6 Locking

6.1 Shear Locking for Bilinear rectangular element

Analytical Analysis Consider a bar loaded with pure bending (Figure 6-1). Let initial length of bar be 2 and initial width be 2. Let the thickness be . In the pure bending, the stress and strain along the central axis of bar is zero. Thus initial length of bar is 0 = = 2 Length at the distance from neutral axis after bending, 1 = ( ) Thus, linear strain in direction =
1 0 0

( )

= =

Figure 6-1 Bar loaded with pure bending

Linear strain in direction = =

where is Poisson ratio.

In pure bending, shear strain will be zero. Thus, = 0

2 2

Analytically obtained strain matrix = 0 Strain energy is given by =

1 2

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Substituting = (plane stress situation) and strain matrix in above definition and solving integral for bar, =
(1+ 2 ) 2 8 2

2 =

(1+ 2 ) 2 3 6

Work done by moment load is equal to strain energy stored i.e. =

2 2 (1+ 2 ) 2 3 6

(1)

Numerical Analysis Bilinear rectangular elements (Q4) are to be considered for modeling. For bilinear elements, the displacements are of the form = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 (in direction) = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 (in direction) Correspondingly the strains are obtained as follows = = 2 + 4 = = 3 + 4 = + = 3 + 2 + 4 + 4 Comparing to the analytically obtained strains, we get 2 = 0, 3 = 0, 4 = strain matrix =
2

, 2 = 0, 3 = 0, 4 = 0

0
2 1 2

Strain energy for this case will be =

[]

Substituting = and strain matrix in above definition and solving integral for bar, =
2 ( 2 8 2

+ 2 ) =

2 ( 2 + 2 ) 6

Work done by moment load is equal to strain energy stored i.e. =

2 2 2 ( 2 + 2 ) 6

(2)

Now for the case = using (1) & (2),

1+ 2
1+( )2