Review Questions 1.

The primary lymphoid organs are where which of the following occur (select all that apply) A. Most adaptive immune responses are initiated B. ymphocytes first e!press antigen receptors ". "entral Tolerance occurs #. T cells develop $ut not B cells %. ymphocyte #&A e!on'intron organi(ation is altered ). *hich of the $elow is important for how lymphocytes enter the blood from the lymphatic system+ A. B. ". #. %. ,igh-endothelial venules ow-endothelial venules Thoracic duct "iliated and s.uamous epithelium /plenic medullary regions

0. ,ow do lymphocytes enter the lymph node from $lood+ A. B. ". #. %. ,igh-endothelial venules ow-endothelial venules Thoracic duct "iliated and s.uamous epithelium /plenic medullary regions

1. The #raining ymph &ode ( &) at an infection site enlarges $ecause of2 A. B. ". #. %. 3roliferation of 3athogens in the & "lonal %!pansion of ymphocytes "lonal %!pansion of #endritic cells Migration of cells through the ,igh %ndothelial 4enule Anti$ody /ecretion

5. *hich of the following is not a characteristic of inflammation+ a. $. c. d. e. inactivation of macrophages increased vascular permea$ility and edema vasodilation pain influ! of leu6ocytes.

7. *hich of the following pairs is mismatched+ a. $. c. d. e. lymphocytes2 innate immune response natural 6iller cell2 6ills virus-infected cells macrophage2 phagocytosis and 6illing of microorganisms erythrocyte2 o!ygen transport eosinophil2 defense against parasites.

7. A term generally used to descri$e all white $lood cells is2 a. hematopoietic cells $. myeloid progenitor c. dendritic cells d. monocytes e. leu6ocytes. 8. %!amples of granulocytes include all of the following e!cept2 a. neutrophil $. monocyte c. $asophil d. eosinophil. e. All of the a$ove are e!amples of granulocytes. 9. The most a$undant type of leu6ocyte in human peripheral $lood is2 a. eosinophil $. $asophil c. neutrophil d. monocyte e. lymphocyte. 10. *hich of the following statements are correct+ a. Macrophages are granulocytes. $. Macrophages derive from monocytes. c. Macrophages are non-phagocytic. d. Macrophages reside in the tissues. e. All of the a$ove statements are false. 11. *hich of the following is the predominant route $y which pathogens are $rought from a site of infection into a lymph node+ a. $. c. d. e. efferent lymphatics artery vein afferent lymphatics high endothelial venule.

12. Explain how the adaptive and innate immune systems work together to generate an

effective immune response. 10. The part of an antigen that is recogni(ed $y a B"R (or T"R) is called a(n)2 A. B. ". #. %. %pitope 3aratope :sotope /lope Mistletope

11. *hich of the following are true a$out B cell receptor antigen recognition A. B. ". #. %. ,ydrogen $onds can promote antigen recognition Mediated $y receptors that $elong to the immunoglo$ulin supergene family Binding of epitopes $y the "#Rs of :mmunoglo$ulin By strong covalent $onding of antigen May $e determined $y conformational or linear epitopes

15. T "ells typically recogni(e antigen2 A. B. ". #. %. By directly $inding to solu$le epitopes :n the conte!t of , A molecules As conformational epitopes ;tili(ing a germiline encoded pattern recognition receptor *hen processed and presented $y A3"s

17. A #irect "oom$<s test was performed on a $a$y in its =th month (0> wee6s) $ecause the physician is concerned a$out a possi$le erythro$lastosis case. *hat ingredients would $e involved in a procedure to prove a positive #irect "oom$<s Reaction (#irect anti$ody test'#AT)+ A. B. ". #. %. Rh? RB"<s ? mother<s serum ? anti-human A$ Rh? RB"<s from the $a$y ? anti-human A$ Mother<s RB" ? anti-human A$ Ba$y<s serum ? mother<s RB"? anti-human A$ Rh? RB"<s from the $a$y ? anti-human A$ (:gM specific)

1=. *hich of the following distinguishes polyclonal anti$odies from monoclonal anti$odies+ A. /timulation of polyclonal anti$ody production does not re.uire germinal center formation. B. 3olyclonal anti$odies may recogni(e several distinct epitopes ". 3olyclonal anti$odies always have a lower affinity for antigen when compared to

monoclonal anti$odies #. 3olyclonal anti$odies are never used in clinical diagnostic testing %. All of the a$ove distinguish polyclonal anti$odies from monoclonal anti$odies 18. *hich of the following are characterisitics of innate immunity+ A. B. ". #. %. inflammation recognition of the pathogen improves during the immune response fast response highly specific for a particular pathogen cyto6ine production

19. *hich of the following are closely associated with natural 6iller cells+ A. B. ". #. %. @. T&@-a production ysis of virus-infected cells 3hagocytosis of $acteria 3roduction of :@&-g Anti$ody-directed cellular cytoto!icity 3roduction of reactive o!ygen intermediates

)>. The process $y which a pathogen stimulates only those lymphocytes with receptors specific for that pathogen is called2 A. B. ". #. %. germline recom$ination somatic recom$ination somatic hypermutation clonal selection antigen presentation

21. Which of the following does not accurately describe complement components? a. soluble proteins b. made by the spleen c. located in extracellular spaces d. some function as proteases once activated e. activated by a cascade of enzymatic reactions. 22. Which of the following is not a characteristic of septic shock? a. b. c. d. e. organ failure high mortality rate compromised blood supply to vital organs blood vessel constriction disseminated intravascular coagulation.

23. Which of the following properties is common to macrophages and neutrophils? a. b. c. d. e. life span anatomical location ability to phagocytose morphology formation of pus.

24. Which of the following is an acute-phase protein that enhances complement fixation? a. TNF- b. mannose-binding lectin c. fibrinogen d. LFA-1 e. CXCL8. 25. The _____ region of the and chains of the T-cell receptor forms the pathogenspecific binding site, whereas the _____ region anchors the molecule on the cell surface: a. constant; variable b. effector; constant c. carboxy-terminal end; amino-terminal end d. complement; effector e. variable; constant. 26. Which of the following is mismatched? a. immunoglobulin light chain: VJ b. T-cell receptor chain: VJ c. immunoglobulin heavy chain: VJ d. T-cell receptor chain: VDJ e. None of the above is mismatched. 27. Which of the following is not a characteristic of native antigen recognized by T cells? a. peptides ranging between 8 and 25 amino acids in length b. not requiring degradation for recognition c. amino acid sequences not found in host proteins d. primary, and not secondary, structure of protein e. binding to major histocompatibility complex molecules on the surface of antigenpresenting cells. 28. Discuss how T-cell receptors differ from immunoglobulins in the way that they recognize antigen. Use the following terms in your answer: peptides, antigen-presenting cells, MHC molecules, and antigen-binding sites.

29. Which of the following statements regarding CD8 T cells is incorrect?

a. b. c. d. e.

When activated, CD8 T cells in turn activate B cells. CD8 is also known as the CD8 T-cell co-receptor. CD8 binds to MHC molecules at a site distinct from that bound by the T-cell receptor. CD8 T cells kill pathogen-infected cells by inducing apoptosis. CD8 T cells are MHC class I-restricted.

30. Which of the following characteristics permits activated CD8 T cells to destroy any cell type harboring viable and replicating pathogens such as viruses? a. The pathogen is located in extracellular spaces. b. CD8 T cells enable macrophages to kill intracellular pathogens. c. Pathogen-derived peptides bind MHC class I molecules in endocytic vesicles found ubiquitously in most cell types. d. MHC class II molecules are expressed ubiquitously by most nucleated cells. e. MHC class I molecules are expressed ubiquitously by most nucleated cells. 31. The five isotypes of immunoglobulin differ from each other in their _____: a. light-chain constant regions b. heavy-chain constant regions c. light-chain variable regions d. heavy-chain variable regions e. heavy-chain variable and constant regions. 32. A mature B cell that has never before encountered antigen expresses _____ on the cell surface: a. IgM and IgD b. IgM c. IgD d. IgM and IgG e. IgG f. IgE. 33. The mutational mechanism that results in the production of antibodies that bind antigen with higher affinity is called _____: a. somatic recombination b. isotype switching c. somatic hypermutation d. clonal selection e. antigen processing. 01. *hich of the following does not descri$e B-cell receptors+ a. B-cell receptors are mem$rane $ound and secreted. $. B-cell receptors consist of a varia$le region and a constant region. c. B-cell receptors lac6 specificity and can $ind to a num$er of different antigens. d. B-cell receptors possess specificity and can therefore $ind only to uni.ue epitopes.

e.

B cell receptors undergo affinity maturation as a conse.uence of somatic hypermutation.

35. The process of _____ results in change in the constant region of the heavy-chain of antibodies, causing a change in the effector function and transport properties of antibodies: a. complement fixation b. neutralization c. isotype switching d. somatic hypermutation e. somatic recombination. 07. *hich of the following corresponds to the antigen $inding site of immunoglo$ulins+ a. 4,2", $. 4,24 c. 4 2" d. ",2" e. 4,2" . 0=. A protein epitope formed as a result of three-dimensional folding of the proteinA and which is destroyed if the protein denaturesA is called a BBBBBBB epitope2 a. linear $. multivalent c. conformational d. complementarity e. framewor6. 08. The en(yme responsi$le for recom$ining 4A #A and C segments during somatic recom$ination is called2 a. 4(#)C recom$inase $. Terminal deo!ynucleotidyl transferase c. %!onuclease d. #&A polymerase e. #&A ligase. 09. :gM and :g# are co-e!pressed on naive B cells $y a process called2 a. isotype switching $. somatic recom$ination c. somatic hypermutation d. alternative mR&A splicing e. affinity maturation. 1>. :n B cellsA transport of immunoglo$ulin to the mem$rane is dependent on association with two invariant proteinsA :g and :g. *hich of the following invariant proteins

provide this function for the T-cell receptor in T cells+ a. "#0 $. "#0 c. "#0 d. e. All of the a$ove. 11. Monoclonal anti$odies are used for a wide range of applications including serological assays and diagnostics pro$es in the la$oratoryA and as therapeutic reagents in the clinic. #iscuss why Dhumani(ing< monoclonal anti$odies is necessary for use as therapeutic reagents $ut is not necessary when monoclonal anti$odies are used as serological or diagnostic reagents. 1). The T-cell co-receptor "#1 interacts with BBBBBBB $ound to the surface of BBBBBBB2 a. M," class :E antigen-presenting cells $. M," class :E T cells c. M," class ::2 antigen-presenting cells d. M," class ::2 T cells e. none of the a$ove. 43. M," class :: molecules are made up of two chains called BBBBBBBA whose function if to $ind peptides and present them to BBBBBBB T cells2 a. alpha () and $eta ()E "#1 $. alpha () and $eta)-microglo$ulin ()m)E "#1 c. alpha () and $eta ()E "#8 d. alpha () and $eta)-microglo$ulin ()m)E "#8 e. alpha () and $eta ()E 2 T cells. 44. The peptide-$inding groove of M," class : molecules is composed of the following e!tracellular domains2 a. 12 1 $. 12 ) c. )2 ) d. )2 0 e. 12 ). 15. *hich of the following descri$es the se.uence of events involved in processing of peptides that will $e presented as antigen with M," class :+ a. plasma mem$rane TA31') proteasome M," class : endoplasmic reticulum $. TA31') proteasome M," class : endoplasmic reticulum plasma mem$rane c. proteasome TA31') M," class : endoplasmic reticulum plasma

d. e.

mem$rane proteasome TA31') endoplasmic reticulum M," class : plasma mem$rane endoplasmic reticulum proteasome M," class : TA31') plasma mem$rane.

17. *hich of the following descri$es a ligand for an 2 T-cell receptor+ a. car$ohydrate2M," comple! $. lipid2M," comple! c. peptide2M," comple! d. all of the a$ove e. none of the a$ove. 1=. *hich of the following are the $iological 3arents of a child with haplotype HLA A1,25 B7,17 A. B. ". #. Mother A1A9 B1=A0= Mother A1A9 B1=A0= Mother A)5 B1=A0= Mother A1A)5 B1=A0= @ather A0A)5 @ather A1A)0 @ather A1A)5 @ather A1A)0 B5A1= B=A1= B5A= B5A1=

18. *hat is the ma!imum num$er of alleles of HLA-B present on an individual human lymphocyte+ A. B. ". #. %. > 1 ) 0>-1> More than 1>>

19. , A molecules A. B. ". #. %. "ause several autoimmune diseases Are highly diverse due to /omatic Recom$ination of #&A (li6e B"RA T"R) Are highly polymorphic within an individual Are highly polymorphic within a species Bind only one type of peptide Ag (li6e B"RA T"R)

5>. *hich of the following cell types is not considered a professional antigen-presenting

cell+ a. $. c. d. e.

macrophage neutrophil B cell dendritic cell all of the a$ove are professional antigen-presenting cells.

5). *hich is the most li6ely reason that ,:4-infected people with hetero(ygous , A loci have a delayed progression to A:#/ compared with patients who are homo(ygous at one or more , A loci+ a. The greater num$er of , A alleles provides a wider variety of , A molecules for presenting ,:4-derived peptides to "#8 T cells even if ,:4 mutates during the course of infection. $. ,etero(ygotes have more opportunity for interallelic conversion and can therefore e!press larger num$ers of M," alleles. c. #irectional selection mechanisms favor hetero(ygotes and provide selective advantage to pathogen e!posure. d. As hetero(ygosity increasesA so does the concentration of alloanti$odies in the serumA some of which cross-react with and neutrali(e ,:4. 50. The "#R0 loops of the T-cell receptor contact the BBBBBBB2 a. side chains of amino acids in the middle of the peptide displayed $y M," molecules $. co-receptors "#1 or "#8 c. mem$rane-pro!imal domains of the M," molecule d. constant regions of anti$ody molecules e. helices of the M," molecule.. 51. *hich of the following steps occurs third during B cell development+ A. B. ". #. %. Rearrangement of the light chain gene locus %!pression of the pre-B cell receptor on the cell surface Rearrangement of the heavy chain gene locus %!pression of :gM on the cell surface %!pression of RAF1

55. A single B cell only e!presses one allele encoding for the :g heavy chain of the B"RA not $oth. This is the result of2 A. /omatic recom$ination B. /omatic mutation ". Random 4# Goining #. Allelic %!clusion %. "odominant %!pression 57. *hich of the following is the most important co-stimulatory signal provided to a T

cell from an antigen-presenting cell+ A. B. ". #. %. B= molecules interacting with "#)8 B= molecules interacting with @A-1 :"AM-1 interacting with "#1> @A-0 interacting with "#)8 M," "lass :: interacting with T cell receptor

5=. Representatives from a pharmaceutical company want your help to test a novel agent that $loc6s calcineurin phosphatase activity. Hou would e!pect T cells treated with this agent to have which of the following characteristics2 A. ,yper-responsive since $loc6ing phosphatase activity would promote T cell receptor signaling pathways. B. &@AT would $e constitutively locali(ed in the nucleus ". : -) gene transcription would $e inhi$ited #. The increase in cytoplasmic calcium concentration seen after T cell receptor activation would $e inhi$ited. %. c6 tyrosine 6inase activity would $e inhi$ited. 58. Activation of T cells $y A3"s is promoted $y2 A. B. ". #. %. "#0 :T:M motifs "#)8 "T A-1 ipid Rafts

59. *hich of the following statements is correct+ a. The light-chain genes rearrange $efore the heavy-chain genes. $. The light-chain genes rearrange $efore the light-chain genes. c. The light-chain genes rearrange $efore the heavy-chain genes. d. The light-chain genes rearrange $efore the light-chain genes. e. The heavy-chain genes rearrange first and then the light-chain genes rearrange. 7>. #eveloping B cells that fail to ma6e productive # to C heavy-chain rearrangements on $oth homologous chromosomes a. die $y apoptosis in the $one marrow. $. will rearrange heavy-chain loci multiple times until a productive rearrangement is made. c. undergo clonal proliferation. d. upregulate e!pression of transcription factors %)A and %B@. e. fail to rearrange 4 to #C. 71. A genetic defect in the Ilam$da5 gene would cause which of the following

conse.uences+ (/elect all that apply.) a. ina$ility to produce functional chains $. ina$ility to produce a pre-B-cell receptor c. ina$ility to produce functional or chains d. production of different light chains owing to defects in allelic e!clusion e. B-cell immunodeficiency f. chronic $acterial infections g. a re.uirement for prophylactic inGections of anti$odies from healthy donors. 7). *hat is the fate of an immature B cell that encounters and has specificity for self antigen+ a. :f further heavy-chain and light-chain gene rearrangements are possi$leA it undergoes apoptosis. $. /omatic hypermutation. c. #ecrease in production of :g#. d. "ontinued rearrangement of heavy-chain genes. e. "ontinued rearrangement of light-chain genes. 70. *hich of the following is the first T-cell receptor comple! containing the chain to reach the cell surface during the development of T lymphocytes+ a. 22"#0 $. 2"#0 c. 22"#0 d. 2"#11 e. pT22"#0. 71. *hich of the following statements are true of a T cell that e!presses two chains (and thus two different T-cell receptors) as a result of ineffective allelic e!clusion of the chain during rearrangement+ (/elect all that apply.) a. $. c. d. e. %ngaging either of the T-cell receptors on M," molecules of the thymic epithelium will result in positive selection. Jne of the T-cell receptors will $e functional while the other will most pro$a$ly $e non-functional. :f either T-cell receptor $inds strongly to self-peptides presented $y self-M," moleculesA the thymocyte will $e negatively selected. Jne of the T-cell receptors may $e autoreactive $ut escape negative selection $ecause its peptide antigen is present in tissues other than the thymus. /u$se.uent gene rearrangements may give rise to a 2 T-cell receptor.

75. *hich of the following descri$es an activated dendritic cell upon arriving in a lymph node+ a. ocated in follicles and medulla of the lymph node $. Associated mainly with antigen upta6e and processing c. Bears highly ela$orated finger-li6e processes called dendrites d. %!presses low levels of M," class :: molecules e. "arries out apoptosis of lymphocytes. 77. The area of contact $etween mem$ranes of a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell where a clustering of proteinKprotein interactions occur is called a(n) a. immunoreceptor tyrosine-$ased activation motif (:TAM) $. polari(ation c. cross-presentation center d. granuloma e. immunological synapse. 67. "lonal e!pansion and differentiation of naive T cells to effector T cells depends on the activation of the transcription factor(s) BBBBB through a LA3-=>-mediated signal transduction pathway. (/elect all that apply.) a. A3-1 $. : -) c. &@-B d. &@AT e. Ras. 78. *hich of the following is a protein tyrosine 6inase involved in T-cell activation culminating in T-cell proliferation and differentiation+ a. A3-1 $. LA3-=> c. &@-B d. &@AT e. c6. 79. @actors thought to have an influence on the differentiation of "#1 T cells into either T,1 or T,) include (select all that apply)2 a. the cyto6ines made during the preceding innate immune response $. the type of antigen-presenting cell interacting with the T cell c. the cyto6ines made $y the antigen-presenting cell interacting with the T cell d. the num$er of specific peptide2M," comple!es presented $y the antigenpresenting cell e. the release of lytic granules from cytoto!ic T cells.

=>. : -1 is induced in a "#1 T,) cell under the direction of the transcription factor BBBBB. a. T-$et $. @o!30 c. A3-1 d. FATA-0 e. &@AT. =1. The etiological agent responsi$le for leprosy is Mycobacterium lepraeA which survives and replicates within the vesicular system of macrophages. %!plain the difference $etween tu$erculoid leprosy and lepromatous leprosy in the conte!t of T-cell differentiation and effector function. "yto6ine receptors are associated with cytoplasmic protein 6inases called BBBBBA which $ecome activated when the cyto6ine receptors $ind to their respective cyto6ines. a. LA3-=> $. /TATs c. c6 d. :TAM/ e. CAMs.

=0. The process $y which cytoto!ic T cells 6ill their targets involves BBBBB. (/elect all that apply.) a. inducing the target cell to undergo necrosis $. inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in the cytoto!ic T cell c. #&A fragmentation in lengths of multiples of )>> $ase pairs in the target cell d. shedding of mem$rane-$ound vesicles and shrin6ing of the target cell e. release of gran(ymeA perforinA and granulysin $y the cytoto!ic T cell f. engaging @as ligand on the target cell with @as on the cytoto!ic T-cell surface. =1. *hy is the production of hapten-specific anti$odies promoted when a hapten is conGugated to a carrier protein+ (select all that apply) a. 3attern recognition receptors are activated $. @acilitates hapten association with M," peptide $inding groove. c. Ra$$its have a limited B cell antigen receptor repertoire d. 3eptides from the carrier are presented to T cells $y the hapten specific B cell. e. "arrier-peptide specific T cells are stimulated to e!press "#1>-ligand