(Taken from R o y e r G r a m m a r a n d P u n c t u a t i o n - Adapted by Isabel Cristina Snchez Castao)

Types of Sentences There are 4 types of sentences. Each of these sentence types is built using a combination of Independent Clauses (IC) and Dependent Clauses (DC). 4 Sentence Types Simple Sentence IC Compound Sentence IC+IC Complex Sentence IC+DC or DC+IC Compound-Complex Sentence IC+IC+DC (in any order)

Compound Sentences A compound sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses. In the example sentences below, which one is a compound sentence? Examples: 1. Mick and Keith played their guitars. 2. Mick sang a song, and Keith played his guitar. In Sentence 1, both Mick and Keith are performing the same action: played their guitars. Since there is only one verb, played, there is only one independent clause. However, in Sentence 2, Mick is performing one action--Mick sang a song -which is a simple sentence or independent clause, and Keith is performing another--Keith played his guitarwhich is another simple sentence or independent clause. Therefore, Sentence 2 is a compound sentence because it has two independent clauses. A compound sentence is punctuated in one of two ways: 1. The two independent clauses can be joined by a semicolon (;). Example: Terry hurried home; the house was on fire. 2. The two independent clauses are joined by a comma (,) and one of the seven coordinate conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. You can remember the coordinate conjunctions by remembering the word FANBOYS: For And Nor But Or Yet So What is the use of each coordinate conjunction?

PRACTICE 1 Identify each of the following sentences as either simple or compound. Example: compound School started late today, for it snowed. __________________ 1. The dogs were hungry, but I forgot to feed them. __________________ 2. The dogs, the cats, and my husband were all starving. __________________ 3. Before dinner, I took a long bath. PRACTICE 2

(Taken from R o y e r G r a m m a r a n d P u n c t u a t i o n - Adapted by Isabel Cristina Snchez Castao)

Combine each pair of simple sentences into a compound sentence. Use a DIFFERENT coordinate conjunction for each sentence. Remember that a comma must go before the coordinate conjunction. 1. Lesley was sick. She missed the test. __________________________________________________________________ 2. Lisa recently got a raise. Her sales were the highest for the month. __________________________________________ 3. The unemployment rate dropped. David still couldnt find a job. ____________________________________________

You can also join 2 Independent Clauses with a semicolon (;) or a semicolon and a conjunctive adverb. FORMULA: _______IC_______; conjunctive adverb, _______IC_______.

The most common conjunctive adverbs are: also however meanwhile otherwise
PRACTICE 3 These are the same sentences as Practice 2. Now, instead of using a FANBOYS, use a semicolon and a conjunctive adverb to punctuate. 1. Lesley was sick. She missed the test. __________________________________________________________________ 2. Lisa recently got a raise. Her sales were the highest for the month. __________________________________________ 3. The unemployment rate dropped. David still couldnt find a job. ____________________________________________

consequently incidentally still then

finally indeed

furthermore instead

hence likewise next thus

nevertheless nonetheless therefore moreover

Complex Sentences A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses joined by a subordinate conjunction. Examples: Independent Clause Dependent Clause

They wanted to manage a restaurant (although they had no cooking skills or

management experience). This sentence is a complex sentence because it has both an independent clause and dependent clause.

(Even though they were very determined,) their lack of experience was a

problem (that they could not overcome). This sentence is a complex sentence because it has two dependent clauses and one independent clause. IMPORTANT: Punctuating Complex Sentences Punctuation Patterns: IC DC no comma if the Independent Clause comes first DC , IC put a comma after the Dependent Clause IF it comes first PRACTICE 4

(Taken from R o y e r G r a m m a r a n d P u n c t u a t i o n - Adapted by Isabel Cristina Snchez Castao)

Combine each pair of sentences into a complex sentence by making one of the clauses dependent. Remember to keep the most important idea as the independent clause. Use the Dependent words list to create dependent clauses. Use a DIFFERENT Dependent Word for each sentence. Also, be sure to punctuate properly (DC,IC or IC DC). 1. The class was difficult. I earned a passing grade. __________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Tami passed the test. She didnt pass the class __________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Janae cried all night. Her mom didnt wake up. __________________________________________________________________________________________________

PRACTICE 5 In the space provided, identify each of the following sentences by type: Simple, Compound, or Complex. _______ 1. Jodi goes to the beach whenever she can. _______ 2. It is a warm day; the temperature is now 95 degrees. _______ 3. In order to earn enough money to go to college, Tami worked as a waitress all summer. _______ 4. Shawna and Lee Ann entered the haunted house cautiously, for they believed all the stories about ghosts. _______ 5. When the rain was over, the children ran outside. _______ 6. Because the battery was dead, my car would not start. _______ 7. You must hurry, or you will miss the last bus. _______ 8. Tina and her brothers gritted their teeth and began the long, slow climb to the top of the mountain. _______ 9. Nate told you that your plan was impossible.

Compound-Complex Sentences A compound-complex sentence is just what its name says: it is a combination of a compound sentence and a complex sentence. Therefore, a compound-complex sentence has at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. 1st Independent Clause Dependent Clause Example: The doctor examined the last patient (when the clock struck five;) then 2nd Independent Clause he headed for the golf course. The pattern for the compound-complex sentence is: IC + IC + DC (in any order). The Independent and Dependent Clauses can appear in any order, as long as there are at least two Independent Clauses and at least one Dependent Clause in the sentence. PRACTICE 6: The following sentences are compound-complex. Underline each independent clause and each dependent clause. Independent Clauses Dependent Clause Example: (When he listens to the radio,) he turns the volume up, and the neighbors complain.

(Taken from R o y e r G r a m m a r a n d P u n c t u a t i o n - Adapted by Isabel Cristina Snchez Castao)

1. After the movie was over, Jeff went home, but Nathan stayed to see it again. 2. Although they cost fifteen dollars, the movie tickets were worth it; later, they went on sale for less. 3. If you had seen the film, we could discuss it; I thought it was great.

PRACTICE 7 In the space provided, identify each of the following sentences by type: simple, compound, complex, or compoundcomplex. Label all clauses and underline them. _______ 1. She is a person whom we admire. _______ 2. The dog that wins the contest will be used in the commercial. _______ 3. Because he has left, we must stay here. _______ 4. Since the pandas natural habitat in China is threatened, many Chinese zoo keepers wish to export them to other countries, and the Chinese government has agreed. _______ 5. Close the door after you enter.