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LECTURE # 1

Soil Mechanics CEG 3011 Fall 2007 By Kamal Tawfiq, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCE
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By Kamal Tawfiq, Ph.D., P.E. Fall 2007

SOIL, SOIL ENGINEERING & SOIL MECHANICS


The term Soil has various meanings, depending upon the general field in which it is being considered. To a Pedologist ... Soil is the substance existing on the earth's surface, which grows and develops plant life. To a Geologist ..... Soil is the material in the relative thin surface zone within which roots occur, and all the rest of the crust is grouped under the term ROCK irrespective of its hardness. To an Engineer .... Soil is the un-aggregated or un-cemented deposits of mineral and/or organic particles or fragments covering large portion of the earth's crust.

Soil Mechanics is one of the youngest disciplines of Civil Engineering involving the study of soil, its behavior and application as an engineering material. *According to Terzaghi (1948): "Soil Mechanics is the application of laws of mechanics and hydraulics to engineering problems dealing with sediments and other unconsolidated accumulations of solid particles produced by the mechanical and chemical disintegration of rocks regardless of whether or not they contain an admixture of organic constituent." 2
By Kamal Tawfiq, Ph.D., P.E. Fall 2007

Geotechnical Engineering

Is a broader term for Soil Mechanics.

Geotechnical Engineering contains: * Soil Mechanics (Soil Properties and Behavior) * Soil Dynamics (Dynamic Properties of Soils, Earthquake Engineering, Machine Foundation) * Foundation Engineering (Deep & Shallow Foundation) * Pavement Engineering (Flexible & Rigid Pavement) * Rock Mechanics (Rock Stability and Tunneling) * Geosynthetics (Soil Improvement)

Soil Mechanics CEG 3011 Fall 2007


SOIL
W

Ind

ura

tion

cal

ea th e ri n g

We

Che mi

Sedimentary Rock
orp osis Me tam
Py ro cl a sti cE jec tio n

Ph y l sica

ring athe

ther ing

l or

h or C

Pyroclastic Ejection

We a

sica

c al emi

Igneous Rock

Phy

Metamorposis

Metamorphic Rock

g ltin Me

Magma

Me lti

ng

Primary processes in the geologic cycle

ol Co i ng

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By Kamal Tawfiq, Ph.D., P.E. Fall 2000

Soil Formation
* Soil material is the product of rock
* The geological process that produce soil is WEATHERING (Chemical and Physical). * Variation in Particle size and shape depends on: 1 - Weathering Process 2 - Transportation Process

* Variation in Soil structure depends on: 1 - Soil Minerals 2 - Deposition Process

* Transportation and Deposition


Four forces are usually cause the transportation (water, wind, ice, gravity) and deposition of soils 1-Water Alluvial Soil 1- Fluvial 2- Estuarine 3- Lacustrine 4- Coastal 5- Marine 5

2- Ice

Glacial Soils
1-Hard Pan 2-Terminal Moraine 3-Esker 4-Kettles

3- Wind

Aeolian Soils
1-Sand Dunes 2-Loess

4- Gravity

Colluvial Soil
1-Talus

2- Ice ----------Glacial Soils


1-Hard Pan 2-Terminal Moraine 3-Esker 4-Kettles

3- Wind --------Aeolian Soils


1-Sand Dunes 2-Loess

4- Gravity -----Colluvial Soil 1-Talus Question What type of soils are usually produced by the different weathering & Transportation process? - Boulders Cohesionless - Gravel Cohesionless - Sand (Physical) - Silt Cohesive - Clay (Chemical) * These soils can be - Dry - Saturated -Fully - Partially * Also they have different shapes , textures , structures
Shapes ....... Elongated, Rounded, Plated, Angular Texture ......... Coarse, Medium, Fine (visual appearance of the soil) Structures.....Loose, Dense (For Cohesionless Soil) & Honeycombed, Dispersed, Flocculated (Cohesive)

ROCK

Soil Formation

Igneous Metamorphic Sedementary

Mechanical Weathering
(Course Soils) 1-Climate Effects (Temperature & Rainfall) 2- Exfoliation (Stresses due to compression & tension) 3- Erosion by wind, water, Ice 3- Organic activities (roots, insects & worms)

Chemicall Weathering
Fine (Soils) 1234Oxidation Leaching Hydrolysis Solution

Soil
If a vertical cut is made in a residual soil, a horizontal arranmeget of layers can sometimes be seen. The vertical section is the SOIL PROFILE, and the individual layers are SOIL HORIZONS

Residual Soil

SOIL FORMATION

Transported Soil
1- Gravity Colluvial Alluvial Aeolian Glacial

- Southeaster & Southwestern U.S. - Most Austrailia - India - Africa - Southern Europe

2- W ater 3- W ind 4- Ice

Silica Sheet Gibbsite Sheet Gibbsite Sheet Silica Sheet Silica Sheet Gibbsite Sheet 7.2A Silica Sheet Silica Sheet 10A Gibbsite Sheet Silica Sheet Potassium

Silica Sheet Gibbsite Sheet Silica Sheet


nH2O and exchangeable cations Basal Spacing Variable - from 9.6 A tocomplete separation

Silica Sheet Gibbsite Sheet Silica Sheet

(a)

(b)

(c)

Diagram of the structure of (a) kaolonite, (b) Illite; (c) montmorillonite

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By: KAMAL TAWFIQ, Ph.D.; P.E.

SOIL - WATER RELATIONSHIPS


Ground Surface (G.S.)

Water Table (W.T.)

Water Air

Voids Solids
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By: KAMAL TAWFIQ, Ph.D.; P.E.

WATER IN SOILS
1- Chemically Bonded Water (within the structure of the crystals) 2- Adsorbed Water ( Thickness ~ 0.005 x10-6) 3- Oven Drying Water (12hr to 24 hr ; No changes in Vv if dry) 4- Air Drying 5- Free Gravitational Water

3 2 5
SOLID

SOLID

1
5

By: KAMAL TAWFIQ, Ph.D.; P.E.

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Clay Minerals & Non Clay Minerals


Clay Minerals: 1- Kaolinite (Ceramic) 2- Illite (Clay Mica) 3- Montmorillonite (Widely used in Pharmaceutical and Food Industry) 4- Chlorite 5- Halloysite 400 A 6- Vermiculite Double-Layer Adsorbed Water 10 A 7- Attapulgite **
o o

1000 Ao Ao 400 Ao

Kaolinite

10

2000 Ao
10 Ao 10 Ao 10 Ao

Adsorbed Water Montmorillonite


Double-Layer
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2000 Ao

Phase Diagram
Partially Saturated Soil
Air Air

Fully Saturated Soil

Dry Soil

VA VW VT WT
Water

Vv = Vw Ww
Water

Ww

Vv

VS
Solid

WS

Solid

WS

Solid

WS

1. soil = WT/VT 2. e = Vv/Vs 3. n = Vv/VT

4. Wc = (Ww / Ws) x 100% 5. Sr = (Vw / Vv) x 100% 6. Gs = s / w

7. Dr = emax - emin / emax - efield

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By: KAMAL TAWFIQ, Ph.D.; P.E.

Soil Structure

Coarse or Cohesionless Soil (Sand & Gravel)

Loose

Dense

Fine or Cohesive Soil (Silt & Clay)


Honeycomb Dispersed Flocculated In Fresh Water Flocculated In Salt Water

By Kamal Tawfiq, Ph.D., P.E. Fall 2000

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Example: The natural moisture content, wc, of a partially saturated soil sample was 22% and the bulk density was 2 gm/cm3. If the specific gravity of the solid particles, Gs was 2.65 find the degree of saturation, the void ratio of the soil. If the soil is fully saturated what it would be the saturated unit weight. Solution: The bulk density = soil = WT / VT = 2 / 1 (gm/cm3) WT = Ww + Ws = 2 gm wc = 22/100 = Ww / Ws Ww = 0.22 Ws

WT = 2 = 0.22 Ws + Ws = 1.22 Ws Ws = 2 / 1.22 = 1.64 gm Ww = 2 - 1.64 = 0.36 gm

Vw = Ww/ water = 0.36/1 = 0.36 cm3

Gs = s / water = Ws / Vs = 1.64 / Vs = 2.65 Vs = 0.6188 cm3 Vv = VT - Vs = 1 - 0.6188 = 0.38 cm3

Sr = Vw / Vv = 0.36 / 0.38 = 0.94 or 94% e = Vv / Vs = 0.381/ 0.618 = 0.614 For Sr = 100% Vv = Vw = 0.38 cm3 Therefore Ww = Vw . water = 0.38 gm soil = WT / VT = (0.38 + 1.64) / 1 = 2.02 gm/cm3

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Phase Diagram
Vv Vw

Air Water
Ww

Vv

Water

Air

VT WT

VT
Vs Ws

Solids

Solids

Solids

Partially Saturated Soil 1. soil = WT/VT 2. e = Vv/Vs 3. n = Vv/VT

Fully Saturated Soil

Dry Soil

4. Wc = (Ww / Ws) x 100% 7. Dr = emax - emin / emax - efield 5. Sr = (Vw / Vv) x 100% 6. Gs = s / w
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By: KAMAL TAWFIQ, Ph.D.; P.E.

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