Presentation 12.

1

OMICRON 2013 Instrument Transformer Measurement Forum
Frequency Response Characteristic of MV Voltage Transformers and
their Accurate Measurement up to 2.5/3 kHz
Dr. Jan Meyer / Peter Schegner / Robert Stiegler, Technical University Dresden, Germany

Abstract
Inductive voltage transformers (VT) are widely used in
medium voltage (MV) networks to measure harmonic
voltages. Accuracy of VTs at frequencies other than
nominal frequency (50Hz/60Hz) is not defined by
standards, but can have a significant impact on the
overall accuracy of harmonic measurements. A
reliable and accurate assessment of harmonic
voltage levels, e.g. for verifying compliance with
compatibility levels, planning levels or emission limits
requires knowledge about the frequency response of
the used VTs.
Due to a lot of influencing factors (like manufacturing
tolerances, burden or temperature) the frequency
response can significantly vary between different VTs
as well as for a single VT. To obtain measurement
results with a sufficient accuracy, the onsite
measurement of the frequency response is
recommended and therefore a portable measurement
system is required.
The first part of the paper gives a comprehensive
overview of MV-VT frequency responses and their
sensitivity to different impact factors. The next part
discusses different measurement methods and their
accuracy compared to a reference setup reflecting
the reality as best as possible. Based on the selection
of an adequate method a portable system for an easy
onsite measurement of frequency responses of MV-
VTs is presented. It is based on the widely used
generator for protection relay testing OMICRON
CMC 256 EP together with special software
developed by the authors.
Introduction
Due to the growing number of sources of harmonics
(e.g. wind parks, PV inverters, ) the importance of
power quality in operation and maintenance of power
grids increases continuously. Regulators, network
operators and customers install and operate more
and more power quality instruments, which measure
in most cases also harmonic voltages. The voltage
measurement in MV-networks usually uses the
already installed inductive VTs.
Accurate harmonic measurements in MV grids are
required for many different applications: e.g. to verify
the product quality of electricity in Europe according to
EN 50160 [1], to check compliance of voltage
harmonics with IEC 61000-2-12 [2] or IEEE 519 [3], to
assess the emission of large customer installations or
the efficiency of installed filter circuits.
While the accuracy of the measurement equipment is
clearly defined in IEC 61000-4-30 [4], the accuracy of
the used VTs is explicitly excluded in this standard.
Current standards for VTs [5] define the accuracy at
rated frequency only. The accuracy at other
frequencies than the rated frequency, and
consequently the overall accuracy of the
measurement system are not specified at all. IEC is
aware of this situation and has released in 2012 the
Technical Report 61869-103 [6] dealing with the
suitability of instrument transformers for power quality
measurements. Moreover TC38 has decided to
establish a permanent working group (WG47) to cope
with the new challenges. One task of this WG is the
preparation of possible ways to include accuracy
requirements for frequencies other than power
frequency into future editions of the VT standards.
Only a few publications deal with the frequency
response of VTs (e.g. [7, 8]). However, all of them
show significant differences in ratio error and phase
displacement at higher frequencies. The differences
are caused by resonances within the VT and have to
be taken into account.
Assessment Indices
Primary voltage V
p

and secondary voltage V
s
of a VT
are measured simultaneously for all required
frequencies f including the rated frequency f
r
.
Magnitude accuracy is determined by the frequency-
dependent ratio error c
V
(f):
p r
s p
s r
V
p
V (f )
V (f ) V (f )
V (f )
(f )
V (f )
c

= (1)
The ratio error represents the accuracy of the
measurement of harmonic levels, which are required
by most of the assessment standards. Fig. 1 on next
page shows a typical frequency-dependent ratio error
plot of a VT with a distinctive resonance at 4.2 kHz. A
VT has usually multiple resonance points. In this
paper the terms resonance or resonance point always
refer to the first resonance. Depending on the value of
the ratio error c
V
(f) three qualitative different ranges (I,
II, III in Fig. 1) can be distinguished. Tab. 1 gives an
explanation of the different ranges.
Tab. 1 Ratio error value ranges
I c
V
(f) = 0
Real value equals the measured
value
II c
V
(f) > 0
Real value is lower than the
measured value
III c
V
(f) < 0
Real value is higher than the
measured value
Presentation 12.2

OMICRON 2013 Instrument Transformer Measurement Forum
Phase shifts between primary and secondary side are
quantified by the phase displacement or phase error:
s p
(f ) (f ) (f ) A = (2)
A phase displacement affects the accuracy of
harmonic power flow calculations or the assessment
of prevailing harmonic phase angles.
This paper focuses only on the more common single-
pole VTs and is limited to the discussion of the more
important ratio error. For more information on phase
displacement see [9].
Influence Factors
The frequency response of a VT depends on many
influence factors, which can be divided into 3 groups:
a) Construction-specific factors
- Rated voltage at primary side V
p r

- Manufacturing tolerances
- Type design differences
- Compound material
b) Operational-specific factors
- Burden value
- Operating temperature
- Distance to metallic housings
- Primary and secondary impedance
conditions
c) Test-signal specific factors
- Feeding direction of test signal
(e.g. primary to secondary side or vice
versa)
- Amplitude of the test signal
- Way of changing test parameters
(e.g. step vs. ramp for frequency change)
The factors can furthermore classified by their impact
behaviour. Some factors influence the frequency
response only at the resonance point (e.g.
temperature) while other factors change the
frequency response in the whole frequency range
(e.g. burden).
The construction-specific factors have the most
significant influence on the frequency behaviour of
VTs. Construction of a VT mainly defines its
capacitances and inductances, which finally
determine the resonance point. Fig. 2 illustrates the
impact of rated primary voltage V
p r
. First resonance
frequency and resonance rise vary within large
ranges. The resonance usually shifts to lower
frequencies with increasing rated primary voltage. The
0 1 2 3 4 5
-100
-50
0
50
100
250
300
I II III
R
a
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e
r
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i
n

%
c

V
Frequency in kHz

0 5 10 15 20
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
frequency in kHz
n
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d

t
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s
f
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a
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35kV
20kV
10kV
0 5 10 15 20
-50
-100
50
0
100
150
200
250
R
a
t
i
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e
r
r
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r


i
n

%
c

V
Frequency in kHz

Fig. 1 Qualitative behaviour of frequency-dependent
ratio error of a VT
Fig. 2 Frequency response of MV VTs with different
rated primary voltages

5 6 7 8
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
frequency in kHz
n
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t
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s
f
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a
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A
U
(f) ~ 150%
5 6 7 8
-50
-100
50
0
100
150
200
R
a
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i
n

%
c

V
Frequency in kHz
A
V
(f ) ~ 150%

5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5


frequency in kHz
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s
f
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+40C
+20C
0C
-20C
-40C
Anr(f) ~ 150%
5 6 7 8
-50
-100
50
0
100
150
5,5 6,5 7,5
R
a
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i
n

%
c

V
Frequency in kHz
A
V
(f ) ~ 150%

Fig. 3 Frequency responses of ten 20-kV-VTs from the
same type and manufacturing batch
Fig. 4 Influence of temperature on resonance point of a
20-kV-VT

Presentation 12.3

OMICRON 2013 Instrument Transformer Measurement Forum
comparison of Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 illustrates, that the
sequence of maximum and minimum of the
resonance can switch. Due to manufacturing
tolerances even VTs of same type design may differ
significantly in the range of resonance (cf. Fig. 3).
As an example of operational-specific factors Fig. 4
shows the influence of operating temperature on the
resonance of a 20-kV-VT. While resonance rise and
magnitude aren't influenced that much, the resonance
frequency increases with decreasing temperature.
Temperature impact is usually limited to the
resonance. In contrast burdening a VT with more than
10% of rated power has influence on the whole
frequency response (cf. Fig. 5). Depending on the
burden impedance characteristic a change of
frequency response into both directions is possible. In
practice especially long signal cables can have a
considerable impact.
Amplitude as one of the test-signal specific factors is
discussed in a later chapter (measurement methods).
Moreover it should be noted, that the feeding direction
changes the frequency response dramatically.
Therefore measurements based on feeding the test
signal into secondary side of a VT have to be avoided
(cf. to [10] for more information).
Evaluation Method
The analysis of the influence factors has shown that
due to different construction parameters and
changing operating conditions even VTs with nearly
same properties may significantly vary in their
frequency response, especially at the resonance
point. This leads to the following statements:
1. Due to the high sensitivity of the frequency
response at the resonance point, a full spectrum
correction based on a given frequency response
curve (e.g. provided by manufacturer) is virtually
impossible.
2. Due to the high sensitivity of frequency response to
operational conditions (especially burden) an
onsite measurement of the finally mounted VT
(including signal cables) is recommended.
As a robust way to quantify the accuracy of a VT for
measuring purposes, the introduction of an accuracy
bandwidth for ratio error (and phase displacement)
under normal operating conditions (burden power
less than 10% of rated power) is suggested. Fig. 6
illustrates this approach for different ratio errors. As
index simply the highest frequency (limit frequency
f
lim
) is calculated, up to which the VTs accuracy is
within the specified threshold (i.e. the VT in Fig. 6 has
an error ratio better than 1% up to frequencies of
500 Hz). This method is also in line with the
recommendations in the IEC report 61869-103. Ratio
errors of up to 10% are considered to be not
significantly affected by the influence factors
mentioned above.
Measurement Method
Several different methods exist to measure the
frequency response of a MV-VT. The methods can be
distinguished by the type of test signal (SF: single-
frequency, TF: two-frequency, MF: multi-frequency)
and the signal magnitude (LV: RMS of test signal
below 500 V, HV: RMS voltage of test signal above
500 V). Any combination of signal type and magnitude
is possible, but measurement time and
complexity/costs of setups differ considerably.
The simplest setup uses a single-frequency test
signal at low voltage RMS, which is swept through the
considered frequency range. This can be generated
be almost any simple signal generator, but is quite far
away from reality. To reflect the typical operating
conditions in the grid (fundamental in the range of
nominal voltage and harmonics in the range of
several per cent of nominal voltage) as best as
possible, a much more extensive test setup is
required. It uses a two-frequency test signal consisting
of a fundamental sine component at rated primary
voltage and a second, swept sine component of
amplitudes up to 10% of the rated primary voltage.
This TF-HV-setup is expected to give the most
accurate results and is available at university. It can
generate a mix of a fundamental component with
voltages up to 20 kV and an additional harmonic
component with variable frequency up to 5 kHz and
2 kV. This setup is used as reference for the
0 2 4 6
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
frequency in kHz
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keine Brde
680O||0,1F
68O||0,1F
0 2 4 6
-60
-20
-40
0
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%
c

V
Frequency in kHz
no burden
680O||0,1F
68O||0,1F

0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5
-20
-15
-10
-5
0


1%
f
5%
f
10%
f
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%
c

V
Frequency in kHz

Fig. 5 Influence of burden on frequency response of a
20-kV-VT
Fig. 6 Evaluation based on the definition of ratio
accuracy bandwidth

Presentation 12.4

OMICRON 2013 Instrument Transformer Measurement Forum
performance assessment of other methods.
The extensive laboratory setup based on the TF-HV
method requiring high voltages and long
measurement durations is not suitable for onsite
applications. A portable system should preferably be
based on MF-LV methods. While multi-frequency test
signals reduce the measurement duration, low
voltages at several 100V reduce size and weight of
hardware as well as the necessary safety procedures
for touch protection.
Typical multi-frequency signals (e.g. white noise,
rectangular or impulse waveforms) are not suitable,
because they consist of too much frequency
components and consequently the amplitude of each
component is very low. This would lead to
unacceptable high measurement errors. The use of a
signal consisting of an adjustable number of discrete
sine waves of different frequencies (including
fundamental) is a good compromise. In order to
maximize number of frequencies and their
magnitudes, the phase angles of the individual
components are shifted to optimize the utilization of
the available generator output voltage. Fig. 7 shows a
test signal consisting of 30 frequencies which utilizes
the generator almost 4 times better than a signal with
the same harmonic components but without any
phase shifting.
To obtain a comprehensive performance overview,
different LV-methods including the MF-method
described above where tested using 4 different MV-
VTs (1x10kV, 2x20kV, 1x36kV). Fig. 8 exemplarily
shows the relative deviation of 3 different methods
compared to the frequency response measured with
the reference setup for one selected 20-kV-VT. The
two-frequency test signal has the highest accuracy.
The multi-frequency signal represents the best
compromise between measurement time (reduction
by about 80% compared to two-frequency method)
and accuracy. Methods based on single-frequency
signals cannot be recommended. All other analysed
VTs show a similar behaviour.
For each case the deviation of the multi-frequency
method from the reference measurement was
smaller than 0.8 %. Therefore the multi-frequency
method is preferred for the portable measurement
system.
Portable Measurement System
According to the major standards for harmonic
voltage levels [e.g. 1-3] the portable measurement
system should cover the frequency range up to
2.5/3 kHz. A multi-frequency signal is preferred to
optimize the measurement time. Moreover the
portable measurement system should combine
generation and acquisition into one device, should
provide a high measurement accuracy and wide-
range measurement. Finally it should be small,
lightweight and readily available on the market or
already owned by network operators. OMICRONs
0 10 20 30 40
-400
-200
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200
400
t / ms
U

/

V

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/

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Time / ms

Frequenz in Hz
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
-0,9
-0,8
-0,7
-0,6
-0,5
-0,4
-0,3
-0,2
-0,1
0


Frequency / Hz
D
e
v
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f
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s
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u
p

/

%
Single-frequency
Two-frequency
Multi-frequency

Fig. 7 Example of a multi-frequency test signal
consisting of 30 components
Fig. 8 Performance of different test signal types for a
20-kV-VT (test signal magnitudes between 200 V
and 300V)


Computer
(control and calculation)
voltage transformer
(device under test)
pri sec
Signal generator Signal conditioning
A/D converter
CMC 256 EP
LAN
DSP

CMC 256 EP
Voltage transformer

Fig. 9 Basic scheme of the portable measurement
system
Fig. 10 Application example

Presentation 12.5

OMICRON 2013 Instrument Transformer Measurement Forum
relay test system CMC 256 EP is a device that meets
all those requirements.
The CMC 256 EP includes a signal generator for
voltages up to 300 V and frequencies up to 3 kHz and
measurement inputs with a sampling rate of
28.5 kS/s. The range of the measurement inputs is
adjustable from 100 mV up to 600 V. An open, well-
documented programming interface provides the
possibility to control all its functions. This enables an
easy proof-of-concept implementation based on the
software package MATLAB. The basic scheme of the
system is shown in Fig. 9. Fig. 10 gives an application
example. The CMC is connected via LAN to a
notebook, which controls the signal generation and
the measurement and calculates the ratio error and
phase displacement fully automatic. Finally a test
report is generated based on an Excel template.
Accuracy of reference setup and the developed
measurement system based on CMC 256 EP are
comparable (difference lower than 0.1 %). Thus, the
portable system is suitable for reliable frequency
response measurements on MV-VTs.
Measurement Survey
To obtain an overview of the variation of the accuracy
bandwidth for different MV-VTs a survey
measurement of 72 different VTs from two different
manufacturers was carried out. Only single-pole, resin
casted VTs are included in the survey. The limit
frequencies for the 1-%-ratio accuracy are shown in
Fig. 11. For most of the VTs the limit frequencies for
2-%-ratio accuracy are about 40 % to 50 % higher.
The limit frequency generally decreases with
increasing rated primary voltage. It varies in a wide
range from f
lim
~ 3500 Hz for 10-kV-VTs down to
f
lim
~ 600 Hz for 36-kV-VTs. Even for VTs with the
same V
pri
the limit frequency can vary in wide ranges
due to the different design (cf. to 20-kV-VTs in Fig. 7).
The specification of a single f
lim
per voltage level
seems to be insufficient.
Most international standards related to harmonics in
MV, networks (e.g. IEC 61000-2-12 [2] or IEC 61000-
3-6 [11]) cover the frequency range up to 2.5/3 kHz
(50
th
harmonic) for individual harmonics as well as for
the THD. While 10-kV-VTs usually cover this
frequency range, already for 20-kV-VTs the accurate
measurement can be limited to frequencies lower
than 1.4 kHz. The use of 36-kV-VTs seems to be
limited to harmonics below 10
th
order.
Some standards and rules cover the frequency range
above 2 kHz up to 9 kHz and more. Conventional MV-
VTs are generally not suitable at all for
measurements in the frequency range above 3 kHz.
Therefore alternative sensor devices have to be used
(cf. chapter on future trends). Further information on
VTs for HV and EHV can be found in [9].
Future Trends
If accurate measurements at higher frequencies are
required, conventional VTs has to be replaced by
other sensor techniques.
One possibility is the use of inductive VTs with
extended frequency range. Due to a special design
the first resonance point is shifted towards higher
frequencies. Fig. 12 illustrates the improved
performance of a 20 kV wideband VT compared to a
conventional 20-kV-VT from the same manufacturer.
Another option is the use of RC-dividers. Due to a
completely different design those devices guarantee
an almost linear response up to high frequencies (cf.
Fig. 13).
0 1 2 3 4 5
0
10
20
30
40
50
Frequency / kHz
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p
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y

v
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/

k
V


Fig. 11 Limit frequencies of 72 MV-VTs with rated
primary voltage between 10kV and 36kV
(1-%-ratio accuracy bandwidth)

-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 5 10 15 20
R
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c
V
[
%
]
Frequency [kHz}
Conventional VT
Optimized VT

-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 2 4 6 8 10
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V
[
%
]
Frequency f [kHz]

Fig. 12 20-kV-VT with extended frequency range
(RITZ Instrument Transformers GmbH)
Fig. 13 Frequency response of a 400 kV RC-divider
(PFIFFNER Instrument Transformer Ltd.)

Presentation 12.6

OMICRON 2013 Instrument Transformer Measurement Forum
Conclusions
Transformer ratio accuracy at frequencies higher than
power frequency is influenced by a lot of different
factors. A highly accurate measurement of harmonics
up to 2.5/3 kHz is only possible at voltage levels
below 20 kV. This is of special importance for
compliance verification or if regulatory rules are
introduced for harmonic levels. Conventional VTs are
not able to measurement very low harmonic levels
(usually smaller than 0.5%) at frequencies above
3 kHz. Therefore alternative sensor technologies, like
wideband VTs or RC-dividers have to be used.
Due to a complex system of impact factors it is highly
recommended to measure the frequency response of
a MV-VT onsite after its final installation. The paper
describes a portable system based on OMICRONs
relay test system CMC 256 EP for measuring the
frequency response of MV voltage transformers. It is
already available to many network operators and only
an additional software component is necessary to add
the frequency response measurement feature. To
reduce extra time and costs, the measurement of
frequency responses could e.g. be combined with an
already scheduled relay testing or the commissioning
of a new installation.
The most realistic measurement method (two-
frequency with fundamental component at rated
voltage) needs a complex laboratory setup that is not
portable. A new measurement method based on
multi-frequency test signals at voltages up to a
maximum of 400 V and for frequencies up to 3 kHz
was developed. The difference between portable
system and reference system is better than 1 % and
due to the use of multi-frequency signals the
measurement speed was significantly improved
(about 20 s per measurement). The test system is
fully automated, easy to handle and delivers reliable
results for single pole MV-VTs.
The paper also claims to be a contribution to the
discussion on the accuracy of harmonic
measurements using standard VTs in IEC TC38
WG47. It shows that not always an extensive setup is
necessary to achieve accurate results. The
usefulness of very expensive laboratory setups at
manufacturer facilities should be critically questioned.
Instead of a correction of measurements based on a
given frequency response curve, reasonable accuracy
classes should be introduced in future editions of the
respective standards.
Next steps of the project are the development of
suitable models to optimize accuracy, test signal and
measurement speed and a more detailed analysis of
the influence of different kinds of burden on the
frequency response. Moreover it is planned to verify
the applicability of the test system for HV VTs.
Acknowledgement
The authors wish to thank OMICRON electronics
GmbH, Austria for supporting the project.
Moreover the authors thank RITZ Instrument
Transformers GmbH, Germany and PFIFFNER
Instrument Transformer Ltd., Switzerland for
supporting the VT measurements.
References
[1] EN 50160 (Ed.3): Voltage characteristics of
electricity supplied by public electricity networks.
CENELEC, 2010.
[2] IEC 61000-2-12 (Ed.1): Electromagnetic
compatibility (EMC) - Part 2-12: Environment -
Compatibility levels for low-frequency conducted
disturbances and signalling in public medium-
voltage power supply systems. IEC, 2003.
[3] IEEE 519 (1992): IEEE Recommended Practices
and Requirements for Harmonic Control in
Electrical Power Systems.
[4] IEC 61000-4-30 (Ed.2): Electromagnetic
compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-30: Testing and
measurement techniques - Power quality
measurement methods. IEC, 2008.
[5] IEC 61869-3: Instrument transformers - Part 3:
Additional requirements for inductive voltage
transformers. IEC, 2011.
[6] IEC TR 61869-103: Instrument transformers -
The use of instrument transformers for power
quality measurement. IEC, 2012.
[7] H. Seljeseth, E.A. Saethre, T. Ohnstad, I. Lien:
Voltage transformer frequency response.
Measuring harmonics in Norwegian 300kV and
132kV power systems Proceedings 8th
International Conference on Harmonics and
Quality of Power, p. 820 824, vol. 2., 1998.
[8] S. Zhao, H.Y. Li, P. Crossley, F. Ghassemi:
Testing and modelling of voltage transformer for
high order harmonic measurement. 4th
International Conference on Electric Utility
Deregulation and Restructuring and Power
Technologies (DRPT), Weihai, Shandong, 2011.
[9] J. Meyer, M. Klatt, R. Stiegler, M. Elst, E.
Sperling: Accuracy of Harmonic Voltage and
Current Measurements in the Frequency Range
up to 10 kHz Using Conventional Instrument
Transformers, CIRED, June 2011, Frankfurt,
Germany.
[10] M. Klatt, J. Meyer, M. Elst, P. Schegner:
Frequency Responses of MV voltage
transformers in the range of 50 Hz to 10 kHz.
International Conference on Harmonics and
Quality of Power (ICHQP), September 2010,
Bergamo, Italy.
[11] IEC 61000-3-6 (Ed.2): Electromagnetic
compatibility (EMC) - Part 3-6: Limits -
Assessment of emission limits for the connection
of distorting installations to MV, HV and EHV
power systems. IEC, 2008.
Presentation 12.7

OMICRON 2013 Instrument Transformer Measurement Forum
About the Authors
Jan Meyer studied Electrical
Power Engineering at the
Technische Universitt
Dresden (Germany). He
received the Ph.D. with a thesis
on the statistical assessment of
power quality in distribution
networks.
Now he is a senior academic
assistant at Technische
Universitaet Dresden and team leader of the Power
Quality research group. His research interests
include network disturbances (especially harmonics)
as well as all aspects of the design of power quality
measurement campaigns from selection of
measurement sites to advanced statistical analysis
methods. One of these aspects is i.a. the accuracy
of VTs for harmonic measurements. Beside his
work in several german working groups dealing with
network disturbances he is member of the CIRED
Session Advisory Group of Session 2 (Power
Quality and EMC), the German-Austrian-Swiss-
Czech working group DACHCZ EMV/PQ, which
maintains the "Technical Rules for Assessment of
Network Disturbances" and the CIGRE working
group C4.112 (Guidelines for Power quality
Monitoring).
E-mail: jan.meyer@tu-dresden.de


Peter Schegner studied
Electrical Power Engineering at
the Darmstadt University of
Technology (Germany), where
he received the Dipl. Ing. After
that he worked as system
engineer in the field of power
system control and became a
member of the scientific staff at
the Saarland University (Germany), receiving the
Ph.D. with a thesis on the earth-fault distance
protection. Then he worked as head of the
development department of protection systems at
AEG, Frankfurt A.M., Germany. Later he became a
full Professor of Electrical Power Systems at the
Technische Universitaet Dresden (Germany). His
research in the field of instrument transformers
deals i.a. with the development of new designs to
extend the bandwidth of inductive voltage
transformers.




Robert Stiegler studied
Electrical Power Engineering at
Technische Universitaet
Dresden (Germany). He
received his Dipl.-Ing. degree in
2010 with a thesis on the
development of a test system
for accuracy verification of
power quality instruments. He is
currently with the Institute of Electrical Power
Systems. His research covers the development of
efficient methods for measuring the frequency
response of VTs as well as corresponding modelling
approaches.
E-mail: robert.stiegler@tu-dresden.de