ene$its achieved ' the "eha'ilitation o$ t"un* and seconda" "oads& The app"oach has 'een applied to "oads p"o7ects in a num'e" o$ developing and t"ansitional economies, including th"ee "ecent !DB p"o7ects: Ta7i*istan Road Reha'ilitation P"o7ect /Octo'e" 3,,,1A K "g 4stan Thi"d Road Reha'ilitation P"o7ect 5easi'ilit Stud /!ugust 3,,11A and the (adh a P"adesh State Roads Secto" Development P"og"am /(a 3,,31& The app"oach $ocuses on the "e=ui"ements o$ the !DB%s "uidelines #or the !conomic Analysis o# Projects$ 8t also $o"ms pa"t o$ the in$"ast"uctu"e pove"t impact anal sis /P8!1 #hich $ocuses on dist"i'utional and st"uctu"al impacts on the poo"& 8t "elies on outputs $"om t"aditional p"o7ect $easi'ilit studies and on "esults $"om tailo"ed small sample su"ve s o$ "oad use"s& The app"oach can 'e enhanced ' Pa"ticipato" Rapid !pp"aisals /PR!s1& The app"oach "elies on 'asic economic p"inciples& ! dist"i'utional anal sis is ca""ied out to sho# ho# 'ene$its a"e t picall dist"i'uted among /i1 $"eight t"anspo"t use"s, /ii1 passenge" t"anspo"t use"s, /iii1 vehicle o#ne"s /iv1 the la'ou" $o"ce, and /v1 .ove"nment& Costs a"e assessed 'ased on the net capital and maintenance costs& Economic 'ene$its comp"ise "oad use" cost /RUC1 "eductions, #hich a"e t picall "educed o" avoided costs to "oad use"s "esulting $"om the imp"oved condition o$ the "oads& Base data includes t"a$$ic $o"ecasts and "oad use" unit costs ' class o$ passenge" o" $"eight vehicle& The impact and dist"i'ution o$ costs and 'ene$its a"e also a$$ected ' st"uctu"al const"aints I pa"ticula"l institutional const"aints& St"uctu"al const"aints anal sis "e=ui"es e<tensive $ield#o"*, and "elies c"iticall on p"o7ect a"ea su"ve s to assess the po"tion o$ saving passed on to use"sA the e<tent to #hich the poo" use the "oadA #hethe" 'ene$its a"e passed on to poo"A institutional const"aints that p"event dist"i'ution o$ 'ene$itsA and complementa" action needed& Estimates can also 'e suppo"ted ' seconda" data $"om la"ge" scale su"ve s& The economic impact o$ a p"o7ect is estimated ' summing total net 'ene$its $"om each individual 'ene$icia" catego" to give the net p"esent value /0PJ1 o$ the total 'ene$its& ! sensitivit anal sis is usuall unde"ta*en, to add"ess in pa"ticula" the e$$ect o$ st"uctu"al const"aints& This anal sis can also 'e used as pa"t o$ the pove"t impact assessment /P8!1& Su"ve s a"e unde"ta*en to estimate ho# and #h the poo" use "oads, and to dete"mine the deg"ee o$ competition& Estimated net 'ene$its $"om the $easi'ilit stud I p"ima"il savings in vehicle ope"ating costs due to the imp"oved "oad I a"e used to estimate the sha"e going to the poo" and ve" poo"& Costs and 'ene$its to the poo" a"e then p"esented in economic values, and an estimate o$ the sha"e o$ total net 'ene$its is used to de"ive the Pove"t 8mpact Ratio /P8R1, e<p"essed as the pe"centage sha"e o$ 'ene$its #hich go to the poo" as a p"opo"tion o$ total 'ene$its& Ke+ /ethods nd te$hni0'es

Final Materials December 2003

Evaluating Socio Economic Development, SOURCEBOOK 1: Themes and Polic !"eas, T"anspo"t Bene$icia" su"ve sA case studiesA use o$ seconda" sou"ce dataA use o$ administ"ative dataA input output anal sisA DelphiA S-OTA cost 'ene$it anal sisA economic impact assessmentA envi"onmental impact assessment

!ndi$ tors Resource indicators -hile the need to monito" the cost o$ p"og"amme and p"o7ect implementation is unive"sal, the "is* o$ ove""uns in te"ms o$ 'udget and schedule o$ la"ge in$"ast"uctu"e p"o7ects ma*es the $ollo#6up o$ p"o7ect e<ecution pa"ticula"l impo"tant& !t the p"og"amme level, "esou"ces can 'e e$$icientl monito"ed #ith one single indicato": Kcompliance #ith p"o7ect costL #hich can 'e de$ined as the Klatest estimate o$ the total cost o$ the p"o7ect in p"opo"tion o$ the cost that appea"ed in the p"og"amming documentL& The p"og"ess o$ p"o7ect e<ecution can 'e $ollo#ed ' compa"ing planned and actual p"o7ect du"ation, and planned and actual p"o7ect costs /See Bo< 11& %ut ut indicators -ithout p"e7udice to mo"e detailed levels o$ in$o"mation needed in lo#e" levels o$ management, the in$o"mation needed $o" monito"ing pu"poses onl needs to include the K"ate o$ completionL& 8n o"de" to compute the K"ate o$ completionL, la"ge p"o7ects must 'e dis6agg"egated into smalle" stages, eve" stage 'eing #eighted #ith its planned cost& The K"ate o$ completionL is the #eighted pe"centage o$ completed stages& 8t is eas to compute a #eighted ave"age K"ate o$ completionL o$ all in$"ast"uctu"e p"o7ects #ithin a p"og"amme& ! d"a#'ac* #ith using the "ate o$ completion as an indicato" is that its meaning comes ve" close to that o$ an indicato" o$ 'udget a'so"ption, at least #hile the"e is no cost ove""un& 8n o"de" to 'ette" "e$lect outputs, it is #o"th#hile computing an indicato" o$ Kcompliance #ith p"o7ect du"ationL& To $acilitate 7udgement and compa"isons, it is essential that p"o7ect du"ation is p"esented #ith 'oth initial and cu""ent values& !nd it is also ve" impo"tant that time and mone a"e p"esented side ' side, since a p"o7ect ma 'e ove"spending on cost ove""uns and unde"6spending due to dela s, the cost 'alance 'eing close to nil& 8n this case, cost dimension alone #ould $alsel suggest that all is "unning #ell /see Bo< 11& Box . " 4ollow"'p of pro9e$t exe$'tion

Final Materials December 2003

1,

Evaluating Socio Economic Development, SOURCEBOOK 1: Themes and Polic !"eas, T"anspo"t
Figure 1 - Follow-up of project execution
Du"ation 6Plan Du"ation 6Cu""ent Cost 6 Cu""ent Cost 6 Plan , 1, 3, @, ?, B, :,

= of Re lis tion Mea" Begin 0o#

8n this e<ample the p"o7ect, #hich #as #ell 'ehind schedule at the sta"t o$ the ea", has almost caught up #ith the planned level o$ "ealisation /uppe" t#o g"oups o$ histog"ams1& The cost ove""un o'se"ved at the sta"t o$ the ea" has also 'een slightl "educed as the p"o7ect has p"og"essed th"ough the ea" /lo#e" t#o g"oups o$ histog"ams1& Output indicato"s can 'e use$ull "elated to the stoc* o$ "egional in$"ast"uctu"e& 0e# "oads and "ail#a s a"e li*el to inc"ease "egional endo#ment, measu"ed in te"ms o$ *mE*m3 o" *mEinha'itant& Result indicators The ma7o"it o$ "oad use"s do so #ith thei" o#n e=uipment /ca"s, vans and lo""ies1& 5o" othe" modes, use"s need the se"vices o$ t"anspo"t ope"ato"s, and a"e thus dependent not onl on the =ualit and capacit o$ the in$"ast"uctu"e, 'ut also on the a""a o$ se"vices made availa'le ' those ope"ato"s and on ho# #ell thei" "e=ui"ements a"e met ' them& This $undamental di$$e"ence has conse=uences not onl $o" the indicato"s that have to 'e selected $o" evaluation o$ investments in the di$$e"ent modes, 'ut also $o" the speed and geog"aphical sp"ead o$ di$$usion o$ the 'ene$its $"om an pa"ticula" p"o7ect& This is 'ecause ne# "oad in$"ast"uctu"e is availa'le $"om the $i"st da it is open to se"vice and is easil integ"ated into the "emaining "oad net#o"*& On the othe" hand, othe" modes $"e=uentl "e=ui"e additional investments to 'e made ' the ope"ato"s #ho ma have to 'u additional and imp"oved e=uipment, "eo"ganise thei" se"vices and ma"*et them& &m act indicators The initial speci$ic impacts o$ inte"ventions in this $ield a"e associated #ith the t"a$$ic $lo# on the ne# in$"ast"uctu"e& !ctual use"s o$ the ne# in$"ast"uctu"e can 'e counted at the ea"liest one ea" a$te" opening& B this date, the end6use"s can also 'e the su'7ect o$ studies in te"ms o$ t"avel pu"pose, t"avel time saving, t"avel cost, etc& Othe" impacts that have to 'e conside"ed a"e "elated to the 'alance o$ inte"6modal competition& The opening o$ ne# t"anspo"t in$"ast"uctu"e is li*el to change the ma"*et sha"es o$ the va"ious modes& But the"e a"e also man instances in #hich the case o$ complementa"it a"ises, th"ough #hich additional $lo#s ' one mode in a section o$ the net#o"* #ill 'e t"ans$e""ed to anothe" mode to cove" anothe" pa"t o$ the 7ou"ne #ithin the same logistical chain& Sho"t6te"m const"uction 7o's a"e o$ten included in impact assessment& )o#eve", since the a"e pa"t o$ the human "esou"ces invested in the implementation o$ the p"og"amme, the should 'e, theo"eticall , counted at the "esou"ce level& This ma , ho#eve", lead to p"o'lems o$ dou'le counting since the c"eation o$ const"uction 7o's is, in p"actice, estimated at impact level ' most evaluation teams& Si< e<amples a"e given 'elo# o$ output, "esults and impact indicato"s "elating to t"anspo"t investments& Indicator Example 1: New section of motorway connecting A and B

Final Materials December 2003

11

Evaluating Socio Economic Development, SOURCEBOOK 1: Themes and Polic !"eas, T"anspo"t Programme indicators Context indicators (Related to the intervention and its effects) (Related to the assisted area) Output indicators Progress Quantity Result indicators !peed 'mpact indicators (raffic flow (ime !aved (+) !afety (ransport system 'ndirect economic effect "nvironment Compliance with project duration Rate of completion km of new motorway km of new lanes "#!#!#($) etween % and & (raffic flow()) of vehicles using the new infrastructure after one year (otal journey time saved y users (hours x vehicles x average num er of passengers per vehicle) after one year ,um er of traffic accidents(-) on the motorway after one year / traffic etween % and & using the new infrastructure

km of motorways per million inha itants in the area (endowment) %verage "#!#!# to and from all relevant ur an centres in the area (raffic flow in the area (vehicle x km * year * inha itant)

(raffic accidents in the (num er * year * .io inha itants)

area

/ of managers in the area who declare that road accessi ility is a major constraint for their firm(0) ,um er of houses suffering from traffic ,um er of dwellings in the area noise (1) 2ectares of natural sites in the area 2ectares of natural sites distur ed

($) "#!#!# stands for "3uivalent !traight4line !peed measures the ease of access from one point to another5 irrespective of the distance etween those points and of the path taken# 't is computed y dividing the straight4line distance etween the two points y the 3uickest possi le trip duration etween them# ()) (raffic flows are expressed in vehicles per average day# 6hen possi le5 one truck is counted as two cars# (+) (ime saved should e measured in relation to oth inter4ur an and intra4ur an journeys# (-) %ccidents are expressed as the num er of accidents involving injuries per year# 6hen possi le5 accidents involving deaths are counted as dou le# (0) %ccessi ility constraint is 3uantified through a survey among regional managers# 't is expressed as the percentage of respondents who agree with the sentence 7road (rail5 air5 sea###) accessi ility is a major constraint for the development of my organisation8# (1) 2ouses suffering from traffic noise must e counted in accordance to national levels of accepta le noise# (he indicator applies to the vicinity of oth the motorway and the other roads joining % and &#

Indicator Example 2: Improvement of a railway line between A and B, bringing it up to t e ig speed range Programme 'ndicators Context 'ndicators (Related to the intervention and its (Related to the assisted area) effects) Output indicators Progress Quantity Result indicators !peed 'mpact indicators (raffic flow !ee "xample $ km of high speed railway "#'#!#!#($) etween % and &

km of high speed railway per million inha itants %verage "#'#!#!# etween all relevant ur an centres in the area flow to and from area

(raffic flow()) of passengers etween % (raffic

Final Materials December 2003

13

Evaluating Socio Economic Development, SOURCEBOOK 1: Themes and Polic !"eas, T"anspo"t (ime saved (ransport system 'ndirect economic effect "nvironment and & after one year (passengers x km*year) (otal journey time saved y users (hours x passengers) after one year / traffic etween % and & fully exploiting the new infrastructure / of managers in the area who declare that rail accessi ility is a major constraint !ee "xample $ !ee "xample $

($) "#'#!#!# stands for "3uivalent 'nterval !traight4line !peed5 an easily transfera le indicator which is intended to measure the ease of access from one point to another5 in a discontinuous service5 irrespective of the distance etween those points and the path taken# 't is computed y dividing the day into intervals of a width judged ade3uate for the distance in 3uestion (e#g# ) hour intervals)5 then computing the est "#'#!#!# for departures within each interval5 and then averaging those "#'#!#!# results over the relevant period of the day (e#g# from 9:;; to )):;;)# 'f there is no departure in a certain interval5 the corresponding "#'#!#!# is taken as <ero and is thus entered into the average computing process# (he computation of "#'#!#!# values must take into account not only the actual departure times ut also transfer possi ilities and timeta les5 whenever we consider the connection etween two points not enjoying a direct connection (at least with a departure in the interval eing considered)# ()) (raffic flow is expressed in passengers * year#

Indicator Example 1: Expansion of a regional airport Programme 'ndicators Context 'ndicators (Related to the intervention and its (Related to the assisted area) effects) Output indicators Progress Capacity Result indicators =estinations !peed !ee 'ndicator "xample $ .aximum num er of passengers per .aximum num er of passengers per year year per million inha itants ,um er of destinations with at least ten direct flights a week($) "#'#!#!# y air etween the closest ur an centre and the most relevant destinations (direct > indirect connections) Changes in airport charges

%verage "#'#!#!# y any means etween all ur an centres in the area and the most relevant destinations (direct > indirect connections)

Cost for users 'mpact indicators (raffic flow 'ndirect economic effect "nvironment

%ir traffic flow()) in the regional airport %ir traffic flow to and from area after one year / of managers in the area who declare that air accessi ility is a major constraint !ee "xample $ !ee "xample $

($) (he num er of destinations served y a regular weekday service of at least two flights per day# ()) %ir traffic flow is expressed in num er of passengers and tonnes of freight per year#

Indicator Example !: Improvement of a container terminal in a sea port Programme 'ndicators Context 'ndicators (Related to the intervention and its (Related to the assisted area) effects) Output indicators Progress Capacity !ee "xample $ .aximum num er of containers lifted y

Final Materials December 2003

1@

Evaluating Socio Economic Development, SOURCEBOOK 1: Themes and Polic !"eas, T"anspo"t cranes per hour and per annum Result indicators 6aiting and turnaround time Punctuality =estinations 2andling time 'mpact indicators (raffic flow 'ndirect economic effect 6aiting time of ships efore docking (hours) (urnaround time of vessels / of scheduled services arriving on time ,um er of shipping lines calling in the port %verage import dwell time($) (urnaround time of road vehicles (raffic flows through the container (raffic flow to and from area terminal (("? ()) * year) after one year (("? * year) / of managers in the area who declare that shipping accessi ility is a major constraint

($) %verage time spent y import units in the port# ()) ("? 4 (wenty4foot "3uivalent ?nits#

Indicator Example 2: "pgrading of a railway line for freig t operations Programme 'ndicators Context 'ndicators (Related to the intervention and its (Related to the assisted area) effects) Output indicators Progress Quantity Quality !ee "xample $ ,um er of km upgraded / of line allowing speeds of at least a desired threshold value (i#e# $;; km * h) / of line length allowing trains of heaviest standard load (ypical commercial speed of freight %verage speed on ralways lines in the trains on the line area @reight traffic flows on the line (raffic flow to and from area ((onnes * year) after one year ((onnes * year) (raffic flow of freight using the new infrastructure and withdrawn from road ((onnes * year) / of area managers who declare that rail freight accessi ility is a major constraint

Result indicators !peed 'mpact indicators (raffic flow (ransport system 'ndirect economic effect

Indicator Example #: Building an intermodal $rail % road& centre Programme indicators Context indicators (Related to the intervention and its (Related to the assisted area) effects) Output indicators Progress Result indicators !peed !ee "xample $ (ypical commercial speed of goods

Final Materials December 2003

1?

Evaluating Socio Economic Development, SOURCEBOOK 1: Themes and Polic !"eas, T"anspo"t transported through the centre 'mpact indicators (raffic flow (ransport system @reight traffic flows through the centre @reight traffic flows within the area ((onnes * year) ((onnes * year) !ee "xample 0

Availability and collection o# data -o"* site manage"s should 'e "e=ui"ed to p"ovide s nthetic output data /"ate o$ completion and compliance #ith p"o7ect du"ation1 eve" si< months& The ope"ato"s as pa"t o$ thei" no"mal management activit , should =uanti$ simple "esult and impact indicato"s /e&g& t"a$$ic $lo#, ave"age speed, etc&1& Result indicato"s a"e t picall =uanti$ied eve" ea"& Cuanti$ ing comple< impact indicato"s /i&e& "egional component o$ the t"a$$ic $lo#1 gene"all "e=ui"es that a special stud o" su"ve is launched& 5o" instance, these studies ma involve su"ve s o$ $i"ms o" su"ve s o$ individuals using the imp"oved in$"ast"uctu"e& These studies a"e costl and cannot 'e "epeated eve" ea"& ! good method involves an initial stud 7ust 'e$o"e #o"* is $inished and a second stud th"ee ea"s a$te" completion& Conte<t indicato"s that "elate to the t"anspo"t s stem and the "egion as a #hole can 'e de"ived $"om statistical sou"ces& Some Eu"opean statistics a"e availa'le at "egional level as sho#n in Bo< 3& Box 2 ' Eurostat: (ransport infrastructure and road safety ' )egional statistics $N"(* II& Roads: total (km) of which .otorways (km) Rail: total (km) of which =ou le track or more (km) of which "lectrified lines (km) Roads: network density (km * kmA) Rail: network density (km * kmA) =eaths caused y road accidents (n * .io inha * year) The *e indicato"s, p"esented 'elo#, lend themselves 'oth to compa"isons 'et#een di$$e"ent inte"ventions and #ith othe" p"og"ammes, and can thus 'e agg"egated at a Eu"opean level& (able 2: +ey indicators for aggregation and comparison Bevel Resource Output()) Result 'mpact Cey indicator Rate of consumption of udget (/ of allocated funds) / of udget devoted to environmental mitigation measures ($) Rate of completion of project (/ of o jective) Compliance with project duration %verage speed etween principal economic centres(+) / of regional managers declaring that the accessi ility is a major constraint for their firm

($) .itigation measures reduce or eliminate the environmental impact of supported projects# ()) 'n order to accurately measure outputs and reflect the dimension of the project they should e refined with additional details#

2owever5 such refinements do not need to e put out of the key indicators# /@1 This gives an indication o$ the ove"all accessi'ilit a$$o"ded ' t"anspo"t in$"ast"uctu"e investments& The 'asis o$ calculation is the E&S&S& /E=uivalent6St"aight6line Speed1 'et#een the ten most impo"tant economic cent"es o$ the "egion, using the most e$$icient mode o$ t"anspo"t&

Final Materials December 2003

1B

Evaluating Socio Economic Development, SOURCEBOOK 1: Themes and Polic !"eas, T"anspo"t Sele$ted Bi#liogr ph+ Bu"meiste" !&, Colletis6-ahl K& /1++:1, ;T&.&J& et $onctions te"tiai"es: g"ande vitesse et ent"ep"ises de se"vices N >ille et N Jalenciennes% in: Revue T"anspo"ts U"'ains, Jolume +@& Button K& /1++B1, ;-hat can (eta6!nal sis tell us a'out the implications o$ T"anspo"t% in: Regional Studies, Jolume 3+/:1, B,G6B1G& Eu"opean Commission /1++G1, EU t"anspo"t in $igu"es& >u<em'ou"g: O$$ice $o" O$$icial Pu'lications o$ the Eu"opean Communities& Rephann T&2& /1++@1, ;)igh#a 8nvestment and Regional Economic Development: Decision (ethods and Empi"ical 5oundations% in: U"'an Studies, Jolume @,/31, ?@G6?B,& Eu"opean Commission, /3,,11, The -hite Pape" on T"anspo"t, ;Eu"opean T"anspo"t Polic $o" 3,1,: Time to Decide%& Eu"opean Commission, /3,,@1, To#a"ds The Enla"ged Union: St"ateg Pape" and Repo"t o$ the Eu"opean Commission on the p"og"ess to#a"ds accession ' each o$ the candidate count"ies& Rietveld P&, B"unsma, 5& /1++91, 8s T"anspo"t 8n$"ast"uctu"e E$$ectiveD, Sp"inge", Be"lin, @9@p& Diamond, D&, Spence, E, 0& /1+9+1, 8n$"ast"uctu"e and 8ndust"ial Costs in B"itish 8ndust" , DT8, )(SO, >ondon Dodgson, 2&S, /1+G?1, (oto"#a 8nvestment, 8ndust"ial T"anspo"t Costs and Su'6Regional ."o#th: a Case Stud o$ (:3, Regional Studies, Jol& 9, pp&GB6+1 .a7e#s*i, .& R& and >uppino (& /0ovem'e" 3,,31 Pove"t Reduction and Road P"o7ects: ! P"ospective Estimation (ethod, !sian Development Ban* and The >ouis Be"ge" ."oup& !sian Development Ban* /1++G1, .uidelines $o" the Economic !nal sis o$ P"o7ects& Economics and Development Resou"ce Cente", !sian Development Ban*& Ke+ 1ords !'so"ption "ate Cost 'ene$it anal sis Envi"onmental impact assessment E<te"nalit 5o"ecast St"uctu"ing e$$ect S-OT

Final Materials December 2003

1: