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Department of Corrections
Remington 870
Certification Manual
Revised June 2006
We wish to thank all those who have contributed in any way to this
D.O.C. Shotgun Certification Course Manual.
Please direct any questions or comments about this manual to DOC
Training Academy Staff. We are always looking for suggestions for
improvement in course content, firearm techniques, tactics, and doctrine.
We didn’t invent the information presented here; we merely compiled what
we believe to be the very best information available to us today. We will
continue to improve . . .
DVC
NOTES, CAUTIONS and WARNINGS
This manual has occasional bits of information that need to be emphasized, for one
reason or another, more than the rest of the text. Depending on the nature of the
information, it will be presented as a NOTE, CAUTION, or WARNING and contained in
a box as illustrated and described below.
NOTE: This manual was written and compiled specifically for the students and users
of Remington 870 Shotguns. Occasionally, information, which may be particularly
noteworthy, will be contained in a light, shadowed box, such as the box around this
note, to distinguish it from the rest of the text.
CAUTION: Information which is more important and, if ignored, can cause injury to
the shooter or a bystander or damage to the firearm is emphasized in a bolder
shadow box such as the one around this notice and begins with the word
“CAUTION”.
WARNING: INFORMATION WHICH IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT AND, IF IGNORED, CAN CAUSE SERIOUS
PHYSICAL INJURY OR DEATH IS EMPHASIZED IN A BOLDER, SHADED SHADOW BOX SUCH AS THE ONE
AROUND THIS NOTICE, AND BEGINS WITH THE WORD “WARNING”.
D.O.C. Shotgun Certification Manual
OBJECTIVES...............................................................................................................................................................1
CHAPTER ONE...........................................................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2..................................................................................................................................................................5
RANGE PROCEDURES.............................................................................................................................................6
RANGE COMMANDS.................................................................................................................................................7
CHAPTER 3................................................................................................................................................................11
SHOTGUN MANIPULATION.................................................................................................................................23
Strong Hand Tasks: ...............................................................................................................................................23
Stance: ...................................................................................................................................................................24
Mount: ...................................................................................................................................................................25
Index: .....................................................................................................................................................................25
PRESS CHECK..........................................................................................................................................................26
Empty Chamber Press-Check: ..............................................................................................................................26
Loaded Chamber Press-Check: ............................................................................................................................27
CONDITIONS OF CARRY.......................................................................................................................................27
METHODS OF CARRY............................................................................................................................................29
Pocket Carry: .......................................................................................................................................................29
Scramble Carry: .....................................................................................................................................................30
American Sling: .....................................................................................................................................................31
African Sling: ..........................................................................................................................................................32
Transition Drill: ....................................................................................................................................................32
SHOTGUN SHELL MANIPULATION: ................................................................................................................33
CHAPTER 5................................................................................................................................................................36
SHOTGUN MARKSMANSHIP...............................................................................................................................37
LOADING CONCEPTS.............................................................................................................................................38
CHAPTER 6................................................................................................................................................................40
OBJECTIVES
UPON COMPLETION OF THIS TRAINING, THE SHOOTER WILL BE ABLE TO PERFORM THE FOLLOWING TASKS
UNDER THE INDICATED CONDITIONS TO THE SPECIFIED STANDARDS:
1. List verbatim the 4 Firearms Safety Rules in their entirety and in order.
2. List the ONLY 4 places the shotgun should ever be.
3. List at least 3 places the shotgun should NEVER be.
4. List and explain the three (3) circumstances that Dr. Enoka determined would
cause a person to discharge a firearm if his finger were on the trigger, despite the
best efforts of the person not to press the trigger.
5. List and describe the three (3) constants that generally apply to ALL non–firing
manipulations of a firearm.
6. Explain when each of the following range commands or activities is used and why:
a) Make Ready
b) Press Check (why, when, how)
c) Guard (Guard Position, Draw–To–Guard)
d) Unload and Prepare for “Dry Practice”
e) Continuity of Fire
f) “Run–Dry Drill”
g) Stand–By (and Stand–Easy)
h) Clear for the Break
7. List and define the 4 color codes used to describe Jeff Cooper's "Mental
Conditioning for Combat".
8. Define the appropriate conditions of carry for the shotgun
9. Explain and demonstrate the steps to correctly manipulate the shotgun through
the acceptable conditions of carry
10. Explain in detail the various ammunition related malfunctions, their causes,
identifying characteristics, and remedies/corrective actions, to include:
a) “Squib” loads
b) Fail to fire (failed or missing primer)
c) Barrel obstructions
11. Explain in detail the two most common causes of marksmanship errors and how
to effectively correct them:
a) Improper trigger manipulation
b) Not using the front sight (looking at the target)
12. Thoroughly explain Alaska State Statutes and DOC’s Policies and Procedures
regarding:
a) “Deadly Force”
b) Use of Deadly Force against unarmed assailants and/or fleeing felons
c) “Warning Shots”
d) Use of sights and “weapon retention” shooting
13. Explain the "Minimum Standard Response" to a lethal attack should you choose to
shoot your attacker.
a) Minimum standard response using buckshot
b) Minimum standard response using a slug
14. Describe the 3 natural body armors on a human adversary, how and what they
protect, and how they are attacked/defeated.
15. Define and explain the purpose of the "Fail-to-Stop" drill and the "A-B-C” drill as it
applies to methodology for attacking a human adversary.
Equipment Requirements
Authorized Shotgun
Authorized Modifications
Department Authorized Shotgun
Currently, the only shotgun authorized for use by the Department of Corrections is the
Remington 870, 12-gauge shotgun with a barrel length of 14” or greater.
NOTE: For barrel length of less than 18”, proper ATF paperwork must be approved for
each weapon to be equipped with the shorter barrel.
Authorized modifications
NOTE: ALL modifications must be approved by the lead firearms instructor at the training
academy before the modified shotgun is carried On–Duty (under color of authority).
Proposed modifications to any shotgun should be discussed with the lead firearms instructor
at the training academy prior to the actual modifications to prevent having unnecessary or
unauthorized changes made, which would prohibit the shotgun for Duty use. NO
modifications may be made to any D.O.C. owned and issued shotgun without authorization
from a Department Armorer current on that weapon system. NO EXCEPTIONS. A few
minutes of your time may save you a lot of time, money and aggravation!
Chapter 2
Safety
The Four Safety Rules
Range Procedures
Range Commands
Trigger Finger Placement
Where the Shotgun Should Be
Where the Shotgun Should Never Be
Reduction of Risk Due to Lead Ingestion
NO mechanical device has a will of its own and guns never “go off” unless somebody
caused them to do so. Guns are safe; PEOPLE ARE DANGEROUS. The wound
delivered by a bullet can easily be fatal. This means that you should not expect the
luxury of learning from experience. Your first mistake may very well be your last. But
you need not make that mistake. Memorize the four principal rules of firearm safety,
treat them with absolute seriousness and commit them to your conscious and
subconscious. You will never have a mishap with a firearm.
The source of these rules is Col. Jeff Cooper of the American Shotgun Institute in
Paulden, Arizona.
RANGE PROCEDURES
4. Keep your shotgun stored (i.e. slung or pocket carry) except when on the firing
line.
6. Stand firm on the line. Plant your feet and DO NOT bend over to pick up
equipment with a shotgun in your hands. Sling the shotgun first, then recover
your gear by squatting while maintaining control of the muzzle (see Rule 2).
9. Keep the muzzle downrange at all times when not properly slung or in Pocket
Carry.
10. Keep your trigger finger on the safety or on the side of the receiver when you are
in motion. Even for one step! (See Rule 3).
11. Malfunction clearances are the responsibility of the Shooter. They must be
cleared and the course of fire completed. If a squib load occurs, the shooter will
immediately cease-fire. (Shooting to clear a barrel obstruction could result in
injury to the shooter and destruction of the shotgun). The Shooter will then notify
the Rangemaster and the shotgun will be inspected before it is returned to the
firing line.
12. Any maintenance on the shotgun will be performed at the “fiddle table". The
shotgun will be downloaded to Condition 3 (Short Term Storage) at the firing line
before going to the fiddle table. When at the fiddle table, face the table to
present your shotgun and the Armorer will perform the necessary maintenance.
Sling the shotgun or go to Pocket Carry before turning away from the table.
13. Side saddles may be loaded or unloaded at any time anywhere on the range or
behind the firing line if the shotgun is in Pocket Carry or hanging from a team
sling. DO NOT load the sidesaddle if the shotgun is hanging in American or
African Sling.
RANGE COMMANDS
1. MAKE READY – Protect your eyes and ears. Plant your feet, pick a target
and load your weapon. This normally means Condition 1 (Action Carry). In
short, PREPARE FOR A FIRING DRILL.
2. STAND BY - A preparatory command usually given immediately before a Fire
command. This is to let the Shooters know that a fire command will follow and
allow the Rangemaster to confirm that everyone is ready for the drill.
3. STAND EASY - Given to let the Shooters know that there will be a short delay
before the Fire command, usually to permit other shooters to complete
preparations for the drill. Shooters should remain at or go to Guard. This is NOT
permission to relax from Guard.
5. FIRE - (Go, Up, Shoot, Now, a Whistle blast, etc.) This is a command to Fire or
otherwise begin the drill. This command will normally follow a preparatory
command, but may come at ANY time while on the firing line.
(HINT - Ammunition Management is you're responsibility!)
7. CEASE FIRE - CEASE FIRING! Immediately stop whatever you are doing,
go to Guard and assess the situation. This command can be given by anyone -
anytime an unsafe condition occurs and continuing to fire would be hazardous.
8. CLEAR FOR THE BREAK – The last command given at the conclusion of a
range session (i.e. before lunch and at the end of the day). This means to put
your shotgun in the condition you want it to be in when you leave the range.
That may be Condition 2 (Transport Carry) to return to duty or downloaded to
Condition 3 (Short Term Storage) so it may be cleaned. Usually it is your choice.
WARNING: IF A GUN IS IN THE HAND AND THE FINGER IS ON THE TRIGGER WHEN ANY ONE OF THESE
SITUATIONS OCCURS, THE CONSEQUENCE WILL LIKELY BE AN UNINTENTIONAL DISCHARGE. THESE
SCIENTIFIC REASONS REQUIRE ABSOLUTE COMPLIANCE WITH RULE #3.
With the knowledge of this phenomenon, we train our trigger finger to rest high on
the receiver of the shotgun above the trigger guard. If one of the three situations
described above occurs, any flexion or contraction of the hand would cause the trigger
finger to squeeze or curl—but along the receiver, not on the trigger! Hint: If any portion
of the trigger finger can be seen from the support side of the shotgun through the
trigger guard (when not firing), then the trigger finger is resting too low, too close to the
trigger. Anytime the finger is off the trigger, by definition; the proper placement of the
trigger finger is along the receiver above the trigger guard.
Chapter 3
Mental Preparation
&
Mind Set
Mind Set: “Surviving a Crisis On or Off Duty”
Mental Conditioning for Combat
DOC Shotgun Certification Manual
MIND SET: “SURVIVING A CRISIS ON or OFF DUTY”
EDITOR’S NOTE: Much of this chapter was unabashedly copied (with a little editing!) from the Alaska State Troopers’ Tactical
Shotgun Course Handout, revised 3/7/97. It was written with Law Enforcement in mind—but applies to anyone carrying a firearm.
INTRODUCTION
A n off-duty deputy sheriff driving along a California freeway was picked at random by
members of an outlaw motorcycle gang for torment and intimidation. Their traffic
harassment escalated quickly to a roadside confrontation. Then, amidst their verbal
abuse, the bikers suddenly flashed guns, and shooting erupted. Facing six armed
assailants, the deputy shot two, then ran to a nearby auto repair shop and called police.
As the others closed in, blasting away at his position, he stayed on the line, giving a
running account of the action and reporting his name, badge number, exact location,
and even the name and phone number of his watch commander. Sporadically, he
interrupted himself to shout out warnings and to fire back at his attackers. Two more
went down, one so close that the dispatcher could hear his body hit the ground. Yet
throughout the battle, the deputy's voice stayed calm, authoritative and articulate, no
more emotional than if he were running a license check. Each of his four shots scored a
solid hit, and he avoided any personal injury. He was just 17 days out of his academy!!
A Southern officer, responding to a rape-in-progress in a car, took six hits from an
armed offender before incapacitating him with a shotgun. One of the first bullets
smashed into the officer’s mouth and destroyed a large part of his tongue. When he
tried to radio for help, the dispatcher could not decipher his mumbles so the officer
showed the near-hysterical rape victim how to use his radio. Bleeding profusely, he
comforted her and tended his own wounds until help came. When responding officers
arrived, they found him standing alert and ready to help in any way he could. By this
time, more than half of his uniform was drenched in his own blood.
If Academy Awards were given for performances under stress; officers like these
would walk away with Oscars. And yet other officers, with as much and more
experience and professional training and in circumstances of no greater pressure, react
in ways that are barely functional.
For instance, an Oklahoma detective team was hunting two prison escapees who
were on a murder spree. They spotted the fugitives standing beside a stolen truck in a
residential driveway. A few miles away from their location, the prisoners had just
gunned down two State Troopers. The detectives were nearly a block away, but the
driver sped their unit directly to the mouth of the driveway and stopped, only feet from
the killers. His maneuver placed his partner directly in the assailants' line of fire. One of
them promptly blew off the top of his partner's head.
During a nighttime pursuit in a Southwest state, an armed robber was fleeing from a
shoot–out with police. A pursuing officer within minutes fired two shotgun blasts from
his speeding patrol car at the suspect's vehicle without any idea where the rounds
would hit. After the gunman stopped his car, the officer exited his patrol vehicle and ran
toward the suspect. The suspect fired two shots at the officer then turned and ran. The
pursuing officer continued in a foot pursuit without advising his location and without a
radio or flashlight. He continued despite losing sight of the suspect, and then ran past
the suspect’s hiding places and through his line of fire three times without seeing him.
Later the officer had such poor recall of the incident that he could not remember that he
and his partner had totaled their vehicle at the end of the chase.
What accounts for these radical contrasts in responses? How can some officers
exhibit calm and control against incredible challenges, yet others be so overwhelmed
with fear, anger, excitement or panic that they make themselves — or fellow officers —
easy candidates for stretchers or body bags?
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The answer is not necessarily that those who fail to perform well are just ignorant,
poorly trained or contemptuous of survival principles. Some, through reading and
role-playing, are actively striving for survival mastery, but still fall drastically short when
the chips are down.
The explanation lies with the orphan child of Officer Survival Training:
MENTAL PREPAREDNESS
The first two officers cited have hit upon the psychological secrets of maintaining
composure even under enormous stress. Their mental control allowed them to select
and apply appropriate tactical options without emotional disruption. Everyone has that
capability. Yet thousands of officers, like those others described above, are failing to
tap into it. Mental control is the prevailing factor in determining whether an officer lives
or dies in the face of life threatening circumstances.
OBJECTIVE
You must have a fundamental understanding of the effects your mental state will
have on your performance and survivability under life threatening stress, and how to
prepare yourself mentally for the likely circumstance of fighting to protect life -- whether
yours or another’s.
"PSYCHE OF SURVIVAL"
Your MIND is The Most Dangerous Weapon You Carry, on patrol, off–duty—
ANYTIME. The extent to which your mind is prepared for a high–risk, high–stress
encounter determines for whom it is dangerous. Properly prepared, it can be a
paralyzing threat to your adversary. Unprepared, it can prove devastating to you or to
your fellow officers because of its capacity, under stress, to sabotage your
performance.
If you approach high-risk situations without the proper mental preparation, the
strongest force in deciding your destiny is LUCK. In fact, after studying dozens of
shootings, one trainer has assigned the following relative weighting to the factors that
tend to determine whether unprepared officers survive:
Mental Skill---------------------------5%
Physical Skill------------------------5%
Shooting Skill----------------------15%
LUCK----------------------------------75%
With such a small reservoir of mental skills upon which to draw, these officers’
responses to a crisis situation tend to be strong in uncontrolled emotions and weak in
disciplined tactics. Stress overwhelms their thought processes.
Officers are sometimes asked by civilian friends, ‘‘who are you most scared of out
on the street?" The officer who is unprepared mentally should answer, without
hesitation: "Me''. Instead of going on patrol feeling confident because he is competent,
this type of officer operates either with a lurking fear of what might happen or with an
immobilizing insecurity about his ability or with a cocky denial that anything might arise
that he couldn't control.
SYMPTOMS OF:
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Immobilizing Insecurity avoidance of activity, especially new or unknown
situations.
Cocky Denial “Tombstone Courage” or inability to recognize life
threatening situations.
Officers who really are prepared for winning that violent confrontation depend
on . . .
Mental Skill__________75%
Physical Skill-------------------15%
Shooting Skill------------------------5%
LUCK-----------------------------------------------5%
TACTICS
1. Don't become COMPLACENT in your use of tactics.
2. There are many specifics to recall from your training — USE THEM!
3. Just as important, if not more so: DON'T BECOME APATHETIC!!
Remember to avoid the "It'll never happen to me” mentality.
4. Develop your own tactics from experience and continued training. Evaluate
your tactics and the tactics of others. Be willing to change and improve!
N
o amount of mechanical training or range work will be sufficient in a lethal confrontation
if the Officer is not mentally prepared for the occasion unless he is extremely lucky. Col.
Jeff Cooper has written an excellent essay on the subject entitled Mental Conditioning
for Combat, which normally accompanies this handout. However, one of the most important
lessons to be learned from the reading is found in a simple system of “Color Codes” which
outline four levels of awareness. Col. Cooper believes that being AWARE is more important than
being PREPARED. No matter how well prepared or armed a man is, he cannot defend himself if he
is unaware that he is in danger. The color codes and their meaning are depicted in the colors:
WHITE (unaware); YELLOW (relaxed alert); ORANGE (specific alert); and RED (fight or flight)
Chapter 4
Shotgun Manipulation
Stance
Mount
Index
Conditions of Carry
Methods of Carry
Shotgun Advantages
Ammunition: The Remington 870 is a very versatile weapon capable of shooting many
different types of ammunition such as buckshot, rifled slugs, O.C. rounds, less lethal
projectiles, barrier-penetrating projectiles.
Psychological Advantage: From the adversary’s viewpoint, looking down the barrel of a
shotgun is a very frightening experience. While a pistol can kill you just as dead, the
shotgun just looks meaner. Hollywood has helped with the psychological advantage by
allowing the adversaries to see and hear the awesome “Rack-Rack” of the shotgun.
While the adversary should never hear that “Rack-Rack” in the law enforcement arena,
the image is still there.
Shotgun Disadvantages
While the Remington 870 Shotgun has many advantages, there are also some negative
aspects, or disadvantages associated with the weapon.
Recoil: The shotgun has considerably more recoil than many of the weapon systems in
use by law enforcement personnel. With proper technique, the recoil is easily
managed, but without proper technique, it doesn’t take long for the shooter to tire of the
shotgun slamming into his/her shoulder.
Heavy: The shotgun is considerably heavier than many weapon systems in use by law
enforcement personnel. Again, with proper technique, the weight of the shotgun is
more easily managed, but even for the most fit officers, the shotgun gets heavy.
While there are obvious disadvantages to the shotgun, the bottom line is this: With
proper training and technique, the Remington 870 Shotgun is an awesome weapon
system, capable of solving most lethal confrontations.
Shotgun Manipulation
3. SAFETY—The strong hand index finger manipulates the safety. If the safety
is ON, then the finger is curled on the safety. . If the safety is OFF, then the
finger is straight along the receiver (NOT under the lower edge of the
receiver near the trigger).
4. ACTION BAR LOCK— The strong hand index finger depresses the action
bar lock when it is necessary to unlock the action (to Press Check, ejection
port load, download, etc.).
SUPPORT HAND TASKS: The support hand performs ALL OTHER tasks or functions
needed to run the shotgun or service it; clearing malfunctions, loading, running the
action, press checking, holding the shotgun up, etc.
Stance:
In order to successfully control the recoil of the shotgun and deliver fast, accurate hits,
the shooter must use a proper stance. The stance we recommend and teach is based
on the “Modified Weaver” stance. The key factors of a good stance are:
Mount:
A proper mount of the shotgun is critical for good shot placement. For a proper
mount, the toe of the butt stock must be firmly mounted in the pocket of the
shoulder. Once the shotgun is properly mounted, firm rearward strong hand
pressure maintains that proper mount. See illustrations below.
Index:
The index refers to the manner in which the comb of the butt stock contacts the
cheek of the shooter. A proper index requires that the head of the shooter not move
to the shotgun, but rather the shotgun move to the shooter’s head. This contact is
referred to as the stock-cheek weld. To ensure maximum recoil as well as good
shot placement, the stock-cheek weld must be firmly maintained throughout the
firing sequence. See illustration below.
Press Check
The next section in this manual covers actual manipulation of the shotgun.
However, as safety is paramount where firearms are involved, knowing how to
confirm the status of the firearm prior to manipulating it is imperative.
There are two different methods of Press-Checking the shotgun, dependant on the
expected condition of the chamber. (Loaded or unloaded)
WARNING: A PRESS-CHECK MUST BE PERFORMED FROM A CLOSED AND LOCKED ACTION. NEVER
PRESS-CHECK A FULLY OPEN ACTION, AS IT IS POSSIBLE TO HAVE A LIVE ROUND RESTING ON THE SHELL
CARRIER, COMPLETE THE STATUS CHECK OF THE CHAMBER, AND NEVER TOUCH THE ROUND ON THE SHELL
CARRIER. SHOULD THE ACTION BE CLOSED AND LOCKED AT THIS TIME, YOU HAVE JUST CHARGED THE
CHAMBER.
• From a closed and locked action, depress the action bar lock to unlock the
action, and dismount the shotgun from the shoulder.
• Ease the action back just far enough to get the little finger of the support
hand into the chamber.
• Cradle the fore-end in the crook of the support arm elbow, which more easily
allows the little finger to curl around and insert fully into the chamber. See
Illustration below.
• From a closed and locked action, depress the action bar lock and ease the
action back just far enough to touch the chambered round with the little finger
of the support hand.
• Since the shooter expects the chamber to be charged, it is not necessary to
dismount the shotgun from the shoulder.
Conditions of Carry
Typically, we refer to the different loaded and unloaded configurations of the shotgun
as Conditions of Carry. There are three basic conditions of carry, and very specific
procedures to manipulate the shotgun through these conditions of carry. A competent
operator has the ability to perform these manipulations automatically, without the need
to think about it first.
Condition 1: Chamber loaded, magazine full (minus one round for select slug option),
side saddle full, safety on.
Condition 3: Chamber empty, magazine empty, action fully open, safety on. For
short-term storage, the side saddle may be full or empty.
As stated earlier in this manual, there are very specific procedures to manipulate the
shotgun through the conditions of carry. The procedures are as follows:
The three steps above that are in bold text are referred to as the three indeces checks.
These three checks confirm that the shotgun is, or is not, in condition 2. The indeces
checks should be performed Each and Every time the shotgun is placed in condition
2.
• Vigorously run action to re-cock the hammer. You should now have a closed
and locked action. From there, simply follow the steps above starting with the
first empty chamber press check.
Condition 2 to Condition 1:
Condition 1 to Condition 2:
• Once steps above are finished, close and lock the action
• Empty chamber press check
• Safety off, press trigger, safety on
• Confirm action unlocked by jiggling the fore end
• Perform the three indices checks from above
• Re-confirm safety on
Methods of Carry
The term Methods of Carry refers to the manner in which officers deploy with a
shotgun, or simply move a shotgun to a different location. In our doctrine there are
only a few acceptable manners in which to carry a shotgun.
Pocket Carry:
This is the preferred method when recovering a shotgun from a gun safe or gun
rack. The weapon is carried on the strong side, muzzle up. It is called Pocket Carry
due to the fact that the officer can hook his/her thumb in the pocket of their pants,
which helps support the shotgun in case of long periods of this position. When
recovering a grounded shotgun into this position, the support hand should grab the
barrel, controlling the muzzle, and lift the gun up. The strong hand should establish
a “reverse pistol grip” on the grip area of the shotgun. From there the pocket carry
is established. This is the method of carry shooters should use when moving to and
from the firing line during range training, as the weapon can be recovered as well as
Scramble Carry:
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Scramble Carry is used should the shooter need to climb (Ladder, fence, tree, etc) with
the shotgun, and the shotgun is not equipped with a team/tactical sling. To assume
Scramble Carry, the shotgun is slung around the shooter’s neck, muzzle up. Given the
known limitations of the Remington 870 cross bolt safety, and the proximity of the
muzzle to the shooter’s head, the gun must be in Condition Two prior to going into
Cross Body Carry. Additionally, as the shooter, as well as the shotgun is out of the fight
for the period of the climb, a cover officer with a shotgun in Condition One is also
required. See illustration below.
WARNING: WHILE IT WAS MENTIONED ABOVE, IT CANNOT BE STRESSED ENOUGH THAT TO USE
SCRAMBLE CARRY, THE GUN MUST BE IN CONDITION TWO, AND THERE MUST BE A COVER OFFICER WITH A
WEAPON IN CONDITION ONE.
American Sling:
The shotgun is slung muzzle up, over the shooter’s strong side shoulder. American
Sling is quickly assumed, and the shotgun can be carried for long distances or periods
of time from this position. However, there are disadvantages to this position. With the
muzzle pointing straight up, during inclement weather, it is much easier for rain or snow
to enter the barrel and travel down to the fire control system. Additionally, for officers
who also carry a handgun on their strong side, the shotgun and sling can interfere with
the officer’s ability to deploy the handgun should it become necessary. From Guard,
getting the shotgun into American Sling is a four-count process:
Note: Another method for getting into American Sling is to simply go to Pocket Carry.
From there, grasp the sling with the support hand, just under the top sling swivel, and
slide the shotgun up onto the shoulder. See illustrations below.
African Sling:
Transition Drill:
Should the shotgun be equipped with a tactical, or team sling, then the shotgun is
lowered in the same manner described above, but is allowed to hang in the team sling.
See illustrations below.
Conventional Carry Strap Team Sling
For many reasons, there is only one way to manipulate a shotgun shell. While
manipulating a shotgun shell in a similar manner to many civilian shotgun shooters may
work well for magazine loading, it will not work well for ejection port loads. This is
extremely important due to the fact that if we are attempting to ejection port load, it
means that the shotgun has run dry in a fight. We need to get the gun fed as quickly as
possible, and without looking at the gun to do it. The following illustration demonstrates
the ONLY WAY to manipulate shotgun shells.
Loading the Shotgun: The primary ammunition for the Remington 870 Shotgun as it
pertains to D.O.C. use is 00 Buckshot, in either eight or nine pellet configuration. The
secondary ammunition option is the One-Ounce rifled slug. The Side Saddle
ammunition carriers on the shotguns should be configured as follows: The first four
shell holders (from the muzzle end) should be loaded with buckshot, and the rear two
shell holders should be loaded with slugs. This consistency enables any weapon-
qualified officer to man an armed post at any institution and know how the weapon will
be configured.
Magazine Loads: Loading the magazine tube of the shotgun should always be done
from a closed and locked action. When loading the magazine of the shotgun,
remember: Last in, first out. This means that the last round loaded into the magazine
will be the first round out of the magazine.
Ejection Port Loads: Should the shotgun run dry (out of ammunition) during a fight, a
very fast option of getting the gun back in the fight is to load a shell directly into the
chamber through the ejection port. When using this loading method, it is imperative
that the officer verify the gun is, in fact, dry. Should the officer mistakenly think the gun
is dry, and load a shell into the ejection port, a double-feed will occur. Therefore, we
accept the fact that we cannot count rounds in a gunfight. When the gun “clicks”
instead of shoots, vigorously run the action and attempt to fire again. If the gun “clicks”
again, open the action, leave it open, and ejection-port load a shell from the side saddle
carrier. (Situationally dependent; transitioning to a pistol, if an option, may be the best
solution at times)
With the current DOC Shotgun Doctrine, the shooter has the option of selecting a slug
instead of firing the 00 Buckshot loaded into the magazine. There are three
circumstances in which selecting a slug is the appropriate action.
Range: Buckshot tends to spread out the farther it gets from the muzzle. Most
Shotguns, even with improved barrels, lose their ability to keep all pellets on target at
distances further than 25-30 yards. Therefore, engaging the adversary at distances
greater than this increases “rule 4” issues, and decreases the ability to get a fight-
stopping hit. Given this consideration, selecting a slug would be the appropriate action.
The one-ounce slug has the ability to deliver a fight-stopping hit easily at distances up
to and beyond 100 yards.
Accuracy: Given that Buckshot spreads out as its distance from the muzzle increases,
it makes sense that our ability to deliver precision shots at greater distances is
decreased. Should the officer need to deliver a precision shot (such as a hostage
situation) occur, selecting a slug would be the appropriate action.
Penetration: 00 Buckshot pellets are small, and have very little mass. Therefore, their
ability to penetrate is limited. Should extra penetration be needed due to the
adversary’s clothing, body armor, or a barricade of some sort between the officer and
the adversary, selecting a slug would be appropriate. A one-ounce slug has incredible
Selecting a Slug: Once the decision has been made that a slug is needed in the fight,
the manipulation must be done in proper sequence:
• From a closed and locked action and with proper shell manipulation, remove one
slug from the Side Saddle Carrier and insert it into the magazine through the
loading port.
• Depress the Action Bar Lock and vigorously run the action. The slug should now
be in the chamber.
NOTE: The ONLY time it is acceptable to load the slug into the Shotgun through the ejection
port is if it has already been determined that the Shotgun has run dry. Attempting to
ejection-port the slug at other times can easily cause a double-feed, which keeps the gun out
of the fight for entirely too long.
Chapter 5
Shotgun Marksmanship
Sight Alignment
Sight Picture
Proper Trigger Finger Placement
Proper Trigger Manipulation
Loading Concepts
Dominating the Environment
Shotgun Marksmanship
The most important aspect of engaging a lethal adversary with the Shotgun is the
ability to deliver fast, accurate, fight-stopping hits. In addition to a proper stance, mount
and index, the officer must properly employ the use of the sights and properly
manipulate the trigger.
Sight Alignment: Describes the alignment (relationship) of the front sight, the rear
sight, and the intended target. Currently, there are two basic sight systems on DOC
approved shotguns. They are Standard Rifle Sights and Ghost Ring Sights.
Standard Rifle Sights: Properly done, the front sight should be centered in the rear
sight with equal space on both sides of the front sight and the top of both sights even.
Ghost Ring Sights: Properly done, the front sight post should be centered in the rear
sight ring. By simply focusing on the front sight, this will naturally occur. With a proper
front sight focus, the rear sight (Ghost Ring) will tend to blur and almost “Ghost” away,
hence the name “Ghost Ring.”
Sight Picture: Describes the shooter’s view of the front sight, the rear sight, and the
intended target. Properly done, the shooter should see the Front Sight in sharp focus
while the rear sight and the target are blurred, out of focus.
Proper Trigger Finger Placement: The Remington 870 has a mechanical safety that
must be manipulated with the trigger finger. DOC Doctrine requires that the safety
remain engaged until the decision to shoot has been made. Once the decision has
been made, the shooter must disengage the safety by pressing it from right to left with
the trigger finger. Prior to the shoot-decision, the trigger finger should be curled on the
safety, as that is the fastest way to get the gun in the fight. If the safety is already off as
it would be immediately after an engagement during the assessment, the trigger finger
should be off the trigger and along the side of the receiver. (Not along the trigger guard)
Proper Trigger Manipulation: As is the case with any weapon system, the trigger of
the shotgun must be manipulated smoothly in both directions to ensure accurate shot
placement. The concept is very simple: Place the front sight on target, hold it there,
and smoothly run the trigger in both directions. However, should the shooter deviate
from that and press the trigger harshly, or bail off the trigger too quickly, muzzle
movement will occur prior to the projectile exiting the barrel, which will cause
undesirable shot placement. Remember, in the Law Enforcement Arena, we cannot
afford to miss our intended target.
Loading Concepts
The Remington 870 has many tactical advantages, which makes it a very desirable
weapon system in most situations. However, one of the disadvantages of the
Remington 870 is that it is not a high-capacity weapon. This means that for the gun to
remain in the fight, the shooter must keep it loaded. Current DOC Shotgun Doctrine
employs two loading concepts, which are: Combat Load, Falling Load.
Combat Load: The Combat Load Concept is very simple: Load what you shot. If you
engaged a lethal adversary with a minimum standard response of two rounds of
buckshot, you need to load two rounds of buckshot into the magazine. By maintaining
the Combat Load Concept, the shotgun stays in the fight, and there will always be room
in the magazine for the select-slug option.
Falling Load: The Falling Load Concept refers to the muzzle. After engaging the
adversary, the shooter allows the muzzle to “fall”, or lower slightly, as the surroundings
are assessed. By allowing the muzzle to “fall”, two advantages are gained: The
muzzle of the shotgun is below the field of view of the officer allowing him/her to better
assess the surroundings. Additionally, allowing the muzzle to “fall”, the officer will not
fatigue as quickly. As we have discussed earlier in this manual, the shotgun gets
heavy.
During a lethal confrontation, the goal of the officer is to dominate the environment out
to the maximum effective range of the weapon system. In order to accomplish this, the
officer must conduct a complete and thorough assessment of the surroundings to
ensure there are no further threats. During this assessment, several things happen:
1. The eyes and the muzzle track together to the limits of safety. That means that
the muzzle is directly below the eyes of the officer as that is the fastest way to
get the gun indexed and back in the fight. Should the officer not be able to keep
eyes and muzzle tracking together due to a safety concern, a quick glance in the
necessary direction is acceptable. However, avoid prolonged periods of time in
this situation.
2. The Officer needs to ask and answer three very important questions: Is the
Gunfight over? Is the world a safe place? Is my weapon in the condition in the
condition I need it to be for either storage or possible further threats?
Is the Gunfight Over: This question is answered by first confirming your initial
threat is out of the fight. Once that question has been answered, the initial
assessment of the surroundings should begin.
Once all those questions have been asked and answered, then and only then, the
safety goes back on, and the shotgun is stored appropriately in either a gun storage
rack/safe or one of the approved methods of carry.
Chapter 6
Practical Marksmanship
Patterning Characteristics
Minimum Standard Response
Distance Shooting
Low Profile Shooting
The shotgun is the only weapon system in the world capable of delivering multiple,
simultaneous, powerful hits. This is accomplished by shooting buckshot. What this
means is that several pellets of buckshot exit the muzzle at the same time. However,
the downside to this is that they do not fly exactly straight, and as a result, tend to
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separate somewhat in flight. In the law enforcement arena, we cannot afford to have
pellets unaccounted for, and potentially miss the intended target hitting something else.
(See rule four)
We refer to the separation of the pellets in flight as the Patterning Characteristic of that
particular shotgun, as each shotgun will shoot differently. Ideally, each shotgun should
be patterned prior to use and with the intended ammunition. That data should be
documented on the butt stock of the shotgun. The shotgun should be patterned at the
following distances: 2 yards, 5 yards, 7 yards, 10 yards, 15 yards, 25 yards.
The result of the patterning data is then categorized into the zones of fire for that
particular shotgun.
A-Zone: The A-Zone of the shotgun refers to the greatest distance at which all pellets
hit the target so closely together that it appears as one projectile. This distance is
typically around 2 yards.
B-Zone: The B-Zone of the shotgun is also known as the “Shotgun Zone”. The B-
Zone is the distance at which the shotgun pattern starts to open up. In the Shotgun’s
B-Zone, all pellets can be reliably placed on a target the size of the average human
torso. Typically, most shotguns are B-Zone guns between the distances of 7-25 yards.
C-Zone: The C-Zone of the shotgun is the distance that the shotgun can no longer
reliably keep all pellets on target. At this distance, there are “Rule 4” considerations,
and depending on the situation, selecting a slug and shooting the shotgun like a rifle
may be the best and safest option.
The human body has three areas, which are stronger, more heavily “fortified”.
These three “Natural Body Armors” protect vital systems: the SKULL protects the brain
(computer); the CHEST (ribs and sternum) protects the heart, lungs, and great vessels
(boiler room – energy source); and the PELVIS protects the reproductive system and is
the pivotal area of mobility (movement – transportation).
The MINIMUM STANDARD RESPONSE to a deadly threat is a controlled pair of HITS to the
upper chest of the assailant. The objective is to disrupt the function of the felon's heart
and lungs, the energy source of the body, and thereby stop his or her aggressive
behavior. This minimum standard response may be insufficient to stop some assailants
for a variety of reasons (e.g.: ballistic vest, drugs, determination, etc.).
After hitting a deadly assailant with a pair to the upper chest, you should
immediately scan up to the suspect's head. If the head is still there, you can assume
that the body shots are not stopping the threat, so you should deliver a single shot to
the suspect's head IF YOU HAVE A HIGH PROBABILITY OF HITTING IT. This is Plan “B”, referred to
as a “Fail–to–Stop” drill. Remember, the head is a difficult target to hit due to its small
size and ability to turn rapidly.
The objective here is to disrupt the felon's brain, the body’s “computer”, with one hit
to the eye–nose area of the head. (Depending on distance and the patterning
characteristics of the shotgun used, selecting a slug may be appropriate) This shot will
almost certainly stop the fight immediately IF MADE, but will only waste time and
endanger by-standers IF MISSED. Given these concerns, you should not attempt a head
Distance Shooting
Earlier in the manual we discussed the three reasons the shooter may elect to select a
slug rather than shoot buckshot. As a reminder, those reasons are extended range,
accuracy, and penetration.
Once there is a slug in the chamber, we no longer have the luxury of the MINOR error
compensation afforded to us with buckshot. Therefore, we must shoot the shotgun just
as we would shoot a rifle.
Support Hand: When shooting the shotgun like a rifle, the shooter must relax the front
hand, allowing the fore end to rest in the palm. Should the shooter maintain a positive
grip on the fore end and apply any backward pressure, the chances are that the
pressure is not likely to be exactly straight to the rear. Therefore, when the round
discharges, the muzzle will move in the direction of force created by the support hand
pressure. This will happen before the slug exits the muzzle changing the flight path of
the slug. This is, of course, unacceptable. Relaxing the support hand and allowing the
fore end to rest in the palm alleviates the above risk. For some shooters of smaller
stature, it may even be more comfortable and stable if the support hand is brought back
toward the trigger guard, even as far back as the loading port. Shooting from this
configuration will afford some shooters greater stability.
Speed Kneeling:
A rapidly assumed low profile position with many advantages. The shooter can
assume an unexpected height at any distance from the target and conform to lower
cover. Speed Kneeling is not a supported position so therefore the shooter can track a
moving target or switch to other targets quickly. Additionally, this position will alter the
flight path of the round—if an adversary is in front of innocent bystanders, a head shot
from Speed Kneeling (close range) would carry any over penetration above anyone
behind the assailant. This position also has the advantage of being a surprise
movement that may momentarily catch your adversary off guard. Speed Kneeling is the
quickest and easiest low profile position to assume and recover from. From Guard,
Speed Kneeling is a two-step process:
1. The shooter takes a step forward with the support side foot, landing on the
support side heel.
2. The shooter lowers into the Speed Kneeling Position. Once in the position,
the support side leg should be perpendicular to the ground, there should be
a straight line from the strong side knee to the strong side shoulder, which is
also perpendicular to the ground. See Illustrations below.
Braced Kneeling:
A low profile supported position that helps stabilize the pistol to increase accuracy at
longer distances. It is slower to get into and out of than Speed or California Kneeling
and restricts a shooter's ability to track a moving target. Elevation is also limited.
However, weapon stability is greatly enhanced.
From Guard, assumption of this braced position is a TWO-count process similar to
Speed Kneeling, except that the strong side buttock comes to rest on the strong side
lower leg and heel. On count one, the shooter takes a small step forward and across
the body’s midline with the support leg, almost on line from the strong side foot to the
target. On the TWO count the shooter drops straight down into the position. The strong
side buttock rests on the strong side lower leg and heel.
The toes on the strong side foot should remain curled up to allow the shooter to
move quickly if necessary. The strong side foot and leg should support the majority of
PRONE POSITIONS
Accurate shots out to 100 yards and beyond with a shotgun are not uncommon
using a proper prone shooting position. When a lower shooting platform is required and
the shooter may have to be in position for an extended period of time, either Roll–Over
Prone or Military Prone would be a sound tactical choice.
Standard Military Prone:
Assumption of Military prone is a four-count process:
1. Assume "California Kneeling".
2. The support hand lowers toward the ground to stabilize the descent while fully
extending your body forward (at the same angle to the target as when standing).
3. Rotate your upper body so you can land on your strong shoulder. DO NOT land
on your elbow—it only takes about 12 pounds of force to break/dislocate the
elbow.
4. The shooter lays flat on the stomach and chest, maintains a proper mount and
index, and spreads the feet just past shoulder width for stability. The toes are
pointed outward and the heels lay on the ground. The shooter should rest the
support elbow on the ground.
Roll-over Prone:
Also called “Chapman” Roll–Over Prone, this is an extremely relaxed and stable
shooting position, which most people can get into in seconds. The position begins
standing in a normal Weaver stance.
Assumption of the rollover prone is a four-count process:
1. 1.Assume "California Kneeling".
2. The support hand lowers toward the ground to stabilize the descent while fully
extending your body forward (at the same angle to the target as when standing).
3. Rotate your upper body so you can land on your strong shoulder. DO NOT land
on your elbow—it only takes about 12 pounds of force to break/dislocate the
elbow.
4. Position the strong side forearm flat on the ground, aligning your sights on the
target, and relaxing your head on your strong arm bicep. Your support hand
maintains a proper grip on the shotgun. Simultaneously bend your support side
knee and place the ankle behind your strong side knee. Pull the support side
knee up toward your chest to rotate your abdomen and diaphragm off the
ground, which will make breathing easier and minimize the effects of breathing
on shot placement.
Qualification
Ammunition Requirements: 2
Foster Type (1 ounce) slugs,
10 “00” (8 Pellet) buckshot per
qualifying attempt. These are
actual rounds fired for the qualification. You will need additional ammunition to load the
sidesaddle.
Target Requirements: A minimum of 4 DOC IPSC targets with stands. For a full range
(both phases) 7 IPSC targets and stands are optimum.
Setting up your Range: All targets should have a minimum distance of 5 feet between
them. This will enable a clear line of fire to each target. Check the line of fire prior to
practice and/or qualifications to avoid possible over-penetration of rounds.
Officers will be afforded no more than two graded opportunities per day to successfully
qualify. Should an officer fail either phase of any qualification attempt two times, that
officer has failed the course for that day.
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In addition to getting all rounds on the proper target in the allotted time, the Officer must
do so in a safe manner. Their weapon manipulation skills must display a level of
competence that will ensure that they can handle the shotgun safely, especially under
stressful circumstances.
PHASE 1
(1) IPSC target placed at 25 yards and (2) IPSC targets placed at 15 yards.
Upon the command to ''Make Ready” the weapon will be placed in Condition 2, with
four rounds of buckshot in the magazine, and the side saddle loaded appropriately.
The shotgun will be either slung African or if equipped, team slung. If team slung, the
shooter’s hands must remain off the gun until the “Stand By” command is given.
Upon the command to "Stand By" the shooter will go to Guard, put the weapon in
Condition 1 while giving a verbal command to halt. The Safety stays ON until the fire
command.
Upon the command to ''Fire" the shooter will have 25 seconds to complete
the drill. The time will stop upon the last round being fired.
At the completion of the firing drill, the shooter will reload ammunition from the side
saddle while coming to guard and performing a thorough search.
TARGET 1
25 YARDS
TARGET 3 TARGET 2
15 YARDS
Firing Line
PHASE 2
(1) Target placed at 25 yards, (2) targets placed at 15 yards and (1) target at 10 yards.
Upon the command to ''Make Ready” the weapon will be placed in Condition 2, with
four rounds of buckshot in the magazine, and the side saddle loaded appropriately.
The shotgun will be either slung African or if equipped, team slung. If team slung, the
shooter’s hands must remain off the gun until the “Stand By” command is given.
Upon the command to "Stand By" the shooter will go to Guard, put the weapon in
Condition 1 while giving a verbal command to halt. The Safety stays ON until the fire
command.
Upon the command to ''Fire" the shooter will have 35 seconds to complete
the drill. The time will stop upon the last round being fired.
1. Engage the 10-yard target and the two 15 yard targets with (1) round of buckshot
each.
2. Select slug and engage the 25-yard target.
3. Return and shoot the two 15 yard targets and the 10 yard target again
with (1) round of buckshot each.
4. A total of 7 rounds for this drill.
At the completion of the firing drill, the shooter will reload ammunition from the side
saddle while coming to guard and performing a thorough search.
TARGET 4
25 YARDS
TARGET 3 TARGET 2
15 YARDS
TARGET 1
10 YARDS
Firing Line
Glossary of Terms
Administrative Load Load or Unload the firearm in preparation for a specific task; i.e. to
(& Unload) prepare the firearm for duty, training, or for cleaning or
maintenance. This is done “administratively”, in other words, not in
a gunfight!
Braced Kneeling A very stable kneeling position with the support elbow stabilized
on the support knee and the shooter sitting on the strong heel.
Clear for the Break The last range command given before a break in the training
session—it means “put the firearm in the condition you want it to
be in when you leave the range”. This may be cleared/unloaded
for cleaning or maintenance or fully loaded to return for duty.
Controlled Pair Two “HITS” on target. The hits are “controlled” because the
shooter focuses on the front sight before AND after each press of
the trigger. (Front sight–press, front sight–release, front sight–
press, front sight–release).
Flash Sight Picture The fourth component of the “Modern Technique of Pistolcraft”,
which applies to combat shooting of ALL firearms – Focusing on
the FRONT SIGHT for only the briefest amount of time necessary
to confirm the front sight is properly aligned on the target.
Grip (Firing Grip) A proper grip has the middle, ring, and “pinky” fingers of the strong
hand wrapped around the pistol grip of the shotgun stock pulling
the buttstock back into the pocket of the shoulder. The strong
thumb must be straight along the top of the pistol grip so it will not
smack the shooter’s nose on recoil. The support hand lightly
grasps the forearm with the support elbow as directly underneath
the shotgun as possible. The strong elbow is as high as possible
(at least horizontal) to maximize the “pocket” of the shoulder.
Guard (Position) Combines a proper Stance and Grip with the muzzle depressed so
the hands of a suspect could be seen over the front sight of the
shotgun, power (isometric tension) is maintained in the
hands/arms. Vision is down range and the trigger finger is OFF the
trigger; curled on the safety. (See Rule 3).
“Hammer” A term describing the method of delivering two hits very accurately
and rapidly (more commonly associated with pistol shooting than
with long guns). A “hammer” is accomplished by confirming a flash
sight picture immediately before pressing the trigger and relying on
strength and technique to control recoil and keep the sights on
target for each shot. The maximum distance the average shooter
can effectively and consistently hit with “hammers” is about 5–7
yards with a pistol, perhaps out to ten to fifteen yards with a long
gun, depending on caliber and action.
Hammer The mechanical part of a firearm that pivots under spring tension,
and which, when released by the trigger/sear, strikes the firing pin
or contains the firing pin, which impacts on the primer of the
cartridge or shotshell causing it to discharge.
Magazine Tube As it applies to the shotgun, the tube attached to the forward end
of the receiver just below the barrel which serves to store and
supply shotshells to the action for successive shots.
Make Ready A range command meaning to prepare for a firing drill. This
includes protecting your eyes and ears, loading the firearm
(chamber and magazines).
Natural Body Armors Refers to the three major skeletal structures of the human body:
the chest (ribs and sternum), the skull, and the pelvis.
Overflow Effect One of three circumstances Dr. Roger Enoka, from the University
of Arizona, concluded would cause a person to discharge a
firearm if his finger were on the trigger, despite the best efforts of
the person not to press the trigger. As a person grasps something
in one hand and squeezes (with up to 100 pounds of force), the
opposite hand will also close and squeeze with as much as 20% of
the force of the grasping hand (20 pounds – in burst strength).
Point In A range command meaning to point the firearm at the target using
proper stance/grip, finger on the trigger, focus on the front sight. A
shooter goes from Guard or the holster to Pointed In ONLY when
the shooter has made the decision to fire.
Point of Aim The exact location on the target where the sights are aligned and
Postural Instability One of three circumstances Dr. Roger Enoka, from the University
of Arizona, concluded would cause a person to discharge a
firearm if his finger were on the trigger, despite the best efforts of
the person not to press the trigger. If a person looses their
balance, slips or falls, the instinctive reaction is for the hands to
grasp and close as the person attempts to regain balance.
Press Check The method by which the status of the chamber of the firearm is
confirmed (charged or clear). A proper Press Check includes
checking the status of the magazine in the firearm as well as any
additional ammunition carried by the shooter. A Press Check
should be performed anytime the shooter changes or is uncertain
of the status of the chamber. To properly Press Check the
shotgun, the action or bolt must be closed and locked before
opening the action to check the chamber.
Sight Alignment Describes the alignment (relationship) of the front sight, the rear
sight, and the intended target. Properly done, the front sight
should be centered in the rear sight with equal space on both
sides of the front sight and the top of both sights even. This
alignment is then superimposed over the target with the intended
point of impact centered on top of the front sight.
Sight Picture Describes the shooter’s view of the front sight, the rear sight, and
the intended target. Properly done, the shooter should see the
Front Sight in sharp focus while the rear sight and the target are
blurred, out of focus.
Squib Load A slang term applied to any cartridge that had insufficient charge
to propel the bullet as it was designed and expected.
Stand–Easy A range command given after Stand By to let the shooters know
there will be a slight delay before the Fire command, usually to
allow another shooter to complete preparations for the drill.
Startle Response One of three circumstances Dr. Roger Enoka, from the University
of Arizona, concluded would cause a person to discharge a
firearm if his finger were on the trigger, despite the best efforts of
the person not to press the trigger. If a person is startled by a
sudden and unexpected action (noise, movement, etc.), the
muscles contract suddenly and briefly. The critical concern is the
clinching of the hands if a firearm is in the hand and the finger on
the trigger.
Stored One of the Only Four places a firearm should ever be. Stored
includes holstered (or slung in the case of a long gun), in a safe or
other secure place.
Strong Refers to the shooter’s dominant hand/side, the hand which has the
Hand primary grip on the firearm. The Strong Hand has only four
(Side) functions: maintain a firing grip, manipulate the trigger, manipulate
the safety (if applicable), manipulate the action bar lock (magazine
release in the case of an auto–pistol).
Support Refers to the shooter’s hand (side) opposite the dominant hand, the
Hand hand which provides a supporting grip on the firearm and performs
(Side) all support or servicing actions for the firearm (loading, running the
action, clearing malfunctions, etc.).
Warning Shots fired, not at a suspect but in the air or near a suspect,
Shots intended to provide a warning. Warning Shots are NOT authorized
by DOC Policy or Procedures.
We need not belabor the obvious truth that when one carries weapons he
assumes a grave social responsibility. Shooting a man is a very serious matter, justified
only in dire circumstances, and when we carry a pistol we are bound to give the matter
our deepest thought.
First, let’s consider the ubiquitous question about “shooting to kill.” The use of
this phrase marks the user as one unfamiliar with firearms in general and with
defensive pistolcraft in particular, but it is common enough with journalists and some
legalists. The fact is that it is, as most commonly heard, meaningless. The only
adequate reason for shooting a man is to prevent his doing something awful. Usually
that will be his killing you, though it can be his killing someone else, or the activation of
an explosive or incendiary device. It can also be to prevent his escape, providing that
you are convinced beyond any doubt and prepared to prove it before God and the law,
that he certainly will do something awful if he does get away. Thus we are never much
concerned with killing, but we are vitally concerned with stopping. If we shoot at all, we
shoot to stop. Nineteen times in twenty, this means that we shoot for the center of
mass. In the twentieth case we shoot for the brain. In no case do we shoot to disable—
simply because we aren’t that good. Defensive combat is split–second work. Some of
us, it is true, can hit a man in the elbow in a split–second at short range—much of the
time. But not always—under pressure, under fire, in motion, in dim light. No marksman
in the world is so good that he can shoot to wound and be absolutely sure that he will
not kill—not under combat conditions. Therefore, we must conclude that if an adversary
needs shooting, he needs killing. If he doesn’t, we are not justified in the use of the gun.
Question: "Did you shoot to kill?"
Answer: "No, sir. I shot to stop."
The next point involved is what some moralists call “playing God.” We hear the
query, “But do I ever have the moral right to decide that a man shall die by my hand?
Shouldn’t that be up to the courts? Doesn’t scripture say ‘Thou Shalt Not Kill’?"
Very well. Let’s consider the Commandment. In the King James Bible, and many
other English language translations, the word “kill” is unqualified. This is an error. In the
original Hebrew, the word used connotes killing—murder. The Old Testament
specifically authorizes taking human life justly (“Thou Shalt Not Suffer a Thief to Live!”
Deut: 24:10) and scripture tells us of any number of powerful, and moral, fighters, from
Little David on down. Killing, for a good and proper reason, is a perfectly acceptable act
—to most of us. A man who does not think so should not be a cop, nor should he bear
arms in any capacity. The problem, of course, comes to a head in the case of the man
who feels that while socially directly killing may be moral, he himself, is not justified in
making that decision personally on the spot. This is possibly a valid attitude for a
private citizen, but not for a policeman. The policeman is a sworn protector of
society, and must be prepared to make the lethal decision, under conditions
dictated by law and his conscience.
It really isn’t all that hard—most of the time. In that notable photo taken in 1973
on a California parking lot, we see a troll sitting on a girl he has wrestled to the ground,
the point of his knife in her throat. Behind him is a security guard, his .45 locked in,
two–handed, on the murderer’s head. An instant after the picture was taken he fired,
we are told. The girl escaped with a scratch, though the experience was one that may
well affect her emotionally for a long time. This may have been “playing God,” but I
can’t see it as presumptuous in this case.
On another occasion in Connecticut, a counter–culture type, possibly crazed by
drugs, took it upon himself to disembowel his pregnant cohabitors with a butcher knife,
right on the sidewalk. The police car arrived too late to save the girl’s life, but caught
the man horribly and literally red–handed, still chopping at his mangled victim. Even for
a veteran cop, this was a frightful sight. As the monster (no, I won’t call him a “suspect")
turned and ran, the policeman drew and called upon him to stop—or so he says. Many
of us do not much care whether he did or not. At that point, the policeman made a
decision, and fired, catching his target low and center in the head, and thereby saved
the community a great deal of time, trouble, and money. I cannot see any cause for
remorse on this policeman’s part.
These things happen. We must be aware of that. We need not worry about
taking too much upon ourselves in making decisions in such cases, because, for the
most part, the decision will be obvious. If it is not, we don’t fire. Simple.
If a man is about to kill us, we fire. If he is about to kill an innocent party, we fire.
If he is an atrocious felon, ready to commit another atrocity if he escapes, we fire.
These decisions are not hard to make—at leisure. What is necessary is to prepare to
make them instantly.
The lethal decision must, of course really be a conscious decision, not a
conditioned reflex. This demands a clear, quick mind that not everyone can claim. But
by analyzing and anticipating the problem, we can prepare our minds to handle a
hypothetical question faster. We can employ the venerable mental exercise of the junior
officer—"What will I do if. . . ?” In situation after situation, both imaginary and real, we
can ask ourselves that question. Then, when a real tactical decision is called for, we will
be prepared.
Elaborate training aids exist to sharpen our combat wits. They can be expensive
and are not always available to everyone, but they are both interesting and useful. One
of the best is a cinema booth in which a live situation is vividly represented in both color
and sound. The student is “read into the problem” by a voice track, and enters the
booth armed with a weapon that will stop the scene and record his hit, if he chooses to
fire. As a “guinea pig” on such a device, I remember that my response to the briefing
was that if I saw a gun barrel pointed in my direction, I would fire. (The briefing
postulated no other lawman on the scene.) The scenario was pretty exciting, and
included some highly provoking action, but, while I drew and went to the Weaver Ready
position, I did not fire until I saw that gun. The machine logged a center hit in .65
seconds—on the right man. I do not recount this as a boast, but only to illustrate how a
pre–set decision can be made to work. It is obvious that working with a machine is a far
cry from a live gunfight, but once we have accepted the proper philosophy about the
justified use of deadly force, the difference is not great enough to invalidate our
preparations.
I have now been conducting training in modern defensive pistolcraft for the best
part of a decade, and one thing that has become very clear is that sheer marksmanship
is not enough. Some students turn out to be better shots than others, of course, but
becoming a good, fast shot is only the first half of the exercise. To attack the second
half, I have devised a simple color code which is used to enable the student to assume
a state of mind appropriate to the various stages of readiness he may need. A man
cannot live constantly looking down his sight with his finger on the trigger. As you read
this, for example, you are not emotionally prepared to shoot at a living enemy. But you
can, with a bit of practice, learn to switch your mind into a more advanced state of
readiness, in which certain pre–set decisions are easier to make. You do this naturally,
but usually by an infinitely variable graduation. The color code makes it easier, by
means of definite, pre–considered steps. It works thus:
CONDITION WHITE: Is a normal, non–combative state of mind. It is where we would
prefer to live. In CONDITION WHITE, we do not expect trouble. No one nearby constitutes
any conceivable threat. We need not look behind us. We feel perfectly safe (with what
we believe to be sufficient reason), and we are not armed. If we are attacked when in
CONDITION WHITE, we will be completely surprised and we will probably die.
Condition Yellow: Is a state of relaxed alertness. It must always be assumed
whenever we wear a gun. In CONDITION YELLOW, we do not expect any specific hostile act,
but we are aware that something of the sort is possible. We maintain an easy but
steady 360 degree surveillance. We know who is behind us. We stay out of arm’s
length of strangers, insofar as possible. The policeman, on duty, is always on YELLOW—
except when he is on ORANGE or RED. A man can maintain CONDITION YELLOW indefinitely,
without undue nervous strain. He is not completely safe, but he is much safer than on
WHITE.
CONDITION ORANGE: is a state of alarm. In ORANGE we have reason to believe that a
fight is likely. We have a specific tactical situation in mind, and we have considered the
provocations that may arise to justify our use of deadly force. We are careful to avoid
“over–reaction” but we are thinking combatively. We keep our backs well covered. We
cannot be surprised. A man cannot maintain ORANGE for very long, as his concentration
must be completely devoted to the matter at hand. The pistol is
opts for strike when he takes his job, and it would appear that a cop who is dismayed
by violence is clearly in the wrong profession. Moreover, the private citizen must also
DVC