PRELIM HSC SENIOR SCIENCE

STUDY NOTES
Topic 1: Water for Living

1.

Perform a first - an! investigation to !emonstrate t at s"#stances !isso$ve in %ater an! i!entif& t e so$"te an! so$vent in eac case .

'im: To !emonstrate t at so$"tes !isso$ve in So$vents. Met o!: 1. (i$$ ) test-t"#es %it ) m$ of %ater eac *. P$ace + teaspoon of sa$t, s"gar, copper s"$fate, sa$t, coffee. ,. S a-e eac test t"#e for appro.imate$& 1) secon!s /. O#serve for an& p &sica$ c anges. Descri#e t e importance of %ater as a so$vent in t e 0$oo!stream , Ce$$s an! transpiration s&stem .

Ce$$s : %ater is t e most a#"n!ant compo"n! in t e #o!&. 12% of t e #o!& is compose! of %ater. Most n"trients an! %astes !isso$ve in %ater, in t e #$oo!. H*2 transports c emica$s an! gives t e ce$$s its s ape. 0$oo!stream : H*2 carries "rea, car#on !io.i!e, sa$ts, amino aci!s an! anti #o!ies. Transpiration S&stem : Water mo$ec"$es p"$$ eac ot er a$ong from t e soi$ t en to root air t en to 3&$em an! %ater moves "p t e p$ant "nti$ it event"a$$& evaporates t ro"g t e stomatas I!entif& t e re$ative amo"nt of %ater in a variet& of $iving t ings : 4e$$& fis : 56% %ater C ic-en 77% %ater Tomato 5*% %ater P$an , C oose e8"ipment or reso"rces for an! perform a first an! investigation to !etermine t e amo"nt of %ater present in a variet& of fr"its vegeta#$es an! meat . 'im: To i!entif& t e amo"nt of %ater present in fr"its, vegeta#$es an! meat. Met o!: 1. C"t 1cm #& 1cm c ic-en, app$es, carrot an! #rea!.

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%eig t eac pro!"ct an! recor! t e %eig t P$ace in an oven to !e &!rate Remove t e pro!"ct from t e oven, an! %eig t t e pro!"ct. Recor! t e pro!"cts ne% %eig t, an! min"s t is %eig t %it t e initia$ %eig t of t e pro!"ct an! times it #& 122 to form %age.

Disc"ss %a&s % ic p$ants optimi9e %ater "pta-e . 1. Roots: (a) Tap root s&stem: Trave$ !eep into t e gro"n! to receive %ater. (#) (i#ro"s root: Sprea! %i!e$& to retrieve %ater % ic fa$$s on t e s"rface. *. Root Hairs: %ater moves into root air #& osmosis, passe! from one ce$$ to anot er. ,. Drip Line: P$ants retrieve %ater from t eir root tips. /. 0ranc es !irect %ater r"n-off to%ar!s t e roots: 0ranc es s$ope to%ar! t e tr"n-.

Disc"ss %a&s , "sing e.amp$es , t at p$ants re!"ce %ater $oss . Nee!$e Li-e $eaves- Sma$$ s"rface area for evaporation, $osses $ess %ater e.g. Ha-ea Sma$$ Leaves- Sma$$ s"rface area for evaporation, $osses $ess %ater E.g. ($anne$ Hair& Leaves- Hair traps %ater vapor an! s$o%s evaporation !o%n. E.g. ($anne$ Wa.& C"tic$e: Repe$s t e %ater, t erefore $ess %ater evaporates. E.g. Warfie$! Lig t Co$ore! Leaves: Ref$ect s"n ra&s, -eeping $eaf coo$er, minimi9es evaporation, an! stores more %ater E.g. Me$a$e"ca Incana Disc"ss %a&s "sing e.amp$es t at anima$s re!"ce %ater $oss . E.crete Uric 'ci! instea! of "rea: T e e.cretion of "ric aci! re!"ces %ater $oss #eca"se %ater in t is case is not e.crete!, o%ever it is store! e.g. rats. 0"rro%ing "n!ergro"n!: 0"rro%ing re!"ces %ater $oss in anima$s #eca"se anima$s are not e.pose! to t e e.treme$& ot temperat"res !"ring t e !a&. E.g. (ennec (o.. Re!"ce! 'ctivit&: '$$o%s $ess %ater to evaporate from t e anima$ #eca"se it is not moving aro"n! t at often e.g. :angaroo. *. O"t$ine t&pes of s"rface %ater an! gro"n! %aters in t e &!ro$ogica$ c&c$e .

0ore %ater: Water p"mpe! from "n!ergro"n!, to t e s"rface. Use! for %atering gar!en, irrigation etc 'rtesian Water: Water co$$ecte! in "n!ergro"n! reservoir or storage p$aces. Water Ta#$e: T e $eve$ at % ic &o" reac "n!ergro"n! %ater Dams: 'rtificia$ #o!& of s"rface %ater River: ' $arge nat"ra$ %ater %a& pro;ecting into a $arger #o!& e.g. ocean, sea etc La-e: Moving #o!& of %ater % ic is nat"ra$$& occ"rring. Wet$an!: Is an environment at t e interface #et%een terrestria$ an! eco$ogica$ environments. Disc"ss t e effects of %ater po$$"tion an! gro"n! sa$init& on t e contin"e! s"pp$& of fres %ater to $iving t ings an! provi!e e.amp$es .

Water po$$"tion inc$"!es po$$"tants $i-e gar#age !eposite! an! %as e! into %ater%a&s. <ro"n! sa$init& refers to t e ig sa$t $eve$s. Effects on t e environment of po$$"tion are: 'nima$s often s%a$$o% or c o-e on p$astic pro!"cts. T e& a$so c o-e on cigarette #"tts. P$ants are -i$$e! #& #eing covere! #& p$astics or poisone! #& r"sting or corro!ing meta$s an! eav& meta$s %as e! into mangroves. E.g. of t is occ"rring in an '"stra$ian ecos&stem can #e seen at 0otan& 0a&- ORIC' re$ease! to.ins % ic contaminate! t e %ater in Roc-!a$e. I!entif& possi#$e so$"tions to environmenta$ pro#$ems associate! %it t e "se of <ro"n! %ater . o '$$ contaminate! %ater s o"$! #e p"mpe! o"t an! store! in a !ifferent $ocation. o Peop$e emp$o&e! to remove s"c s"#stances s o"$! %ear PPE inc$"!ing 0reat ing apparat"s. o Traps % ic capt"re gar#age s o"$! a$so #e imp$emente!. (ines s o"$! a$so #e iss"e!. O"t$ine one (e!era$ , State or $oca$ government po$ic& on %ater re$ate! iss"es . T e state government as iss"es a %ater restriction po$ic&, % ic restricts e.cessive amo"nts of %ater "sage. Water restrictions app$& #eca"se of t e !ecreasing %ater $eve$s in o"r !ams. No osing ar! s"rfaces.

'ssess "man impact on one a8"atic ecos&stem or %ater so"rce in '"stra$ia an! i!entif& some conse8"ences of t is impact an! one re a# tec ni8"e . .

M"rra& !ar$ing is an a8"atic ecos&stem . '$ga$ #$oom is t e "man impact on t e ecos&stem. '$ga$ #$oom occ"rs "n!er t e s"ita#$e environmenta$ con!itions. Presence of C&no#acteri"m. '#"n!ance of minera$ n"trients Warm %eat er. Litt$e or no %ater movement. Impact on t e environment : T e impact of '$ga$ #$oom on t e environment is it -i$$s anima$s. Water $oo-s as t o"g it as a green #$o# a#ove t e %ater. C&no#acteri"m !ecreases $eve$ of o.&gen in t e %ater. Re a#i$itation tec ni8"es : ' re a#, is t at se%erage !isposa$ m"st #e contro$$e!, green #e$ts or #"ffer strips #e #"i$t aro"n! $a-es. ,. Define ferti$i9er , Her#ici!e an! pestici!e an! e.p$ain , "sing e.amp$es % & eac is "se! in t e '"stra$ian conte.t . (erti$i9er : '!!itives "se! to s"pp$ement t e nat"ra$ soi$ con!ition #& provi!ing essentia$ n"trients to assist p$ant gro%t . Her#ici!e : C emica$s "se! to -i$$ pests % ic gro% on or aro"n! p$ants. Pestici!e : ' c emica$ "se! to -i$$ pests, especia$$& insects.

Perform a first an! investigation to !etermine t e effect of ferti$i9er on p$ant gro%t . 'im : To !etermine t e effect of var&ing amo"nts of ferti$i9er on p$ant gro%t . Met o! : 1. P$ace ,cm piece of a$gae in / test-t"#es. *. p$ace a ig concentration of ferti$i9er in t e first test t"#e

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P$ace a me!i"m concentration of ferti$i9er in t e secon! t"#e P$ace a $o% concentration of (erti$i9er in t e t ir! test t"#e No ferti$i9er in test-t"#e fo"r Leave test-t"#es on a rac-. Descri#e t e appearance of eac a$gae after * %ee-s.

'ssess t e impact on %ater s&stems of t e re$ease of s"#stances pro!"ce! or "se! as o"se o$! materia$s . Oi$s: !evastates t e %i$!$ife, an! sprea!s rapi!$& across $ong !istances. Detergents: Ta-e o.&gen o"t of t e %ater, an! s"ffocate p$ants an! anima$s. Eat a%a& at m"co"s $a&er t at protects fis from #acteria. 0$eac es an! toi$et c$eaners: Man& common o"se o$! pro!"cts contain !angero"s ingre!ients, % ic ma& t reaten t e fami$ies ea$t if !r"n-. Inso$"#$e Materia$s: Deat of anima$s !"e to vira$ an! #acteria$ infections. P$ants-Less p otos&nt esis. I!entif& t e "se of an! impact on %ater s&stems of s"#stances $i-e , eav& meta$s , p osp ates etc Lea!: Lea! is common$& "se! in environmenta$ factors $i-e p$"m#ing. If $ea! is a#sor#e! it ma& ca"se pro#$ems %it t e nervo"s s&stem. Merc"r&: Ma& contaminate t e %ater. Effects ma& inc$"!e $ac- of nervo"s s&stem, res"$ting in $ac- of coor!ination, s$"rre! speec etc P osp ates: In %ater%a&s, so$"#$e p osp ates ma& react to ca"se inso$"#$e p osp ates, an! t e amo"nt of p osp or"s to p$ants remains $o%. Nitrates: So$"#$e in %ater. Rea!i$& forme! in soi$ an! %ater %a&s an! can easi$& #e !irect$& ta-en an! "se! "p #& p$ants. Deca& #o!ies of !ea! organisms. I!entif& con!itions "n!er % ic '8"atic ecos&stem: M"rra& Dar$ing Con!itions for '$ga$ 0$oom: Water %as no movement is evi!ent. Warm %eat er '#"n!ance of minera$ n"trients Presence of C&no#acteri"m. Impact of '$ga$ #$ooms: :i$$s man& anima$s <reen co$or overing on t e %ater. Disc"ss a$ternative strategies to t e "se of c emica$s in agric"$t"re to re!"ce %ater po$$"tion : a$ga$ #$ooms ma& occ"r .

Re!"ce t e amo"nt of ferti$i9ers, pestici!es an! er#ici!es

Use more mo!erate$& Dont "se t e ferti$i9ers, pestici!es an! er#ici!es reg"$ar$&, #eca"se it ma& res"$t in po$$"tion. <at er , process an! present information from secon!ar& so"rces on t e $atest tec no$ogies #eing "se! to p"rif& %ater . Reservoir Screen traps Pump Alum added Pressure filter Chlorine added Pump Storage Consumer Pumps Sedimentation tanks Coagulation tanks Filter bed Chlorine Pump Storage Consumer Chlorine added Pump Water in porous rock

Water in reservoir

reservoir Pump

Storage Consumer

Water in porous rock Pump Chlorine added Pump Storage Consumer