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Soil Mechanics CEG 3011 Fall 2007 By Kamal Tawfiq, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCE
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By Kamal Tawfiq, Ph.D., P.E. Fall 2007
Soil Mechanics is one of the youngest disciplines of Civil Engineering involving the study of soil, its behavior and application as an engineering material. *According to Terzaghi (1948): "Soil Mechanics is the application of laws of mechanics and hydraulics to engineering problems dealing with sediments and other unconsolidated accumulations of solid particles produced by the mechanical and chemical disintegration of rocks regardless of whether or not they contain an admixture of organic constituent." 2
By Kamal Tawfiq, Ph.D., P.E. Fall 2007
Geotechnical Engineering
Geotechnical Engineering contains: * Soil Mechanics (Soil Properties and Behavior) * Soil Dynamics (Dynamic Properties of Soils, Earthquake Engineering, Machine Foundation) * Foundation Engineering (Deep & Shallow Foundation) * Pavement Engineering (Flexible & Rigid Pavement) * Rock Mechanics (Rock Stability and Tunneling) * Geosynthetics (Soil Improvement)
Ind
ura
tion
cal
ea th e ri n g
We
Che mi
Sedimentary Rock
orp osis Me tam
Py ro cl a sti cE jec tio n
Ph y l sica
ring athe
ther ing
l or
h or C
Pyroclastic Ejection
We a
sica
c al emi
Igneous Rock
Phy
Metamorposis
Metamorphic Rock
g ltin Me
Magma
Me lti
ng
ol Co i ng
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By Kamal Tawfiq, Ph.D., P.E. Fall 2000
Soil Formation
* Soil material is the product of rock
* The geological process that produce soil is WEATHERING (Chemical and Physical). * Variation in Particle size and shape depends on: 1 - Weathering Process 2 - Transportation Process
2- Ice
Glacial Soils
1-Hard Pan 2-Terminal Moraine 3-Esker 4-Kettles
3- Wind
Aeolian Soils
1-Sand Dunes 2-Loess
4- Gravity
Colluvial Soil
1-Talus
4- Gravity -----Colluvial Soil 1-Talus Question What type of soils are usually produced by the different weathering & Transportation process? - Boulders Cohesionless - Gravel Cohesionless - Sand (Physical) - Silt Cohesive - Clay (Chemical) * These soils can be - Dry - Saturated -Fully - Partially * Also they have different shapes , textures , structures
Shapes ....... Elongated, Rounded, Plated, Angular Texture ......... Coarse, Medium, Fine (visual appearance of the soil) Structures.....Loose, Dense (For Cohesionless Soil) & Honeycombed, Dispersed, Flocculated (Cohesive)
ROCK
Soil Formation
Mechanical Weathering
(Course Soils) 1-Climate Effects (Temperature & Rainfall) 2- Exfoliation (Stresses due to compression & tension) 3- Erosion by wind, water, Ice 3- Organic activities (roots, insects & worms)
Chemicall Weathering
Fine (Soils) 1234Oxidation Leaching Hydrolysis Solution
Soil
If a vertical cut is made in a residual soil, a horizontal arranmeget of layers can sometimes be seen. The vertical section is the SOIL PROFILE, and the individual layers are SOIL HORIZONS
Residual Soil
SOIL FORMATION
Transported Soil
1- Gravity Colluvial Alluvial Aeolian Glacial
- Southeaster & Southwestern U.S. - Most Austrailia - India - Africa - Southern Europe
Silica Sheet Gibbsite Sheet Gibbsite Sheet Silica Sheet Silica Sheet Gibbsite Sheet 7.2A Silica Sheet Silica Sheet 10A Gibbsite Sheet Silica Sheet Potassium
(a)
(b)
(c)
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By: KAMAL TAWFIQ, Ph.D.; P.E.
Water Air
Voids Solids
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By: KAMAL TAWFIQ, Ph.D.; P.E.
WATER IN SOILS
1- Chemically Bonded Water (within the structure of the crystals) 2- Adsorbed Water ( Thickness ~ 0.005 x10-6) 3- Oven Drying Water (12hr to 24 hr ; No changes in Vv if dry) 4- Air Drying 5- Free Gravitational Water
3 2 5
SOLID
SOLID
1
5
12
1000 Ao Ao 400 Ao
Kaolinite
10
2000 Ao
10 Ao 10 Ao 10 Ao
2000 Ao
Phase Diagram
Partially Saturated Soil
Air Air
Dry Soil
VA VW VT WT
Water
Vv = Vw Ww
Water
Ww
Vv
VS
Solid
WS
Solid
WS
Solid
WS
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By: KAMAL TAWFIQ, Ph.D.; P.E.
Soil Structure
Loose
Dense
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Example: The natural moisture content, wc, of a partially saturated soil sample was 22% and the bulk density was 2 gm/cm3. If the specific gravity of the solid particles, Gs was 2.65 find the degree of saturation, the void ratio of the soil. If the soil is fully saturated what it would be the saturated unit weight. Solution: The bulk density = soil = WT / VT = 2 / 1 (gm/cm3) WT = Ww + Ws = 2 gm wc = 22/100 = Ww / Ws Ww = 0.22 Ws
Sr = Vw / Vv = 0.36 / 0.38 = 0.94 or 94% e = Vv / Vs = 0.381/ 0.618 = 0.614 For Sr = 100% Vv = Vw = 0.38 cm3 Therefore Ww = Vw . water = 0.38 gm soil = WT / VT = (0.38 + 1.64) / 1 = 2.02 gm/cm3
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Phase Diagram
Vv Vw
Air Water
Ww
Vv
Water
Air
VT WT
VT
Vs Ws
Solids
Solids
Solids
Dry Soil
4. Wc = (Ww / Ws) x 100% 7. Dr = emax - emin / emax - efield 5. Sr = (Vw / Vv) x 100% 6. Gs = s / w
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By: KAMAL TAWFIQ, Ph.D.; P.E.