DISCUSSION 3. A computer scientist A computer scientist is a scientist who has acquired knowledge of computer science the stud!

of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their application. Computer scientists t!picall! work on the theoretical side of computer s!stems as opposed to the hardware side that computer engineers mainl! focus on "although there is o#erlap$. Although computer scientists can also focus their work and research on specific areas "such as algorithm and data structure de#elopment and design software engineering information theor! data%ase theor! computational comple&it! theor! human'computer interaction numerical anal!sis programming language theor! computer graphics and computer #ision$ their foundation is the theoretical stud! of computing from which these other fields deri#e. Computer scientists can follow more practical applications of their knowledge doing things such as software engineering. Computer scientists can also %e found in the field of information technolog! consulting. Computer scientists emplo!ed in industr! ma! e#entuall! ad#ance into managerial or pro(ect leadership positions. )ood communication skills are also important for a computer scientist. Since computer scientists often work in teams on large pro(ects the! must %e a%le to communicate effecti#el! with computer personnel such as programmers and managers as well as with users or other staff who ma! ha#e no technical computer %ackground. Computer scientists are often hired %! software pu%lishing firms scientific research and de#elopment organi*ations where the! de#elop the theories that allow new technologies to %e de#eloped. Computer scientists are also emplo!ed %! educational institutions as well as uni#ersities. Unit + ,. How has computer technology affected our lives? Using a computer to write a%out computers is like searching for -)oogle- on )oogle. Computer technolog! is so much a part of our li#es that we cannot imagine a life without it. /rue the! are an integral part of our li#es. It is said that in#entions change the wa! we li#e. Computer technolog! is a classic e&ample of this adage. It has indeed changed our wa! of li#ing. 0erhaps one of the ma(or ad#antages of the computer technolog! is its a%ilit! to pro#ide us with Internet access. /he rise of the internet technolog! has impro#ed our dail! li#es in #er! man! wa!s. Computers possess networking capa%ilities which makes it possi%le to connect multiple computers and achie#e an e&change of information %etween them. /he world %usiness and trade has %ecome #er! fast easier and more relia%le. 1ou can now transact %usiness with a person who is #er! far from !ou without an! difficulties. 2anks and other financial institutions are now filling data in the computer instead of doing it manuall! as the! used to do in the old da!s. /his makes it easier to find the name of the customer address email address %irth date phone num%ers and e#en the location. Also the clients can get a #er! quick access at their account %alances %! logging in to the %ank we%site. /he ancient people did not get the chance to learn in interacti#e classrooms with pro(ectors and e#en 3D images. Computers 0ower0oint presentations and also the internet technolog! has %rought a%out teaching in a #er! different dimension. Social networking we%sites are the order of the da! nowada!s. 3e%sites like twitter and 4ace%ook ha#e gi#en %irth to the new concept of social media marketing. /he %usiness networking and personal online dating ha#e greatl! %een impro#ed. 5eeting the new people online has gi#en wa! to the rise of the %illion dollar industr! of dating. Communication has %een made easier for e&ample the internet has %rought email and chatting facilities. Instead of sending letters to respecti#e destinations it is #er! eas! to send an email which will %e recei#ed instantl!.

/hese were some of the important effects of computer technolog! on our li#es. /he list can go on.
Unit , ,. 6istor! of computer science /he histor! of computer science %egan long %efore the modern discipline of computer science that emerged in the 78th centur! and hinted at in the centuries prior. /he earliest known as tool for use in computation was the a%acus de#eloped in period 7988:7388 2C; in Sumer. /hen /he Antik!thera mechanism is %elie#ed to %e the earliest known mechanical analog computer. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was disco#ered in ,<8, in the Antik!thera wreck off the )reek island of Antik!thera. 5echanical analog computing de#ices appeared a thousand !ears later in the medie#al Islamic world. In ,=39 Charles 2a%%age first descri%ed his Anal!tical ;ngine which is accepted as the first design for a modern computer. /he anal!tical engine had e&panda%le memor! an arithmetic unit and logic processing capa%ilities a%le to interpret a programming language with loops and conditional %ranching. 7. Information age /he Information Age "also known as the Computer Age Digital Age or New 5edia Age$ is a period in human histor! characteri*ed %! the shift from traditional industr! that the industrial re#olution %rought through industriali*ation to an econom! %ased on information computeri*ation. /he onset of the Information Age is associated with the Digital >e#olution (ust as the Industrial >e#olution marked the onset of the Industrial Age. /he Information Age formed %! capitali*ing on the computer microminiaturi*ation ad#ances with a transition spanning from the ad#ent of the personal computer in the late ,<98s to the Internet-s reaching a critical mass in the earl! ,<<8s and the adoption of such technolog! %! the pu%lic in the two decades after ,<<8. 2ringing a%out a fast e#olution of technolog! in dail! life as well as of educational life st!le the Information Age has allowed rapid glo%al communications and networking to shape modern societ!. 3. A computer scientist A computer scientist is a scientist who has acquired knowledge of computer science the stud! of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their application. Computer scientists t!picall! work on the theoretical side of computer s!stems as opposed to the hardware side that computer engineers mainl! focus on "although there is o#erlap$. Although computer scientists can also focus their work and research on specific areas "such as algorithm and data structure de#elopment and design software engineering information theor! data%ase theor! computational comple&it! theor! human'computer interaction numerical anal!sis programming language theor! computer graphics and computer #ision$ their foundation is the theoretical stud! of computing from which these other fields deri#e. Computer scientists can follow more practical applications of their knowledge doing things such as software engineering. Computer scientists can also %e found in the field of information technolog! consulting. Computer scientists emplo!ed in industr! ma! e#entuall! ad#ance into managerial or pro(ect leadership positions. )ood communication skills are also important for a computer scientist. Since computer scientists often work in teams on large pro(ects the! must %e a%le to communicate effecti#el! with computer personnel such as programmers and managers as well as with users or other staff who ma! ha#e no technical computer %ackground. Computer scientists are often hired %! software pu%lishing firms scientific research and de#elopment organi*ations where the! de#elop the theories that allow new technologies to %e de#eloped. Computer scientists are also emplo!ed %! educational institutions as well as uni#ersities. ?. Informatics Informatics is in its most general sense the science of information. As an academic field it in#ol#es the practice of information processing and the engineering of information s!stems. It studies the structure algorithms %eha#iour and interactions of natural and artificial s!stems which store process access and communicate information. /he field considers the interaction %etween humans and information s!stems alongside the construction of computer interfaces. It also de#elops its own conceptual and theoretical foundations and utili*es foundations de#eloped in other fields. As such the field of informatics has great %readth and encompasses man! indi#idual specialisations including the more particular discipline of computing science. Since the ad#ent of computers indi#iduals and organi*ations increasingl! process information digitall!. /his has led to the stud! of informatics with computational mathematical %iological cogniti#e and social aspects including stud! of the social impact of information technologies. 6owe#er it is

important to note that Informatics as an academic field is not e&plicitl! dependent upon technological aspects of information while information technolog! @. Aist of open pro%lems in computer science +. Computer education Computer literac! is defined as the knowledge and a%ilit! to utili*e computers and related technolog! efficientl! with a range of skills co#ering le#els from elementar! use to programming and ad#anced pro%lem sol#ing.B,C Computer literac! can also refer to the comfort le#el someone has with using computer programs and other applications that are associated with computers. Another #alua%le component is understanding how computers work and operate. Computer literac! is considered to %e a #er! important skill to possess in de#eloped countries. ;mplo!ers want their workers to ha#e %asic computer skills %ecause their compan! %ecomes e#er more dependent on computers. 5an! companies tr! to use computers to help run their compan! faster and cheaper. Unit + ,. 6ow has computer technolog! affected our li#esD Using a computer to write a%out computers is like searching for -)oogle- on )oogle. Computer technolog! is so much a part of our li#es that we cannot imagine a life without it. /rue the! are an integral part of our li#es. It is said that in#entions change the wa! we li#e. Computer technolog! is a classic e&ample of this adage. It has indeed changed our wa! of li#ing. 0erhaps one of the ma(or ad#antages of the computer technolog! is its a%ilit! to pro#ide us with Internet access. /he rise of the internet technolog! has impro#ed our dail! li#es in #er! man! wa!s. Computers possess networking capa%ilities which makes it possi%le to connect multiple computers and achie#e an e&change of information %etween them. /he world %usiness and trade has %ecome #er! fast easier and more relia%le. 1ou can now transact %usiness with a person who is #er! far from !ou without an! difficulties. 2anks and other financial institutions are now filling data in the computer instead of doing it manuall! as the! used to do in the old da!s. /his makes it easier to find the name of the customer address email address %irth date phone num%ers and e#en the location. Also the clients can get a #er! quick access at their account %alances %! logging in to the %ank we%site. /he ancient people did not get the chance to learn in interacti#e classrooms with pro(ectors and e#en 3D images. Computers 0ower0oint presentations and also the internet technolog! has %rought a%out teaching in a #er! different dimension. Social networking we%sites are the order of the da! nowada!s. 3e%sites like twitter and 4ace%ook ha#e gi#en %irth to the new concept of social media marketing. /he %usiness networking and personal online dating ha#e greatl! %een impro#ed. 5eeting the new people online has gi#en wa! to the rise of the %illion dollar industr! of dating. Communication has %een made easier for e&ample the internet has %rought email and chatting facilities. Instead of sending letters to respecti#e destinations it is #er! eas! to send an email which will %e recei#ed instantl!. /hese were some of the important effects of computer technolog! on our li#es. /he list can go on. 7. >ole of computers in education /he impact of technolog! is a #er! good classical e&ample of the wa! our li#es has impro#ed due to technolog!. /he ancient people did not get the chance to learn in interacti#e classrooms with pro(ectors and e#en 3D images. Computers powerpoint presentations and also the internet technolog! has %rought a%out teaching in a #er! different dimension. /he education s!stem has %ecome computer dominated and has gone %e!ong note%ooks and %lack%oards. Nowada!s it is more possi%le for audience and students who are located in #er! different geographical areas to get access to lectures which are %eing conducted through #ideo conferencing. Also man! we%sites are promoting the online tutoring which means !ou do not ha#e to attend to a classroom to get educations !ou can do it at the comfort of !our home. 3. Creati#e use of !our computer can make language learning easier 1our computer can %e used as a creati#e tool in !our quest to learn a foreign language. Some inno#ati#e ideas can turn !our language education into an entertaining trul! memora%le e&perience. Audio 5odification 5an! companies produce software packages that ena%le !ou to transform !our #oice and then 3hen learning new #oca%ular! wh! not record feminine nouns in a female #oice masculine nouns in a male #oice and neuter nouns in a ro%otic #oiceD /his approach can also %e used with other t!pes of #oca%ular! learning. 0erhaps !ou could record a list of )erman dati#e #er%s in a woman-s #oice and a list

of )erman accusati#e #er%s in a male #oice. 1ou can e#en take audio files that ha#e %een recorded %! other people and make them more interesting %! morphing #oices or adding sound effects. If !ou own a color printer !ou can spice up !our #oca%ular! lists with %ursts of color ' perhaps feminine nouns in red masculine nouns in %lue and neuter in dark gre!. 1ou might want to highlight irregular #er%s in another color ' or perhaps appl! %old or italics to make them stand out on the page Eideo'cams EOI0 microphones . . . put them all together and talk with foreign friends from all o#er the world. Using a language in con#ersation is pro%a%l! the quickest wa! to learn. 3hate#er !ou do remem%er that the more senses !ou stimulate during the learning process the more firml! imprinted the learning %ecomes. /urn !our language education into a fun'filled sensor! e&perience and !ou will pro%a%l! stick with it. If it %ecomes monotonous !ou ma! lose interest. ?. Aooking for computer networking (o%s Unit = ' 6istor! of telecommunications ' /elecommunications infrastructure ' /eleconferencing ' >adiometr! ' Analog #ersus digital communications ' Communication channels ' 3a#elength'di#ision multiple&ing "3D5$ ' 3ired communication ' Acti#e networks ' Nanoscale networks Unit < ,. 6istor! of the Internet /he histor! of the Internet %egan with the de#elopment of electronic computers in the ,<@8s. /he first message was sent o#er the A>0ANet which e#ol#ed into the internet from la%orator! at Uni#ersit! of California after the second piece of network equipment was installed at Stanford >esearch Institute. In ,<=7 the Internet protocol suite "/C0FI0$ was standardi*ed and consequentl! the concept of a world' wide network of interconnected /C0FI0 networks called the Internet was introduced Since the mid',<<8s the Internet has had a re#olutionar! impact on culture and commerce including the rise of near'instant communication %! electronic mail instant messaging Eoice o#er Internet 0rotocol "EoI0$ Gphone callsG two'wa! interacti#e #ideo calls and the 3orld 3ide 3e% with its discussion forums %logs social networking and online shopping sites. /he Internet-s takeo#er of the glo%al communication landscape was almost instant in historical termsH it onl! communicated ,I of the information flowing through two'wa! telecommunications networks in the !ear ,<<3 alread! @,I %! 7888 and more than <9I of the telecommunicated information %! 7889.B,C /oda! the Internet continues to grow dri#en %! e#er greater amounts of online information commerce entertainment and social networking 7. /he wireless Internet 3ireless Internet ena%les wireless connecti#it! to the Internet #ia radio wa#es rather than wires on a person-s home computer laptop smartphone or similar mo%ile de#ice. 3ireless Internet can %e accessed directl! through pro#iders like A/J/ Eeri*on /'5o%ile 2oingo and Clearwire. 3hile most wireless Internet options lack the high speed of landline %road%and Internet connections such as ca%le and DSA newer wireless Internet technologies like ;E'DO and 3i5AK are narrowing the gap with ma&imum speeds of up to 9 5%ps in some cases. 3i'4i hotspots and wireless AANs are also options for wireless Internet connecti#it!. In these cases Internet connecti#it! is t!picall! deli#ered to a network hu% #ia a wired connection like satellite ca%le DSA or fi%er optics and then made a#aila%le to wireless de#ices #ia a wireless access point. 3. Internet design ?. ;nglish on the Internet /he ;nglish language is sometimes descri%ed as the lingua franca of computing. In comparison to other sciences where Aatin and )reek are the principal sources of #oca%ular! Computer science %orrows more e&tensi#el! from ;nglish. Due to the technical limitations of earl! computers and the lack of international standards on the Internet computer users were limited to using ;nglish and the Aatin alpha%et. /he num%er of non';nglish pages is rapidl! e&panding. /he use of ;nglish online increased %! around 7=,I from 788, to 78,, howe#er this is far less than Spanish "9?3I$ Chinese ", 799I$ >ussian ", =7+I$ or Ara%ic "7 @8,I$ o#er the same period 7 ;nglish @?.<I >ussian +.,I 3 )erman @.3I ? Spanish ?.=I

@ + 9 = < ,8 ,, ,7 ,3 ,? ,@ ,+

Chinese ?.?I 4rench ?.3I Lapanese ?.7I Ara%ic 3.8I 0ortuguese 7.3I 0olish ,.=I Italian ,.@I /urkish ,.?I Dutch ,.,I 0ersian ,.8I C*ech 8.+I Swedish 8.+I

,9 ,= ,< 78 7, 77 73 7? 7@ 7+ 79

Indonesian 8.@I )reek 8.?I >omanian 8.?I Eietnamese 8.?I 6ungarian 8.?I /hai 8.3I Danish 8.3I Morean 8.3I Slo#ak 8.7I 4innish 8.7I 2ulgarian 8.7I

7= 7< 38 3, 37 33 3? 3@ 3+ 39

Norwegian 8.7I 6e%rew8.7I Aithuanian 8.,I Croatian 8.,I Ser%ian 8.,I Slo#enian 8.,I Ukrainian 8.,I Catalan 8.,I Aat#ian 8.,I ;stonian 8.,I

@. Internet slang "Netspeak$ Internet slang "Internet shorthand C!%er'slang netspeak chatspeak or transle&ical phonological a%%re#iation$ refers to a #ariet! of slang languages used %! different communities on the Internet. It is difficult to pro#ide a standardi*ed definition of Internet slang due to the constant changes made to its nature.B,C 6owe#er it can %e understood to %e a t!pe of slang that Internet users ha#e populari*ed and in man! cases ha#e coined. Such terms often originate with the purpose of sa#ing ke!strokes or to compensate for small character limits. 5an! people use the same a%%re#iations in te&ting and instant messaging and social networking we%sites. +. Social impact of the Internet /he Internet changed our life enormousl! there is no dou%t a%out that. /here are man! ad#antages of the Internet that show !ou the importance of this new medium. 3hat I want to sa! is that Internet changed our life in a positi#e wa!. /o spend a part of our da! on the Internet is for man! people quite normal. /he! use this kind of medium to get information a%out all kinds topics. 5a!%e some of them are interested in chatting pro%a%l! the! are mem%ers of a communit!. 3hate#er !ou are looking for !ou will find it. ;#en if !ou want to ha#e #er! specific information !ou will find it in a short time. In an! case e#er!%od!Ns pri#ate situation is different. 4or man! women their own children are the main reason for sta!ing at home. Nowada!s this wonNt %e a pro%lem an! more !ou can do work on !our computer at home called tele'working. Also men take this opportunit! to work at home. 3hat are the consequences the ad#antages of tele'workingD Sure if !ou ha#e a famil! !ou can spend more time at home pro%a%l! !ou can spend more time with !our children. Ne&t is that !ou can organi*e e#er! da! in the wa! !ou want to. 5eetings at the compan! are reduced to a minimum. /ele'working is also an ad#antage for the owner of the compan!. ;speciall! at the %usiness sector knowledge is power. If !ou are the leader of a product of a technolog! or (ust of an idea !ou are a%le to make a lot of mone!. /o get into this position the Internet can pla! an essential part. Companies all o#er the world are online. If !ou want it is no pro%lem for !ou to e&change e&periences !ou will hear new things !ou will see some facts from another point of #iew.