JICA Thematic Guidelines on Mining

February 2005

Sub-Taskforce on Mining Taskforce on Energy and Mining Japan International Cooperation Agency

Guidelines on Mining Table of Contents

Outline Terminologies and abbreviations Chapter 1: Overall Situation of Mining Activities in the World 1-1. Present Situation 1-2. Definition of mineral resources and mining 1-3. Trend of assistance by international organizations 1-4. Recent trend of assistance from Japanese organizations (1) Assistance provided by Japanese organizations (2) Major assistance resources in Japan Chapter 2: Approaches toward Important Objectives in the Field of Mining 2-1. Objectives of promoting mining activities 2-2. Main mineral species targeted for development 2-3. Potential countries and regions for mineral development 2-4. Priority objectives for the promotion of mining activities 2-5. Approaches toward the three important objectives (1) Approaches toward the objective of creating an investment-facilitating environment to promote mining development (2) Approaches toward the objective of improving mining technologies (3) Approaches toward the objective of implementing countermeasures against social and environmental disruptions caused by mining activities 30 Chapter 3: The Cooperation Policy of JICA 3-1. Priority objectives and important points for assistance projects 3-1-1. The Priority objectives of JICA (1) Creation of an investment-facilitating environment to promote mining development in developing countries (2) Improvement of mining technologies (3) Implementation of countermeasures against environmental or social disruption caused by mining activities (4) Possible JICA assistance according to country/region-specific needs 3-1-2. Important points for assistance projects 34 34 36 33 33 33 33 33 27 29 5 9 17 17 18 19 21 21 22 25 25 25 26 26 27

(1) Important points by type of assistance (2) Cooperation with foreign donor organizations to supplement our assistance strengths, especially in those areas not covered by our assistance resources in Japan (3) From the viewpoint of securing a stable supply of resources (4) Cooperation for mining activities from the viewpoint of enhancing human security (5) Cooperation for mining activities from the viewpoint of environmental protection 3-2. Necessary visions for the future (1) Coordination with the private sector (2) Measures to address the risk of exhaustion of mineral resources Annex 1 Annex 2 Annex 3 Results and major precedents of cooperative activities by JICA Major Donor Activities Environmental Problems on Mining Development

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37 37 38 39 40 40 40 43 73 77 80

Annex 4 Table of Major Mineral Resources List of Referenced Materials, Literature and Web Sites 83

BOX

Table of Contents

BOX 1: Basic studies for resources development cooperation (Development studies on mineral resources) BOX 2: ASTER and PALSAR BOX 3: Unique characteristics of mining-caused pollutions BOX 4: JICAs commitment to human security BOX 5: Recycling of resources 21 30 31 39 41

Outline
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has summarized its accumulated knowledge and experience in a systematic way and reviewed its basic policy, to establish the guidelines that show JICAs basic policy of cooperation and important points regarding the implementation of development assistance projects for mining development. The guidelines, referred to as JICA Thematic Guidelines on Mining include specific approaches and methodologies that are considered to be effective for enabling sustainable development of mining activities in assistance recipient countries/regions. Development of mineral resources can be characterized by several uncertainties such as uneven distribution of deposits and unknown potential, risk of exploration, long period required to realize investment results, risk of exhausting deposits as a result of development, and fluctuation of commodity prices. Mineral resources are important to the industrial and economic development of many countries. Especially for those developing countries that have mineral deposits in their territories, it is quite important to promote mining activities in order to make effective utilization of the mineral resources, not only directly for their economic development, but also for the acquisition of foreign currencies. Mining development exerts wide socioeconomic influence: besides the creation of business opportunities, it also helps improve infrastructure and fundamental social systems, facilitate land development and economic development in rural regions, and contributes to the development of human resources, including engineers and experts in various fields. At the same time, attention must be paid to negative influences from the development, including environmental disruption such as water pollution, and change of natural and social environments caused by the destruction of forests, for instance. In order to enable sustainable development of mining activities, it is necessary to implement appropriate countermeasures without delay against any foreseeable negative influences. When summarizing all the above elements in the field of mining, it comes up with the following three important objectives. They are: to help create an investment-facilitating environment to promote respective countries mining development, to introduce advanced mining technologies, and to help create effective countermeasures against environmental disruptions caused by mining activities. As mentioned above, development of mineral resources is quite important for respective

those developing countries to promote their economic growth. mining activities including

However, in reality,

exploration, development and operation, require

considerable funds, advanced technologies and acceptance of various risks, which makes it difficult for developing countries to manage and operate those activities by themselves. As a result, in many developing countries, the government decided to Therefore, it is invite foreign or private capital to promote their mining activities.

most important for those countries to create an investment-facilitating environment so that they will be able to effectively utilize foreign investment or private capital for the development of their mineral deposits. Specifically, necessary tasks for them include concrete development planning, institutional development and capacity building through required legal or administrative reform, utilization and release of necessary information on mining, improvement of relevant infrastructure and human resources development. To help promote those tasks, JICA has been assisting developing countries in establishing their respective master plans for the promotion of mining activities, and in conducting prospecting surveys to estimate mineable reserves of mineral deposits in cooperation with the Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC). Mining development includes a wide range of activities including prospecting, mining, dressing/processing and refining/smelting works. In order to improve They would efficiency and ensure sustainability in all of those activities, development of human resources and introduction of advanced technologies are essential. lead to, for instance, introduction of efficient prospecting methods, wider utilization of advanced mining technologies, practical use of unused natural resources and establishment of an effective recycling system. technologies has been promoted. In the field of prospecting surveys, JICA has carried out technical cooperation projects where the transfer of advanced The advanced technologies include geological maps In particular, our using remote sensing technologies and data analysis technologies.

state-of-the-art prospecting technologies with the utilization of earth resources satellites (including the currently-used ASTER and PALSAR to be launched soon) will be effectively utilized as an exploration tool for future mining activities. In the fields of mining, dressing/processing and refining/smelting activities, JICA carried out several programs during the period between the 1970s and the early 1990s, including projects in Chile, Bolivia and Mexico for technological transfer of dressing/processing and refining/smelting technologies and Development Studies conducted at Mongolia as part of the countrys mining modernization project. However, these sorts of assistance projects have almost entirely disappeared due to

privatization of mining projects in many developing countries. In all processes of mining, from exploration and development to production stages, there is always a risk of causing damage to the natural environment. Actually, there are many precedents of mining-caused environmental disruption through inappropriate development or operation as well as leftover problems which must be taken care of even after the closure of a mine. Therefore, it is essential to have an From past experience in Japan, it environment-oriented vision in mining development/operation activities, in order to enable sustainable development of those activities. against environmental disruption. is clearly aware of the economic advantages of implementing preventive measures Jpapans advanced environment protection technologies and methodologies can be of a great help to developing countries. Specific measures for the prevention of mining-caused environmental disruption include, for example, establishment of necessary anti-pollution laws and institutions, capacity building of relevant authorities and organizations, introduction of environment-friendly mining methods, promotion of cleaner production methods and installation of pollution-preventing equipment such as waste water treatment systems or desulfurizers, improvement of environment monitoring technologies/systems and remediation of polluted sites. Judging from our past experiences and the recent trend of promoted privatization of mining projects in developing countries, we have clarified our basic attitude of development cooperation to attain the above-mentioned three objectives (, and ). As for the creation of an investment-facilitating environment (), we consider the most effective assistance would be attained through the development and utilization of the aforementioned Master Plan of the respective countries for the promotion of their mining activities. As for technological assistance to respective activities (), we consider it less important to us, compared to the other two objectives ( : creation of investment-promoting environment and : implementation of anti-pollution countermeasures), since private sectors including foreign capital are now main players of , although JICAs technological assistance is still needed in some parts. In addition, as part of our efforts for the objective , we consider it necessary to pay attention to the important role of recycling technologies/skills, which would directly contribute to energy savings and the prevention of exhaustion of natural resources. Mineral resources referred to in the Guidelines on Mining include only metallic mineral resources and nonmetallic mineral resources and exclude energy resources such as petroleum, natural gasses and coals. Also, the environmental

issues we discuss in the Guidelines on Mining refer to those issues directly connected to the production stage only. As for other environmental issues in a broader definition, including pollution caused by overall mining development activities other than production, we are planning to discuss them separately in the Guidelines on Anti-pollution measures.

Terminologies and Abbreviations

Terminologies and Definition abbreviations Terminologies in the field of development cooperation Basel Convention on the Transportation of hazardous wastes across a national border Control of probably started in the 1970s, mainly in European Trans-boundary countries. In the 1980s, it became clear that some Movements of environmental pollution observed in African developing Hazardous Wastes and countries was attributed to irresponsible abandonment of their Disposal hazardous wastes which were transported from European developed countries and left unattended. This raised a new challenge of identifying who has responsibility for the final disposal of those toxic wastes, which have been brought in without any prior notice or consultation with the country concerned. In response to this serious situation, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) discussed this issue and established the international framework of rules and procedure on trans-boundary movements of certain wastes. In March 1989, the Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal was adopted at Basel, Switzerland. (The convention was enforced on May 5, 1992. As of September 2004, a total of 162 countries and one organization (EC) have ratified the convention.) Japan has been exporting to and importing from the U.S. and Southeast Asian countries recyclable wastes as resources for industrial activities. The Japanese government, considering it important to supervise those exports/imports of wastes in accordance with the convention to contribute to global efforts for environmental protection, decided to ratify the convention and submitted the accession on September 17, 1993, and had the convention come into force in Japan from December 16 of the same year. Access to http://www.basel.int/ for more information on the Convention. WSSD World Summit on Sustainability Development, which was held in September 2002 in Johannesburg, South Africa. Relevant organizations JOGMEC Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation, an independent administrative institution, which was organized in February 2004 through the merger of the Metal Mining Agency of Japan and the Japan National Oil Corporation (See the text for more information) Donor organizations IBRD The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICSID International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes IDA The International Development Association IFC The International Finance Corporation JBIC Japan Bank for International Cooperation, which was 9

JICA MIGA World Bank

organized in 1999 through the merger of the Export-Import Bank of Japan and the Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund, Japan Japan International Cooperation Agency The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency It is generally perceived that the World Bank consists of the IBRD and IDA, and that the World Bank Group consists of the IBRD, IDA, IFC, MIGA and ICSID.

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Terminologies and abbreviations Slag

Definition Mining terminologies Wastes generated through the refining/smelting process. Slag includes low-quality minerals having no economic value and dissolved/separated impurities to be excluded from targeted metals. In the refining/smelting process of nonferrous metals, iron is regarded as slag. In some cases, refuse generated through the refining process or distillation process is also called slag. Tunnel prospecting is conducted when the presence of mineable reserves is confirmed through any other survey, and aims to obtain more detailed information on the structure of deposits and conditions of minerals by directly observing a mine through a drilling survey (various drilling angles from the horizontal or perpendicular are used). The Objective of tunnel prospecting is to collect sufficient information to confirm development feasibility and make a final evaluation for establishment of a mining plan. Tunnel prospecting is also used for observing the surrounding areas of an existing mine. Mining refers to a series of activities to unearth targeted underground resources under a specific mining plan. This plan is supposed to cover necessary measures to address any economic and environmental impacts expected based on the results of prospecting surveys. Sometimes, mining only refers to the act of digging. Wastes include unneeded rocks, stones and low-quality ores having no economic value which are generated in the process of digging or making tunnels (including all types of tunnels such as vertical shaft, transportation drift, prospecting tunnel, etc.) High-grade products produced through the process of separation and concentration of targeted valuable minerals which were obtained through beneficiation. Concentrates is the antonym to tailings. This is the process of extracting targeted metals from ores. This process can be categorized into smelting and refining. The former is a dry process and the latter is a wet process. Smelting: Using a furnace, crude metals and high-purity metals are extracted from ores through an oxidation-reduction reaction. When a dry process is used for the purpose of obtaining a high level of purity, the process is called refining in some cases. Refining: Targeted metals are obtained from ores through dissolution and electrolysis ,or from those crude metals obtained from the smelting process, by means of electrolysis. When obtaining a high level of purity in smelting process is called refining in some cases. (See the Smelting/refining column above.)

Tunnel prospecting

Mining

Wastes

Concentrate(s)

Smelting/refining

Refining

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Mineral This is the process of separating targeted minerals from other dressing/mineral minerals or unneeded low-quality ores among all mined ores processing/beneficiation and then supplying those selected minerals to the next smelting/refining process. This process can be categorized into the following three stages. 1. Preparatory stage: Grinding to a desirable size 2. Dressing stage to sort out desirable minerals: There are several methods of sorting, including manual sorting based on visual examination of colors and sheen, heavy media separation or specific gravity separation based on measurement of density, magnetic separation based on evaluation of magnetic property, electrostatic separation based on evaluation of conductivity on the surface, flotation based on evaluation of floatability on the surface, and radioactivity separation based on radioactivity. 3. Supplementary process: This process includes concentration, de-watering, exclusion of unneeded stones, and waste water treatment. Technologies used in those processes are also utilized in other industries, including water treatment, oil disposal, waste disposal, papermaking, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, pharmaceutical, recycling, etc. Since the means of specific gravity is often used, it indicates beneficiation in general. Prospecting Prospecting can be defined as a series of activities to discover and evaluate deposits, and its objective is to establish a production plan. In the process of prospecting, geological surveys as well as drilling surveys are conducted and a topographical map is prepared to clarify geological features and structure. Using this information as well as other survey results (prospecting survey on the surface, geophysical prospecting survey, geochemical survey, radioactivity prospecting survey, etc.), an estimated volume of mineable reserves of underground resources is determined. Then, a target area for mining is determined taking into consideration financial viability, and a more intense drilling/tunnel prospecting survey and other necessary surveys are conducted on the target area to obtain detailed information on deposits, collect samples for analysis to calculate the volume of mineable resources, determine an appropriate beneficiation method and identify other necessities. Geochemical This surveys purpose is to detect any mineralization prospecting phenomena as well as the location and scale of mineral deposits. Various samples including rocks, stones, soils, plants, river sediments water and gasses are collected for chemical analysis to detect any elements or conditions which indicate (judging from concentration, irregular formation of any chemical compound, isotopes, etc.) the presence of metallic resources, petroleum, geothermal resources and

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Topographic map

Geological survey

Geologic(cal) map

other resources. This type of survey is also called a chemical survey or geo-scientific survey. This is a map showing detailed information on land, including geographical features, water systems, roads, railways, villages and towns, vegetation information, reference points, place names, borders, etc. Usually a scale of 1:2500 to 1:100,000 is used. Until 1953, information necessary for making a topographic map was collected through on-site measurements, but since then, modern surveying methods of triangulation and leveling have been introduced. Today, most of the geographical features are surveyed through aerial photographing, which makes it possible to obtain more accurate information instantly. In Japan, the Geographical Survey Institute publishes topographic maps in 1:50000, 1:25000 and 1:10000 scale. Since 1984, a scale of 1 to 25000 has been standard. A topographic map in 1:25000 scale uses the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) system with the interval of 7 degrees 30 minutes longitude and 5 degrees latitude. (UTM is one of the coordinate systems that attempt to portray the spherical surface of the earth on a flat surface.) Today, advanced technologies are utilized for information management, where information on a topographic map is decomposed into several factors such as location, appearance, etc. which are then coded into numerals or symbols to be imputed into a computer. Those inputs of computerized maps can be conveniently used, according to its purpose of use. Satellite maps are also utilized, where any distortion in location or appearance of images on satellite photos is corrected. This survey is used to identify geological features (distribution of rocks and strata, mutual relations of multiple geological conditions, age, geological structures, etc.) in a specific area. Methodologies used and scale and contents of those surveys vary depending on objectives of whether general information is sought or detailed information used for a specific purpose is sought. In many cases, geological surveys refer to on-site surveying activities to identify or locate outcrops of rocks, dips of stratum, their conditions, etc., where portable instruments and tools such as hammers, clinometers and tape measures are often used. (Sometimes, geological surveys are differentiated from exploration surveys.) In a broad definition, geological surveys include geophysical prospecting surveys, geochemical prospecting surveys and drilling surveys. This map shows detailed information on all rock masses identified through various surveys, classified by type, age, lithofacies. The information includes distribution, stacking patterns, any waving phenomena or fault lines, and other geological features of respective rock masses. Usually, a topographic map is used and each of the above information is added on the map. A group of rocks having the same

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characteristics are marked with the same color or marking, so that their distribution can be clearly shown. Also, marks or signs are used to identify specific geological structures or stacking patterns. Generally, on a map a geological column and geological section are shown, and all of them are collectively called a geological map in a broad definition. In a rigorous definition, however, a geological map refers to a map to show a plane surface. Geographic Information This system intends to comprehensively manage various System (GIS) quantitative data on a specific location by combining layers of spatial information so that those data can be processed and visually shown to aid high-level analysis and quick judgment. Tailings The poorest-quality portions left at the completion of the beneficiation process after usable minerals are sorted out. They are also called wastes and are the antonym to concentrates. Geophysical This survey is intended to identify a geological structure or prospecting explore deposits by means of detecting a difference in a specific physical property of rocks, and can be categorized into several types of surveys according to a physical property used for a survey. Frequently used physical properties and targets are summarized below: 1. Elastic wave: petroleum, coals, general geological structure, foundation ground, special deposits 2. Specific gravity: petroleum, coals, general geological structure, special deposits 3. Electricity: general deposits, ground water, foundation ground 4. Magnetism: magnetic deposits (magnetite, maghemite, etc), deposits with special geological features 5. Radioactivity: radioactive deposits, deposits with special geological features 6. Geotherm: geotherm, hot spring, special deposits Geophysical prospecting includes underground logging as well as remote sensing in a broad definition. Base metals Metals universally existing in the earth crust which can be easily oxidized in the air. They are the antonym to noble metals and rare metals. In the field of inorganic chemistry, base metals extensively include alkali metals [lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs) and francium (Fr) listed in the far left column of a periodic table of the chemical elements], alkali earth metals [calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba) and radium (Ra) listed in the second column from the left], aluminum (Al), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). In the field of mineral resources, however, base metal, shown as base metal deposit, mainly refer to copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn). Drilling survey This survey aims to understand underground geological conditions through drilling the ground, and can be categorized into coring and non-coring activities. Coring activities recover cores from underground rocks as samples,

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Rare metals

Remote sensing

and non-coring activities do not recover core. The decision of selecting either perpendicular drilling, horizontal drilling or slanting drilling depends on the estimated nature, condition and depth of deposits as well as local geographical features. When core is recovered, rock quality, lithofacies, mineral constituents and contained micro-fossils are extensively examined, and physical and chemical analysis of core is also conducted. When core is not recovered, soil from drilled ground is examined and underground logging is conducted to identify geological conditions. In the petroleum industry, boring made through exploratory drilling is called wildcat, although this terminology is not used in the mining industry of metals, clay and coals. Exploratory drilling can be categorized into shallow drilling and deep drilling. The former aims to understand underground structure, and the latter aims to clarify stratigraphy to considerable depth. Sample soils obtained through a drilling survey, examined stratigraphically, are useful materials to understand geological structure. These are metals scarce in terms of quantity or difficult to extract in a high-purity status due to technical reasons or considerable financial requirements. There are a total of 31 chemical elements that are generally referred to as rare metals (see below). Today, rare metals are essential materials to support industries of high-tech products that are needed in daily living and their production has been increasing as a result of improvement of refining/smelting technologies. Rare metals can be utilized, in the simple elemental form as well as compounds, for various purposes such as alloys, catalysts, materials for atomic reactors, etc. In addition, magnetic or dielectric properties are often utilized, and such examples include permanent magnet headphones, compact discs, semiconductors, batteries, alloys and catalysts. The Followings are chemical elements of rare metals and their symbols in parentheses. Lithium (Li), beryllium (Be), boron (B), scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), Selenium (Se), rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), yttrium (Y), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), palladium (Pd), indium (In), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te), cesium (Cs), barium (Ba), lanthanoid [which is the generic term for the following 15 elements: lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb) and lutetium (Lu)], hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), platinum (Pt), thallium (Ti) and bismuth (Bi) This technology makes it possible to detect information on a certain object from a distant place. Generally, remote

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Rare earth elements

Metallurgy technology

sensing is used to identify an object through detecting information of the object by measuring the intensity of electromagnetic waves reflected or radiated from the surface of the object. There are various kinds of sensors, including artificial satellites, optical sensors used for airplanes, radars and camera-type sensors for indoor use. Recently, satellite-utilized remote sensing technologies have been significantly improving, making it much easier to obtain accurate information on the surface of the earth and other planets. Well-known satellites currently in use include LANDSAT of the United States, SPOT of France and JERS-1 of Japan. Of the above-stated 31 rare metals, a total of 17 elements (15 elements of lanthanoid, scandium (Sc) and yttrium (Y)) are collectively called rare earth elements. Here, rare does not necessarily mean that those elements are scarce in quantity. Still they are called rare elements because they were originally separated from complex combined-oxides obtained from relatively rare minerals (such as monazite, bastonesite, xenotime, etc.) This technology is originally defined as the method of extracting metals from ores, but today it also refers to the process of smelting/refining or alloy production. Smelting/refining of metals can be referred to as chemical metallurgy, and production of alloys, heat treatment and processing can be referred to as physical metallurgy.

Reference: Shinpan Chigaku Jiten (new edition: dictionary of earth science) 1996 Rikagaku Jiten (dictionary of physics and chemistry) 5th edition, 2003 Earth Remote Sensing Data Analysis Center (ERSDAC) 1989 Internet website of JOGMEC

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Chapter 1: Overall Situation of Mining Activities in the World

1-1. Present Situation The geographical distribution of mineral deposits is dependent on geological structures and dates of their formation. Development of mineral resources can be characterized by several uncertainties, such as uneven distribution of deposits and unknown potentiality, risk of exploration, long period required to realize investment results, risk of exhausting deposits as a result of development, and fluctuation of commodity prices. Mineral resources are important to the industrial and economic development of many countries. Especially for those developing countries that have mineral deposits in their territories, the importance of their mineral resources is expected to become increasingly significant, since they are valuable assets to facilitate their economic growth. In addition, activities of developing mineral deposits exert a lot of They not only help create business opportunities, but also socioeconomic influence.

facilitate the improvement of infrastructure and fundamental social systems, help promote land and economic growth in rural regions, and contribute to the development of human resources including engineers and experts in various fields. Therefore, not only deposits-affluent countries but also other many developing countries are very interested in promoting mining activities and developing the methods of effective utilization of their resources. It is also true that mining development requires considerable funds and advanced technologies in all stages from prospecting surveys to exploration and operation activities. Furthermore, there is a trend of cost-demanding or expertise-demanding mining projects increasing, where those projects target blind ore deposits or deposits located in a remote rural area, or require special environment protection measures. Therefore, it is difficult for developing countries to operate all of those mining activities by themselves. foreign capital or private enterprises. As a result, in many developing countries, the Those developing countries have been actively government has decided to shift its mining activities from state-owned operation to inviting foreign investments, especially from developed countries with advanced technologies, aiming to promote their mining activities through privatization or liberalization policies. At the same time, however, the aforementioned uncertainties characteristic of mining activities such as risk of exploration with prospecting activities or risk of rapid changes in the market are the major challenges in their

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liberalization effort. Mining development could not only cause conventional problems such as water pollution but also reveal social and environmental issues such as the destruction of forests and areas inhabited by indigenous communities, which is accompanied as projects move forward. approaches. Because of those issues, many have been working hard to protest against mining activities, especially those lacking environmental protection Today, peoples increasing interest in environmental protection, raised by It is being the activities of non-governmental organizations and nature preservationists, do not easily accept mining development of no awareness of environment. demanded that entire mining activities, from prospecting activities to the final stage of development, should be environment-conscious for sustainable development of mining activities. In addition, it is getting more important to implement effective measures to prevent the exhaustion of mineral resources and promote effective utilization of the resources, since mineral resources are actually limited and cannot be produced artificially while the demand on them has been increasing globally. 1-2. Definition of mineral resources and mining In the Guidelines on Mining, mineral resources refer to ores and industrial minerals only, and exclude fossil fuels such as petroleum, natural gasses and coals. Here, ores include metallic mineral resources to be used as international products such as coppers, leads and zincs, and industrial minerals include non-metallic mineral resources such as limestone, dolomite, silica, fireproof clay, bentonite, apatite, and rare earths. Also, industrial mining activities are composed of four stages; prospecting, As for pollution issues, the mining, dressing/processing, and refining/smelting. processes of production and operation only. Guidelines on Anti-pollution measures.

Guidelines on Mining cover those environmental disruptions directly caused from the For other pollution caused by mining activities in a broader definition, we are planning to discuss them separately in the

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Mineral resources Alkaline metals Alkaline earth metals Transition metals

Metallic

Ferrous metals Nonferrous metals

Base metals Rare metals Precious metals

Nonmetallic

Source: Shiga, Yoshihide (2003)

Figure 1: Classification of mineral resources

1-3. Trend of assistances by international organizations In September 2002, the United Nations World Summit on Sustainable Development was held in South Africa, Plan of Implementation1, which the Summit adopted and Japan agreed to, said the followings regarding mining activities. Mining, minerals and metals are important to the economic and social development of many countries. Minerals are essential for modern living. Enhancing the contribution of mining, minerals and metals to sustainable development includes actions at all levels in order to: (a) Support efforts to address the environmental, economic, health and social impact and benefits of mining, minerals and metals throughout their life cycle, including workers health and safety, and use a range of partnerships for further promotion of existing activities at the national and international levels among interested governments, intergovernmental organizations, mining companies and workers and other stakeholders, so as to promote transparency and accountability for sustainable mining and minerals development; (b) Enhance the participation of stakeholders, including local and indigenous communities and women, to play an active role in minerals, metals and mining development throughout the life cycles of mining operations, including the closure of mines for rehabilitation purposes, in accordance with national regulations and taking into account significant trans-boundary impacts (c) Foster sustainable mining practices through the provision of financial, technical and -capacity building support for the mining and processing of minerals, including small-scale mining to developing countries and countries with economies in
1

The document is available at http://www.johannesburgsummit.org/html/documents/summit_docs/2309_planfinal.htm

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transition, and where possible and appropriate, improve value-added processing, upgrade scientific and technological information and reclaim and rehabilitate degraded sites. There are various donor organizations in this field (as shown in Attachment 2). One of them, the World Bank Group, is the most influential and its activities and assistance policy play an important role in the field of mining. their activities. <Trend of assistance activities provided by the World Bank> We have seen a change in the nature of assistance activities of the World Bank Group in the field of mining. Before, they used to emphasize large-scale direct financial assistance to development projects on non-fossil fuels, but recently, technical and financial assistance for institutional development and capacity building have been increasing. enterprises. The World Bank especially emphasizes the following activities in the field of mining. Provide member countries with advisory services for their policy making Provide financial assistance to support the macro-economy or sector adjustment programs (such as mining reform, reconstitution of a plan, privatization, etc.) Provide technical assistance for legal and institutional development, and capacity building2 Provide loans for governments or government-operated projects Provide loans to encourage investments from the private sector Provide guarantees (against long-term noncommercial risks) to encourage investments from the private sector Roles of respective institutions of the World Bank are as follows: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) provides governments with market price-linked loans. The International Development Association (IDA) provides the least developing countries with soft loans. The International Finance Corporation (IFC) makes investment in private sector-operated projects or private enterprises.
The World Bank Group carried out more than 20 projects during the 1990s to assist institutional development and capacity building of developing countries for the purpose of facilitating their adaptation to the market economy and helping them promote mining activities. Those projects covered Chile, Ghana, Indonesia, Mauritania, Serbia, Laos and other countries.
2

Here is the outline of

They consider the introduction of foreign or private capital to be

important, and some of their assistance goes directly to projects operated by private

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The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) provides private investors with guarantees against noncommercial risks (to promote foreign investments) The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) helps encourage foreign investments by providing international facilities for conciliation and arbitration of investment disputes.

1-4. Recent trend of assistance from Japanese organizations (1) Assistance provided by Japanese organizations Although Japan has not assisted extension in volume, several Japanese organizations engage in assistance activities, especially in the fields of institutional development, prospecting, mining and production activities, and environmental protection. Those organizations include JICA, JOGMEC (Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation) and JBIC (Japan Bank for International Cooperation). In mining field, JICA has been assisting developing countries in institutional building, improvement of technologies in prospecting, dressing/processing, This refining/smelting, mine safety, and establishment of anti-pollution measures.

assistance took the form of dispatch of Japanese experts, acceptance of trainees from developing countries, technical cooperation projects and development studies. (See Attachment 1.) Also, in the past, JICA conducted various development studies in Those studies estimate or identify mineral deposit cooperation with JOGMEC.

conditions and analyze development potentiality from the mineral condition, the quantity and quality of mineable reserves of mineral deposits, and market conditions, as well. Starting from fiscal year 2003, however, JOGMEC is solely responsible for such studies. (See BOX 1.)

BOX 1: Basic studies for mineral exploration (Development Studies on mineral resources) Since the 1970s, JICA has carried out a total of 180 research projects on nonferrous metallic resources in developing countries by commissioning JOGMEC (former Metal Mining Agency of Japan) to conduct on-site survey works (See Attachment 1). Those projects are called Basic Studies for Mineral Exploration, and can be categorized into several types of studies, including development studies on natural resources, wide-area studies on mineral resources, master plan studies on regional development, basic studies on the environment, and studies on marine resources. Among those projects, development studies on natural resources have been carried out most frequently, and they attempt to estimate mineable reserves and identify preliminary development feasibility. Specific activities covered by those

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development studies on mineral resources include preparation of a topographic map, geological surveys, geochemical surveys, geophysical prospecting surveys, drilling surveys, tunnel prospecting surveys, etc. JICA makes a report on survey results, preliminary feasibility and evaluations and submits it to a country concerned. Those development studies had been conducted jointly between JICA and the country concerned as a bilateral technical cooperation project. In 2003, however, all studies except continuing projects moved away from JICAs hands to JOGMECs, which are now jointly conducted between private enterprises Although there are no precedents of Japan-operated Grant Aid projects to directly support mining activities, Japan has funded a research institute for geological studies with the objective of assisting their facility/equipment improvement. Assistance projects conducted by JBIC in the past are not as numerous as those conducted by JICA, but JBIC contributed to a mine expansion project, a quarrying project and an anti-pollution project. (2) Major assistance resources in Japan The following Japanese organizations are important assistance resources in the field of mining. 1) Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) A Japanese administrative unit responsible for securing stable and efficient supply of mineral resources is the Mineral and Natural Resources Division belonging to the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy of METI. environmental issues, mining in particular. The Mine Safety Division of the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency under METI is responsible for Current government policy in the field of mining activities is based on the Mining Law and Mine Safety Law, which were established in 1945 when the former MITI (Ministry of International Trade and Industry) was organized. Following the establishment of those two laws, which played the important role of forming the foundations of the mining industry in Japan, institutional development and other administrative efforts have been supporting the promotion of the Japanese mining industry. Currently, METI is financially assisting overseas mineral exploration projects from the viewpoint of securing the stable supply of natural resources. 2) Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC) In February 2004, JOGMEC was established through the merger of two organizations, the Metal Mining Agency of Japan and the Japan National Oil Corporation. JOGMEC aims to secure the stable supply of natural resources and 22

energy, and has carried out various projects in the fields of prospecting, development or stockpiling of mineral resources and prevention of mining-caused environmental disruption. 3) Institute for Geo-Resources and Environment of AIST (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology) AIST, equipped with a large scope of research expertise, engages in various advanced research in a wide variety of fields with the aim of strengthening international opportunities. industrial competitiveness and creating various new business As a unit under the AIST, the Institute for Geo-Resources and

Environment conducts advanced research and surveys including evaluation on geo-resources and geophysical prospecting works, for the purposes of securing a stable supply of natural resources including geothermal resource, fuels and mineral resources, promoting the effective utilization of geo-resources and securing the protection of geo-environment. Recent projects of the Institute include participation in a study team at the project formulation stage for the provision of advice from a technological viewpoint, dispatch of experts, and acceptance of trainees. 4) Earth Remote Sensing Data Analysis Center (ERSDAC) ERSDAC engages in research and development projects on the utilization of remote sensing data for exploration of natural resources and environmental monitoring on a global scale. They use state-of-the-art earth resources satellites ERSDAC also conducts including JERS-1 and ASTER to acquire extensive earth data, which is processed and analyzed to promote understanding of geological structures. application of satellite data for environmental research. relevant organizations inside and outside the country. 5) International Institute for Mining Technology (MINETEC) MINETEC was established for the purpose of providing education, training and research opportunities for domestic and overseas engineers and specialists involved in mineral resources development activities. programs for JICA. 6) Japan Mining Engineering Center for International Cooperation (JMEC) MINETEC operates training educational activities for the purpose of promoting the effective utilization and In addition, they actively create opportunities to exchange technological information or provide cooperation with

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The main activities of JMEC include collection of information on the supply and demand and market prices of metallic mineral products, studies and surveys on the stockpiling of mineral products, support of training programs for mining experts to work for overseas development projects of mineral resources, and formulation, research and evaluation of international projects on development of mineral resources. JMEC is also working for JICA to support JICA-operated remote sensing projects in Argentina and Turkey. 7) Remote Sensing Technology Center of JAPAN (RESTEC) RESTEC collects and distribute information on domestic and foreign remote sensing technologies, and also provides consultation services for the purpose of promoting the effective utilization of remote sensing technologies. In addition, RESTEC contributes to education and training of experts in the field of remote sensing technologies by providing researchers and engineers with practical training opportunities to raise the level of their expertise and knowledge about instruments for analysis and data processing, for instance. Also, RESTEC accept trainees from JICA.

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Chapter 2:

Approaches toward Important Objectives in the Field of Mining

2-1. Objectives of promoting mining activities As discussed above in Chapter 1, mineral resources are essential to industrial and economic activities, and for those developing countries that have mineral deposits in their territories, it is quite important to promote their mining activities in order to facilitate the effective utilization of those resources for their economic development as well as for the acquisition of foreign currencies. Mining development projects would not only create new industries but also create other benefits for each society including improvement of infrastructure and basic social systems, economic development of rural regions, and human resources development in various fields. influences from mining activities are enormous. Thus, socioeconomic On the other hand, we should pay

attention to negative influences also, including social and environmental disruption such as water pollution, environmental change of indigenous communities when development projects move into their inhabited areas, and the destruction of forests, for instance. Therefore, in order to enable sustainable mining development, it is important to take appropriate measures without delay. 2-2. Main mineral species targeted for development The following is the summary of mineral species which are considered to be worth exploring due to their market demands and significance in industrial activities. When taking into consideration country-specific conditions and needs, it is possible that other species than those listed below could be worth exploring, too. (1) Base metals such as copper, lead and zinc, to be used as a material for industrial development (2) Gold and other precious metals for which exploration is relatively easy, in terms of technology and cost, even in inland infrastructure-lacking developing countries and which are also considered to be highly contributive to the future industrial development of those countries (3) Rare metals to be used as strategic material for a high-tech product that only exists in limited countries and is considered to be highly contributive to economic development of those countries.

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(4) Nonmetallic minerals to be used as a material for industrial products (such as feldspar, silica sand, ceramics clay, limestone, bentonite, mica, diatomaceous earth, zeolite and other stones used for industrial products). Unlike metallic minerals that have tendency of uneven distribution of deposits existing in only limited regions, nonmetallic minerals can be explored relatively easily through a low-cost, small-scale project. development. Therefore, it can be considered that there are needs for their So far, however, JICA has only limited experience in this category,

with only three projects at Pakistan, Zambia and Tanzania respectively (exploration of phosphate rocks for the Pakistan and Zambia and natural soda ash for Tanzania). 2-3. Potential countries and regions for mineral development The countries and regions are considered to be categorized as follows in terms of the development feasibility of mineral resources. (1) Countries with a high potential of having mineable reserves of mineral deposits, to which mineral resources development is considered important for industrial and economic development and beneficial for development of rural regions Southeast Asia and Latin America) (2) Countries where the government seeks to promote privatization of mining activities and strategically needs to collect geological and topographical information to ascertain development feasibility (ex. Central Asia and Latin America) (3) Countries behind in mining activities due to the lack of infrastructure to support surveys and prospecting, and development activities (ex. Africa and Oceania) (4) Ex-socialist countries and other countries that have mineral deposits but are behind in evaluation or survey activities (for example, do not have know-how on exploration of blind ore deposits) (ex. Central Asia and East Europe) (5) Countries with a high potential of having mineable reserves of mineral deposits but suffer various restraining elements to hinder development projects (ex. South Pacific) 2-4. Priority objectives for the promotion of mining activities It can be found that rapid increase of foreign or private capital involved in (ex.

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mining activities in developing countries.

Those countries consider their mineral At the same time,

deposits to be important state assets and the key for prosperity.

however, even if privatization has been accelerated, the governments continue to have the initiative in planning development projects, and mining policies and governmental organizations play an important role in decision-making on liberalization or privatization policy on promoting mining and investment. Therefore, it is important Those to provide wide-ranging assistance for those governments so that they can implement effective measures comprehensively to promote their mining development. measures should range over various levels, starting from establishment of social infrastructure to the introduction of advanced technologies and environmental protection. etc. As for social infrastructure, it is necessary to establish institutions and systems in the fields of financing, taxation, foreign investment, mining, environment, It is also important to clarify and simplify administrative processes and Development of necessary mining-related structures for enhanced efficiency.

information database and human resources development are also important tasks. As for advanced technologies, they should cover prospecting, exploration, mining, dressing/processing and refining/smelting works. mine safety measures. Summarizing all of those necessary tasks, we have come up with the following three key objectives: to create an investment-facilitating environment to promote mining development, to introduce advanced mining technologies, and to implement effective countermeasures against social and environmental disruptions caused by mining activities. 2-5. Approaches toward the three important objectives Following is the summary of possible approaches for attaining the above-mentioned three objectives, which takes into consideration characteristics of the mining industry, country-specific conditions and needs, and past experiences and performances of JICA. direction of JICA. (1) Approaches toward the objective of creating an investment-facilitating environment to promote mining development The approaches mentioned below discuss general ideas about efforts needed to attain the objectives, but do not necessarily specify the future Other necessary tasks include support of middle- and small scale mines, environmental protection and introduction of

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As mentioned earlier, development of mineral resources is important to developing countries in order to promote their economic growth. However, it is difficult for developing countries to operate exploration, development and operation projects by themselves because they cannot afford a large cost or the advanced technologies necessary for those projects. As a result, many developing countries Therefore, it is most tasks include have given up state operation of mining projects and have been actively inviting foreign investment or private capital to operate projects. privatization or liberalization policy. Specifically, important to create an investment-facilitating environment to support their important establishment of mining development policies, institutional development and capacity building, utilization and release of necessary information on mining, improvement of relevant infrastructure, and human resources development. <Formulation of a master plan for mining development> It is important to formulate a master plan to envision comprehensive and long-term mining development for each country to clarify problems necessary to be solved and suggest specific measures for solution. Such a master plan plays the important role of presenting basic reference materials for policy and strategy making of each country in the filed of mining activities, and at the same time functions as guidelines that donor countries could refer to when planning their assistance projects. For those developing countries that seek mining development, JICA has carried out several development studies for making master plans on institutional reforms, industrial reconstitution, and planning of strategies to invite investment for promoting exploration. One of the recent projects of JICA was the collaboration with The World Bank Group has numerous Our joint project for the African the World Bank on assistance for Mauritania.

experience and achievements of promoting mining activities of developing countries through administrative and institutional reforms. organizations while avoiding overlapped duties. <Studies for potential of mineable reserves> Mineral resources are unevenly distributed, and there are differences even among those high-potential countries, in terms of characteristics and type of deposits. Also, deposits can be usually found in only limited areas in a country. Therefore, geological and mineral deposit information is important, in addition to institutional, country generated the multiplier effect, efficiently using the strengths of the two

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social and geographical information.

Many developing countries that do not have

sufficient information of those need to build databases of basic information, strengthen research capabilities and systems, and develop human resources. In the past, JICA implemented various development studies on nonferrous metallic resources in many countries and regions, by commissioning JOGMEC (Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation: former Metal Mining Agency of Japan) to conduct on-site research works. Those development studies, that are categorized by JICA as Basic Studies for Mineral Exploration attempt to estimate or identify mining potentiality and conditions and the quality of each regions mineable reserves of mineral deposits in order to determine preliminary development feasibility while taking market conditions into consideration as well. Note that JICA has discontinued (See BOX 1) those collaborative joint studies with JOGMEC since fiscal year 2003. (2) Approaches toward the objective of improving mining technologies Mining activities can be divided into four stages; prospecting, mining, dressing/processing and smelting/ refining. In order to make the mining industry They would lead to, for instance, more effective and sustainable, human resources development and introduction of advanced technologies are essential tasks. introduction of efficient prospecting methods, wider utilization of advanced mining technologies, practical use of unused natural resources and establishment of effective recycling systems. At the same time, under the condition of promoting privatization of mining activities, it is important to clarify roles and responsibilities of governments and the private sector respectively. In the field of prospecting surveys, JICA has carried out technical cooperation projects for Argentina, Turkey, etc. where the transfer of advanced technologies has been promoted. The advanced technologies include geological mapping using remote In particular, JICAs sensing technologies and data analysis technologies.

state-of-the-art prospecting technologies with the utilization of earth resources satellites (including the currently-used ASTER and PALSAR to be launched soon), can be considered as a effective tool to be utilized for future mineral exploration. In the fields of mining, dressing/ processing and smelting/ refining activities, JICA carried out several programs during the period between the 1970s and the early 1990s, including projects at Chile, Bolivia and Mexico for the technological transfer of dressing/ processing and smelting/ refining technologies and a survey conducted at Mongolia as part of the countrys mining modernization project. However, few

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projects of those type of assistance projects remain these days due to privatization of mining projects in many developing countries. BOX 2: ASTER and PALSAR

ASTER, which is an abbreviation of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer, is a high efficiency sensor designed to be used for prospecting of natural resources and has been developed jointly by NASA and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan. ASTER makes it possible to extend the understanding of detailed conditions on the Earths surface, including geological information and natural disasters such as volcanic eruptions, floods, etc. PALSAR is an upgraded version of the synthetic aperture radar installed in a Japanese earth resources observation satellite, JERES-1, and its higher-level observation performance is effective in any weather conditions night and day. PALSAR can be characterized by its two-mode observation function, consisting of high resolution mode and ScanSAR mode. The latter allows a wide and variable observation angle, making it possible to get 250 to 350-kilometer width of SAR (synthetic aperture radar) images. PALSAR has been developed jointly by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and the Japan Resources Observation System Organization (JAROS). It is planned that ALOS, a newly developed earth observation satellite equipped with PALSAR, will be launched in 2005. It is desirable that both ASTER and PALSAR will be effectively utilized in a way that the functions of those two advanced sensors can complement each other. (3) Approaches toward the objective of implementing countermeasures against social and environmental disruptions caused by mining activities In all mining activities, from exploration and development to production stages, there is always a risk of causing damage to the natural environment. Actually, there are many precedents of mining-caused environmental disruption through inappropriate development or operation as well as leftover problems which must be taken care of even after closure of a mine. Therefore, it is essential to have From past experience in Japan, it Advanced anti-pollution environment-oriented visions in mining development/operation activities, in order to enable sustainable development of those activities. is clearly aware of the economic advantage which can be realized by implementing preventive measures against environmental disruption. technologies owned by private mining businesses can be effectively used in development projects. It is also important to utilize monitoring technologies to detect any pollution in surrounding areas of a mine and neighbor rivers. The efforts to introduce those advanced technologies are essential for the prevention of environmental disruption in developing countries.

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BOX 3: Unique characteristics of mining-caused pollution Mining-caused environmental pollution can be categorized into those caused during the mining activities (operation of a mine or smelter/ refinery) and those caused after the completion of a project (closing of a mine). The former include land subsidence, air pollution by soot and smoke, water pollution by drainage, and soil pollution, which could happen either in the process of mining, dressing/processing or smelting/ refining stage. The latter is mostly related to unattended wastes left at a mining site, including wastes generated in the course of or after the completion of mining activities, tailings generated during the beneficiation process and slag generated in the smelting/ refining process. At those sites where accumulated wastes are left behind, there is the danger of slime spillage and elution of toxic substances from wastes. The followings are unique characteristics of mining-caused pollution which are not generally found in pollution from other manufacturing industries. - Pollution is recognized and continuing even after the completion of projects and closure of mines. - Pollution tend to be accumulated because of toxic substances. Soil pollution caused by heavy metals is particularly serious because those heavy metal-derived toxic substances cannot be easily decomposed by microbes or washed out by rainfalls and tend to remain in the soil and could be even accumulated into agricultural products. - Pollution is usually extensive, covering a wide area, and cannot be eliminated easily because of technical difficulties. Therefore, in many cases, rehabilitation of polluted areas requires considerable costs. In addition, it is difficult to clarify who is responsible for the pollution and should bear rehabilitation costs, since the mining project has been already completed.

In developing countries, it can be found that many locally-operated small-scale mining (SSM) activities. They help reduce poverty. Such small-scale activities play an important role in creating relatively large employment opportunities in labor-intensive projects. On the contrary, however, those activities often generate In order to mitigate or negative effects, including poor working conditions, use of child labor in mining or beneficiation workshops, environmental pollution, etc. eliminate those problems, it is necessary for assistance to place SSM not only in mining but also in more comprehensive strategies of sustainable development including community-based approach. (For example, the World Bank Group launched a collaborative group, CASM3 or Communities And Small-scale Mining, to support integrated sustainable development of communities affected by or involved in SSM in developing countries.) Specific measures for the prevention of mining-caused environmental disruption include, for example, establishment of necessary anti-pollution laws and institutions, capacity building with relevant authorities and
3

http://wbln1018.worldbank.org/ifcext/casmsite.nsf/weblinks/charter?opendocument

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organizations, introduction of environment-friendly mining methods, promotion of cleaner production methods and installation of pollution-preventing equipment such as waste water treatment systems or desulfurizers, improvement of environment monitoring technologies/systems, and rehabilitation of polluted sites. JICA considers the environmental issues to be quite important, and carried out various cooperation projects in Asian and Latin American countries. For example, those projects conducted in Chile, Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia and China were designed to facilitate institutional reforms to contribute to the prevention of mining-caused pollution, promote the introduction of advanced anti-pollution technologies (including waste water treatment system and technologies to prevent atmospheric pollution) and improve environmental monitoring technologies. suffering arsenic pollution. Note that the environmental issues discussed in the Guidelines on Mining refer to those issues directly connected to the production stage only. As for other environmental issues in a broader definition, including pollution caused by overall mining development activities other than production, we are planning to discuss them separately in the Guidelines on Anti-pollution measures. Another project of development studies conducted at Thailand intended to facilitate rehabilitation of those areas

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Chapter 3: Cooperation Policy of JICA

3-1. Priority objectives and important points for assistance projects 3-1-1. Priority objectives of JICA In section 2-4. in Chapter 2, we have selected the following three important objectives; to create an investment-facilitating environment to promote mining development, to introduce advanced mining technologies, and to implement effective countermeasures against social and environmental disruption caused by mining activities. When taking into consideration JICAs experiences and past performance as well as the recent trend of accelerated privatization of mining activities in developing countries, we consider the first objective ( to create an investment-facilitating environment to promote mining development) to be the most important for JICA. As for , we consider it less important to JICA when compared to the other two objectives, since private sectors including foreign capital are now main players of , although JICAs technological assistance is still needed in some parts. It is possible to define as a part of assistance for . (1) Creation of an investment-facilitating environment to promote mining development in developing countries One of the effective approaches to this objective is to conduct Development Studies on master plan creation. The studies would enable clarifying problems Such a master necessary to be solved and proposing specific measures for solution.

plan plays the important role of presenting basic information on policy and strategies of each country in the filed of mining activities, and at the same time functions as guidelines that donor countries could refer to when planning their assistance projects. In addition, promoting the release of scientific information on geological features as part of a master plan would probably be probably effective to encourage investments. (2) Improvement of mining technologies We consider that this field of assistance should be transferred to the hands of private enterprises, except for prospecting technologies, safety securing technologies and anti-pollution technologies in which government-level assistance are still needed (See (3) below). As for satellite-utilized prospecting technologies, human resources development activities through expert dispatch and trainings are important in many

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cases.

It is also necessary for discuss over the necessity and significance of diffusing

the effectiveness of transferred remote sensing technologies over neighbor countries, from JICAs partner organizations, through third country trainings, etc., in order to raise their exploration abilities by utilizing the advanced technologies. Attachment 1) (3) Implementation of countermeasures against environmental or social disruption caused by mining activities In order to correct or prevent any environmental or social disruption caused by mining activities, it is necessary to consider broader sense of counter measures against social and environmental disruption. mining and production processes. Direct assistance in this field would include support of institutional reforms and technical cooperation to improve cleaner It is also important to help promote recycling systems to prevent pollution and secure the stable supply of resources concurrently. (4) Possible JICAs assistance according to country/region-specific needs The following is a summary of possible JICAs assistance according to country/region-specific needs: 1) For those countries/regions which are considered to have mineral deposits judging from general geological features but are behind in prospecting activities resulting in the lack of detailed information and data on mineable reserves and thus no progress in development: Assistance to promote prospecting activities through collection of scientific information on geological features and identification of technological needs for mining development (just as in the project for Mauritania), and/or assistance based on the transfer of advanced prospecting technologies 2) For those countries/regions which used to be active in mining in the past and are confirmed to have mineral deposits worth-developing but suffer stagnant development/production activities due to institutional bottlenecks and retarded business planning capabilities Assistance to facilitate industrial transformation to a modern form to adapt a market economy. For example, ex-socialist countries suffer the collapse of It is necessary institutional or industrial infrastructure built by former Soviet Union. (See

to help them promote institutional reforms and improvement of business planning

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capabilities so that they could attract more private or foreign investments, just as JICA did for Caucasus countries through master plan studies. existing data. 3) For those countries/regions which seek to promote privatization of mining activities and strategically need to collect geological and topographical data to ascertain development feasibility Assistance based on the transfer of advanced technologies (just like the project for Argentina or Turkey to introduce satellite data utilization technologies and remote sensing technologies), and/or assistance to expand the effects of an existing project by involving neighbor countries to provide them with necessary training 4) For those countries/regions suffering mining-caused secondary problems such as environmental pollution Assistance to promote anti-pollution measures such as the removal of polluting materials, establishment of standards for environment protection, introduction of monitoring systems to control pollution, institutional reforms of policies and laws, promotion of cleaner production methods and introduction of advanced recycling technologies. American countries. Demands for this type of assistance have been increasing especially in Thailand and other Asian countries, some European countries and Latin (For more information on relevant anti-pollution measures, see another report to be prepared by JICA as the Guidelines on Anti-pollution measures.) It is also important to help them promote utilization of GIS (geographic information system) for managing

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3-1-2. Important points for assistance projects (1) Important points by type of assistance In this section, important points for assistance projects are summarized by type of assistance, with clarifying some of aforementioned discussions. 1) Role of governments Transformation to a modern industrial scheme or adaptation to the market economy does not necessarily mean an immediate success or growth of mining activities. Especially small- or medium-scale mining activities need government It is also necessary to know that overlapped supports or supervisions in many cases in order to ensure environmental protection and sustainable development of mining. authorities and responsibilities among multiple administrative units would make it difficult for the central government to manage and operate mining activities under a consistent policy. Therefore, the leadership authorized to have centralized power to supervise an entire scope of mining activities is needed. In reality, however, some developing countries have a complicated power structure, where multiple administrative units share authorities without clear borders of responsibilities. 2) Institutions and tax system It is considered that privatization and introduction of foreign investments are the important strategies for promoting mining industries in developing countries. In order to promote those investments, it is necessary for governments to establish appropriate investments-supportive institutions and laws on mining, foreign exchanges and taxation. Those institutional developments would make it possible for governments to introduce measures to attract foreign investment or incentive systems such as tax concessions when necessary. 3) Human resources development It is necessary to develop effective educational programs. Those programs should cover a wide range of experts, including not only engineers but also administrators or operation managers at workshops of beneficiation or refining/smelting works. 4) Measures for environmental protection It is the most important to make sure that authorities and responsibilities for entire environmental protection measures are centralized at a specific administrative unit so that the unit can manage and supervise all relevant activities under a

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consistent policy.

Overlapped powers among multiple units tend to make it difficult

to establish national standards and also generate gray zones where responsibility placement is unclear. In addition, it is necessary to make sure whether established environmental established. 5) Industrial infrastructure Mining activities exert enormous influences on other businesses, and at the same time smooth development of the mining industry requires successful operation of some businesses in other industries. Especially, the supply of electricity and Therefore, it is transportation capabilities have direct impact on mining activities. for establishing the necessary infrastructure. effectiveness of our assistance projects. (2) Cooperation with foreign donor organizations to supplement our assistance strengths especially in those areas not covered by our assistance resources in Japan Experience and achievements in the Japanese mining industry are useful resources for our assistance projects for developing countries. prospecting technologies, refining/smelting technologies and Our advanced know-how on standards are appropriate, whether monitoring systems are appropriately operated, and whether appropriate penalties against any violation are

important for the central government to pay special attention to those relevant fields We should know that well-established infrastructure in relevant industries could make it possible to multiply the

infrastructural development, environment protection systems and enforcement of relevant institutions are essential to our assistance projects for developing countries. However, we have to admit that our expertise in privatization and political strategy-making in the field of introduction of foreign investment is limited. When our assistance project for developing countries covers this field, it is necessary for JICA to understand the assistance policies of the World Banks projects conducted in developing countries and implement ours without being against their policies. (3) From the viewpoint of securing stable supply of resources Today, Japans dependence on foreign mineral resources is enormous. As for iron, aluminum, copper, nickel and cobalt, we are almost 100% dependent on imports. Although we produce lead, zinc, gold and silver from domestic deposits, the entire

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domestic production covers less than 10% of the entire demand.

We import ores and

concentrates of copper from Chile, Indonesia, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Argentina, Peru, Philippines, etc., ores and concentrates of copper and zinc from Australia, the United States, Peru, Russia, Chile, Canada, Mexico, China, etc., ores and concentrates of nickel from New Caledonia, Indonesia and Philippines. Thus, we depend on various countries of all over the worlds, and especially on a large amount of imports from Asian and Oceanic countries. (See Attachment 4) Natural resources are essential to industrial activities as well as to the foundation of peoples livelihoods. As mentioned above, Japan is a large importing country of mineral resources, and needs to depend on many developing countries. As for the supply of those resources in the market, the supply of nonferrous metallic resources is particularly unstable and is easily affected by economic or social elements on a global basis, because of the physical rarity of nonferrous metallic resources and the difficulty of their exploration due to extremely uneven distribution even when compared to other mineral resources. not easily replaceable. In addition, nonferrous metallic resources are It is even anticipated that the supply of nonferrous metallic

resources might be in the critical condition of failing to satisfy the market demand. Under this situation, the Mineral and Natural Resources Division of the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy under the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry has been making analytical studies to simulate supply deficiency situations.4 Although the primary objective of JICA is to assist development of developing countries, it is also necessary for JICA to take into consideration any possibility of preserving future stable supply of mineral resources as well especially when providing assistance for mineral resources-affluent developing countries. (4) Cooperation for mining activities from the viewpoint of enhancing human security Lets consider our cooperation activities in the field of mining from the viewpoint of enhancing human security. economic development. Our activities attempt to assist those portions which contribute to the promotion of mining activities and accordingly In this light, our assistance is closely connected to efforts to In many cases, mineral eliminate poverty and promote freedom from shortages.

deposits are found in the regions suffering poverty, and appropriate mining development could greatly contribute to the economic growth of those regions. In addition, our cooperation projects in the field of environmental protection and
4

Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry and MMIJ (Shigen Sozai Gakkai) (2002)

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improvement of safety can be interpreted as the direct support of those people whose survival, livelihood or dignity is endangered. Mineral resources in a country are the assets for all citizens there, and it is important for us to assist those citizens and their government in making appropriate management and effective utilization of those assets. To this end, we need to have a viewpoint of enhancing human security when executing our assistance projects. BOX 4: JICAs commitment to human security Japans Official Development Assistance Charter (ODA Charter) was revised, with the aim to strengthen efforts to fight against any threats to human lives, livelihood and dignity and to secure peoples liberty and abundant potential to live a creative and valuable life. The revised Charter, adopted by the Cabinet in August 2003, has newly introduced a perspective of human security as one of its fundamental principles. In March 2004, JICA released its reform plan, which reflects the revised ODA Charter and has introduced the concept of human security as one of focuses of the reform. Today, JICAs assistance projects are based on the following seven important principles. 1. Assistance should be based on a human-centered approach to reach needy people. 2. Assistance should be designed to empower people by perceiving them not merely as assistance recipients but future leaders of development. 3. Assistance should be focused on the benefit to vulnerable people whose survival, livelihood and dignity are or could most possibly be endangered. 4. Assistance should jointly secure freedom from shortages and freedom from fear. 5. Assistance should be centered on peoples problems and based on a comprehensive and integral approach where needed expertise and skills are gathered to appropriately respond to those problems, while clarifying nature and contents of the problems through thorough analysis. 6. Assistance should support the sustainable development of the countries/communities concerned, while addressing attention to both governments (central and local) and civilians (communities and citizens). 7. Assistance should be made effectively and efficiently in cooperation with various relevant organizations including local organizations, other donors and NGOs with the aim to increase the effectiveness of assistance projects. (5) Cooperation for mining activities from the viewpoint of environmental protection As discussed above in section 2-5. in Chapter 2, mining activities could adversely affect the natural environment in various ways. mining development is considered to have JICA the According to the of have causing many JICA-prepared guidelines for creating environment-conscious society, large-scale potential wont environment-unfriendlyeffects. Although probably

opportunities fordirect commitment to the development of a mine in the future, it is still necessary for us to have an environment-conscious attitude in all future assistance

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projects in the field of mining so as to ensure that all mining activities and development processes are environment-friendly and enable sustainable mining development. issues.) 3-2. Necessary visions for the future (1) Coordination with the private sector As mentioned above repeatedly, privatization has been accelerated in mining activities of developing countries. Many developing countries, where mining activities used to be operated solely by the government before, have changed strategies to actively invite private or foreign capital to promote their mining development. Under this situation, it is important for JICA, as an assistance provider, to clarify the role of the public sector in entire processes of mining development activities. Although situations vary according to countries, it is a common understanding that the private sector should be responsible for most technologies in the production stage and that the responsibilities of the public sector should cover institutional development and other system building to create an investment-facilitating environment, some prospecting activities, improvement of environment protection technologies, Also, in some rehabilitation of polluted areas and improvement of recycling systems. (See BOX 3 and Attachment 3 for mining-related environmental

cases, the government should take the initiative even in the field of technologies in the stage of production when those technologies are directly contributive to the efficient, economical utilization of resources and improvement of cleaner production methods. Even in those fields where the government takes the initiative, some kinds of participation or cooperation from private sector are still necessary, and therefore it is important to make sure that all necessary participation or cooperation of the private sector is reflected at the early stage of a development plan. (2) Measures to address the risk of exhaustion of mineral resources Unlike other primary resources (agricultural and forestry resources or marine resources), mineral resources can never be produced artificially. Some experts estimate that major mineral resources such as gold, silver, tin, zinc and copper could be exhausted in twenty to forty years, judging from estimated usable volume in existing reserves of discovered deposits and yield. In order to secure the supply of mineral resources over a long period of time, it is necessary to expand supply sources, promote efficient, economical utilization of resources, and establish effective

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recycling systems of resources.

While JICA has contributed to the expansion of

supply sources and promotion of efficient utilization of resources through many assistance projects in the past, assistance in the filed of recycling is still limited. Minerals are actually recycling-friendly resources, because they will not disappear even after used and it is possible to reduce energy consumption or environmental disruption caused by production activities. Actually, we see recycling efforts having been promoted on a global scale.5 Therefore, it is necessary for JICA to broaden our horizons to seek merits for all of mankind when carrying out assistance projects, instead of limiting our attention to shortsighted objectives covering only the direct issues of mining and environmental protection. BOX 5: Recycling of resources Economic systems today, characterized by mass production and mass consumption, generate enormous amounts of wastes, which place critical burdens on the environment. Actually, some mineral resources are considered to face the danger of exhaustion of reserves. There are many which are estimated to last for less than 100 years; the estimated life of reserves is 23 years for copper, 16 years for zinc, 10 years for lead, and 88 years for manganese. Mineral resources cannot be artificially produced, and it is essential for people in the 21st century to promote recycling of those resources in all stages from mining, production, consumption to disposal. In reality, however, it is difficult to promote recycling of metal resources because industrial and domestic wastes of metallic products are often painted and coated or covered by plastic or glass materials, and thus recycling of those products require considerable costs, labor and technologies. In addition, statistical information to support recycling efforts is insufficient: for example we do not have data on the estimated ratio of recoverable metallic resources to the entire wastes generated. As a result, besides some exceptions, recycling rates of metallic resources are generally low: 50% for lead, 30% for aluminum, 13% for copper, and 4% for zinc. Under this situation, enhanced attention is paid to recycling projects to recover usable resources from wastes through the utilization of advanced refining/smelting technologies and equipment available in the Japanese nonferrous metals industry. For example, there is a refinery that successfully utilized its copper cathodes manufacturing technologies to recover copper, silver and gold from memory circuit boards of waste cellular phones, after crushing the boards into fragments and electrolyzing the fragments. Those wastes which contain usable metallic resources are called urban mines because many of those wastes are generated in urban areas. In order to change our economic system from the conventional mass-production/mass-consumption style to a sustainable recycling-oriented style, it is essential for people in the 21st century to promote the development of recycling technologies.

5 As for the transportation of wastes across a national border, it is necessary to refer to the Basel Convention (on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal).

41

Annex 1

Results and Major Precedents of Cooperative Activities by JICA <Technical Cooperation Projects/Mining Industry-Related> *Projects only at the level of the former Project-type Technical Cooperation
Region ASEAN Country Name Indonesia Project Title Low-Grade Nickel Laterite Ore Treatment Technical Cooperation Project Low-Grade Nickel Laterite Ore Treatment Technical Cooperation project (aftercare) Nonferrous Metal Mining Test Center The Research Center of Mineral Exploration Project Mongolia Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources () Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources (aftercare) Metallurgy Research and Development Center Geoscience Laboratory Geological Survey Geoscience Laboratory Geological Survey (aftercare) Auriferous Complex Ore Treatment Technical Cooperation Project Improvement of Mineral Processing Technology Concerning Medium and Small Scale Mine Dressing and Refining Technique Training Cooperation Project Special Measures Project for Pollution-Control on Unused Sulfide Ore Development Dressing and Refining Technique Training Cooperation Project (aftercare) Dressing Plant Operative Management Technical Cooperation Project Implementation period Dec 67 Dec 91 Dec 96 Dec 95 Mar 87 Feb 91 Sep 94 Aug 2001 Mar 94 Mar 99 Mar 2002 Mar 2004 May 80 May 84 Oct 90 Mar 97 Nov 2000 Mar 2003 Mar 92 Mar 97 Jun 99 May 2002 Dec 79 Dec 84 Feb 86 Feb 90 Jul 90 Mar 91 Aug 92 Jul 96 Scheme Former Project-type Technical Cooperation Aftercare Former Project-type Technical Cooperation Former Project-type Technical Cooperation Former Project-type Technical Cooperation Aftercare Former Project-type Technical Cooperation Former Project-type Technical Cooperation Aftercare Former Project-type Technical Cooperation Technical Cooperation Project Former Project-type Technical Cooperation Former Project-type Technical Cooperation Aftercare Former Project-type Technical Cooperation

East Asia

PRC

Myanmar Southwest Pakistan

Central America

Colombia

Mexico

42

South America

Argentina

Bolivia

The Mine Pollution Control Research Center Regional Geologic Mapping with Advanced Satellite Sensor () Technical Cooperation Project for Recycling of Valuable Minerals such as Zinc and Others The Institute of Economic Geology San Andreas University Technical Cooperation Project for Recycling of Valuable Minerals such as Zinc and Others (aftercare) San Andreas University Metal Deposit Science Research Center (aftercare) Technical Cooperation Project for Recycling of Valuable Minerals such as Zinc and Others (2nd aftercare) Cooperative Mineral Exploration Mine Pollution Control Technical Cooperation Project Mine Pollution Control Training Center Cooperation Project

May 98 Apr 2002 Mar 2001 Feb 2005 Feb 77 Feb 81 May 82 May 87 May 87 Mar 88 Aug 90 Aug 90 Oct 92 Mar 94 Mar 78 Mar 81 Aug 81 Sep 85 Jun 90 Jun 96 Nov 76 Mar 83 Jun 87 Oct 91 Oct 89 Sep 94 Jul 94 Mar 96 Jul 94 Jun 99 Jul 2002 May 2007 Oct 77 Jun 83 Jul 83 Mar 89 Aug 2002 Jul 2006 Apr 98 Mar 2002

Technical Cooperation Project Technical Cooperation Project Former Project-type Technical Cooperation Former Project-type Technical Cooperation Aftercare Aftercare Aftercare Former Project-type Technical Cooperation Former Project-type Technical Cooperation Former Project-type Technical Cooperation Former Project-type Technical Cooperation Former Project-type Technical Cooperation Former Project-type Technical Cooperation Aftercare Former Project-type Technical Cooperation Technical Cooperation Project Former Project-type Technical Cooperation Former Project-type Technical Cooperation Technical Cooperation Project Former Project-type Technical Cooperation

Brazil

Chile

Technical Cooperation on the Technological Development of Cooper Smelling and Refining Mine Pollution Control Technical Cooperation Project The Institute of Economic Geology Concepcion University Mine Pollution Control Technical Cooperation Project (aftercare) The Mine Safety and Environment Training Center Project Project for Strengthening Institutional Capacity of Mining Environment Management () Mine Safety Technique Training Technical Cooperation Project Oxidized ore Treatment Project

Peru

Middle East (Asia) Middle East (Africa)

Turkey Morocco

Geological Remote Sensing Project Upgrading Exploration Technology of Mineral Resorces ()

() indicates the attachment of summary for reference.

43

<Development Studies /Mining Industry-Related: Basic Survey for Resources Development (Attachment) Excepting Energy Resources Realm>
Region ASEAN Country Name Philippines Thailand Project Title Feasibility Study for the Mine Tailing Disposal System in the Baguio District The Environmental Management Planning Survey for Arsenic Contaminated Area of the Nakhon Si Thammarat Province The Study on Air Pollution Control for Thermal Power Plants in Dexing The Detailed Design Study on Waste Water Treatment Project in Dexing Copper Mine Erdenet Mine Modernization and Development () Study on Mining Sector Development Master Plan Master Plan Study on Promotion of Mining Industry () Master Plan Study on the Promotion of Mining Industry Feasibility Study for the Lake Te Nggano Bauxite Resources Development The Feasibility Study for the Development Project at the Guerrero State The Study on Modernization Plan of Benefication Plants of CFM in the United Mexican States The Study on Environmental Impact of Mining Activities and Countermeasures Feasibility Study for the Modernization of Mining Facilities in the Republic of Bolivia The Study on Evaluation of Environmental Impact of Mining Sector in Potosi The Study on Environmentally-Friendly Operation of Mineral Processing Plant Using Biotechnology The Feasibility Study on Marcona Sintering Feasibility Study on Mine Pollution Control in Sohar Mine Area Pre-Feasibility Study on Natural Soda Development in Lake Natron Related Transportation The Rehabilitation Study of Kilembe Mines and Jinja Smelter Fiscal Year 1977 1978 1998 1999 Study Type F/S M/P

East Asia

PRC

1991 1995 1996 1997 1992 1993 2001 2003 2000 2002 1997 1999 1980 1982 1980 1981 1989 1990 1990 1991 1981 1982 1997 1999 1999 2002

M/P M/P M/P M/P M/P M/P F/S F/S F/S M/P F/S M/P F/S

Mongolia Central Asia Armenia Georgia Republic of Kirghiz Solomon Mexico

Oceania Central America

South America

Bolivia

Chile

Peru Middle East (Asia) English speaking zone Africa Oman Tanzania Uganda

1979 1980 1999 2001 1975 1976 1980 1981

F/S F/S Resources Study F/S

44

Zambia French speaking zone Africa Mauritania

A Pre-Feasibility Study for the Phosphate Development Project Strategic Plan Survey of Mineral Resources Development ()

1984 1985 2003 2005

F/S M/P

() indicates the attachment of summary for reference.

45

<Basic Studies for Resources Development>

Region ASEAN Country Name Indonesia Project Title Mineral Exploration in the Tasikmalaya Area Mineral Exploration in the East Java Area Mineral exploration in the central Sabah area Wide Area Study on Mineral Resources in the Bicol Area Mineral Exploration in the Bicol North Area Mineral Exploration in Chiang Khong, Doi Chong, Ratchaburi Area Mineral Exploration in the MaeSariang Area Mineral Exploration in the Bo Cu area Mineral Exploration in the Dong Pao area Mineral Exploration in the Western Platean of Yangzi Area Mineral Exploration in the Tengchong Lianghearea Mineral Exploration in the Altai Area Follow-up study on the Altai area Mineral Exploration in the Tsagaan Tsakhir Uul Area Mineral Exploration in the Central North Area Mineral Exploration in the Western Erdenet Area Mineral Exploration in the Zhaman-Aibat and Samarsky Area Mineral Exploration Terektinsky Uplift Area Mineral Exploration in the Kokpetinskaya Area Mineral Exploration in the Alay Area Study on Resources Development in the Eastern Bukantau Area as Support for Countries in Transition to Market Economy Study on Resources Development in the Sourthern Nuratau Area as Support for Countries in Transition to Market Economy Mineral Exploration in Selected Offshore Area of the SOPAC Region, the Cook Islands Cooperative Study Project on the Deepsea Resources in Selected Offshore Areas of the SOPAC Region (Basic Study on Resources Development Cooperation) Cooperative Study Project on the Deepsea Resources in Selected Offshore Areas of the SOPAC Region Mineral Exploration in the Vanualevu Area Implementation Period Oct 94 Mar 97 Nov 2001 Mar 2004 Oct 94 Mar 97 Jul 97 Mar 99 Feb 2000 Mar 2002 Oct 94 Mar 97 Dec 97 Mar 2000 Sep 96 Mar 99 Nov 2000 Mar 2002 Sep 93 Mar 99 Feb 97 Mar 99 Jul 2000 Mar 2003 Oct 2003 Mar 2004 Jul 96 Mar 98 Jun 99 Mar 2001 Jun 2001 Mar 2004 Nov 94 Mar 97 Oct 97 Mar 2000 Aug 2000 Mar 2003 Aug 97 Mar 2000 Nov 94 Mar 97

Malaysia Philippines

Thailand

Vietnam East Asia PRC

Mongolia

Central Asia

Kazakhstan

Kirghiz Uzbekistan

Aug 97 Mar 2000

Oceania

Oceanic region

Apr 2000 Mar 2003 Apr 2003 Mar 2006

Fiji

Mar 95 Mar 2000 Sep 95 Mar 98

46

Central America

Honduras

Mexico

South America

Argentina

Bolivia

The Cooperative Study Project on the Deepsea Mineral Resources in Selected Offshore Areas of the SOPAC Region Mineral Exploration in the Vanualevu Area Study on Regional Development Plan in the San Antonio Area Mineral Exploration in the Southwest and Central Areas Mineral Exploration in Campo Seco Area,Guerrero State Mineral Exploration in The Inmaculada-Oregano Inde Uno Area Mineral Exploration in the Zacualpan Area Wide Area Study on Mineral Resources in the Eastern Andes Area Wide Area Study on Mineral Resources in the Southern Andes Area The Mineral Exploration in the Northwest Area The Mineral Exploration in the Oruro Uyuni Area Mineral Exploration in the Yani-Pelechuco

Apr 2000 Mar 2003 Aug 2002 Mar 2004 Aug 96 Mar 98 Jan 2001 Mar 2003 Oct 94 Mar 97 Oct 97 Mar 2000 Dec 2001 Mar 2004 Oct 97 Mar 99 Dec 99 Mar 2001 Aug 2001 Mar 2003 Feb 2000 Mar 2002 Oct 2002 Mar 2005 Jul 98 Mar 2001 Jul 2001 Mar 2003 Aug 96 Mar 98 Aug 96 Mar 99 Mar 2000 Mar 2002 Oct 96 Mar 98 Jan 96 Mar 97 Nov 98 Mar 2000 Feb 2001 Mar 2002 Jan 2001 Mar 2003 Oct 95 - Mar 97 Aug 97 Mar 2000 Aug 2000 Mar 2002 Jul 98 Mar 2001 Oct 95 Mar 98 Aug 2002 Mar 2005 Jul 2002 Mar 2005 Jan 2000 Mar 2002 Apr 2002 Mar 2003

Area
Brazil Mineral Exploration in the Alta Floresta Area The Mineral Exploration in the Parana Basin Area Mineral Exploration in the Guanaca Cholqui Area Study on Regional Development Plan in the Pasto Largos Area The Mineral Exploration in the Region I Area, the Republic of Chile Regional Survey Program in the Urubamba River Inferior Area Regional Survey Program in the Urubamba River Inferior Area Mineral Exploration in the Eastern Area Mineral exploration in the southern area Mineral exploration in San Jose Aroyo Grande Area Mineral exploration in the Central Batinah Coast Area Mineral Exploration in the South Batinah Coast Area Mineral Development Study in Yanqul-Ghuzayn Area Mineral Exploration in the Umm Ad Damar Area Mineral Exploration in the Espiye Area Mineral Exploration in Hopa Area Mineral Exploration in Marrakech-Tekna Area Mineral Exploration in the Krib-Mejez Elbab Area Follow-up study on Krib-Mejez El Bab Area

Chile

Ecuador Peru

Uruguay Middle East (Asia) Oman

Saudi Arabia Turkey Middle East (Africa) English speaking zone Africa Morocco Tunisia

47

Namibia Tanzania Zimbabwe Mali

French speaking zone Africa East Europe

Albania

Mineral Exploration in the Otavi Mountainland Area Minral Exploration in the Southern Lake Victoria Area Mineral Exploration in Snake Head Area Mineral exploration in The Kekoro and Bauole-Banifing Area Mineral Exploration in Bauole-Banifing Area Basic Study on Resources Development Cooperation in the Subenik Area

Sep 95 Mar 98 Dec 95 Mar 98 Oct 95 Mar 98 Jan 98 Jun 2000 Nov 2000 Mar 2004 Sep 95 Jun 99

48

<Training/Industry Relative to Mining> (Training in Japan)

Intake Mode Group training Group training Group training Group training Training by country Training by region Course Title Dressing and Refining Resources Development Environment Friendly Mining Development Development of mines and sustainable growth Philippines Mine Waste Water Environmental Pollution Control Technique Preparation of Universal Infrastructure for the Promotion of Mining Industry Advanced Technology for Exploration of Mineral Resources Implementation Period Fiscal 1995 Fiscal 1990 1998 Fiscal 1999 2003 Fiscal 2004 Fiscal 1998 Fiscal 2003 Intake Mode Tohoku University material optics research institute International Institute for Mining Technology International Institute for Mining Technology International Institute for Mining Technology International Institute for Mining Technology International Institute for Mining Technology International Institute for Mining Technology

Training by region

Fiscal 2003 -

(Third-country training)
Country Chile Chile Chile Mexico Course Title Mineral Treatment and Metallurgy Geological Survey Method for Sustainable Development Mine Operation Management Improvement (safety measure, labor health, environment and quality) Dressing Analysis Implementation Period Fiscal 1995 1999 Fiscal 2003 2004 Fiscal 2001 2003 Fiscal 1990 1991 Institution of Counterpart country Mine metallurgy center Concepcion University Mining industry department, Mine bureau (SERNAGEOMIN) Department of energy, mine and national industry, Mineral resources bureau, Tecamacharco research institute General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA) General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA) China science institution, Geology and geophysics research institute, China mineral resources exploratory research center

Turkey Turkey PRC

Underground Resources Development, Assessment Remote Sensing and GIS Geo-Science Skill Training for Mineral Resources Exploratory Research

Fiscal 1997 2005 Fiscal 2005 Fiscal 2002

(Local in-country training)

Country Columbia Course Title Local in-Country Training as to Dressing and Waste Water Disposal Techniques Implementation Period Fiscal 2005 (as planned) Institution of Counterpart Country Geology and mining industry institution (INGEOMINAS)

49

50

Mexico Dressing Plant Operative Management Technical Cooperation Project (Project-Type Technical Cooperation)
Country name Implementation organization of recipient country RD signed date Study period Japanese organization for cooperation Background of request The United Mexican States Department of Mining Industry Promotion Department of Mineral Resources August 17, 1992 August 1992 August 1996 Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Director-generals Secretariat, Mining Industry Division Mexico is one of the most prominent resource-rich countries, and is believed to be abundant both in metal and nonmetal deposits. For this reason, in this country, mining industry has been thriving as the industry with a local tradition filling the steady role in such respects as promotion of local economy, raw materials supply for mining and manufacturing industries, acquisition of foreign currency, generation of employment opportunities, etc. In the mining industry field of National Development Plan 1989 1994 which was implemented since 1989, subsidy and promotion were adopted as the main policy particularly in order to promote the modernization of medium and small-sized mines sector. For that purpose, Department of Energy, Mine and National Industry (SEMIP) formulated a specific policy on the modernization of medium and small-sized mines, and besides, turned to our government with the request for the project-type technical cooperation as to the plants for dressing operation management technique in August, 1990, taking into consideration the conclusion and advice rendered by Development study report on the modernization of dressing plants under the control of Mining industry promotion bureau (CFM) which had been implemented by JICA at the request of Mexican government. (Overall goal) Contribution to the promotion of Mexican mining industrys development via fostering human resources (Project purpose) Contribution to the human resources fostering plan by the Mexican body via technology transfer as to the operation of ore flotation plant from the Japanese specialist to Mexican counterpart in the implementation process of the dressing plant modernization plan proposed by the government of Mexico. 1. Fostering human resources as to the dressing plant operation management technique 2. Preparation of facilities relative to the dressing plant operation management technique in the location of CRM parallel dressing test center Contents of major input 3. Promotion of the human resources fostering project in the center mentioned above Long-term expert: Chief advisor, logistics, dressing plant operation and management, integrated measuring equipment of the dressing plant, process control of the dressing process operation Short-term expert: Seminar instructor, training course instructor, waste water disposal, etc. Intake of trainee: (18 persons in total) Equipment supply: Machinery and materials for dressing, waste liquid disposal, instruments for analysis

Objective

Contents of cooperation activities

51

Mongolia Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources of Mongolia (Project-Type Technical Cooperation)
Country name Implementation organization of recipient country RD signed date Survey period Japanese organization for cooperation Background of request Mongolia Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources of Mongolia March 9, 1994 March 1994 March 1999 Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Geological Survey of Japan With regard to the development of underground resources in Mongolia, the Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources or National Geology Center had conducted the research and exploration of underground resources in relation to the mineral resources and coal resources with the assistance of the Soviet Union and East European countries in accordance with the 8th economic development 5-year plan (1986 1990) in past years. As a result, while the development of worlds largest possible copper mine took place, enormous coal resources were confirmed as well, thus, development of the underground resources turned out to be ranked as the most important scheme in its modernization policy of the country concerned. However, the aid from the East European countries had been drastically curtailed in the wake of the Soviet Unions dissolution, the country concerned seeking for new cooperation from western countries officially issued the request via the official correspondence #566 dated on May 27 in 1990 to our government for a project-type technical cooperation which aims at the improvement of research technique as for the underground resources. Acknowledging this request, in November, 1992, our government dispatched a preliminary study team which rendered an explanation for the form of technical cooperation by the project-type method and confirmed the contents of figure concerned. Objective (Overall goal) Contribution to the mineral resources development of Mongolia via effort to improve the research and analysis technique for mineral resources (Project purpose) Improvement of the mineral resources research method and analytic technique of the Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources of Mongolia Engineers of the Geological Research Institute shall acquire the techniques required for mineral resources survey method and analysis. 1) Both parties from Japan and Mongolia will conduct the activities shown below: 1. Formulation of the education plan for engineers 2. Secure procurement of equipments and materials 2) Mongolian party shall conduct the activities shown below in compliance with the advices and guidance rendered by the Japanese experts: 1. Formulation of the survey plan for mineral resources 2. Formulation of the analysis plan 3. Sorting of existing data 4. Survey of metallic mineral deposit, data sorting 5. Study on collected samples, instrumental analysis, data analysis 6. Analysis of survey analysis results, data process 7. Compilation of manuals of all sorts 8. Reinforcement of management and operation for the geological research institute 1. Metallic mineral deposit survey, data sorting 2. Sample study, instrumental analysis, data analysis 3. Analysis of survey and analysis results, database construction

Expected results Contents of activities cooperation

Contents of transfer

technology

52

Input

4. Comprehensive assessment Long-term expert: (Chief adviser, logistics, science of mineral deposit, petrology, instrumental analysis) Short-term expert: (XRD, flake generation, fluid inclusion, geological features, rock, mineral deposit, analysis, geological features information process, ICP) Intake of trainee: (16 in total) Equipment supply: (Instruments for analysis, reagent for analysis, outdoor survey instruments, etc.

53

Morocco Upgrading Exploration Technology of Mineral Resources (Project-Type Technical Cooperation)

Country name Implementation organization of recipient country RD signed date Servey period Japanese organization for cooperation Background of request The Kingdom of Morocco Morocco Mine Exploration and Investment Corporation (Bureau de Recherches et de Participations Minieres: BRPM) January 26, 1998 April 1998 March 2002 Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Mineral and Natural Resources Division of Natural Resources and Fuel Department Morocco is aiming at economic growth via strengthened mining industry in order to improve the instable economic constitution which depends predominantly on agriculture and marine products industry. Our country has implemented various types of technical cooperation toward Mine Exploration and Investment Corporation which is under the control of Ministry of Energy and Mine such as individual dispatch of experts and development studies at the request of the Moroccan government, and this time, the Moroccan government has turned to request anew the project-type technical cooperation in the area of industrial raw material minerals as well as exploration area and dressing area of the Mine Exploration and Investment Corporation with the intention of pursuing high technology level in wider fields. (Overall goal) Development of new mineral resources within Morocco (Project purpose) BRPM shall acquire the capability to carry out well organized and pragmatic exploration on a continuous basis. 1. Organized operation of BRPMs exploration bureau shall be strengthened and function efficiently. 2. Instruments for analysis shall be efficiently operative and shall be properly maintained and managed. 3. Practical exploration plan shall be acquired. 4. Practical exploration method shall be acquired. 5. Comprehensive exploration technique shall be acquired. 6. Manual for exploration technique shall be prepared. 7. Internal transfer system as to the exploration technology shall be constructed. 1) Mineral deposit exploration 1. Formulation method for the exploration plan 2. Geological structure and mineralization analysis method 3. Materials collection method 2) Geochemical exploration 1. Materials collection method 2. Plasma analysis instruments 3. Data analysis method 4. Physical exploration mapping method 3) Physical exploration 1. Analysis method for the existing data 2. Physical exploration method 4) Synthesizing method of exploration technique 1. Synthesizing method of data by each exploration technique 2. Appropriate utilization method of the synthesized data 3. Inventory mapping method Long-term expert: (Chief adviser, logistics, mineral deposit exploration, geochemical exploration, mineral deposit theory, etc., 7 persons in total)

Objective

Expected results

Contents of cooperation activities

Contents of major input

54

Short-term expert: (Physical inspection, exploration theory, microscopic study, mineral deposit theory, petrological cum geochemical exploration, 20 persons in total) Intake of trainee: (7 persons) Equipments supply: (Plasma analysis instrument (ICP), vehicles for field survey, portable spectro-radiometer for mineral identification (POSAM)

55

Columbia Improvement of Mineral Processing Technology Concerning Medium and Small Mine (Technical Cooperation Project)
Country name Implementation organization of recipient country RD signed date Study period Japanese organization for cooperation Background of request Republic of Columbia Geo-science, Mine, Chemical Research Institute (INGEOMINAS), Mine Corporation (MINERCOL) March 26, 1999 June 1999 May 2002 Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Mineral and Natural Resources Division of Natural Resources and Fuel Department The republic of Columbia attempted to break away from its traditional monoculture economy which used to depend predominantly on coffee industry, and settled its policy on giving priority to the promotion of industry centering on the mineral resources development which included coal and petroleum since the latter half of 1970, and then, as the result of development study on mineral resources of every kind, the existence of complex mineral deposit which included valuable metals was confirmed. However, as the technique required for efficient collection of the valuable metals from these complex mineral ore had not been established, the government concerned planned to establish Mineral Resources Research and Development Center which should conduct the research for treatment technology which could yield efficient and economical collection of valuable metals from the complex mineral within INGEOMINAS which was under the control of Ministry of Mine and Energy, and then, the government concerned turned to our country requesting the project-type technical cooperation. At this request, the transfer of technology required for the collection of valuable metals and accessory minerals on a laboratory level was carried out from March 31, 1992 to March 30, 1996. However, as the project mentioned above being on a laboratory level, in the realization of the need of verification through continuous testing in mobile-type dressing facilities for the assessment of technical and economic applicability of the new process which is intended for improvement of valuable metal yield ratio and the prevention of pollution, the project-type technical cooperation turned out to be requested to our country. (Overall goal) Operating manner of small and tiny mines in the gold producing area shall be duly improved. (Project purpose) Engineers of INGEOMINAS and MINERCOL shall become capable of supervising the small and tiny mines in the gold producing area for improved operation of their dressing plants. 1. Implementation structure of the project will be established. 2. Installation, arrangement and maintenance of mobile-type dressing test facilities will be implemented. 3. Dressing plant designer engineers will be trained. 4. Proposal letters as to the dressing plant improvement addressed to the mines which are the objects to the project concerned will be prepared. 1. Machinery and facilities being installed, the maintenance manual shall be prepared with the implementation of operation guidance and improved maintenance. 2. Selection of the optimal dressing operation conditions shall be conducted using the mobile-type dressing test facilities with the dressing test manual prepared. 3. Selection of the dressing waste water disposal condition shall be conducted. 4. Proposal for guidance on the dressing plant operation improvement technique shall be prepared. 5. Seminar as to the project shall be held. Long-term expert: (Chief adviser, logistics, dressing technique, waste water treatment technique)

Objective

Expected results

Contents of cooperation activities

Input

56

Short-term expert: (10 persons in total) Intake of trainee: (10 persons in total) Equipments supply: (Mobile-type dressing test facilities as a complete set)

57

Argentina Regional Geologic Mapping with Advanced Satellite Sensor (Technical Cooperation Project)
Country name Implementation organization of recipient country RD signed date Cooperation period Japanese organization for the cooperation Background of the request Argentine Republic Argentine Geological and Mining Survey: SEGEMAR Geology and Mineral Resources Institute: IGRM December 21, 2000 March 1, 2001 February 28, 2005 Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (Mineral and Natural Resources Division of Natural Resources and Fuel Department) Argentina is abundant with a vast land and geological circumstances which contain high possibilities of occurrence of mineral resources, yet exploration and development have not been sufficiently in progress, thus the production of mineral resources stands rather small. As one of the factors behind the situation concerned is presumed to attribute to deficient arrangement of fundamental geological information required for exploration and development of mineral resources, efficient arrangement of the information has to be carried out from now on. For this, Government of Argentina is currently implementing National geology: Mapping program by theme at Geological and Mining Survey (SEGEMAR) under Agency for Mining Industry since 1993. In 1994, Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System Department was established in expectation of utilization of the satellitic picture image analysis (remote sensing) for the promotion of efficient mapping work, however, the intent has not been sufficiently accomplished due to the shorts of human resources and facilities being the restraining factors. Under the circumstances, Argentine government has requested our government for the Project-type Technical Cooperation with the intention to pursue an efficient progress of geological mapping work by the introduction of advanced satellitic data process and analytic techniques with equipments and software required therefore. (Overall goal) Geological maps and theme maps for the exploration of resources shall be prepared by IGRM. (Project purpose) IGRM shall come to be able to utilize advanced satellitic data such as ASTER and PALSAR for the generation of geological maps and theme maps used for the exploration of mineral resources. 1. Satellitic data utilization system will be established in IGRM. 2. Equipments and satellitic data required for the satellitic data utilization will be well used and maintained in a pertinent manner. 3. Geological engineers of IGRM will have acquired techniques required for the use of advanced satellitic data such as ASTER and PALSAR, etc. on the occasion of drawing geological maps and theme maps for the exploration of mineral resources. 4. Usefulness of the remote sensing technique will be well comprehended by the people concerned through the seminar workshops. Techniques shown below shall be transferred via OJT (Indoor work and inspection work on the spot) rendered to the full-time and part-time C/P of Wide-area Geological Bureau, Geological Features & Mineral Resources Bureau, Environmentally Applied Geological Features Bureau) of the Remote Sensing & GIS Department:

Objective

Expected results

Contents activities

of

cooperation

58

1. How to handle the data and basic concept of the remote sensing by remote satellites 2. Digital picture image processing and mapping classified by mineral and lithologic theme via ASTER data 3. Geological mapping of ASTER data and application to mineral resources exploration 4. Microwave analysis via PALSAR data 5. Introduction of ASTER and PALSAR circumstances analysis 6. Introduction of damage analysis via data 7. Introduction of hyper-spectrum data analysis Furthermore, people externally and internally concerned with IGRM will be given instruction in satellitic data utilization method, etc. upon geological mappings through seminars and workshops. Long-term expert: Chief advisor, logistics, digital picture image processing, remote sensing of geological features Short-term expert: PALSAR data analysis, environmental analysis, damage analysis, hyper-spectrum data analysis, software installation Intake of trainee: Presumably 2 persons per year Equipments supply: Data process system (hardware, software), equipments for inspection on the spot (spectrometer, radiometer, GPS, ASTER data)

Contents of major input

59

Chile Project for Strengthening Institutional Capacity of Mining Environment Management (Technology-Type Project)
Country name Implementation organization of recipient country RD signed date Study period Japanese organization for the cooperation Background of the request Republic of Chile Ministry of Mining Industry, Geology and Mine Bureau (SERNAGEOMIN) January 11, 2002 July 2002 June 2007 Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Mine Safety Division Chile governments approach to environmental conservation and its background: Chile has the vast deposit of copper which accounts for one fourth of the worlds, and is the world widely known major producing country of molybdenite, gold, lithium carbonate and nitrate, etc. Mining industry is the base for its economic development which covers 8.2% in GDP and 44.5% in the export amount. The government concerned has established many ordinances with regard to the mining industry since 1990s for its understanding that the environmental problems relative to mining industry will have to be properly dealt with. Furthermore, the president Lagos who attaches great importance to environmental issues has set out his policy toward its industrial world in which he will not permit economic development sacrificing the environment. And then, the secretary of mining industry, acknowledging the fact that the environment standards stipulated in the existing law could not serve sufficiently enough, and that way, the government and overall country are committed to move toward tackling the arrangement of legal systems required there-for. Actual situation of suspended and abolished mines in the republic of Chile: There exist presumably 4000 mines which are abolished or suspended. However, according to the existing law, there is no obligation of restoration stipulated toward abandoned mines or slag heaps, thus, many of those dormant mines are left as they are, and the real picture of those are still unknown to the world. And the results have turned out tangible as follows: 1. Damage to agricultural products and residents via particles from mines and slag disposal yard 2. Deadly incidents and pollution to rivers, water quality in the bay and soil caused by collapse of slag heaps, etc. 3. There are pollutions to water quality and soil caused by the leakage of oxidized solution from mines. In this circumstance, Mine closure ordinance which is to stipulate the measures for suspended and abandoned mines is now under deliberation in the national assembly. However, on the other hand, SERNAGEOMIN (Ministry of Mining Industry, Geology and Mine Bureau) is short of the mine damage research technique, and environmental measures planning and monitoring technique as well as the technique for arrangement of suspended and abolished mines database. For that reason, the following items of capability improvement are indispensable for smooth implementation of the environmental measures: 1. Grasp of the present situation of mines whose operation is suspended or abolished

60

2. Mine damage study 3. Assessment technique of anticipated environmental risks 4. Knowledge and technique as to the formulation of mine damage prevention measures plan Because of the reasons as shown above, the Republic of Chile submitted the request for the project-type technical cooperation to the government of Japan on October in 2000. In response to this, JICA implemented the first and second short-term study respectively on May and August in 2001, and held deliberations on the validity of implementation, activity plan, equipments to be supplied, etc. for the item concerned. Then, JICA acknowledged the validity of implementation of the project as per the 6 respects shown below: 1. Environmental safeguards is designated as one of the important areas in country concerned, according to JICA Country Program. 2. Resources industry, especially of copper, is the foundation for Chiles economic development. 3. Japan has close relations with the country concerned as the largest importer of molybdenite and copper. 4. The country concerned shows a positive stance on the south-to-south cooperation toward such countries as Bolivia and others, which suggests far-reaching ripple effects of the technology transfer in the field concerned to the neighboring countries in future. 5. In the light of the establishment of Mine Closure Law, a committee which is constituted by administrative organizations such as SERNAGEOMIN, etc. and private corporations has been set up, where a series of solutions is examined from the viewpoint of legal affairs, financial affairs and public participation. 6. Japan possesses the worlds most advanced Accumulated fund system for mine damage prevention and technology for the mine damage prevention and information process. The Republic of Chile has the intent to take on the construction of a new system based on the aforesaid system which could utilize not only the technology-wise but also the system-wise advantage of what the Japanese system has. (Overall goal) 1. Policy establishment on the damage prevention from suspended and abolished mines shall be implemented. 2. Technical supervision with regard to the mine closure measures shall be implemented by SERNAGEOMIN. 3. Mine database shall be prepared. (Project purpose) SERNAGEOMIN shall add up the below-shown two functions to the existing work: 1. Information as to the mines in operation and suspended/abolished mines shall be collected and sorted (into the database) including the information about the potential environment-wise influence so as to grasp the actual situation. 2. Planning and monitoring capability shall be fostered as to the measures for minimizing the environmental damages caused by closed mines. 1. Implementation structure for the project will be well established. 2. Fundamental concept relative to the mine damage prevention will be firmly established at SERNAGEOMIN.

Objective

Expected results

61

3. Technical capability to investigate the actual state of suspended and abolished mines will be reinforced. 4. Information acquired through the above survey will be sorted into database. 5. SERNAGEOMIN will come to possess the capability to deal with the measures toward suspended and abolished mines. 6. SERNAGEOMINs capability for the supervision and inspection as to mine damage prevention will be reinforced. 7. SERNAGEOMIN will come to possess the capability of formulating mine damage prevention project plans. 8. SERNAGEOMINs capability for the assessment of environmental influence will be reinforced. 9. SERNAGEOMINs technique required for the chemical analysis and maintenance of analysis instruments will be reinforced. 10. SERNAGEOMIN will come to possess the techniques for data analysis and analysis results assessment as to the chemical analysis results. 1. Components required for the project shall be duly configured as per the plan. 2. Japanese laws and regulations as well as inspection and research methods as to the mine damage prevention shall be introduced. 3. At the model sites, actual situation of suspended and abolished mines shall be investigated, while damage level judgement technique shall be guided according to each item concerned at the sediment yard, mining wastes, open-cut mining site, pit mining, pithead, particles scattering, pit draining and others. 4. Database software which SERNAGEOMIN currently possesses shall be so retrofitted that the investigation results of actual situation shall be put there-in. 5. At the model sites of mines in operation, measures and techniques required on the occasion of mine closure shall be guided according to each item concerned at the sediment yard, mining wastes, open-cut mining site, pit mining, pithead, particles scattering, pit draining and others. 6. Regardless of mine closure, specific supervision and inspection techniques as to the mine damage prevention at mines in operation shall be guided according to each item concerned at the sediment yard, mining wastes, open-cut mining site, pit mining, pithead, particles scattering, pit draining and others. 7. Technique for the mine damage prevention planning which will set up Till when and what kind of work has to be finished. and computation technique for the cost of mine damage prevention measures at the model mine in operation as well as suspended and abolished mines shall be guided. 8. Technical advice shall be rendered to the mining industry environment assessment which SERGEOMIN currently implements. 9. In order to grasp the pollution level of mine damage, chemical analysis instruments shall be installed and improve the instrumental maintenance technique. 10. Data analysis technique of the chemical analysis results and assessment technique of the analyzed results shall be guided. Long-term expert: Dispatch for 5 years: Chief adviser, logistics staff, mine damage

Contents of cooperation activities

Major input

62

survey, mining supervisor Short-term expert: (5 persons, information processing, mine damage investigation, etc.) Intake of trainee: (presumably 1 3 persons per year) Equipments supplied: (Equipments relative to computer, instruments for chemical analysis, equipments for training, etc.)

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Mongolia Erdenet Mine Modernization and Development (Development Study)

Country name Implementation organization of recipient country SW signed date Study period Consultant Background of request Mongolia Erdenet Mine September 10, 1992 December 1992 December 1993 Mitsui Mineral Development Engineering Co., Ltd. Mongolia is facing a serious economic crisis which stems from shortage of petroleum, raw materials for mining industry, consumer goods, hard currency, etc. in the wake of confusion which accompanied with the transition into democratization and market economy by the former Soviet Union and East Europe and the ensuing deterioration of economic situation ever since 1989. Under the circumstances, JICA dispatched the project selection confirmation study in November, 1991 and the project formation basic study in June, 1992 to Mongolia. As the result of these studies, it was measured to be appropriate to render the study and advice on the modernization and improvement as to the mining and dressing facilities as well as the operation and management of Erdenet Mine which is one of the 2 major foreign currency earners of the country concerned as an item for the mining and manufacturing industry development study with which our country could cooperate. In this progress, Mongolia turned officially to request our country for the development study as to the modernization and improvement of the mine mentioned above. Aiming at the increment of production capacity and the improvement of productivity of Erdenet Mine, modernization plan for the mine concerned shall be formulated suggesting a proposal on the modernization and improvement which include the building and sorting of mining, dressing, repair and maintenance (particularly for casting work) sections, effective use of machinery and examination on the renewal, management and operation (organization, finance, production management, marketing, environmental measures, etc.). 1. Macro circumstances such as the economic policy of Mongolia 2. Judgement of the production situation of Erdenet Mine and the consequent improvement 3. Medium and long term production plan as well as investment and assessment 4. Diagnostic check and suggestion as to the economical management 5. Assessment as to the privatization plan 6. Proposal on the method for asset evaluation 7. Requirements and task in view of the building of copper smelting works

Objective of study

Contents and items of study

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Kingdom of Thailand Environmental Management Planning Survey for Arsenic Contaminated Area of the Nakhon Si Thammarat Province (Development Study)
Country name Implementation organization of recipient country SW signed date Survey period Consultant Background of request Kingdom of Thailand Environment Research Center May 17, 1998 August 1998 March 2000 Mitsui Mineral Development Engineering Co., Ltd. Ronbiboon area (population: 144,000) in the Nakhon Si Thammarat Province which exists 800 kilometers in the south of Bangkok, the capital city of Thailand, is located in the tin mining industry zone which sits on the belt stretching through Myanmar, Malay Peninsula and Indonesia. In these areas, mining industry activities have been in operation for the last hundred years or so. Due to these mining industry activities, arsenic contamination has turned out to be an enormous problem in the Ronbiboon area, and it is alleged that well over 800 cases of sufferers exist at present. According to the research carried out in 1992, it is reported that 22% of children suffer from a skin disorder (skin cancer and others). It is deemed that this situation could have been caused by the practice of the inhabitants using the groundwater which has been contaminated by the arsenic (50 100 times content of the WHOs maximum tolerable guideline (10 g/l) was detected in the groundwater) that stems from the tin dressing process. However, the majority of the tin mines are abandoned ones, and Thai entities concerned dont own the research technologies relevant to the identification of contamination source and the formulation of measures devised to deal with the problems, and then, they had turned to Japan requesting the formulation of the measures as well as the survey concerned. At this request, after the project formation basic study was conducted in February 1998, the preliminary study team was dispatched in May of the same year to hold deliberations on the contents of the full-scale survey with the Thai counterpart, thus, the exchange of S/W signing duly took place on May 17. Measures to alleviate the arsenic contamination in the area and diffusion into the lower river basin shall be formulated via identification of the arsenic contamination source and elucidation of the contamination mechanism in the Ronbiboon area. And, technology transfer shall be rendered to the Thai counterpart (ERTC: Environment Research and Training Center) which will participate in the survey through the survey concerned. 1. Grasp of the situation of arsenic contamination concerned 2. Identification of the arsenic source and grasp of the existing quantity 3. Grasp of the mechanism of arsenic occurrence, convection and diffusion 4. Estimation of influence to the lower stream environment by arsenic contamination 5. Formulation of the measures required to deal with the arsenic contamination 6. Technology transfer through the investigation

Objective of study

Contents and items of study

65

Republic of Chile Study on Environmentally-Friendly Operation of Mineral Processing Plant Using Biotechnology (Development Study)
Country name Implementation organization of recipient country SW singned date Study period Consultant Background of request Republic of Chile Empresa Nacional de Mineral (ENAMI) June 4, 1999 October 1999 October 2002 Dowa Mining Co., Ltd. and Mitsui Mineral Development Engineering Co., Ltd. Chile is the worlds largest copper producing country, and the export of the mineral products account for the half of its entire export. Production of copper is the highest interest of the government in its economy, and the government has been striving for the maintenance and expansion of the production via two national corporations comprising CODELCO (Chile copper national corporation) and ENAMI (Mineral national Corporation). ENAMI was established for the purpose to promote medium and small-sized mine, and has been producing electrolytic copper via the purchase of mineral ore and mineral concentrate which are produced by the over 2000 medium and small-sized mines are mining. Promotion of the medium and small-sized mines plays a significant role not only in copper production but also in advancement of underpopulated areas and generation of employment. In recent years, even in Chile, environmental problems such as liquid wastes from factories are coming to be regarded as social problems through the growing environmental recognition and the reinforcement of taxation concerned, etc. In the light of this situation, the government of Chile is currently working on the designing of measures for the modernization of ENAMI which has a significant influence on the operations of medium and small-sized mines with its intention to pursue the improvement of efficiency and environmental measures in a positive manner. In the dressing plant of ENAMI, since the treatment via leaching method is adopted as to the oxidized ore, under existing circumstances, the waste liquid from the leaching not being recycled and is dumped into the waste slag dam or in the realm of nature, thus, deterioration of operative performance and environmental burden are growing. In this background, the government of Chile requested the establishment of a model plant for the treatment of oxidized leaching waste liquid and the development study inclusive of the verification test with the intention of formulating plans for the improvement measures such as the waste liquid treatment which could provide the foundation for modernization of the leaching plant which ENAMI owns. In response to this request, a basic study team for the project formation was dispatched in November of the year 1998, and the team examined the contents of the development study besides carrying out the confirmation of the background and contents of the request concerned through the field investigation as well as discussions with the counterpart organizations concerned. As a result of it, it was concluded that the waste liquid treatment plan shall be designed according to the result of the installation, operation and assessment of a model plant which constitutes the neutralization treatment process by the oxidization of leaching waste liquid and calcium carbonate via ferrioxide bacteria of 100 m3/d level in the full-scale survey, while the plant intended to be installed shall be the Panulicillo plant where pollution into the river has already been detected.

66

Objective of survey

Contents and items of survey

For the purpose of introducing environment-conscious operation technologies into the process of mining industry in the country of Chile, a feasibility study aiming at the introduction of treatment facilities which will adopt biological treatment techniques for the waste liquid treatment process in the leaching plants shall be implemented, and being based upon the result, a program shall be drawn out for the dissemination of the technologies concerned into similar plants and processes located in the country of Chile. (1) Installation of a model plant for the waste liquid treatment which utilizes the biological treatment technique - Collection of existing data and relevant information - Designing of a model plant - Procurement and installation of the model plant - Operation and assessment of the model plant (2) Operative diagnosis and environmental diagnosis of the objective plant - Proposal on the measures for highly efficient operation - Proposal on the measures for the improvement of ambient surroundings (3) Feasibility study on a full-scale plant - F/S design - Cost for the construction and operation - Schedule for the installation - Economic and financial analysis and the assessment of environmental influence (4) Formulation of the master plan designed for the dissemination of the techniques concerned - Study on the applicability of the technique concerned - Formulation of the dissemination program (5) Conclusion and proposal

67

Republic of Georgia Master Plan on Promotion of Mining Industry (Development Study)

Country name Implementation organization of recipient country SW signed date Study period Consultant Background of request Georgia Ministry of Economy, Industry and Trade July 26, 2000 September 2000 December 2002 Mitsui Mineral Development Engineering Co., Ltd. The country of Georgia is rather rich in mineral resources such as copper, lead, gold, silver and others, and used to constitute 1.1% of entire mineral concentrate production in the era of the former Soviet Union. Furthermore, the geological survey has been effectively carried out discovering several mineral deposits of great potential. However, activities for the exploration, mineral dressing and processing concerned have been remaining stagnant at a low level. In order to promote the development of mining industry as an economic foundation of the country concerned, there is a pressing need to re-evaluate and reorganize the entire mining industry of the country concerned including the exploration, dressing and processing, which would be well in compliance with the market economy. In this background, a request for the development survey relative to the formulation of a master plan on the promotion of mining industry was submitted to the Japanese government from the country of Georgia in October, 1998. Major items of survey referred to in the request are as follows: (a) Assessment of potential mineral resources (b) Analysis of the existing state of mines (c) Analysis of the existing state in relation to the environmental protection (d) Analysis of the national development plan on the mining industry area (e) Analysis of the problem in view of the promotion of mining industry The survey concerned shall find its objective in the investigation into the potential conditions of resources in the country of Georgia with regard to gold, copper, zinc, lead, manganese, arsenic and silver, actual situation of mine development, general outline of the mining law, trends of the reformation, present state of the transition into market economy structures, developments of the relevant infrastructure building, environmental problems and the state of action concerned, thus, formulating the master plan for the advancement of mining industry including the model project (mine) to draw out a preliminary feasibility study which includes specific promotion measures for the model project. The first year: 1-1 Contents of the preparatory work in Japan (1) Collection, sorting and analysis of the existing data (Pro-form, preliminary research, etc) (2) Deliberations on the basic principle (overall plan/yearly plan), contents and method (3) Inception report, questionnaires (4) Deliberations on the use of equipments and materials to be procured locally (5) Deliberations on the use of equipments and materials to be procured in Japan, Procurement and preparation of the handling manuals The second year: 2-1 The first field survey

Objective of survey

Contents and items of survey

68

(1) Survey on the foundation area 1. 1 Grasp of the present state of mining industry and the policy on the mining industry 1. 2 Actual situation of the privatization of business enterprises relative to mining industry 1. 3 Analysis on the role of organizations relative to mining industry and the organizational problems 1. 4 Actual situation of the foreign capital introduction and the disincentives 1. 5 Reassessment of the mine and mining plan 1. 6 Method for the foreign capital introduction into exploration and mines 1. 7 Environmental problems and the measures, environmental protection 1. 8 Advice on the mine management and operative method 1. 9 Management method for the data on mineral resources 2-2 Contents of the first domestic work (1) Analysis of the materials and data obtained via field study (2) Completion of written interim reports with regard to the progress of the analysis on the first field survey items (3) Procurement of the software for mineral resources database, generation of the sample database 2-3 Contents of the second field survey (1) Geochemical exploration and physical exploration (2) Input and generation of the database on mineral resources (3) Generation of the progress report (Part 2) (4) Discussion on the survey implementation plan of the phase II (Specifying the objective mine, etc. of the analysis) 2-4 The second domestic work (1) Analysis on the brought-back samples (2) Examination of the amendment proposal as to the disclosure method on the web (3) Preparation of the interim report (4) Preparation of the survey planning draft and questionnaires as to the survey implementation plan of the phase 11 The third year: 3-1 Contents of the third field work (1) Explanation and discussion on the interim report (2) Discussion on the amendment proposal about the database and information on the web 3-2 Contents of the third domestic work 2. 1 Exploration plan

69

2. 2 Introduction of database relevant to the geological features 2. 3 Sharing of roles between the government and private sectors as for the exploration 2. 4 Incentive Plan for the promotion of foreign capital induction and privatization 2. 5 Productivity improvement of the mining industry sector 2. 6 Registration and management system for the mineral resources 2. 7 Mining operation and management 2. 8 Comprehensive environmental prevention measures 3-3 Contents of the fourth field survey Field survey shall be carried out with the presentation of questionnaires as per the above-shown contents of the third domestic preparatory work. As for the database, in particular, a proposal for improvement on the general registration and management system of the mineral resources bureau and the sample database shall be prepared. 3-4 Contents of the fourth domestic survey Preparation of the final draft report 3-5 Contents of the fifth field survey (1) Explanation and discussion on the final draft report (2) Seminar While the survey results up to this point shall be summarized, a seminar on shall be provided (presumably for one day) to the counterpart and relevant organizations with an attempt to entrench the oncoming measures specified for the promotion of mining industry. 3-6 Contents of the fifth domestic work (1) Preparation and submission of the final report

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The Islamic Republic of Mauritania Strategic Plan Survey of Mineral Resources Development (Development Study)
Country name Implementation organization of recipient country SW signed date Survey period Consultant Background of request The Islamic Republic of Mauritania Mauritanian Office for Geological Researches, Ministry of Mines and Industry March 20, 2003 October 2003 March 2006 Mitsui Mineral Development Engineering Co., Ltd. The Islamic Republic of Mauritania, having two-thirds of the national land being covered by desert, and the majority of the nation being engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding, cites the fostering of industries which will contribute to the acquisition of foreign currency as the major area in its policy. Export industry of Mauritania dont really have any substantial sectors other than fishing industry or iron ore produced in the north, thus, there is a pressing need to foster new industries. Production amount of mining industry in the country of Mauritania which reached 216 US dollars as of 1997 constitutes 20%* of the nations entire GNP, and the export amount is equivalent to 40% of its total export. Major mines are operated by its national corporation SNIM (State owned iron ore producer), and development of new mines and others are also simultaneously taken charge thereof by SNIM. However, mine development or exploration activities have not been making sufficient progress due to the lack of finance, thus, it is deemed to be necessary to adopt the system which will pursue the development of the potentials via induction of foreign capital investment. For the promotion of mineral deposit exploration and development by the foreign capitals, decent integration and disclosure of basic data on the mineral resources are regarded as imperative, although the Office of Geological Research (OMRG) is designated authority in this regard, it is believed to be difficult for the country of Mauritania to carry it out on its own due to the shortage of human resources and know-how required therefore. (*12% on the GDP base of 1999) Upon this situation, the government of Mauritania requested Japanese government to implement development study in November of the year 2000, and in response to the request, JICA dispatched a mining and manufacturing project formation basic study team in September, 2002. The study team, as the result of discussions with the government of Mauritania, its organizations concerned, the local office of World Bank and others, confirmed that the request had the contents even conforming basically to the Mining Sector Capacity Building Project which the World Bank was promoting, and the integration of database on the geological features and mineral resources based on the results of GIS data formulation in progress and the cooperation in the establishment of strategy for the promotion of mineral resources exploration will not only contribute to the advancement of the mining industry which will come to be indispensable for the financial reconstruction of the nation concerned but also will have importance as a BHN or environmental item including the monitoring of groundwater development and desertification, etc. (Overall goal) Mineral resources development in the country of Mauritania shall be duly promoted. (Project purpose)

Objective of study

71

Expected results

Strategic plan shall be formulated with regard to the mineral resources development in the country of Mauritania. Integration of fundamental data relevant to the geological features and mineral resources shall be carried out pursuing GIS management and database compilation of the information about geological features and mineral deposits, and while utilizing what could be acquired through the afore-said activities, after the formulation of strategic plan for the development relative to the mineral resources survey, providing the amassed information in an effective manner, investments by both domestic and international private mining enterprises shall be promoted. A. Collection and review of the information relative to investment and environment (1) Collection and review of both domestic and international information relevant to investment activities (2) Examination of assessment on the strategic environmental influence B. Collection and review of the information relevant to mineral resources (1) Publications relevant to the geological features and exploration reports on Mauritania, review by the world banks PRISM-GIS, etc. (2) Remote sensing data analysis (3) Review on the infrastructure and environment (roads, locations of mines, locations of water wells, national parks, etc.) C. Data collection via supplementary field survey (1) Outdoor survey on geological features of the mineral deposits and mining areas, sample collection and chemical analysis of the mineral (2) Remote sensing data analysis (3) Acquisition and analysis of the physical exploration data D. Formulation of mineral deposit model and acknowledgement of formation areas (1) Formulation of mineral deposit model of each mineral sort (2) Acknowledgement of mineral deposit formation areas (3) Measurement of promising areas with the mineral deposits E. Formulation of GIS mineral resources database (1) Analysis of acquired data and formulation of the database (2) Integration with geo-science information (geological, geo-physical, and geo-scientific data and water use data, etc.) (3) Maintenance and updating work for GIS mineral resources database F. Formulation of the strategy for mineral resources exploration promotion (1) Formulation of the mineral resources survey strategy G. Disclosure of investment incentive information (1) Disclosure of the mineral resources database (2) Transmission of information as to the promotion of investment (seminars, etc.) (3) Support for the establishment of an investment promotion office

Contents and items of study

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Indonesia Mineral Exploration in the East Java Area (Basic Survey on Resources Development Cooperation)
Country name Implementation organization of recipient country SW signed date Survey period Consultant Background of request Republic of Indonesia Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Geology and Mineral Resources General Bureau, Mineral Resources Assessment Bureau September 19, 2001 November 2001 March 2004 Nikko Exploration and Development Co., Ltd. (project consigned by the former Metal Mining Agency of Japan) The republic of Indonesia is a country with high potential of non-ferrous metal reserve such as copper, gold, tin and nickel, and is one of the countries of high interest in the development, yet, Java island has been restricting the establishment of mining licenses by alien corporations as its policy. For that reason, exploration activities in the island have hardly been conducted in an adequate manner, thus, there still remains potential for the germination of mineral resources. On the other hand, the government of Indonesia being oriented toward opening up exploration and development activities to the foreign capitals, made a request to out country for the survey in consideration of Japans sufficient study experience and knowledge acquired in its island arc which resides on the similar geological features and structures as Indonesia does. In October 2000, the project selection survey was carried out, and S/W was concluded in September 2001. Objective of survey (Overall goal) Promotion of the mining industry of the country of Indonesia shall be pursued. (Project purpose) Clarifying the geological structure in the east Java area, targeting at porphyry copper deposit and hydrothermal gold deposit, selecting districts which may have high potential of mineral reserve via mineral characteristics, geochemical anomaly and identification of the spread of alteration zone, new mineral deposits having economical viability shall be found. Contents and items of survey Mining and development shall be promoted by way of providing the recipient country with the materials acquired from the survey Technology transfer shall be pursued to the organization of recipient country.

(1) Field survey The year of 2001: Existing data analysis, satellite image analysis, geochemical exploration The year of 2002: Geochemical exploration, geological research The year of 2003: Geochemical exploration, geological research, boring exploration (2) Preparation of the report 1. Survey report by year 2. Comprehensive report compiled in the final year

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Annex2

Main Donor's Cooperative Activities 1. International Organizations http://www.worldbank.org/ At present (FY Major cases

(1) The World Bank Group

The trends of assistance in the field of mining by the World Bank were discussed previously (2. Trends of Assistances by International Organizations). 2004), the projects now underway are mostly financed by IBRD and IDA.

of assistances include prospecting works in Papua New Guinea, development of smalland medium-scale mining sites, strengthening of regulations related to mine safety; technology transfer concerning the environmental monitoring; and capacity building for the development of geological information system. In the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, projects to promote investment in the mining sector are being undertaken, coordinated with Study on The Strategic Plan of Mineral Resources Development in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania by JICA Cooperative Activities World Bank (In Field of Mining)
Projects Approved since 1997
Country/Area Algeria Argentina Project Name Energy and Mining Technical Assistance Loan (EMTAL) Second Mining Development Technical Assistance Project Mining Sector Reform Project Mining Sector Capacity Building Project Second Mining Sector Capacity Building Project Mineral Resources Management Capacity Building Project Mining Sector Institutional Strengthening Technical Assistance Project Mine Closure and Social Approval Date 27-Feb-01 10-Feb-98 Commitment Amount Mil, US$ 18 39.5 Product Line IBRD/IDA IBRD/IDA Status Active Closed

Madagascar Mauritania

30-Jun-98 13-May-99 8-Jul-03 29-Mar-01 1-Jun-00

5 15 18 18 10

IBRD/IDA IBRD/IDA IBRD/IDA IBRD/IDA IBRD/IDA

Closed Active Active Active Active

Mozambique Papua New Guinea Romania

31-Aug-99

44.5

IBRD/IDA

Active

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Zambia

Mitigation Mine Township Services Project

20-Jun-00

37.7

IBRD/IDA

Active

Source: World Bank Home Page (2) The United Nations Development ProgrammeUNDP http://www.undp.org/ The United Nations Revolving Fund for Natural Resources Exploration (UNRF) was founded in 1973 under UNDP, which used to assist prospecting projects and manage the fund with the refunds from successful projects. dispatching experts. (3) United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) http://www.unido.org/ UNIDO conducts the planning of and advice on industrialization policies, dispatching of experts to and acceptance of trainees from Asian, African, East European, and South American countries to promote industrial development of developing countries. Under the joint project with UNDP, they also have cooperated widely in 6 countries including Brazil, Laos, and Sudan in such areas as transfer of technology to prevent mercury pollution in mining, monitoring know-how, and assistance of strengthening mining-related regulations. (4) The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) http://www.unctad.org/ UNCTAD provides mining information services. Natural Resources and Sustainable Development. It has built a web site titled The sub-site, Mineral Resources Today, the Fund is used mainly for such services as providing mining information, organizing workshops, and

Forum, uploads mineral resource-related projects/documents provided by UN organizations, and information on latest trends in this sector. (5) Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) http://www.iadb.org/ IADB now has 46 member countries including 26 member countries in Latin American and Caribbean countries and the United States. It provides financial and technical assistance for the member countries in formulating development policies, achieving sustainable economic growth with full considerations on environmental

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issues, increasing competitiveness, and fostering free trade and regional integration. As for the cooperation in the field of mining, IADB carries out evaluation of resources, development, infrastructure building, system design assistance, and assistance for building geological database. 2. Major Donor Organization in Developed Countries (1) The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) http://www.usaid.gov/ USAID fosters human resources through dispatch of environmental experts, improvement of mining environmental administration, and workshops targeting mainly for African countries. Recently, in the framework of post-civil-war reconstruction program for Sierra Leone, a project has been initiated to provide resource management, trainings for mining workers, and other assistances in respect of diamond production of the country. (2) Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/index-e.htm In the field of mining, CIDA provides assistance mainly in the South American region in such areas as legislation, environment, and infrastructure of geological information. Major assistance include: technology transfer for the rehabilitation of mining sites and assistance in operating mining-related laws and regulations in Bolivia; establishment of research institutions in and dispatch of experts to Zimbabwe. In addition, CIDA carries out a joint project (MAP-GAC) for sorting and organizing geological information in 7 countries in the Andes region including Argentina and Peru. (3) Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) (http://www.gtz.de/laender/projectsuche.asp) GTZ extends technological cooperation to promote sustainable development of mining with mining pollution control in mind. Major cases of cooperation includes assistance for privatization of the mining sector in Zambia, environmental protection measures in gold mining areas in Botswana, establishment of training courses in higher education institutions in the field of mining and dispatch of experts and other activities in Ghana.

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(4) The European Union (EU) http://europa.eu.int/index_en.htm The EU provides loans to foster human resources through workshops and training programs, map out strategies regarding taxation systems and other system design, and builds infrastructure within the EU.

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Annex3

Environmental Problems on Mining Development

Minerals subject to metal mining are very wide-ranging, including such mineral species as iron, non-ferrous metal, precious metal, rare elements, etc. in rare earth, are extremely harmful to human bodies. Diagram 3-1 shows the flow of mining development and sources of mining pollution. Table 3-1 shows the generation of mining pollution related to major actions in mining. In mining, major mining pollution include land subsidence arising from underground mining, disappearance of vegetation followed by large-scale alteration of the surface arising from open-cut mining, buried vegetation over a wide area due to construction of a waste dump site, spillage of pit waste water that contains a large amount of heavy metal. In beneficiation, reduction/grinding/selection of minerals, transport/deposit of slims, and other major activities are conducted through a wet process and use a huge amount of water. Usually, most of the water is used repeatedly within a processing system, but a part of the water is drained/discharged. may cause serious mining pollution. In refining/smelting, the concentrate ore is mainly sulfide mineral. process. In case of a dry process, a large amount of sulfur dioxide is generated during the desulfurization If appropriate smoke/exhaust gas treatment is not provided, it may cause air As for a wet refining process, there is a leaching pollution covering a wide area. In such cases, unless appropriate waste water treatment is provided, rivers and other waters are polluted/contaminated, which Among these, not a few, such as mercury and cadmium in heavy metals and radioactive substances

method for the metal elution, and in this case, treatment of cleaning and other waste water is necessary from the view of water pollution. [The attached table and diagram were extracted from Kokougyo Kaihatsu Chosa ni kakaru Kankyo Hairyo Guideline (Shutsumu Manual) Kogyo Kaihatsu Hen (Guidelines for Environmental Consideration on Mining and Industrial Development Survey <Execution Manuals>: Mining Development Version) published by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (1993)]

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Table 3-1
Action

Environment-related Item by Action of Mining Development

Environment-related Item Air Quality Sulfur Oxides Soot & dust Coarse particulate Others Water Quality Water quality Sediment Refuse Waste, tailing Slag Intermediary precipitate Noise Vibration Offensive odor

Mining

Kind Open-cut mining Underground mining Dredging mining

Beneficiation Refining/smelting

Metal Copper Zinc Lead Gold Iron Rare earths

: Treatment measures are particularly necessary because discharged substances or generated amount are huge, or they include toxic substance. : Measure against discharged substances or generated amounts are necessary. No mark: Discharged substances are in low concentration and small in amount. Or this occurrence is not frequent

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Prospecting

Prospecting

Mining

Refuse
Waste dump site

Crude ore
Transportation

Underground mining Open-cut mining Pit-water treatment

Water contamination arising from land subsidence or pit water Impact on noise, vibration, and bio system

Mining

Water contamination

Stock yard

Dust

Collapse of accumulation, impact on

Analyzing laboratory Use of chemicals special Beneficiation plant Waste water treatment

Water contamination Beneficiation

Dust, vibration

Tailing
Tailing accumulation

(Concentrateore) Transportation

Stock yard Stock yard

Dust Dust

Water contamination outflow of tailing

refinery
Smelting

Noise, vibration

Smoke/exhaust gas treatment

Air pollution

Slag
Slag accumulation Water contamination, collapse of slag heap

(Crude metal)
Transportation

By-product H2SO2/gypsum

Refining/smelting

Refining

Waste water treatment

Water contamination

Metal

By-product Gold/silver/selenium, etc.

Meaning of each symbol

Major development actions Environmental elements arising

from development

Name of Valuables//nonvaluables related to development action

Diagram 3-1 Flow of Mining Development and Sources of Mining Pollution

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Annex4
Name of Element Aluminum Antimony (Stibium) Arsenic Berylium Bismuth Boron Cadmium Cesium (Cesium) Chromium Cobalt Copper Output 1000t 114,009 174.8 47.1 6.90 4.21 3,250 18.35 NA 12,000 27.0 10.756 Reserve 1000t 23,000,000 2,400 1,000 381 110 170,000 530 100 3,700,000 4,000 320,000

Table of Major Mineral Resources

Useful Life Year 202 14 21 55 26 52 29 Prices $/kg 1.65 3.35 1.16 720.9 7.72 0.34 2.2 NA 303 148 30 50.71 2.38 Rep. of South Africa (41%), Turkey (16%), India (11%) Zambia (29%), Canada (21%), Russia (12%) Chile (28%), U.S. (18%) Canada (6%) Australia (38%) Guinea (13%) Jamaica (10%) China(80%), Russia (7%), Bolivia (4%) China (37%), Chile (15%), Ghana (11%) U.S. (84%), Russia (14%) Kazakhstan (1%) Mexico (39%), Peru (24%), China (14%) Turkey (48%), U.S. (36%), Argentine, China (6%) Canada (15%) Japan (13%) Belgium (9%) Major Producing Countries Total Mineral Resources 1000t 28,000.,000 3,600 1,500 726 260 470,000 1,000 110 7,500,000 9,000 630,000 Chromite Amount of B2O3 Price is Na2B4O25H2O ton Amount of production Amount of production AS2O3 Beryl

Remarks Bauxite

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Name of Element Gallium Gold Indium Iron Lead Lithium Manganese Mercury Molybdenum Nickel Niobium Platinum Group Rate Earthes

Output 1000t NA 2.25 NA 954,900 2,737.8 NA 22,300 2.73 127.3 1.010 16.0 0.28 79.5

Reserve 1000t 165 45 2,600 68,000,000 65,000 3,700 680,000 130 5,500 40,000 3,500 71 100,000

Useful Life Year 20

Prices $/kg 425 390 309 71 24 0.0725 1.03 434 30 48 43 40 2.44 5.8 3.5 6.93 6.61 12700 -

Major Producing Countries

Total Mineral Resources 1000t NA 72 5,700

Remarks

Rep. of South Africa (22%), U.S. (14%), Australia (13%)

China (25%), Brazil (18%), Australia (15%) U.S. (16%), China (15%), Canada (9%)

112,000,000 120,000 9,400

Amount of iron-ore production

Li2OO3 price

219 249 1,258

China (27%), Rep. of South Africa (15%), Ukraine (13%) Spain (37%), Kyrgyztan (22%), China (18%) U.S.(44%), China (20%), Chile (14%) Russia (22%), Canada (19%), New Caledonia (14%) Brazil (85%), Canada (15%), Australia (1%) Rep. of South Africa (59%), Russia (30%), Canada (6%) China (63%), Brazil (18%), Australia (15%)

5,000,000 240 12,000 140,000 4,200 78 110,000 Platinum price

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Name of Element Rhenium Selenium Silicon Silver Strontium Tantalum Thorium

Output 1000t 0.0247 2.15 3,200 14.5 340 0.38 8.86

Reserve 1000t 2.5 70 NA 280 6,800 14 1,200

Useful Life Year 101 33

Prices $/kg 750 6.39 180.8

Major Producing Countries

19 20 37 135

150 70 63.49 65

U.S. (68%), Chile (15%), Peru (7%) Japan (28%), Canada (26%), U.S. (18%) China (23%), U.S. (13%), Norway (12%) Mexico (17%), Peru (13%), U.S, (10%) Mexico (44%), China (21%), Turkey (15%) Australia (72%), Brazil (14%), Canada (13%) India (56%), China (20%), Brazil (16%) China (26%), Indonesia (25%), Peru (13%) Australia (52%), Norway (19%), India, Ukraine China (28%), Russia (9%), Portuguese (4%) Repub. of South Africa (46%), Russia (31%), China (20%) Canada (17%), China (14%), Australia (13%) Australia (54%), Repub. of South Africa (30%), Ukraine (6%)

Total Mineral Resources 1000t 11 130 NA 420 12,000 24 1,400

Remarks

Amount of monazite concentrate production ThO2 price/ reserve

Tin Titanium

206.2 3,990

7,700 270,000

37 68

8.49 9.7

12,000 440,000 Including amount of Ilmenite produced. Reserve is ilmenite, TiO2 amount.

Tungsten (Wolfram) Vanadium Zinc Zirconium

31.9 35.0 7,226 857

2,100 10,000 190,000 32,000

66 286 26 37

66 8.6 1.786 20-26

3,300 27,000 430,000 ZrO2 reserve Price V2O2

Resource: Natural Resource and Energy Almanac Editorial Committee

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List of Referenced Materials, Literature and Web Sites [Literature]

Shigen Kaihatsu Kyoryoku eno Kadai to Senryaku ni Kansuru Kenkyukai Hokokusho

(The Study on Issues and Strategies for Resource Development Cooperation) Japan International Cooperation Agency) (2001)

2003/2004 Shigen Energy Nenkan (2003/2004 Natural Resource and Energy) compiled
by The Natural Resource and Energy Almanac Editorial Committee , Industrial Data Publishing Company (2003)

JICA Kankyo Shakai Hairyo Guidelines (Japan International Cooperation Agency

Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations) The Japan International Cooperation Agency (2004)

Kokougyo Kaihatsu Chosa ni kakaru Kankyo Hairyo Guideline Shutsumu Manua) Kogyo Kaihatsu Hen (Guidelines for Environmental Consideration on Mining and
Industrial Development Survey <Execution Manuals>: Mining Development Version) Mining and Industrial Development Study Department, The Japan International Cooperation Agency (1993) Yoshihide Shiga, Kobutsu Shigen Ron (Study on Mineral Resources), Kyushu University Press (2003)

Shinpan Chigaku Jiten (New Edition: Dictionary of Earth Science), compiled by New
Edition The Dictionary of Earth Science Editorial Committee, Heibonsha (1996)

Rikagaku Jiten Dai 5 Han (:

Iwanami Shoten (2003)

Dictionary of Physics and Chemistry, 5th Edition),

Keinosuke Nagawawa, M.Kuzvalt, Kogyo Genryo Kobutsu Shigen ( Mineral Resources for Industril Materials) (Shugakukan, 1989). The book is basic literature on mineral resources for industrial minerals, which is available at the JICA Library.

Shuyo Koubutsu Shigen no Kyoukyu Shogai ga Nihon Keizai ni Oyobosu Eikyou ni Kannsuru Chosa Kenkyu (Survey Research on Effects of Impaired Supply of Major

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Mineral Resources on Japanese Economy), published by Shigeen Sozai Gakkai (The Society of Resources and Materials), The Research Institute of Economy and Trade and Industry (RIETI) (2002) The Paper is possible to download from the website of The Research Institute of Economy and Trade and Industry. http://www.rieti.go.jp/project/koubutsu/index.html

Shigen Tansa no tame no Remote Sensing Jitsuyo Series Bessatsu Yougo Jiten
(Dictionary of Remote Sensing Terminology: Practical Series for Resources; additional volume), The Earth Remote Sensing Data Analysis Center (1989) Tatsuo Tatsumi, Kobutsu Shigen wo Kangaeru (Thinking over Mineral Resources), Must-read literature, which is very easy to understand and gives comprehensive explanations. They are possible to download from http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/er/Rmin_TT.html. The articles first appeared in the

following journal: Chishitsu (Geology) News No. 380, p. 6-17; No.382, p.13-27; No. 384, p.26-38; No. 387, p.16-37; No. 392, p.34-55 (available at JICA Library). Yuji Nishikawa, Shigen wo Tsukuru Recycle kara Shigen Saibai e(Creation of Resources from Recycling to Culturing Resources), Energy Shigen (Energy and Resource), Vol.24 No. 5 (2003) Yuji Nishikawa, 21 Seiki no Shigen Frontier (Resource Frontier in the 21st Century), Energy Shigen (Energy and Resource), Vol.25, No. 5 (2004)

Hitetsu Kinzoku Seiren no Yusuru Genjyo Recycle Gijyutsu Jyohou Seiri oyobi Jyunkangata Shakai no Saranaru Kouchiku ni Muketa Katsuyousaku tou no Kentou
(Reorganization of Information on Current Recycling Technologies Owned by Non-ferrous Metal Smelting and Considerations on Utilization Measures of These Technologies for Creation of More-Advanced Recycling Society), The Metal Economics Research Institute, Japan (2003)

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[Web Site] The Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/ The Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation http://www.jogmec.go.jp/ The above Corporations Mineral Resources Information Center provides online metal mining information (The most extensive online mining information in Japan, on which country-wise mining information is provided). http://www.jogmec.go.jp/mric_web/jouhou/jouou_top.html The Earth Remote Sensing Data Analysis Center The World Bank Group http://www.worldban.org/ The United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) http://www.undp.org/ The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) http://www.unido.org/ The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) http://www.unctad.org/ The Inter-American Development Bank (ADB) http://www.iadb.org/ http://www.ersdac.or.jp/

The U.S. Agency for International Development The U.S. Agency for International Development The U.S. Agency for International Development ( (USAID) http://www.usaid.gov/ Thhe Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/index-e.htm Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)

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http://www.gtz.de/laender/projektsuche.asp The European Union (EU) http://europa.eu.int/index.en.htm The Secretariat of the Basel Convention http://www.basel.int/

The Geological Survey Planning and Coordinating Office of The Geological Survey of Japan of The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology complies a Directory of 14 International Geoscience Organizations and other 450 Collaborative International Organizations over 164 countries (regions) http://www.gsj.jp/GDD/openfile/file/no0368/b.html The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is a convenient site for gathering information on mineral resources. http://minerals.er.usgs.gov/minerals/ Also, The Mineral Commodity Summaries http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/ncs/ and The Mineral Yearbook http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/myb.html are very useful sites on which the trends of world resources are covered. The Japanese online dictionary of mining, mineral, and related terms http://mric.mmaj.go.jp/tango/ The English online dictionary of mining, mineral, and related terms complied by U.S. Bureau of Mines http://imcg.wr.usgs.gov/

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