Criminology / by Dr Arthur Mac Donald,...

Source gallica.bnf.fr / Bibliothque municipale de Lyon-part Dieu

Mac Donald, Arthur. Criminology / by Dr Arthur Mac Donald,.... 1893.

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CRIMINOLOGY.

42S927

CRIMINOLOGY
BY

ARTHUR

MAC

DONALD

and Weakling as Related to the Abnormal Specialist in Education Member of the MedicoClasses, U. S. Bureau of Education: -Vew York, and the Anthropological Society, Legal D. C, and U. S. Delegate Society, Washington, to the International Society of Criminal at Brussels, i8q2 Anthropology

WITH

AN

INTRODUCTION
BY jSU

DR^CESARE
l3rofes&x\oj"zLe,gal

LOMBROSO

KMedicine at the University

^f|

of Tw^&J&ffl'yk

-' '
-PRINTED

^
hi THE

/ y&^
UNn/KMST>ft;ES

FUNK

&

WAGNALLS

COMPANY

LONDON AND TORONTO 1893

The

Author's

Preparation

for this

Work.

of Rochester : A. B., 1879 ; A. M.. 1S83. University Princeton and Andover Theological Seminaries, 1879 and 1881. Union Theological Seminar}'. 1S80-1S83. Harvard Post Graduate Courses in PhiUniversity: and Theology, losophy, Metaphysics, 1SS3-1885. in : Appointed Fellow Johns Hopkins University 18S5. Psychology, European Training, 18S5 to 1S89 : of Berlin, Medicine and Science. Univeisity of Leipzig, University Psycho-Physics. of Paris, CI.meal and Experimental University Medicine. Universities of Zurich Clark and Vienna. Docent Psychiatry, in Crimiin and

Hypnotism, Criminology. Mass.: Worcester, University,

nology, 18S9-1891. United States Bureau of Education Weakling as Classes,

: Specialist Education Related to the Abnormal 1892.

Copyright,

1892, by the

FUNK
[Registered

& WAGNALLS
at Stationers' Hall,

COMPANY.
London, England.]

DEDICATED

TO

THE

FOUNDER

OF Omi/IINOIOBY

INTRODUCTION.

;BY PROF, CESARE LOMBROSO, OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TURIN, ITALY IT is well that the problem of the science of crimhas been attacked from its

of the type. When this it will no longer be possible to deny the organicity of crime, its anatomical nature and degenerative source; and then all the new reforms, such as institutions for incorrigible and insane criminals, will become a necessity. This point, as to the type, is scarcely recognized, even b)' the most respectable savants. The reasons for this are many: Above all, there are the criminals by occasion or by passion, who do not belong to the type, and should not, for in great part it is the circumstances, and often the laws even, which make them criminals, and not nature. And then ideas concerning the criminal some have strange type. No doubt if the acceptation of the idea of type it cannot is carried out in its complete universality, be accepted; but I have already said in my previous

inal anthropology most important side, that is once resolved, problem

CRIMINOLOGY.

that it is necessar3r to receive this writings idea with the same reserve with which one in statistics. When it is appreciates averages said that the average of life is 32 years, and thai the month least fatal to life is December, no one understands all, or almost all, men by this that should die at 32 j'ears, and in the month of December; but I am not the only one to make this restriction. In order to show this, I have only to cite the definitions which Monsieur himself Topinard, the most inveterate of my adversaries, gives in his " The remarkable work. is a type,'' says Gratiolet, "The "synthetic impression." type," says Goethe, is " the abstract and general image," which we deduce from the observation of common parts and " The from differences. type of a species," adds " never Isidorus G. Saint-Hilaire, appears before our eyes, but is perceived only by the mind." " Human " have no real existwrites Broca, types," ideals, which ence, the)'' are abstract conceptions, come from the comparison of ethnic varieties, and are composed of an ensemble of characters common to a certain number among themselves." I agree full)' with these different points of view. The type is indeed an ensemble of traits, but in reit is also the lation to a group,which it characterizes, ensemble of and those traits, prominent the most often, whence comes repeating a series of consequences which the anthropologist should never lose sight of either in his laboratory or in the midst of the populations of Central Africa. its most themselves

INTRODUCTION.

Ill

Isidorus G. Saint-Hilaire says the type is a sort and a common center, about which of fixed point in a diverse the differences presented are deviations indefinite and varied sense and oscillationsa about which nature seems to play, as anpoint atomists used to say, and as is said still in the a picture so perfect. a series of skulls, a certain Take, however, one in a good condition of homogeneity, such as, for example, the first series of Auvergnat, which was studied by Broca. This series came from an old mountain in a separated cemetery, locality, us once for all that the skulls represent reminding individuals, handle them at his ease. Sometimes with this advantage, that one can at will and measure and arrange them there Germanic languages. An example seems useless after

are less generic reasons which the type ; and this produce skepticism concerning is ignorance of what the type is really. Thus, it is very strange to see Joty, in his" Young Prisoners," of the chief ones, which illusgive the portraits trate the most complete type, and after this den)' the type. Likewise Magnan (" Actes du Congres Criminelle de Paris") presents two d'Anthropologie of seven with the most complete criminal portraits type, and yet he denies its existence. Now, he is he would certainly acting in good faith, otherwise not have presented a document which contradicts his assertions. It is evident that he is in error as to what the type is. The same is the case with who denied the median occipital Manouvrier, fossa,

IV

CRIMINOLOGY.

in believing that it was a really nutritive depresI am glad, however, sion. that the subject is treated in North where our school has America, taken such deep root, and has already found practical applications, as at Elmira. And thus, if the new ideas originating in the Old World shall die not of him who there, sterilized by the neglect, created them, but of him who does not comprehend them, and shall find in the New World those them by fertilizing and applyperpetuate ing them, so the grape, the fruit of the vine, the first and the first sin of the Asiatic patriarch consolation, will World commence modified to return to us from the New and improved. who will

PREFACE.

IN Part mainly vidual author America. the

I. the results

of the researches

of others

have been given. Part II. consists of indiand typical cases personalty studied by the in penal and reformatory of institutions from side.

The "type" has been considered rather than the physical psychological

The author

takes great pleasure in acknowledging his indebtedness first, and most of all, to Lombroso for inel." his epoch-making Much assistance excellent work," L'Homme Crimfrom and has also been derived " Les treatise, Criminels,"

Dr. Corre's

some of the writings been freely consulted: Aubry, Benedikt, kindly of the Jille offered and

of the following authors have von Krafft-Ebing, Bernheim, de la Tourette, von Holder, Laurent, Tenchini. every The author, by those special pleasure also too, was assistance in which in charge cases were

institutions

studied; edging locked

and he takes the up same. with

great He was

in acknowlto be it was cells.

certain

permitted criminals whom out of their

considered

to allow dangerous The endeavor has been to follow

scientific

methods.

VI

PREFACE.

All

personal names first

names

in the

cases been

studied, omitted.

and

most

of the The is

of places, portion

have

of the to of the

bibliography languages. practical

(Part The side

III.)

divided treat

according more

English of crim-

works inology. The Ferri's arranged directly

second recent

portion, work,

much

of which

is taken Criminale,"

from is more

"Sociologia heads, side

under to the

special scientific D. C,

and

refers

of criminolog}".

WASHINGTON, December,

1892.

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTIONBY

PROF.

CESARE

LOMBROSO.
PAGES.

Criminal typeType scarcely recognizedReasons not belonging to type Criminals by occasion of type limitedDefiStrange ideas of typeIdea of Gratiolet, and nitions Goethe, Saint-Hilaiie, traits an ensemble of prominent BrocaType Skulls easily arranged Joly's inconsistency root of Error of Magnan and ManouvrierDeep school in AmericaIdeas to return to Europe and improved modified Preface PART I.GENERAL I.THE CRIMINOLOGY. EVOLUTION OF CRIME.

i-iv v-vi

CHAPTER

methAbsolute impartiality impossibleDescriptive of crimePhenomena od in scienceEmbryology of life in war patriotic closely alliedTaking realms explain Nature a synthetic wholeLower of of nature cruelEquivalents higherActs on histological conditions murderDependence of crime, increase from vegetable to Equivalents Irresistible Infanticide animal Cannibalism of weather on animalsTheft impulseInfluence of kleptomaniaInanimals Species among on animalsSwindling and fluence of alcohol deceit of animalsMeannessSense of property of animalsPrehistoric races Punishment the rulePhilologiMan's progress slowCrime

via

CRIMINOLOGY.
PAGES.

increase of population cal evidenceExcessive ordained Homicides comby religionAbortion Mexican monAncient New aristocracyThe in Sweden, New Zealand, CaledoniansCustom of assassins Idea of property etc. Celebrity from point of view of savage wantingCrime Greatest of crimes Natural conservatism Arabs, AbyssiniansRudimentary Brahmins, jus of despotism Theft a serious tice Increase a secondary offenseDuels crimeMurder first Compensation for legal forms of punishment of chiefs increasedMuscular vengeancePower of crime in infancy force not sufficientGerms of anger in childrenWays of maniFrequency and festation Children's lying', love, cruelty, murderImpure origin of justiceVengeance Lynch lawExtreme egotism of man.War.,.. CHAPTER II.-THE PHYSICAL CRIMINAL. of childrenAnomaliesPhysically Measurements childrenEffect of education defectiveCriminal normal and criminalAdultsWeight Minors, of different classes of criminalsPhysiHealth of eximpressionsClassification ognomyFirst thieves, pedtypeMurderers, pressionsEthnic erasts, swindlers, forgers, etc.HairEyePhysi Illustrative type proverbsFacial ognomical to distinguish musclesDifficult recidivistsTatsoldiersCauses of tooing of sailors, prostitutes, Comparative tattooing Craniology study and intellig'enceWeight Cranial of capacity craniumSemi-horizontal circumference-Auricular angles, table Curves Cephalic index most common Vertical and Brachycephalic frontal indicesCorre's resultsCranial anom of asymmetry and alies, table Surroundings and membersHomicides, hereditySkeleton violators, thieves, assassins, idiotsCerebrology brain weightAnomaliesConcluComparative of present knowledgeRecipsionInadequacy rocal influence of brain and craniumPathologv SIDE

17-35

OF THE

CONTENTS.
PAGES.

IX

of prison Regularity in thievesPremature

life

favorableFeeble

senility, agitated tableProstitutionPathological Mortality, tableValvular omy, insufficiencyLiver stomach CHAPTER General III.PSYCHOLOGY OF

health life anatand 36-69

CRIMINALS.

lessMeteoric sensibility sensibility greater of sight, hearingLeft-handednessAnomalies vascular Blushing Sphygmography, mobility casesViolators' feeble reflexesLonreaction of of insensibility criminalsEffects gevity as great as physical--Peculiar acts of Moral

criminalsSentimentsInstability always present extreme Vanity, casesVengeance Cruelty lust-murdersWine and gambling and sexuality, fast lifeCrime and insanity Other tendencies, and passions, Sensibility savagery, impetuosity Conduct at execuVulnerability, analgesia Suicide defiant, tions, fainting, loquacious of criminalsGlaring contraSoldiersReligion dictions CHAPTER IV.INTELLIGENCE OF CRIMINALS.

70-96

the averageLacenaire's Selow testimonyCredlack of ulousness, levity, foresightSpecialists in crimeSuperstitionsPoisoners, of species assassinsIdlers and vagrantsCriminthieves, rare scientists and als of geniusCrime among and crime-Poets mathematiciansEducation of education in France, and artistsPer cent, with Austria, ItalyCompared insaneSlanginto criminal Insight mind-Objects by attributes, for guards, disguiseMany synonyms phonetic ideas of criminals- drunkenness, moneyFew and signaturesIn Naples Cyiminal hieroglyphics and SicilyTwo of the insane, groupsWriting of criminals over lettersLiterature points The ancientsDescriptions of species of swindlers and vagabondsProduct of leisure hours ./Esthetical Old friends in prison % feeling

X " Tiravallura

CRIMINOLOCY.
PAGES.

"Criminal of venmaximsSongs " To influgeanceLacenaire, my Love "Bad ence of prisonNovice blushesFirst step taken Bad miasmaProductions passionsLiterary of the insane

97-11S

CHAPTER

V.ASSOCIATIONS

OF CRIMINALS.

tendencies deCriminality strengthenedSavage velopedVanityConstant purposeSexCharacter of associationDivision of laborCriminal of punishmentMethod idea of trialAid of fitThe Camorra womenFeigning epileptic for candidacyEnemy of HierarchyAspirants " Si " of authorityExposure lifeBanquetThe Distribution of "la Camorra"ExtortionsThe tenth sufferDeath partThe poor penalty, Determination of guiltCertainty of punishment The of Camorrists MaffiaWordVariety of MaffiaCodeProKeeping secretsOrigin tection of the richVengeanceAnarchy Thieves and assassinsArgot"Picciotti" detectionWhen to use arms Avoiding 119-128

CHAPTER

VI.CRIMINAL

CONTAGION.

of LacenaireContagion ReformationTestimony the from of pressCasesTropmanReading confessionFiner sensibilinovelsSignificant ties hardenedWeaklings affectedContagion and or revolverWomenSeduction by vitriol of the crowdFalse abandonmentApproval less employedProgress of heroinePoisoning science ..129-135 CHAPTER VII.CRIMINAL HYPNOTISM.

of voluntary stateSemblence ViolationLethargic Somaction Memory confused Simulation nambulismDoubtful of Jilles offensesOpinion de la TouretteExperimental casesPost-hypnotic statesCharcot's to hypnocaseSubject - tism Danger to hypnotiser perHysterical states sonsSterno-mastoid muscleAnalogue

CONTENTS.
PAGES.

XI

of LiegoisFalse Irresistible forceExperiment fearPrecautions testimony through Duty of of suggesting to witness magistrateDanger of suggestibilityCriminal Determination sugof BernheimInfluence of hypgestionsCases nosisIndirect influence on other patientsExplanation of noted caseChambigeSubconscious state in loveSuggestion, passion irresistible automatismCase of young lady Idio-dvnamic of love during somand physicianConfession of sugnambulismSuspicious pregnancyCase existlawyerDouble personalityPast gestible for swindlingNormal ence forgottenArrested degrees of transpersons at times capriciousAll formationThe role of suggestion in morality Greatest criminals not always most guilt)'Case of LaurentKrafft-Ebing's case of theftAuto and experimental hypnosisCase of romance Simulated 136-154 hypnotism CHAPTER VIII.RECIDIVATION. a professionReformation rarePrison or Crime Defective asylum prison discipline deepens names, coarseness, audacious criminalityFalse of severe punishmentFirst stage plotsNecessity of insanityAlcoholics seldom thievesPersecutive hallucinationsVon Holder's classification Crime and insanity, distorted manifestations of inclinations commonCivilization mindCriminal in Belgium, and recidivation increaseStatistics of habitual Prussia, Austria, FrancePersistency seldom crime Criminal purposesProstitutes in Prussia, Belgium, reformCellular system notions of crime Increase of FranceLegal sensePoint of view of crime in youngMoral sense feebleFeelings of crimicriminalsMoral of honorDeep remorse a myth nalsIdea to justifyLacenaireConfesTableConfession and sion of the Marquise of BrinvillesInconstancy moral metamorphosisCrimivoluptuousness nals' argumentsTwo kinds of justice, natural and artificialThieves' meeting in LondonDivision of bootyMutual 155-166 jealousy

Xli

CRIMINOLOGY.
PAGES,

PART

II.SPECIAL
METHOD

CRIMINOLOGY.

OF INVESTIGATION.

into typical the DetailsInsight casesRepetition ruleValue of single casesVisiting reformatoriesPure murder and meannessThe theft, worst casesPrison environment knownSignificance of complaintsOrder of procedurePrevious of prisoner knowledge importantMethod of interviewAbnormal casesEach case presented so as to leave reader independentImof slight about portance offensesKnowledge after leaving prisoners prisonAdvancementInstitutions useful to society for stud)'Knowledge of causes' first stepDegree of cure important Exact rareNeed of exact methods knowledge of criminal at moment of crime imPsychology of scientific portantBeginning 169-173 sociology

CHAPTER

I.PURE

MURDER.

CASE " A."

Characteristics of murderersHeredityCause of murderUnconscious of repulsionCasesHeroism and ferocityAutobiography of " A "Evil home surroundingsDrunken of fatherTeasing to kill animalsRoving inanimalsTendency stinctInterest in seeing thingsStoning of old " of of institution A," from records ladyHistory of autovery poorFacts Family confirmatory etc.Previous edubiographyWeight, height, discationComplaints against "A"Making turbance, doing poor workStealingAssaulting with knifePunishmentRelease from institution of officers; to boys, Testimony disagreeable strikes does not care how he works them; at suicideGood scholarNo meAttempt chanical not hilarious vicious, abilityNot Has spells, and staresSometimes with sillyNot other muchHardlv knows what he does boys " A " when and badLetter of excitedBright " A " farmerExamination of of Testimony Idea of his homeHis old account of stoning

CONTENTS.

XIU
PAGES.

of retaliationCruelty womanAngerIdea to Lack of self-controlIntended Dizzy feeling. at Suinot feel to blameAttempt murderDid examinationCraniology cidePhysiological to of repulsion : not epilepticWant Conclusion too soon freedom lifeAllowed, 174-203 taking CHAPTER Idea II.PURE THEFT.

and popuof theftIncorrigibilityLiberality " B," historyFather intemperate larityCase disorder Previous arrestsComplaintsGeneral habits BurglarizingInsubordinationFilthy guiltyTestimony pleads ImpudenceGenerally at trade, bad in schoolA of officersGood good of evilIndomitable of knowledge soldierProud durdesiresBehavior in religious willSincere criesInterview with ing punishmentSeldom " B "Not when talkativeState very young himResults Father unfavorablePhywhipped sical and craniological examinationAsymmetry of headConclusionStrong passion for stealing doubtful influencesReformation Hereditary of institutionAntecedents Case " C "Records willful Good familyConduct reportGeneral disobedienceSchool recordLettersSigning false checkCraniologyPhysinameForged cal examinationNo special abnormalityGood of officers risk for life insuranceTestimony " fellow workman" Slick shoesGood Stealing obstruction on railwith "C"Put Interview with a woman road" Devil in me "Living associates"C's" Stole apples when youngBad at idea for improving disciplineLying prison schoolExcuse for bad behaviorVisited places at nightPlayed poolLoose girlsParole " D "Testimony of Case ConclusionHistory of officersConduct in another reformatoryEsto kill a to prisonThreatened on way caped in detectiveParents orderly peopleIngenious with "D "WhippingIntends crimeInterview to him of stealingInjustice to quit crimeCause InventorGenius for escapingElectrocution

XIV ReformationPrison

CRIMINOLOGY.
PAGES.

experienceIll-will to crimeConclusion-CrimiprisonersReturns nal geniusUntruthful and crookedCause his criminality

of of 204-256

CHAPTER III.PURE MEANNESS. " E "Records TermMiss of institution : childdisorderlyAppropriathoodComplaintsVery things ing thingsVulgar talkBreaking " Tantrum "Beyond of controlTestimony and defiantAbandoned officersObsceneOpen with Miss "E" lifeReligionInterview Mother a " run-about"Very bad homeCraniology Physical examinationAutobiography of " F "Records of instituConclusionHistory and surlyTestitionComplaintsImpudent drunkard mony of officersHome poorFather and criminalInterviewWhipped by father Treated well by grandparentsEasily angered examination-Conclusion CraniologyPhysical General making conclusionsSociety practical experimentsRelease only on reasonable probaof reformationIndeterminate sentence bility to society the basis of punishment bestDanger of details Publications in newspapers injurious Foolishness of crime...... 257-272 PART III.BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CRIME.

275-287 English of the National of the Congresses Proceedings Prison Association of the United States 287-303 Periodical and Press Literature 304-331 Italian, Spanish, other languages..332-371 French,German, 372-375 Craniology Criminal statistics 376-390 39J-393 Cerebrology 394-400 Psycho-criminal pathology. 401 anatomy Pathological 402-403 Anthropometry 404 Physiognomy of Criminology 405-408 Congresses Index 409-416

PART

I.

GENERAL

CRIMINOLOGY

GENERAL

CRIMINOLOGY.
I.
OF CSIMW

CHAPTER
THE. EVOLUTION

conceive THErnosfcimpartial individu/aMv&^can of would be one coming from ajstSther planet, who has no special interest upon this earth, except to see things exactly as they are. But such absolute is impossible it has been ; nevertheless, impartiality one of the efforts of science to endeavor at least to to such an ideal. A large part of the approximate in simple science consists and exact rigid which should be given, of course, description, without to any views that one ma)' conregard We shall attempt hold. sciously or unconsciously in this chapter to describe certain in phenomena all world, which, if occurstages of the animate ring in the sphere of man, would be called criminal. Such a description what constitutes is meant by the evolution, of crime. or the embryology, seemingly unrelated are from the point of view phenomena of nature closely allied. If it be said that we cannot compare of a plant or animal with the action that of man, it may be said also that a comparison of actions
2

most

Our

purpose

is to

show

how

that

of savages

with

those

of civilized

men is

l8

CRIMINOLOGY.

for the greatest of crimes in one can questionable, be the greatest in the other; even in of virtues our present civilisation the taking of life in war is a patriotic virtue. The plant, act, and is therefore regarded as a

the animal, the savage, the child of civilized man himself, are stages man, and civilized in nature, which one into the pass imperceptibly whole. other, and form one synthetic According, method nature ma)' be then, to the natural-history in her lower realms in order to gain an studied into her more insight developed stages ; for the processes of elimination although may be more direct and severe in the beginnings of nature, yet her whole they are in essence the same throughout extent, reaching into the highest spheres of action and thought. From these points of view, man}' of the acts of nature are the most cruel and immoral. The insectivorous the equivalents plants commit of murder. When insects light upon a leaf of the iitricularia these insects neglecfa, it allures by its appendages, plays with thera, catches them in an elastic valve, which closes in behind, and imprisons them until Did we not know that these they die. conditions we depend on histological might suspect ambush, and liberty premeditation, of choice ; for very small insects are refused by this plant. It may be possible that some human crimes likewise depend upon histological conditions. As we pass from the vegetable to the animal, the phenomena number Thus of equivalents of crime increases of life in order to procure taking in variety. food or to

THE

EVOLUTION

OF

CRIME.

19

command

the

tribe

has

horses, bulls, and stags. cannibalism is sometimes practiced among wolves; one field mice when they fall into a trap devour another ; rats do the same ; porpoises and rabbits even when the}' have been known to do likewise have plenty to eat (Lacassagne) ; once in a while a But with cannibalism, dog. ; the female of the crocodile somegoes infanticide times eats those of her young who do not know how to swim. As among barbarous so peoples, on there has been infanticide civilized, among dog will eat another account abandon off with of bodily Lombroso saw a hen deformity. the weak and lame of her brood and start the

been observed among It is a familiar fact that

are birds robust ones. There who break their eggs and destroy their nests ; monkeys who dash the heads of their young against a tree when the}'' are tired of carrying them. Cats', hares, and dogs furnish the equivalents of infanticide, and the young of foxes practice There parricide. as in men, an irresistible impulse for of passions. The patient dromedaries when agitated become furious, trample those who trouble them under their feet ; but having satisfied their vengeance they become quiet again ; in such cases the Arabs throw their clothes at the and let him vent his rage on these. dromedary In certain after a species of ants, the warriors, are possessed with a sort of fury, and fight in their the everything way ; they even attack slaves who strive to calm them by seizing them by the legs and holding them firm until their anger is combat, is in animals, over-excitement

20

CRIMINOLOGY.

In a quarrel between the bears in a zoologithe female at Cologne, cal garden becoming the male held it under water until it exhausted, over. and then dragged it around to make was drowned, sure of its death. In northern of Scotland, troops cows have been known to put their guilty companhas seen the most docile ions to death. Magnan use of alcoholic drinks, become dogs, by continued Lombroso has observed a parallel mischievous. with foul meal. case in roosters Ants poisoned become paralyzed, by chloroform except of which in the head, by the moving bite they in reach. It is known that in a sect of everything narcotized assassins in the Orient of hemp by a mixture the homicidal and opium. have their fury is excited (Pierquin.) Meteoric conditions thus influence; of the same species, or related animals ones, are in the torid fiercer zone than in the less warm the lions in the Atlas (Rousse); regions of America less formidable than those in have been known during Cattle the at the approach warm season, and especially of a storm, to be taken with an attack of fury and rush against persons and trees until the storm bursts and the rain calms them. vice among is a common animals. In Theft mountains the desert. to satisfy hunger the passion is generally stealing There is a selection of suitable objects; irresistible. the dog or cat confine themselves to food; there or hiding, but the food is is, as a rule, no hoarding But in the stealing of useless artiused at once. cles practiced by magpies, rats, and monkeys, the are much

THE

EVOLUTION

OF

CRIME.

21

is often or at long intervals, systematic, or hiding being the rule; this is a sort of hoarding or a love of stealing perniciousness, kleptomania, As the magpie is notorious for its own sake. for method objects, so we find the parallel to help among savages, who have been known to all the movables, being themselves on shipboard Somefascinated by mirrors, cutlery, and jewelry. stealing glittering hives and carry off the provisions; they gradually acquire a taste for this, and If bees form companies and colonies of brigands. of honey and brandy, they can are given a mixture under acquire a taste for it, and become irritable its drink and cease to work, and, like influence, men, fall from one vice into another, giving themto plunder and theft. selves, without scruple, times bees, in order crowds well-furnished to save trouble, attack in

(Buchner.) and deceit are known among animals. Swindling stables horses are known to have preIn military tended to be lame in order to avoid going to miliA chimpanzee had been fed on tary exercise. cake when sick; after his recovery he often feigned in order to procure dainties. The cuckoo coughing sometimes nest, and lays its egg in the sparrow's the deception surer it takes away one of the Animals are conscious of their sparrow's eggs. deceit, as shown by the fact that they try to operate secretly and noiselessly; they show a sense of guilt in advance to if detected; they take precautions in some cases they manifest regret avoid discovery; and repentance. Thus bees which steal, hesitate to make

22

CRIMINOLOGY.

often before and after their as if they. exploits, feared punishment. how his monOne describes theft: while he pretended to sleep key committed him with the animal and hesitation, regarded moved or seemed stopped every time his master on the point of awakening. Such, and many more well-known facts, may be due, perhaps, to fear of which follows a misdeed, punishment, naturally thieves. just as is observed among habitual are not so numerous Cases of meanness among the animals; a surprising one is the innocent dove, which sometimes hides under her wings food for which she has no need simply to deprive her comin the comis manifested property for prizes, as in the struggle for the female, petition or for food, rank, or nests. The dog territory, the property of his master, and even distinguishes discriminates between objects to differbelonging ent members of the same family. It is well known of that, by a wise employment animals punishment, , There are, however, sible to change. The and repeated ticity .habit of and improved. can be trained that it seems imposinstincts cat, in spite of a long domesnever loses its punishments, panions. The sense of

and a curious coincidence is, stealing; a thief is the most difficult that, among criminals, to reform, and is generally Severity incorrigible. but it renders sometimes, may help feeble animals the more vigorous In the case of crimvindictive. inal man the of punishment same idea is true; less brutal have better results. means

THE

EVOLUTION

OF

CRIME.

23

from animals to man we find, as is passing natural to expect, the lowest degree of savagery in races. Without tertiary discussing prehistoric in general the manner of life of man, we know man; it was the lowest degree of savquartenary split, were used as weapons; agery; stones, roughly those on the was the main occupation; hunting In but were not fishermen; mollusks, they located on certain points of the shore as indicated and debris of shell-fish by the piles of rejected The bow was for a long time unknown; kitchen. to them, were spears of wood, with flint fastened their weapons; under they knew fire; they lived were too often rocks, but rarely in caverns, which inhabited with which man animals, by carnivorous would not voluntarily The animals known fight. in this period show how much prudence was necessary to man; how he was as much hunted as he coast was a hunter; thus his progress was slower than in later days. There Among the savages crime was the rule. is philological evidence to show that in Sanskrit the word for crime is the word for action; there are ten or more roots which the idea of express or wounding; in criminal killing slang the same is one explanation is that synonyms abound true; All lanfor acts that are repeated very often. and murder plunder guages agree in representing Even mythology as the first source of property. in heaven. makes crime triumphant Ravuvavu Laverna was the god of assassins among the Fijis; was the goddess of thieves among the Romans, and ate

24

CRIMINOLOGY.

the Peruvians infanticide. The

large increase of explained by the fact that excessive in comparison with natural means of population, Such homicides subsistence was a constant peril. and religion, and were often ordained by morality furnished the a title to glory. is common animals, Abortion, among frequently The lions. unknown to Some savages. used their chil-

of parricide and goddess All these were held in adoration. in savage life is number of homicides

had

the

Africa tribes in Central dren as a bait to catch

Mexicans the ancient a child woman rearing " The sick and aged were of baby-carrier." stigma as is sometimes the case among animals. murdered, The New Caledonians found such customs natural, and requested their that death; religion taught

of aristocracy had as a precept that a should be expelled with the

the future life in the same state in they entered which a city no On entering they left the earth. man over forty was found. Such customs were not confined to savages, but were in practiced before and law had reached a Europe morality Strabo sufficient says that degree of development. inhabitants of ancient Bactria trained their the aged and sick. In Sweden dogs to devour the large clubs (until they preserved 1600) with the old and sick; which such cruelty they killed was a solemn act, performed themby the relatives selves. In funeral rites it is a common practice the relatives among most diverse races to sacrifice In New Zealand and slaves of the deceased. the the woman who refuses to live after the death of her

THE

EVOLUTION

OF

CRIME.

25

is greatly admired. In Central Africa husband it belief that the ghosts of the ancesis a religious tors drink the blood shed, and so as much blood is as possible. The Pauras in India had a offered caste whose duty it was to carry off men and children as booty for sacrifice. The ancient Greeks The Auschildren. calmed the winds by offering did not value the life of a man much more tralians For a Malay, homicide was a that of a toad. it was not uncommon to test weapsort of a joke; In a Kassago ons on the first comer. tribe, the was performed to satisfy curiCaesarean operation, " was an enemy, For a savage a stranger osity. than With the Fijis it was a was a glory. assassin. ambition to become a celebrated great a young man was not able to marry In Borneo For the he had killed at least one man. unless whom was a rarity. CannibalThe ism is the highest degree of human savagery. form is caused by necessity, and has most common have even exhumed gone so far that the Australians season bodies. They have an epoch called "the for eating men." Among many other causes, there is the belief that one assimilates the courage of his his heart, his sagacity enemy by eating by eating is prevented his eye, and that his vengeance by In the the whole Sandwich body. devouring death when a good prince dies a natural Islands, body is eaten, to keep it from being profaned; this is called "eating the chief for love." There are some peoples who wage war simply to in eat the conquered. is so ingrained Cannibalism his Australian natural death to kill

20

CRIMINOLOGY.

the Fijis that they cannot praise food better than " that it is as tender as a dead man." by saying of the seashore were regarded The inhabitants by old fishy taste"; some as having "an the Euro" too were salty." peans In cannibalism there has been a gradual diminution in cruelty and a development of natural senforms. It was first the whole timents and judicial body, then a part which was eaten, then man was replaced by animals, and at last symbolic figures are employed. The primitive nor peoples did not have property, and much less of theft. the idea of property, In Egypt the profession of a thief was recognized by to inscribe the State; he was required his name the place where those from whom and designate he had taken things could obtain them by paying a certain sum. The Germans desired their youths to practice stealing on their frontiers to keep them from in idleness. languishing Thucydides says that among the Greeks on the islands was piracy a glory. In Sparta theft was permitted; punishment was administered in case of maladdress. In Central Africa thieves are held in general esteem. Real crimes, from the point of view of the savage, are small in number, and have been distinguished late and in an irregular manner. Crime consists in failures to conform to established usages, and to whatever, have been religion, through may made sacred by continual custom. The Hindoo must not drink certain beers intended for the must Brahmin alone; the young man in Australia

THE

EVOLUTION

OF

CRIME.

27

not taste of the flesh of the " emou," which is only to the aged and the chiefs. permitted While man takes pleasure in a slight innovation, he struggles against radical ones; he likes inertia or of the same movements. So the domestic repetition at first against animals novelties, protest great as gas or steam. Even children are furious when there is a change of house or apartments; they desire to see the same things; they like to hear the same stories over and over again in the same Man is naturally words. and it is conservative, if he would have progressed doubtful had there not been innovations which were necessary to endure in order to escape still greater pains; progress has been forced men upon him by extraordinary a superior with exalted altruism, mental activity, the people on, who in events, urging foreseeing turn have often taken vengeance the by killing reformer. Savage races, whose minds are less active, react with the greatest force against any innovation, reas criminals. the innovators the garding Gradually of religion, priests, wise men, and phyguardians sicians, sorcerers, etc., became chiefs of the tribe, and section, and were considered as sacountry, them was the cred, so that any offense against greatest of crimes. commits a slight offense when he A Brahmin is an atrokills some one, but to kill a Brahmin Ambition of despots, of cious crime. intrigues priests, joined with the blind fear of the populace of ancestral and the worship customs, have given

28

CRIMINOLOGY.

rise to some of the most strange laws: In Oceanica it is a crime to touch the body of a chief, or for a woman to touch her hand upon the head of her A Saxon law husband, or to enter into a canoe. with death whoever burnt a body instead punished it. In the code of Manou, of burying whoever scatters a heap of earth, or cuts a blade of grass or pares his fingernails his fingernails, is lost, or impure just as much as if he was a slanderer man. idea of Among savages there was little The Arabs did not crime; vengeance was a duty. to be punished allow the homicide by the soverwith The Abyseign; they fought for him and family. over to the nearest relasinians give the murderer tives of the victim, to be by them disposed of at The Kourraukos their pleasure. punish homicide can always free himself by death, but the guilty to parents or friends of the by paying damages this is regarded affair. victim; wholly as a private The rudimentary idea of justice somewhat general in Africa is, that there is no crime, but only damage to some chief or particular In Australia person. each one applied his own penal sanction; later he consulted with the tribe, and vengeance became civil and religious; death or retaliation was the result generally reached. children strike (To-day until back again, and are often not content they strike just where they were struck.) Murder was of little except in case of a chief, consequence by a stranger. priest, or if committed Among the in Africa, the murder Ashantis of an important by death, the culprit person.was punished being

THE

EVOLUTION

OF

CRIME.

29

to kill himself; but the son of a king could allowed The Fijis not suffer the death penalty. regarded of a crime according the gravity to the social posiso in the laws of the Middle tion of the guilty; man was much worse Ages, a theft by a common With the increase of despotism than by a chief. the chiefs beand the force of arms in invasions, instead of the tribe, and theft, as came proprietors it was against them, became a crime, and one of of crimes; worse than assassination, greatest or interests of which did not involve the property the chief. The code of Manou defines murder as a the offense, but ordains to cut to pieces with secondary who deceives his customer. a razor a goldsmith theft was considIn Asia, among the Mongolians, With than murder. the ered worse Germans, when theft was announced by a horn, it was not considered a crime. Punishment and vengeance became confinally fused ; the idea was to kill or to wound sufficiently to give compensation to the victim or his friends for the damage incurred or pain endured. Among the Germans one should kill his and Australians, but loyally ; he must veil the corpse and adversary, where it lies. indicate to the relatives Such punlike scuffles and duels ; thus a and furnishes tribe warns another tribe beforehand it with weapons ; at a given signal arrows are shot, and after a number of deaths, they shake hands The first legal forms and close with a ball (Tylor). of punishment men against were duels an individual or combats by guilty. several As presumed ishments were more

30

CRIMINOLOGY.

became life and property sation was sought, which tee tion for the

guaranto the social ; and this varied according posiof the offender. The custom of compensation and murder vengeance being once introduced, with intervention of a third person authority

more valuable, the tribe would

compen-

fix the amount. followed ; he should naturally and the possession Thus, by the increase of wealth it was possible to repair damage of property more This increased in turn the power of equitably. and executive were both judges This was extended to all magistrates. system or offenses, which, were other crimes considered from the point of view of damage to the king. the chiefs and priests endeavored to Naturally the chiefs, who maintain penhave virby a too severe and absolute which were introduced tue ; and thus punishments became for all at first for selfishness profitable than musfor with no other humanity, protection if humanity would cular force it is doubtful have of acquiring a veritable been capable organization. in a normal The germs of crime are met with, It is a the first years of infancy. manner, during familiar fact that if many embryonic forms should become monstrosicease to develop, they would ties. So a child if it retained either istics would become The with little moral sense. of its charatera criminal, or a person frequency of anger in some it may etrated been discouraged so advantageous to themselves have been by this means that morality which into society, otherwise might laws ; yet

THE

EVOLUTION

OF

CRIME.

31

children is notorious ; in the first few months it is manifested of the eyebrows or by movements hands ; at the age of one year the child strikes at other people, breaks objects, and throws things those who displease it. and impulsiveObstinacy ness predominate, as those who wash and care for children often experience. Certain children cannot wait a moment for what they have asked ; tomorrow is as long as eternity. Some become furious when they cannot reach a thing, some bite or when angry. It is not when they are washed rare to see a child scratch and bite its nurse when withdrawn from the breast ; when a request is renot infrequently fused in the street, children strike their parents. As in animals, so in man, jealousy is not only of excited by love, but especially by the instinct In children it is sometimes violent passion. ; they break objects rather than see their playmates have Like animals they do not like to see others them. Lombroso saw a little who petted. girl at Turin would not nurse when the other breast. Perez says the first arises from the facility them in order to quiet avoid a reproach or to refused because it saw its little twin sister at

humility ousy, as when a little her little brother

cause of children's lying with which parents deceive them. lie often to Children obtain that which has been or them, or to show themselves strong, as to the they wish to deceive themselves of their situation, or on account of jealseeing her mother caress that he has struck the imagines girl,

32

CRIMINOLOGY.

After the age of three or four years chilparrot. dren lie for fear of being punished, or are assisted to it by the way we question them. They feign sickness to escape doing similar to the anything, case of the horse lameness. military feigning and a shallow sentiment for truth Impulsiveness are not infrequent, so that dissimulation is practiced motive. A little will slightest girl " The to her mother: sometimes say lady next door said I wasn't dressed very nicely." Children detest if generally injustice, especially the injustice consists in the they are the sufferers; want of accord the habitual between manner in which the}" have been treated and that which they experience Affection accidentally. is rare among for the

babies; they manifest for pretty faces or for that which sympathy gives them Too much pleasure. they do not novelty or are frightened at it. A child's love understand, be caused and the hope for by gifts may often more, and when not realized among the love often they fades. Cruelty is common children; delight hitthings,

in breaking inanimate objects, tearing on ting animals, caterpillars; tramping smashing to kill it. the lower classes boys anything Among from 5 to 10 years of age are notoriously cruel. But murder, no less than anger, vengeance, and is found in children. at 13 had a cruelty, Caligula slave cast into an oven for a slight offense. Two the one 13 and the other 10 years of age, children, a spite against having him in an out-of-the-way a comrade place, of 7 years, met threw him into a

THE

EVOLUTION

OF

CRIME.

33

A boy in the deep hole, and stoned him to death. State of Iowa (n years of age) went early in the into the room where his grandparents morning were sleeping and shot them his both; seeing move he finished him with an ax. He grandfather " I did it all alone." told the boys afterwards. The occasion of his deed seems to have been a refusal to allow him to do something. Another boy of 13 in the heart because he refused to pay a debt he owed him for a game. Such crimes in the case of children, if less cruel than in the case of adults, are so from the lack of force rather We than ferocity. have seen how theft commenced to be stabbed his comrade

when the era of conquests opened, when punished the chiefs held on to what they had acquired and to divide with refused their feebler companions. In this instance it would seem morality and punishin a measure out of crime; ment of crime developed that is, were crimes themselves. Such a theory of of justice the inthe impure origin may explain it is distributed with which the ; to-day equality find difficulty in obtaining poor sometimes justice, do not infrequently make punishment and riches The instinct of vengeance is at present milder. in humanity; thus the compladeep-rooted quite the condemcency with which the public consider nation of an insane culprit for a murderous act, as This impatience in the case of Guiteau. against the criminal as a patient is a sentiment regarding is latent in each of us. We desire vengeance, we may have changed its name and apalthough 3 which

34 pearance. Western which times baric tion, blood is this A and an form

CRIMINOLOGY. of this is reproduced as " lynch in our

Southern

States

of popular anger. explosion has for a cause, as in cannibalism, pleasure participate of excitement. from in a scientific in

law," Somea bar-

a cruel satisfaction, to and a passion or a love at all man others

to see an execushedding of view, kills not rarely do,

Looking he exceeds only but his own

beings those which jects to

species, of all other it is not that a The

criminality the animals which species advantage of of with an

point ; he

impunity; to kill he subthe The human basis of and in

slavery.

species surpasses this is egotism

egotism of all others.

combination

psychic still remains

force, not moral force. physical idea of war At present the bloody race. Modern human the whole the 000 vast this in this, its civilization highest for men trained

has exists, while Rome, war,

Europe, at least

where 12,000,with her

had empire, only is the state of the commercial it is claimed ; but the is much

; and 300,000 legionaries at present, is world which, the war face are of an-

and glory, yet, in and that commerce it is said that race. To more war has the

tagonists of purging cholera strata much The

advantage

accomplish preferable, the sufferers, of a nation murder is

this, however, the lower for while is still and in war sacrificed. deeply point developof

are preeminently of the best blood of the

instinct savage from War rooted. is universal

view

murder,

natural-history an extension

THE

EVOLUTION

OF

CRIME.

35

In primitive times it homicide. ment of universal the ferocity of in character, was terrible exceeding beasts ; in the next stage of developthe wildest and ment one did not eat his enemy, but mutilated war is the same tortured him, and modern civilized in essence, though tive genius is at utmost enemr to different in form. For itself mutilate invento its the present exerting discover how to kill and

at great distances, and, to the disgrace of it seems to have sucthe 19th century humanity, ceeded. And, while we look with horror upon the are not inapplicannibal, the words of Montaigne cable when he says that " it is more barbarous to kill alive man than to roast and eat a dead one."

CHAPTER

II.

THE

PHYSICAL

SIDE

OF

THE

CRIMINAL.

Anthropometry

of

Children.

FroM 79 children less than 12 years of age confined i n houses of correction, among wh om were 40 thieves, and 3 whose crime is 27 vagabonds, 7 homicides, finds as predominating anomstated, Lombroso alies: 30 with deformed ears, 21 with small, retreat16 with projecting 19 plagiocephalic, ing foreheads, cheek bones, 14 with prominent jaws, 7 with raised frontal 6 hydrocephalic, sinuses, 5 crosseyed, 14 with 10 with facial asymmetry, of physiognomy and cretins, 9 goitrous, The striking thing is alies among children pear. A little less than cent.) present abnormal 9 with deformed the large number which subsequently half of the children moral tendencies, nose. of anomdisap(44 per such as not

extreme love of vagabondage, irritability, persistence in lying, an odd propensity to move oneself and to tear clothes. continually, in criminal characters physical children are 69 per cent., or double those without here the physical anomalies any moral anomaly; are 30 per cent. The semi-delinquents, masturbators and thieves physical 72 per cent, to 83 per cent, morbid reaches anomalies; heredity have of bs The morbid

THE

PHYSICAL

SIDE

OF

THE

CRIMINAL.

37

Out of 100 rich these children 70 and 66 per cent. at Turin, in the International College 53 pupiis normal and morally. were absolutely physically Of 44 with bad immoral of degeneracy, only 6 had The very small proportion tendencies. of anomalies is due to the selection of psychical In general, and to superior the pupils training. which in adults would constitute moral anomalies, in chila criminal, are much larger in proportion characters The psychidren, but disappear through education. cal anomalies are double in proportion in criminal and reach a still higher figure in these chilchildren, The researches of dren when they are immoral. Bischoff, Bom, Corre, and Lombroso Lacassagne, Ferri, results:
Mi-aors.

Biliakow, the give

Troyski, following

188 young criminals with 437 normai Comparing of young men of the same age and same manner was a little superior life, the stature in the criminals at the age of 10 to 13; equal from 13 to 16; superior of 1.54 to 1.51, and from 16 to 18, in the proportion from 19 to 21. As to weight, the criminalsinferior were superior in every Feries, except from 13 to 16, where the two were equal; but cranial circumin all the young criminals was inferior. ference of 12 criminals diameter The minimum frontal to that of from 12 to 14 (107-108 mm.) was inferior 12 normal (111 mm.). Adults. In all regions of'Italy the stature of criminals is

38

CRIMINOLOGY.

is in contradiction with the figures but agrees with Biliakow Thompson, the highway robbers (100 homicides); especially in comparison and homicides are superior with the and thieves. As to weight, in violators, forgers, superior. of Wilson This the criminals the violators are superior; general and thieves giving the minimum The fingerweight. reach of the criminals is superior. health and Of 567 homicides, 53 were in delicate health ; 143 thieves, 19 were in delicate 3 ill-formed 21 violators, and 10 ill-formed; 4 were in delicate health and 3 ill-formed ; 34 forgers, 5 were in delicate health and 1 ill-formed; 2 were 23 incendiaries, in delicate The brigands, health and 2 ill-formed. and incendiaries are slim, and in good homicides, are frail ; health, while the thieves and violators the latter, due to solitary especially probably pleasure, homicides their the traces of which are in the face. The are larger and stronger ; but they need and use it more than the thieves. strength Physiognomy. is the expression of the individual. we will or no on seeing a person Whether for the of him, and, though first time we form an opinion we are we may be mistaken, still, on the whole, much more often than wrong in our first right A distinctly face is much honest impressions. more likely to be what it appears than otherwise. that The platitude are deceptive is appearances truth. How such a statement can be only a partial is seen from the fact that we believed so easily The face

THE

PHYSICAL

SIDE

OF

THE

CRIMINAL.

39

much more easily those cases in which remember we were deceived than those in which we were not, for a jar to our minds, produced by a disappointfor the mind to hold in ment, is more tangible the has classified facial memory. Montegazza into physiological, moral, intellectual, expressions In the physiological, we have the and sesthetical. of health indicated, assimilation of food, condition the marks of disease or suffering, the general funcof the body. The moral characteristics tioning to interpret, for they influare the most difficult in a large measure by the ence and are influenced There is the open, frank, generous, genial others. it is attractive; not beautiful, there face, although Then is the dull, countenance. unsympathetic there is the intelligent the intellectual expression, indicated in the characters being anatomically The assthetical characforehead, eye, and mouth. in the symmetry ters are indicated or asymmetry of the features; the color of eye, skin, and shape of nose have, as a resultant, beauty or the opposite. The clergy have generally a distinct physiognomy, so in the case of actors, teachers,and men; literary all those who give their lives to intellectual work of any kind can be distinguished from the modern business man ; it is not difficult in a college town to distinguish the students from the town boys, The veterans of the army simply by their faces. have a well-marked If one walks physiognomy. a prison, he certainly will see something through common in most of the faces that is characteristic, however unable he may be to describe it; one has

40

CRIMINOLOGY.

in visiting an insane asylum. experience as to assthetical physiognomy differs The criminal, little from the ordinary man, except in the case of women who are most always homely, if criminals, have a large, not repulsive ; many are masculine, a similar small eye, large, pointed mouth, nose, ill-shaped and irregufrom the mouth, ears extended distant The intellectual implanted. larly physiognomy in criminals, and when in an shows an inferiority it is rather exceptional way there is a superiority, and shrewdness. of the nature of cunning The is marked by vulgarity, inferiority by meager cranial small dull The dimensions, forehead, eyes. moral is marked in its lowest form physiognomy with a sort of unresponsiveness or ; there is little no remorse ; there is sometimes the debauched, In the lesser forms of crime there haggard visage. is difficulty in making out much that is special, as the individual is capable of concealing his motives and impulses. Lombroso of his gives the results on 220 men and 204 women of different study men have the ethnic nationalities: type Twenty out.of their Semitic 211; 8 Jews preserve type. TJiose the ethnic type are of inferior intelwithout or are criminals In the men ligence, by occasion. a large jaw, rarity of beard, hardness of regard, and abundance of hair are predominant ; projectforehead, ing ears, receding eyes, and a squinting deformed of nose are to be noted. Those guilty rape (if not cretins) almost always have a projecting eye, delicate lids.;, the most physiognomy, large lips and eyeof them are slender, and blond,

THE

PHYSICAL

SIDE

OF

THE

CRIMINAL.

41

rachitic. gance,

The pederasts and curly long

often hair,

have a feminine eleand, even in prison

garb, a certain feminine figure, a delicate skin, childof glossy hair, parted in ish look, and abundance the middle. Murderers and thieves who break in the open houses have woolly hair, are deformed and have powerful cranium, jaws, enormous zygoma;, are covered with scars on the head and trunk, and are often tattooed homicides have a ; habitual sometimes and cold, immobile, bloody, glossy, look ; often an aquiline nose, or, better, a dejected hooked one like a bird of prey, always large ; the abundjaws are also large, ears long, hair woolly, beard rare, canine teeth, very ant and rich (dark); large ; the lips are thin. A large number of forgers and something have an artlessness, and swindlers in their manner, which gives confidence to clerical victims ; some have a haggard their look, very small eyes, crooked nose, and face of an old woman. custom for the brigands to wear It is a common

tresses as a sign of terribleness. shows Archaeology with projecting us Tiberus eyes, facial asymmetry, with a wicked, cruel, and and large jaws. Caligula a menacing of -the defiant expression, expansion look, upper lip, palor, thin lips, fixed and terrible strong matic asymmetrical fossa is the jaws; most the left side of the zygoNero has a developed. jaws, large eyes, sinuses and a

of face, strong asymmetry striking far apart, very projecting somewhat low forehead.

with the aid of Marro, finds as to the Lombroso, hair with 500 criminals 500 normal (comparing

42

CRIMINOLOGY.

men) that maximum lators

the

incendiaries cent.)

and for

thieves

reach

the

(57 per the minimum

black

way robbers, brown hair.

(23 percent.); and thieves attain the The violators

hair; the viothe idlers, highmaximum for

and swindlers form the of the blonds. Dark hair and majority (black is predominant in general, brown) among criminals with normal as compared men, in the proportion of 49 per cent, to 33 per cent.; light hair (blond and red) in the proportion of 16.5 to 6.85 per cent. Marro among 507 criminals found ro percent, with little thick hair, 44 per cent, with hair, with a maximum of 53 per cent, in vagabonds, 47 per cent, in assassins. From 4,000 criminals Bertillion finds 33.2 per cent, with brown iris; 22.4 per cent, with or red iris. 32.4 per cent, yellow that many of these characteristics While are often seen in ordinary men, yet the large jaw, of the women, bad look, the masculine appearance thick hair, and receding ears, strabism, projecting brown; it is true in criminals. frequent there are the doubtful in the points Although case of criminals, yet in the case of 'the so-called norrnal men there is much greater uncertainty; for we know little or nothing of their lives; some of all men, need the aggravating them, as among occasion to become criminals. Easy circumstance in life and agreeable can protect surroundings severe adversity turn into some, whom might we may say that most every individual criminals; has his limit which he would commit a beyond criminal act. Poverty, misery, and organic debility forehead are much more a dark

THE

PHYSICAL

SIDE

OF

THE

CRIMINAL.

43

the cause of crime. The infrequently criminal type is very rare among physiognomical The normal men, but frequent among criminals. popular mind, though often inexact, has not failed are not to notice many criminal characteristics. A few will illustrate proverbs by Lombroso)(collected this: is nothing worse than scarcity of "There " Pale face is either false or beard and no color." " A red-haired treacherous" man and (Rome). bearded woman, greet them at a distance" (Ven'' Be thou of the woman with a ice). suspicious man's voice." "God preserve me from the man " " Pale face is worse without a beard (France). " " Bearded woman and than the itch (Piedmont). unbearded man, salute at a distance" (Tuscan). " Man of little " Wild beard, of little faith." look, " Be cruel custom." suspicious of him who laughs, " and beware of men with small and twinkling eyes (Tuscan). There are not a few women, who, although ignorant of the lower side of life, are instinctively suspicious of persons unknown, but criminal in character. There may be a heredity element here, as in the case of our little house-birds, who strike their cage with wing and beak, when a bird of prey passes over them, which enemy wasonly known to theirancestry. There is little doubt but that physiognomical characteristics can be modified by the criminal. Lombroso has observed that when a murderous man is made to make a violent effort, his physioghis face, takes the ferocious look nomy, especially at the moment of the crime. peculiar to the criminal

44

CRIMINOLOGY.

stands in close relation with facial Physiognomy and cranial signs of degeneration. It must not be how great an influence habits have over forgotten the mimical facial muscles, how gradual the pasfeatures to prison physisage is from harmonious ognomy, which is caused in part by passions temAlso the unconscious influence porarily changed. of the style of hair, beard, look, demeanor, and clothing is to be noted; in prison garb, for example, a face makes quite another from that impression dress. Von Holder, in ordinary from 1,022 portraits of recidivists of both sexes, found it imone a criminal possible in many cases to pronounce his physiognomy. from Physiognomy, though uncertain, gives us valuable hints sometimes. Tattooing. Following is a table of statistics
Ko. Condemned Condemned Condemned Condemned Deseiling Criminals Criminals for murder for theft for forgery, for rape or rebellious and violence '. . swindling . . soldiers , So . 141 . 54 .11 4 .90. , 191

from

Lombroso:

Proportion, Tattooed, per cent. 16 20 20 '5 1 1 4 50 14 11.1 -g25 4 20.9

who are not recidivists who are recidivists

The largest number who tattoo are found among the smallest the recidivists; number, omitting crimes against decency, are the forgers and swindlers. enables Perhaps their superior intelligence of tattooing. them to see the disadvantage As a rule women tattoo very little. Men who are not

THE

PHYSICAL

SIDE

OF

THE

CRIMINAL.

45

tend to give up the custom; criminals while among the criminals the usage reaches large proportions. Almost all tattoo the fore-arm and the palms of the number tattoo the shoulders, hands; a smaller and fingers (miners). Those who chest (sailors) tattoo the back and the private parts have generally in the prisons. The or lived been in Oceanica, most frequent among symbols of war are naturally the soldiers. Parent-Duchatelet has seen quite extensive tatIn men, the lowest prostitutes. among tooing in the name or symbols of love consist ordinarily of the woman loved, or in the date of the initials first love, or in one or more hearts transfixed by an is suffior two clasped hands. Obscenity common as indicated by the symbols over ciently and genital parts. The pederasts are the abdomen arrow Parent-Duchatelet never very fond of tattooing. found any obscene symbols among the prostitutes. A parallel characteristic of prostitutes is that they seldom read obscene literature. As in the case of sailors and savages, criminals all parts of the body, which indicates among to pain. them all a low degree of sensibility Of 89 66 were tattooed between the ages adult criminals of 9 and 16. Of 89 criminals 71 were tattooed The causes of a custom of so little while in prison. and frequently are found in: harmful, advantage, to engrave the image of a saint on (1) Religion; one's own engraved the early flesh was a proof of love; the Phoenicians on the forehead the sign of their divinity; the name of Christ Christians engraved tattoo

46

CRIMINOLOGY.

Sailors had still another upon the hand and arm. be recognized motive which was that they might in the sea. if they perished (2) In the desire of of soldiers have imitation. Often a whole company the same symbol tattooed. (3) In the spirit of venby the symbols. (4) In lazigeance, as indicated ness, as in the prisons where they amuse themselves more diffifor nothing else to do; inaction being cult to endure than the pain itself. has (5) Vanity thus the savages go naked, influence; very great signs upon parts most exposed; in enduring courage having others tattoo the do it to show their " Birmans " the pain. Among indicates social position. of New Zealand tattooing of association and of sect, as among (6) Feeling the Camorrists of Naples, was a cause. (7) Noble thus the image of a passions also were iufluential; chest; the soldiers friend or the souvenirs of childhood give courage to the soldier. or erratic passions, as (8) Atavism shown by obscene symbols, the most are, perhaps, causes. is one of the characfrequent Tattooing teristics of primitive man. In prehistoric cases, and in ancient Egyptian sepulchers, the instruments used for this purpose. the insane indicates among criminality, have not been sailors or soldiers. Craniology. CRANIAL CAPACITY.By a comparative study of 121 criminals and 32S normal finds men, Lombroso that craniums of small volume exceed, and those of very large volume are rare, in the case of criminals, are found Tattooing if they the

THE

PHYSICAL

SIDE

OF

THE

CRIMINAL.

47

the criminals were larger of stature than although men ; he also shows from his own the normal and those of others, that in general, when statistics is not due to hydrocephaa large cranial capacity with a developed intelligence. lus, it is concomitant the cranial of criminals capacity in the equal to that of other men, with variations minimum and maximum capacities; but, as Lombroso remarks, those results relate only to assassins ; in addition cretinism is somewhat extensive Ranke made his researches. where (Bavaria) Borfind in a number dier and other observers of assassins a capacity superior to that in normal men. these divergences explains by the difference in method, and the insufficient probable number studied. WEIGHT OF CRANIUM.The of average weight is superior to that of the ordinary indithe cranium to Lombroso, who examined vidual 21 according Italian assassins; on the other hand, Manouvrier, on in France of 44 assassins and 50 nor-' examination mal men, found the weight of cranium inferior. As Manouvrier to the relation of the weight may be true, as Corre suggests, the cranium is less related to ment to the capacity, it that the weight of the brain developRanke makes

than it is to the osseous system ; thus the skeleton and the length of its members would be a fact to consider. Corre, Bordier, Lombroso, Ferri, and Lauvergne find the horizontal cirWeisbach, in criminals inferior to that of ordinary cumference men. SEMI-HORIZONTAL CIRCUMFERENCE.Almost all

48

CRIMINOLOGY.

to the predominance give a slight over the semi-antecircumference semi-posterior rior. In such cases, in which the predominance is the muscular mass in the anterior circumference, moter for of the temporal bone, the most powerful the jaw, must be taken into consideration. the auricular Broca's method of measuring anthe use of the stereograph, gles, by which, through measurements

of the cranium are obtained, is as folprojections lows : O, is the apex of the auricular angles, A, is the alveolar C, bregma, point, B, sub-orbital, D, The first angle lambda, Js, inion and ^ophisthion. the facial (A O B) represents region ; the second cerebral ( O C) the frontal region ; the third the fourth (D OE) the (C O D) the parietal region; cerebral region, and the fifth (E O F) the occipital The size of these angles region of the cerebellum. does not depend upon the size but upon the form of the cranium; this gives the angles special value. Corre measured of widely differ150 craniums ent categories, and confirms the value of these anodes.

THE

PHYSICAL

SIDE

OF

THE

CRIMINAL.

49

table we see that the frontal angle increases as we rise toward the superior races, but stand comparatively low (50.9). that the criminals From this Cranium. 1
i. I S 2 ."i

5".
K1rt Z Degs. Gorilla Chimpanzee Microcephalics Idiots (not microcephhcs) New African French Modern Caledonians.. Negroes assassins Parisians. !"'"; ( Women (22 in number)... J Women 1 JJ.^1,-:; 43.3 51.8 s'3 48.5 fii 59.5 52.5 47.5

1
o ^ h. Degs. 35 35 41.2 44 52 51.4 50.9 54-6 55.4

1
._ fltX C Degs. 58 54 59.3 62.5 *3 61 61.7 67.1 59-7 50.8

S
o ot O Degs. JQ 36.5 38.3 3<5 32 36.6 40.0 4o.i 37.7

"

g=
.i *. O -2 tDegs. 108 138.5 144.6 148 145 155 153.5 154.4 152.9

-x y C -3 < Degs. 43 35.7 32 3 30 27 35.1 20.9 30.6 30.1

1 and Hamy's tabic. Quatrefage 2 The nasal orbital to facial projections. angle corresponds s The total cerebral includes the frontal, parietal, angle cranium. to the cerebral angles, which correspond

and

occipital

In the French assassin the frontal angle is smaller than in the African Orchanski and Heger negro. to the normal man a superior agree in according anterior of the cranium. projection concludes CURVES.Bordier that the parietal is larger in criminals; Benedikt and Lomregion broso find no appreciable difference. CEPHALIC INDEX.This the general expresses it is less in proportion form of the cranium; as the length is greater, and more as the length is With the brachycephalic less. some variations, 4

50

CRIMINOLOGY.

cranium

common criminals. among Lombroso of a tendency considers this an indication to exaggerate ethnic indices. Corre interprets this more in the sense of arrest of development that of the child. approaching VERTICAL INDEX (diameter drawn from the base to bregma).Lombroso finds no notable differand Bordier make it ence; d'Ardouin, d'Orchanski, in criminals in the same (comparison greater race); on the find it less. other hand, Heger and Dellemagne

is the

most

FRONTAL INDEX.Lombroso again finds no notable deviation, Bordier and Corre find it larger in assassins. frontal index the (The expresses transversal of the anterior cranial development length of face there is a large in favor of the criminal; this exceeds predominance the simple length, but this is in connection with the development of the jaw, for, according to of the face, in relation to the Ferri, the length height of the vertex to the chin, is much greater in criminals ; this height indicates face to the development the relation of the of the cranium. Also the region.) Under the total

breadth of face breadth) bizygomatic (maximum is larger in criminals. to Lombroso, the lowest nasal indices According are twice as rare, and the highest are twice as frequent in the criminals. Lombroso, Ferri, Orchanski, Manouvrier development and others of the lower agree as to the greater criminals ; jaw among

to

From the following table, arranged by Dr. Corre, be evident are in millimeters): (measurements Face.
NORMAL MEN.

some facial

characteristics

will

CRIMINALS.

2 u w

Toward.

c^,
* a (/3 'X t. v. o ^

Corre. ^
w CJ SZ .J. 3 <n , ^ J=

w
H O
w

u n
to

,A w
.E

^ c
.2

?g S3 i'qs
i-c

e< = ti
v-u

-o TO S
v-~

1 *
<-

g =
--

.S > ^i
$

to

"

CL
length Simple length Bizygomatic breadth * Indices: Facial Nasal Orbital Palatal Total u8 (?) 87.7 132.2 65.0 46.8 S3.7 74.7

f-

ri

"

^
.12^.0

oj

<
' | ....

Jn

:>

S 2 *

S J f *-

s
W-o 87.6 r33-3 66.2 .... ....

3-r, 3 U

5 *J '

s
'32- 2 004 T32-S 68.0

133 o 92.0 *32-o 6g.6 ".

S >

^
140.0 92.6 33- 69.6

-S ,-. C CJ
.... 92.0

<

<u
.... S9.7 I3z-7 67.0 ....

.... 86.0 ....

8q.o 133-6 65.3 45.6 Sri.4 81 5

155 5 90.0 131.0 68.6

138.0 86.0 135-0 63.6

X w
K

130.0 65.6

....

....

....

....

....

....

of of

1 Facial maximum orbit to

index relation expresses to maximum breadth its horizontal diameter.

of

length Palatal

maximum of nose. index

breadth Orbital expresses

to simple of face. Nasal length index expresses index of relation vertical expresses diameter of relation of width to length of palatal vault.

relation the base

52

CRIMINOLOGY.

orbital in crimcapacity greater it, as in the case of birds of prey, inals, explaining of certain by the coordination organs as the result Lombroso finds of more frequent more developed indebted to Dr. exercise ; this capacity in thieves and assassins. Corre is still We are

and others for the following of the median (or metopic) facts : (i) Frequency frontal suture. This character appears with brachyheads and may be regarded as indicating cephalic or parietal ; (2) the parietal occipital inferiority earlier. sutures grow together Tims, the parietal sutures are soon effaced, so the or occipito-parietal and ; (3) the notched parietal-frontal temporal sutures are the interparietal considered This simplest. bone in Peruvians anomaly (as an and Negroes) is as a sign of inferiority ;

by Anouchine in certain animals and constant in emit is normal life ; (4) the supernumerary or Wormien bryonic in the region of the median bones are frequent posterior fontanelles ment ment and of the fontanelle characters ; (5) other ridges lateral are posterior the developwith the efface-

of the superciliary or even frequent

mediary protuberance; mastoid apophyses. tive with the great of the tempondevelopment in turn is related to the deparieta! region, which of the jaw ; (6) the backward direction velopment of the plain of the occipital as in infedepression, rior races, is more frequent surface of the cranium, convolutions, and of the in criminals. where the meningeal The under traces of the are vessels

of the interdepression the development of the These characters are' correla-

THE

PHYSICAL

SIDE

OF

THE

CRIMINAL.

53

has not been sufficiently to give studied, found, more knowledge vasculariencephalic concerning zation. For instance, a fossa, situated on a level of the internal to an crest, corresponding occipital abnormal of the lobe of the cerebeldevelopment in lum (occipital fossa) is four times as frequent criminals as in ordinary men. As the following table gives the results from over 3,000 cases, studied by independent investigators, it deserves special attention. It shows the proportion of anomalies found in 66 male by Lombroso and 60 female criminals; also Legge's figures from 1,770 normal Amodei from those of Lombroso and craniums, bodies and 170 insane. 1,320 soldiers' note the distinctive cranial anomalies

One should as sclerosis epactal bone, receding forehead, frontal sinuses, supercilliary craniums, ridges, oxycephalic internal nasal suture, facial asymmetry, fusion of the of the occipital and the atlas; anomalies depression fossa in men. As regards sex. the men occipital furnish more anomalies than the women; althe number; the women exceed in most in anomalies of thebasilary craniums, platycephalic and of the frontal of the depression apophyses bone and in fusion of the atlas with the temporal many double bone. occipital Lombroso finds anomalies character on looking at the general, as a whole, a distinctive teratological from the union of many anomalies in the in

same cranium, the proportion being 43 per cent., while simple isolated anomalies only show 21 per that atavism He admits does not explain cent,

54

CRIMINOLOGY.

the frequent cranial and facial fusion obliquity, and the welding of the atlas with the occipital Table of Asymmetry.
MALES. FEMALES.

o & Per Cent. heads. IOO Plagycephalic Cranial sclerosis 18.0 Sutures ('* souddes") 25.0 Suture 0.0 (*' metopique") Wormian bones 28.0 bone. Epactal 5.0! atlas Fusionof with bone 0.8 occipital Middle fossa 4.1 occipital Hollow of Civini 27.0 forehead 18.0 Receding of the tern- ( Frontal Appophyses '-5 bone.... f poral and i develSuperciliary ridges f25' oped sinuses... Anomalies of lower teeth 6.0 20.0 Large jaws Very large jaws 4.5 Traces of the intermaxillary suture 52.0 " 2.0 Oxycephalicn Double fossa 6.0 sub-orbitaiy " 6.T Subscaphocepalic'' Prognatism 34-o 20.0 Projecting zygomaticapopliyses... Nasal Glabella much depressed... 13.0 Platycephalic of the face Asymmetry of the teeth Asymmetry of the temporal Projection Frontal beak of the coional of the coronal Depression Wormian bone of pterion Anomalies of the occipital Feminality Projection'of of the frontal the orbital bone anffiel'j J, 15.0 6.0 6.0 bones. suture glands. fossa.. 27.0 2.0 29.0 16.0 2.5 15-0 3

6
"C U Per Cent. 42.0 31.0 37.0 12.0 ; 59.0 9.0 3.0 16.0 15.0 36.0 3-4 , 62' 2.0 37.0 10.6 24.0 7.5 18 o 6.0 34.0 30.0 31.0 22.0 25.0 10 43.0 9.0 50.0 23.0 IC.O 6.0 ^g

*C U Per Cent. 21.0 31.0 26.0 5.0 46.0 1.7 3.2 3.2 8.1 6.8 , , 6.6 2t>' 3.2 25.0 3.3 3.3

O Per Cent. 17.2 17.2 33.3 10.o 20.0 6.S 3.4 10.o .... >9-'0.5 6.5

p w

3
J A Per Cent. 24.0 50.0 28.0 0.0 68.o 3.8 2.7 14.0

Per Cent.

100. 8.0 5.1 .... 5.4 26.0

.s.o

2.3 , e7-

40.0 100

...<

60.0

32.0 7.6 33.0

10.o 6.9 0.1

100.

....

3.0 11.5

....

66.0

80. 18.0 05

'

bone

the

plagycephalic

cranium

and exaggerated

sclerosis.

THE

PHYSICAL

SIDE

OF

THE

CRIMINAL.

55

seem to him to result from eror from of the foetal cranium, rors in development from the nervous centers. diseases slowly evolving of frontal But the frequency sinuses, receding and foreheads, developed superciliary ridges Those anomalies that men with such a probable number of cranial anomalies have parallel anomalies and feelings for these phenomena in intelligence in volume and form of the are visible alterations sclerosis makes it intellectual centers. craniums While one can find many asymmetrical asymmeamong normal people, and while certain or to the alterations tries can be due to education, excess or defect, functioual of convolutions through or psychological due to physiological causes; yet one causes are limited. these occasional Although do the work of can sometimes part of the brain the place another, yet one lobe can hardly supply of another. inis that cranial asymmetry Dr. Corre's opinion in cerebral state of perturbation a certain dicates cannot education and that when remedy action, is a large chance for the inthese defects, there which into evil impulses, degenerate and nature the intellectual or suppress overrule is acts. Yet every asymmetry develop into criminal a defect of cerebral not necessarily development. of the influence above, under For, as suggested stincts to education covcan be corrected, of function This can be due to comered up, or eradicated. But a functional operations. plex psychological have a funcdisease would not, strictly speaking, defect

56

CRIMINOLOGY.

compensation, to Corre, according two regions exactly

tional

for this only by

would

be understood, between substitution According of cranial to de-

Corre and Broca, formations have their origin in the brain. Broca in the foetus or which, says that every affection the form of the encechild, alters gravely young

homogeneous. a certain number

a deformity of mass, produces phalic necessarily the cranium. When we consider the early surroundings (unalcoholic conditions, parents, etc.) of the hygienic where he may begin vice as soon as concriminal, due to neglect sciousness awakes, malformations, and rough treatment, cranial malformation conditions. osteological are may But not Yet surprising. be frequently due to

here, still, hereditary influence and surrounding conditions in early life exert their power. and rachMany are scrofulous strucitic, which affections modify the osteological ture. In its turn, the cranium forces the brain to a reduction and in general development, nutritional cause irremediable perturbations in the brain. troubles and Clequet say that the head that Lacassagne is symmetrical is more developed on the posteriorly left anterior side, and the head symmetrical anterion the left posterior side. orly is more developed There is sometimes a tendency if to compensation; the predominance is parietal, it is counterbalanced to a certain point, by a frontal-prominence or occipiThere is a tendency to correction tal, or both. by the relative development of certain opposite regions. in its

THE

PHYSICAL

SIDE

OF

THE

CRIMINAL.

57

Skeleton and Members. a strong of the development osseous system, while thieves and violators have The assassins generally weak skeletons. have a but some of them strong physical organization, and with little merit the double epithet of strong intelligence. Weight, stature, and thoracic development in connection with small forehead would of malefactors close to pathological ings, as Cretins and Idiots ; because in both cases of muscular there is often the same coexistence The bandit force and intellectual of depression. the most brutal kind however is not so weak menforce is in service of his tally, since his muscular a number put beHomicides show

cerebral is which, although activity, incomplete, The idiot, on the kept awake by his mode of life. other hand, has little to develop his mental activity. a strong Although physical organization among assassins is the rule, there are some exceptions, as in persons practicing ambush, or where the victim is required. Dr. Corre menis feeble, or strategy tions a young flirt at Paris, who had assassinated instrument lovers, her favorite She was gentle in manner, being the hammer. ; but was remarkpolite, and of agreeable physique force ; she always able for muscular dressed in attire. gentleman's The extremities in criminals are often deformed. The hands are large and short in murderers and in for assault and battery those condemned ; they are long and narrow in thieves. Lacassagne found with large finger-reach. 600 out of 800 criminals and robbed several

58

CRIMINOLOGY.

Cercbrology. after comparing the BRAINWEIGHT.4. Bischoff, with 422 of norweight of 137 brains of criminals mal men, obtained no striking difference. Lomon the broso, finding an asymmetrical predominance right in 41 per cent., and on the left in 20 per cent. (38 per cent, being equal), thinks this is significant, since in physiological the two sides are asymmetries Giacomini found in 42 homicides 20 with equal. right lobe heavier, and 18 with the left lobe heavier; in the four others the two lobes were equal. Topisays that large brains have less convolutions; and small brains more. In this way there is a comas in the case of Gambetta, whose brain pensation, was small, but finely convoluted. Anomalies. did not find Flesch, out of 50 brains of criminals, anomalies. From an examination one without of 28 brains he found: of the meninges, Alterations to the extent of 50 per cent.; adherences of the pia and to the gray mater substance, 4 per cent.; adherences to the gray substance, 6 per cent.; internal hemorrhagica! pachymengitis, 10 per cent.; leptomeningitis in young men, 14 per of the base, 1 percent.; cent.; tubercular meningitis oedema of the pia mater, 7 per cent.; altheroma of the basiliary 8 per cent.; arteries, spinal hemor1 per cent.; atrophy of the gray rhagic meningitis, 1 per cent.; cerebral substance, 3 per hemorrhage, cent. These anomalies generally were not accomof the dura mater nard

THE

PHYSICAL

SIDE

OF

THE

CRIMINAL.

59

panied them.

with

the thinks

symptoms that

that

ordinarily

follow

in his observaSaltmann, tions on the development and gradual multiplication of the motor centers of the cortical substance, shows how the brain can be deeply affected, and at the same time never manifest the symptoms of the disease. In experiments made on new-born dogs and rabbits after birth, electric exciimmediately tation of the gray matter is not capable of exciting centers are little by little the groups of muscles. distinguished, following The defect of these centers in the first periods of life often explain at that time how cerebral diseases can rest latent; if, for instance, there is an arrest in one region, the multiplication of development of centers ceases, but as in foetal life some regulative other centers can perform the functions of all; thus the psychical work, being less divided, is imperfect, and the pathological process rests dormant. In 92 brains of criminals were found in the central membranes : Opaqueness and adhesions in 10 ; in 3 ; slight inflammations ossifications in diverse in 3 ; softening in 3 ; points parts in 1 ; osteoma in 5 ; arterial of hemorrhages in s ; degeneracy in 3.; adherence tumors of the posterior horns in 1; and cerebrum from a study of nineteen brains of Benedikt, criminals of different finds a typical nationalities, confluence of fissures ; that is to say, if we regard the fissures as rivers, floating bodies can pass into hemorrhages of cerebellum of the lateral ventricles in 2. in 2 ; abcess a movement. But the

Lombroso

6o

CRIMINOLOGY.

almost tween

all the

important Riidinger has shown that brachycephalic and dolicocephalic brains have these in fcetal characteristics life. Huschke has shown that negroes' brains belong to Thus the three important fissures of type. the outer surface, that is the central fissure, the third frontal of the interfissure, and a portion fissure have a great tendency to unite with parietal the Sylvian fissure, so that there results not only an anterior and posterior but also branch, rising three the central branches, namely, fissure, third and a portion of the interparietal parietal, " that to Benedikt fissure. that an says, suppose constructed brain can function atypically normally is out of the question. What we do not know is, this way and not that; why such a brain functions and why, under certain conditions, psychological it functions just in this way." Benedikt's results do not seem to be confirmed of others, For inby the investigations after examining brains stance, Tenchini, thirty-two from the prison of Parma, does not find of criminals these peculiarities ; yet he does find a greater freanomalies than in normal men. quency of cerebral
Conclusion.

the other fissures ; because fissures are wanting. This substance is wanting. brain

bridges means

bethat

this

other

But

of the criminal's Ou 1' knowledge brain of the brain in general is very inadequate, in spite of the numerous investigations been made. The fact that an

as well as and this that have individual has

THE

PHYSICAL

SIDE

OF

THE

CRIMINAL.

6l

and at the same time cerebral anomalies, psychical or cranial or both, does not show that either one is it may justify the cause of the other, although a that they are in some way related. presumption are based upon brain anFor such conclusions which is a atomy rather than brain physiology, field about which very little is known. It is easy to conceive that brain circulation, and qualitative has as much to do in its effect on the quantitative, mind as anatomical It is, nevertheless, relations. reasonable to assume, that in the last analysis is based every physiological irregularity anatomical one ; yet the reverse may be would seem to be, also. The probability and anatomical physiological mutually react one upon the other ; and to decide primary There upon an assumed that the act and is which

is wholly beyond our present knowledge. is still another often overdifficulty, between the craninm and looked, as to the relation brain. In embryonic that life, it is quite probable the development of the brain has great influence and it is possible, later upon that of the cranium, on at least, that the cranium has equal influence upon the brain. Pathology. In criminals or feeble than is rather medium constitution On account of strong or vigorous. a wanderisolation, regret from want of freedom, vices (common in prisons), the ing life and solitary constitution On the other hand, may be impaired. to this life, which is calmer, some adapt themselves the

62

CRIMINOLOGY.

more regular in regimen, and free from temptations to debauch. action Yet, on the whole, the depressive in the prisons is predominant. Ferrus found of and of Clairvaux in good Milan 1,455 criminals health out of 2,153 on their arrival, and 227 with constitutions feeble; number, 908 at the end of a certain good health, 379 in fair health, run down in health. fair 471 with of the whole time were in

and 579 had notably

in says feeble health predominates Lauvergne thieves in the galleys, and that they are the most numerous class there. In spite of the severities of ancient prisons, quite a number reach an advanced Out of 252 inage. Corre found 69 from 60 to 70 years of corrigibles, age, and Rochefort three over 70. At Brest, Toulon, and in France (for 1843, 1849, 1853) the proof deaths was an average of 46.1 per thouportion the mortality sand; for the same period in France to Corre, mortality was 25 per thousand. According the age of the person at the moment and augments after the age of entrance, especially less power of adaptof 40. This latter fact indicates The proportion of mortality ation to prison life. adult is small in the case of those just beginning had time to contract life, who have scarcely permanent habits, or who while in liberty have known But in the case of those from 21 to only misery. and moral action takes place 30, where the physical in the change of existence, the proportion of deaths it increases increases till it finds its greatly; maximum above 40, when the constitution is increases with

THE

PHYSICAL

SIDE

OF

THE

CRIMINAL.

63

result of an senilitythe by a premature 20 years of and irregular life. Those agitated in the show a maximum mortality age or tinder and this maximum is first year of imprisonment; 20 in any other Between not exceeded period. the are more from and frequent 30, deaths aftersecond to the fifth year of imprisonment; weakened is affected in a less degree by the mortality of imprisonment. the duration 5 to During there is an increase 20 years of imprisonment, from 30 to 40 years of persons in mortality the condemned after 40 years, of age. Among to conditions of age are according the deaths wards of imprisonment. rather than duration at Brest, from In the marine hospital 1846, 200 deaths took place, the following gives the data: 1844 to table 1

< t! u < " 5

u
diseases Pyrexial diseases Constitutional Diseases of nervous.centers. Diseases of heart and large vessels Disease" of the respiratory organ& Diseases of the digestive " organs 1 Corre, " Les Criminels."

? |||QI
u
15.5 8.4 10.3 14.8 22.2 22.2

- II
<

00

31.5 10.5 5.2

Almost

wholly

of the

1 4*5 f { ^-3'' (" ) f "^

'J"J , 7-4 |

-^o 10.5

j J Almost wholly of the ( heart. (Pulmonary predominance. ) intes1 Almost wholly lina!. }

The phoid.

are to a large extent cases of pyrexia tyIn France it has been, found that the hy-

64

CRIMINOLOGY.

are much better in the prisons than gienic conditions is conin caserns, so that the per cent, of mortality soldiers and sailors than siderably higher among The convicts show a very low criminals. among in pyrexia, but a high morper cent, of mortality in constitutional to alcoaffections, tality owing of phthisical and a maximum diseases. holism 1'he young criminals in nervous
Workmen and Guards. Per cent. 11.4. 8.0 11.4 4.5 49.7 8.0 87

mortality

give a large diseases.

percentage

of

niw Diseases.

Convicts. Per cent.

Soldiers. ,.j,.,> (Adults..) Per cent.

Sailors. (Adults and adoiescents.) Per cent. 36.0 4.6 15.1 1.1 27.9 12.7 86 among young

Pyrexia Constitutional.. Nervous 1 Cardiac Phthisical D'gest'eorg'ns No. of deaths..

12.5 12.5 62.5 6.2 16

46.2 2.1 6.4 1.0 14.0 27.8 96

1 Mostly criminals.

brain diseases. - Almost wholly

Predominance of meningitis stomachal and intestinal.

Among advanced diseases softening habits. mortality

were many guards in age. free these Among persons there are rather is ; or hemorrhagic of the brain from age or intemperate The nervous diseases reach those condemned a maximum for crimes

the

workmen

and

among or violation, for crimes while against decency their percentage is only 10.3 petagainst property, on life. Sexual cent., and 5.2 per cent, for attacks crime most ordinarily arises from, an unhealthy of cranial has passion ; the frequency asymmetries already been referred to in this criminals of women Among class of criminals. all categories the.

THE

PHYSICAL

SIDE

OF

THE

CRIMINAL.

65

percentage hard labor resistance cerned.

of mortality is high, especially where is required; so that woman shows a less in constitution as far as crime is con-

The following table gives the proportion of mortality in the central prisons (Tardiem):
Men. Per cent. Condemned Condemned Condemned Condemned to bard labor . . . . . , . . . , . .5-79 .5.16 , 5.34 . 2.2S to seclusion for correction. to chains . Women. Per cent. 7-79 7-36 5.55

of 1,319 deaths in the central prisons, 345 "were from acute maladies : 247 men and 78 women; maladies : 769 men and 205 974 were from chronic women. It is found that farmers, soldiers, sailors and beggars give a much larger death vagabonds, rate when in the prisons for life than those engaged in other those in the liberal profesoccupations; sions show a lower rate of mortality; then follow those in diverse sedentary inhabitants of callings, the city for the most part. Dr. Castello calls attention to the fact that the a large number who furnish of crimiprostitutes, and have affections connected nals, are cardiopathic, with the cerebral-spinal As to the resistregions. ance and morbidity of criminals of all races, transfar from : home, there are two conditions ported (1) where they are placed as free among a population not much better than themselves; an agglomeration or by intermingling of the by selection races is formed, where tend to characteristics where the criminals mingle. (2) The condition
5

Out

66

CRIMINOLOGY.

are

allowed gradually criminal. Orgeas gives

with mingle this table :

D led from 1 faludism. Per cent.

to

the

non-

D ied of yellow fever. Per cent. 46.6 4.5 0.5 2.4 3.3 5.4

Free

Europeans

. . .

. . . .

.18.1 . 3S.1 . 14.3 .29.7 . 16.5 . 13.5

Transported Europeans Negroes and Mulattoes Transported Transported Chinese and Anamiles 1 Marsh disease. Negroes Hindoos .

or immigrants . .

(31 years), 12,148 died, escaped. The figures are encouraging as far as acclimatation is concerned; reform by colonization in healthy climates as in New Caledonia is favorable. For the period from of those 1865-75, the mortality was 3.7 per cent. From 1879 to 1882, transported in spite of the enormous increase of number, the fell to 2.5 per cent. mortality and. prostitution often go pari-passu. of anomalies and morbid states is found certain cateprostitutes among among In prostitutes and in many gories of criminals. criminals the voice is hoarse and masculine. This a result of complex of which is, however, habits, alcoholism is the main cause perhaps. There exist also the relations between the development of the vocal and genital a reciprocal organs, perhaps Criminality The frequency relation, Among as singers has been shown in certain cases. organs and declaimers the genital

According 1887, out of 1852 to 1883 appeared or

to the 24,170

annual

statistics into

introduced

of France for Guiana from and 3,140 dis-

THE

PHYSICAL

SIDE

OF

THE

CRIMINAL.

67

are much frequently

developed, present.

and

also

Lesbian

tastes

are

Pathological In

Anatomy. 20 per cent, as to accithese insane so grave the calculating In

Flesch found 50 autopsies, which showed affections of the heart be

on the cause of death; dental affections of the pericardium and the mortality was 50 per cent. dium, affections criminals resemble the insane. the lesions Comparing people as given by Hogen, table: in we normal have the

endocar-

and

following

h'ormal. Per cent. of the heart Hypertrophy of the heart . Atrophy . 16 . . . . . 1.2 3.6 3.1 2.1

Insane. Criminal. Per cent. Per cent. 10 3.1 5.2 3.6 2.9 26 11 n 9 17 2 50

of the heart Fatty degeneration Valvular of the heart insufficiency Pericardic Affection adherence of the heart . . in general

. 25

From criminals

this

table

a valvular

insufficiency

in

the

is quite marked atrophy (17 per cent.); to the insane in (n per cent.) and a close analogy with the normal should as compared hypertrophy Mendel be noted. (Die Manii 1881) shows that in maniacs is from the cardiac affections 3.4 to 14 Witkowski and 5.5 per cent, in dementia. percent, cases that pride, has found in cardio-pathological a tendency to impetuous acts egoism, uneasiness, and violent manifestations in the case of especially are of great tricular hypertrophy, self against those attacked or others, with ven-

influence.

68

CRIMINOLOGY.

D'Astros,

troubles, character aortic lesion

a study of 39 cases of cardiac that in general they manifest a concludes The to mental alterations. inclined from

or less procauses subsiding (more and a neuroof the psychical powers nounced) into hysteria; state that may develop pathological and to mitral lesions predispose to melancholia, In cardiac attacks of violence. insanity, depresdelirium with hallucinations, sion, melancholia, in attacks of with short oscilations, especially The in impulsive forms, are frequent. asystolia acts and the between close connection psychical circulation of the blood is shown by the sphygmoRindfleisch anatomy says that pathological graph. basis of the mental indicates that the anatomical in the distrian anomaly is essentially affections that follow. bution of the blood and consequences Liver. and had infiltration (29.4 per cent.); 5 had atrophy,and fatty degeneracy from 6 suffered per cent.); 5 had "brunes"(g.& stagnation (9.8 per cent.); hypersemia with billious infiltration 2 with fatty (9.8 per 5 tuberculous, 1 hypertrophy 5 cirrhosis (9.8 per cent); cent); livers 4 nutmeg (7.8 per cent.). (1.9 per cent.); in criminals; alcoaffections predominate Hepatic Fifteen holism explains it in part. Stomach. In 35 autopsies were found sions, 4 cancers, 3 hypereemia, 8 catarrhs, 1 dilitation, 2 disten1 round Out of 50 autopsies, mal in six cases only. Flesch found the liver nor-

THE

PHYSICAL

SIDE

OF

THE

CRIMINAL.

6q

In 8,204 autopsies at the hospiulcer, and 16 normal. tal of Milan, Lombroso found cancer in 156 cases cancer of liver in 0.5 per cent. This (1.9 per cent.); is a fifth less than in the criminals examined by out of 1,214 German Knecht, criminals, found: 23 cases of goitre and cardiac hypertrophy, 146 cases of hernia, 51 cases of congenital phymosis, of testicles or devolopment 29 cases of arrested " 2 cases of and cases of epispadias 5 penis, hypoFlesch. spadis." is frequently the cause of phymosis This the young. coincident arrest, with a feminine is often development, ordinarily " the " apanage of the passive pederasts, which is common in young vagabonds and petty thieves. Congenital in onanism

CHAPTER
PSYCHOLOGY OF

III.
CRIMINALS.

General IT is generally criminals. among extent also they ance of their admitted

Sensibility. that sensibility finds proof is less in the

Lombroso

state, die -crying

but the criminals tattooing; permit this custom as a guarantee of their reputation; can manifest a stoicism about it; this resistof the flesh can have as cause a hypnotic as with ecstatic martyrs, or with witches who that

The they do not feel the flames. slaves dread suffering even more than dead galley We shall see that from this physical in(Corre). comes in great part moral sensibility insensibility. Lombroso and Marro find general onesensibility sixth less, and sensibility, to pain two-fifths less than in the average person. Touch is obtuse in 44 per cent, of criminals, while among non-criminals it is the sense of touch is almost 29 per cent. Athough normal in swindlers and thieves, it is always less in murderers. ordinary men. Lombroso found this the case in 29 out of a thunder before 112; 9 were quarrelsome just in the ears, shower; many, were dizzy, had buzzing and headache on very windy days. METEORIC SENSIBILITY.The criminals under the influence than of the weather are more

PSYCHOLOGY

OF

CRIMINALS.

71

Bono found 60 per cent, of 221 young criminals color blind, which is more than double that of 800 students and of 590 workmen. HolomBiliakow found grena found the same proportion. color blind; 50 per cent, of roo murderers among normal Russians there were not more than 4.6 per cent. Schmitz shows that 55 per cent, of those diswith are subject colors to difficulty tinguishing grosser nervous diseases, as epilepsy, chorea, etc. HEARING.Biliakow found dullness in hearing in the left ear. predominant to be more pretend A common feeble than they really are. character is agility, especially among thieves, some of whom have the spryness of the monkey; the they climb most slender trees, and jump upon the roof and thus enter the house. table LEFT-HANDEDNESS.We give a comparative (Lombroso) of 133 criminals and 117 young
Criminals. Per cent. Maximum Maximum Maximum force force force of left hand .... ... hands. . 23 67 9 of right hand of equal of both

SIGHT.Dr.

Sometimes

the

criminals

men:
Normal. Per cent. 14 70 14

From
Criminals

another
by occasion by nature

table
.

of 261 condemned
.

criminals:

9 out of 96 were left-handed. " " " Criminals . 28 . 145 " " " and to dextrous criminals 34 Forgers " " " Thieves 10 141 " " " Murderers . 4 . ." . 52 " " I 10 " Violators. .... " " " Women criminals . 10 , . 44

*T2

CRIMINOLOGY.

number of cases sensibility is duller than on the left side ; there is a predominance of cranium and brain on the right side in criminals admitted that left; it is generally of the superiority have Broca, Ogle, and Jackson right hemisphere. remarked that in aphasia on the left, the frontal convolutions on the right show more extravasations. Dr. Lepine mentions cases of left-handed convolutions people with lesions in the left frontal who did not have aphasia. When a left-handed and treated as inauspicious, he this fact. The idea of swinnaturally exaggerates is associated with left-handedness in Lomdling bard)' and Germany (Linker). person Corre remarks that with right-handed people, not only the right on the hands, but the teeth right side are more developed ; while the teeth on the left side show less vitality, and more of a tendency to decay. There is a superiority among forgers and those criminals where cleverness is necessary ; 14.3 petcent, are left-handed among the men, 22 per cent, Out of 771 ordinary women, among the women. only 4.3 per cent., and out of 238 workmen, 5.8 per cent, are left-handed the insane, 4 13 pet; among cent, to 4.27 per cent. was left-handed (Tiberius to Tacitus.) according ANOMALIES OF MOBILITY.Virgilio in 194 cases of chronic diseases found a proportionally large number of epileptics and chorea ; also ataxia in thieves as compared with homicides) (especially is suspected handedness is the result of the

In a large on the right

PSYCHOLOGY

OF

CRIMINALS.

IS

were frequent affections. Clark finds crime among II per cent, of common epileptics. BLUSHING.Twice as many criminals as insane are incapable of blushing, to Amadei, according It is admitted that the Bergesio. and the Malays blush little ; the Hindoos rarely, and the South Americans also little. Of 98 criminal men, 44 per cent, did young not blush ; of 122 female 81 per cent, criminals, did not blush when examined by Pasini and Lombroso. Tonninni, Chinese Andromico prostitutes trade or profession blushed when ; one, however, as to acts contrary to nature. reproached In the house of detention, the homicides related their deeds openly and without ; those blushing who had poisoned their husbands, blushed a little. Those condemned for theft did not find one among regular, legal who blushed when asked as to her and

blushed to the ears first, and then in the face ; but the prostitutes among these gave no sign of blushing. SPHYGMOGRAPHY In the study of the reactions of the vessels in relation with the phenomenon of thought, criminals reaction broso : and criminals, by occasion, gave hardly any vascular from Lom; here are some examples the robust but habitual

foreAttsatw.Large jaw, tattooed, receding and neuoropathic head, born of inebriate parents, thief from infancy, never reacted at the sound of or discharge of a pistol, or when under the of painful impression things, or under the influence music,

74

CRIMINOLOGY.

physyears of age, regular of a glass washer, laughs easily, inventor iognomy, speaks the slang, says he steals to procure money for " " of une femme-nue the photograph speculation; for the first time ; but grada reaction produced made no current less afterwards, a painful ually variation. Dalza.Thirty years of age ; had' an insane until 24 ; afterwards thief ; at the ; straight affections ; had receding age of 12, had cerebral and was much forehead, atheroma, large jaw, after tattooed. A strong electric current provoked, curve ; a wounding a descending of 8 pulsations, uncle ; rising of 9 pulsations caused a rise, then a fall after the 4th until the 16th. pulsation continuing and very habitual backslider, Ayliate.Thief, the pulsations, ; sad music diminished gay young music increased them, no reaction from calculation the pulincreased or from pricking ; the revolver the same result ; the vanity produced lowered the pulse of the electric machine thought a little ; on another pistol, dagger, day neither a wine, nor the head of a dead person produced 12 puldefined effect ; vanity raised the line during sations ; their number. sations without modifying Prato Teonesto.Seventeen years of age; son of an alcoholic ; with criminal type ; at 5 he stole wine from ousy his father's one of his cellar; later he struck companions through wine ; abused jealand his vanity calculation caused a sudden

of calculation ; but 18 pulsations. Rafallo.Twenty-six

wine

produced

an elevation

of

PSYCHOLOGY

OF

CRIMINALS.

75

women ; prison was not tiresome to him, in fact he felt first-rate there. Sad music lowered the line with diminution of pulsations. of Photograph " "une femme-nue lowered the pulse, loosened it, and after a short elevation lowered the line. Mula slight diminution of 4 by 12 produced tiplying hand, the sight of wine or pulse ; on the other flattered vanity raised, then lowered, the line of the pulse. Reazzo.Swindler ; 24 years of age, simulated affected that he had two heads, and monomania, of obscene some mice in his stomach ; composer recitations with the ; a good pulse ; no reaction current ; the sentence most painful electric pronounced : " Here is a judge who wishes to see thee," made a notable depression. for soldier, honest, imprisoned Roggero.Young reaction in a row, gave an extraordinary wounding the line ; calto painful electric current, lowering a depression at the 3d pulsation. culation produced exact results are not In all such experiments vascular looked for, as the causes that influence The absence of reaction reaction are so numerous. in ten of Lombroso's cases, with the painful electric current, would indicate analgesia, when the stimucenters. In the lus does not reach the psychical cases of the fear of the judge or the wine, or espethe reactions were superior to the cially vanity, and indicate that pleasure, and normal, vanity, fear of pain have more power than pain itself; another to cerindication is, that those who are insensible tain sorts of impression are liable to be less sensi-

76

CRIMINOLOGY.

The reflex action was bie to others. knee-pan in 53, in 47 cases out of 100, abnormal normal and in some often enfeebled. show a contingent minimum of feeble Violators mean of exaggerated and a contingent reflexes, Thieves rise a little above the general reflexes. average in feeble reflexes, and are a little inferior and cheats, Rogues, excess either of feeble reflexes or of exaggerated the same thing reflexes; is observed robbers. Murderers among highway furnish a contingent of feeble and and sluggards reflexes. An inferior vasomotor activexaggerated as inhaling ity is put in evidence by such methods of amyle, or producing of nitrite blushing by a but this procedure is more or less conreprimand; Without too much importance testable. attaching it may be said that among to details, criminals there is an imperfection of sensitive activity of difIt is known how indifferferent degrees (Corre). and savages are to pain; negroes ent the negroes in order to escape work; cut the hand laughing tortured when the Indians, by fire, sing gaily in their initiations the redpraises of their tribe; without what would kill a skins endure complaint civilized on a hook from man; they are suspended head downward, in the a beam in the wigwam, midst of a thick smoke. This should be remembered with the insensibility in connection to tattooing; the fingers, the lips, or with the custom of cutting the teeth as a sign of mourning of crushing in ceremonies. funeral reflexes. in exaggerated knaves .show a notable

PSYCHOLOGY

OF

CRIMINALS.

77

criminals live to be 80 or 90 LONGEVITY.Some has given the following Settembrini years of age. table: Out of 631, 227 were more than 40 years of age; 203 were from 30 to 40 years of age; 201 were Corre thinks that the want 40 years of age. in criminals of sensibility gives a hint as to their and vitality. longevity under Effects of Insensibility. Moral criminals. devoid of insensibility is as great the criminal he has as physical in is not entirely much certainly

Although moral feeling,

less of it than normal persons. Pity for the sufferthat first becomes ing of others is the sentiment in the criminal. In order to feeble, if not extinct, into the criminal obtain a real insight we himself, can do no better than give some of the words and by Lombroso. Here is one on coldly of the fatal telling blow which killed his wife, said he asked her pardon for it, but she refused him. on whom Another, the view of the dying victim had no effect says, " I kill a man just as I drink a glass of wine." Another befifty cuts from a knife; he throws himself on the bed coming fatigued, A normal near by and sleeps peacefully. man, into crime by passion or by unexpected pushed would have made efforts to conceal circumstances, his murder. One adorns the body of his wife as if for a wedding, places it on the table between him tion and the the two grave-diggers, three eat their repast. and in this posiAnother, having kills his mother with acts of the criminals themselves as related

78

CRIMINOLOGY.

cut his brother up into pieces, and not wishing to at his dinner, when they brought be interrupted the members of his victim to him, said: "They are than in my stomach"; much better there and with the guillotine, he replied, when threatened " You can divide me into two, but not into six, as I have done to this one." was One, whose brother executed, stole a purse and four watches, being that my brother is and said, " What a misfortune not here to have his share!" of their Some speak so coldly and unconcernedly crimes in court that they would be taken for wit"nesses rather than authors of their deeds. One, a few hours his execution, asks for a boiled Anchicken, and eats it all with a good appetite. the three from desires to executioners, other, One reminds choose his "Professor." the priest to him repentance) of the bottle of (preaching wine him fifteen days bepromised and when on the point of mounting the fore; he recomscaffold, the last and only thing which mended to his wife who was his accomplice, was to francs. While one give him credit for thirty-seven was being who was to executed, his accomplice, his hair quietly. A former exefollow, arranged cutioner to be guillotined) (about seeing that the instrument of death was not well arranged, fixed it, disposed the block into a convenient position, and quietly placed his head upon it. There are many curious things related as to the An assassin, while his head was already last hour: on the block, hearing his accomplice complain, which he had before

PSYCHOLOGY

OF

CRIMINALS.

79

said to him: " Do not forget that by accident we were subject to one more disease." An executioner, not being able to seize the neck of one having the goiter, excused himself, swearing that that had never happened to him ; " Nor to me either," reAnother of the bad plied the culprit. complains conditions which he passed of the street through on his way to execution. A savant said on the his finger at the ax and at the scaffold, pointing " Here is and Omega, and thou, exeblock, Alpha art Beta." cutioner, One who smoked his cigar on hearing his death sentence read, said: "I smoke this cigar with preand lying in wait." meditation Another was ocwith his unedited works. Another cupied gives lessons in hygiene to the jailors. Another replies who hurried to the executioner, the him, saying " Be not hour was advanced: fearful, they will not without me." commence is shown by the frequency of murInsensibility at which the murderers ders after an execution had been witnesses, by the nicknames given to instruments of execution and to executioners, by recitations where the favorite is the death pensubject Lombroso considers these facts as one of the alty. most powerful in favor of abolishing arguments the death penalty, it turns because from crime than it leads into crime, owing to fewer individuals the law of imitation, which has such force over the masses ; this species of horrible the charm attracts crowd around the victims of justice ; this doleful and solemn show, so appropriate to please the

8o

CRIMINOLOGY.

of other-evil-doers, vanity goes so far as to give veneration to the bodies of the executed, as sacred Out of 167 condemned relics. to death in EngWhile land, 164 had been present at executions. show extraordinary many criminals courage, owing much to this insensibility, the majority of evil doers are cowards when the excitement is over and they find themselves in unexpected The chief of peril. of Ravenna learned that a dangerous police assassin had boasted that he would kill him ; the chief of police sent for the assassin, put a pistol in his hand and invited him to shoot him ; the assassin to turn immediately began pale and tremble. It is probable that acts of courage on the part of criminals are often due to their insensibility and which to a childish hides the danger impetuosity and makes them blind when they have a purpose to reach or a passion to satisfy. This insensibility and the gravity of the death of others and their own, in connection with their strong passions, explain a between the crime and its disproportion frequent motive; thus, one kills his comrade because he snores too loud; or because he refuses to black his boots; or a quarrel for five centimes ends in assassination. This moral insensibility indicates is why cruelty found so often among persons who seem at times accessible to goodness. Aberration of feeling characterizes the criminal and the insane; and a high decan be found with a tendency to gree of intelligence crime or insanity. This accords with the fact that the alterations of the face and eyes are more frequent

PSYCHOLOGY

OF

CRIMINALS.

8E

than

those

of the telligence and the anomalies of the feeling more cranium, the eyes. with those of the face and especially Sentiments. many but some remain. wanting, an entire family ing killed name Among criminals sentiments are good after havTroppmann, the wept on hearing

The anomalies of the cranium. are more in relation with those

of in-

Some love their wives and of his mother. La Sala, who said she loved cats more children. and who caused her lover to be than her children, and had a passion for her accomplice, assassinated, passed many nights in true charity work at the beds a man risked Another after killing of the dying. his life in order be precipitated Another xxi.). his wife to safe a cat from a roof commits which was about to de Claude, (Memoires in order to enrich murder

and child whom he loves. Parent-Duchatheir telet has shown that some prostitutes support some also have an aged parents and companions; lovers in spite of blows extreme passion for their and cruel treatment from them.

Instability. in some form in is always present Instability criminal confessed to LomA certain criminals. " The cause of is words: in these broso my crimes I cannot see for friendship; a too great propensity even if he is far away, one of my friends offended, without One raising my hands to avenge him." by excessive love of his pushed to his first murder because mistress, killed her a little time afterwards, 6

82

CRIMINOLOGY.

him. loved his mother Another reproached but in a fit of anger threw her from passionately, One had loved a woman for many the balcony. after his he years, but two months marriage, she rid of her. Prostitutes allow get to strike them till blood their paramours comes; can but later the least pretext them. estrange found some who had changed Parent-Duchatelet desired the tattooed initials of their paramours thirty times. Vanity. with merit. While inversely in artists and litterateurs, it developed sufficiently reaches its highest La Gala stage in criminals. inscribed in his cell" "To-day, March 24th, La to make stockings." Gala has learned Lacenaire was affected much more by the criticism of his bad Vanity verses sentence. One of the by his death most common causes of modern crimes is to satisfy to shine in the world, "to cut a figure." vanity, A criminal and his mistress killed, one his wife, the other her husband, and married one another in in the world." order to save " their reputation an extreme vanity about being out of Sometimes debt has led to murder. When a noted thief wears kind of vest or cravat, his associates adopt With the majority there is of criminals " " no blushing; to say of one that he is a skirmisher that a great A is, an assassinis compliment. of fine priest by all, was murdered; certain and gentle none could spirit, respected account for it; a certain his style. than increases to

PSYCHOLOGY

OF

CRIMINALS.

83

a very young man, the priest out to his comrades, killed him pointing and criminal simply to show his courage virility. The criminal is proud of his strength, beauty, riches wrongly and of short acquired courage, and of his success in crime. As in most duration, have their aristocracy. Their classes, the criminals bands of one another. Prostitutes jealous to belong to the superior always pretend grade; the phrase, " Votes eles unc femme de vingt sous," is considered an outrage. The stealer of the thousands makes fun of the The assassins consider thempoor pickpocket. selves superior to the thieves and swindlers, but the forgers do not associate with the assassins; the highway robbers thieves. despise the petty A highway robber once said: "I can be a thief, thank I am a respectable man." but, God, After a whole family, a criminal killing rejoiced that all St. Petersburg were thinking about him. comrades will see now, if lie said, "my "Well," in thinking that I would never they were right be talked A vulgar about." at sharper boasted court of imaginary crimes in order to appear as a A veteran criminal said: "The assassin. great to those of my of the present are inferior brigands in their purity, who were not time, who flourished but worked for the love of their trade." politicians, Such vanity, in connection with lack of foresight, to justice. aids in bringing criminals Just after a said to one of his misa criminal strange murder, tresses: "Yes, I love them, the women, but in a are

it

was

afterward

found

that

84

CRIMINOLOGY.

possessed way; I choke them after having peculiar their throats. them; my pleasure consists in cutting soon hear me talked about." An O, you will was as follows: on a tombstone "Here inscription in this world, tired of stealing lies poor Tulac, Some dream of to steal in the other." departs crime, and, it may be celebrity through reaching like to be that they often succeed; added, they names and photographs in talked about, see their the papers, etc., etc., are pleased to give their autoreceive even offers of marthey sometimes graphs; women. A prisoner tried riage from respectable to kill one of his fellows because another criminal, who was on trial at the time in the city where the " too much received and was, attention," prisoner " too from sentimental especially many bouquets," he desired to be lionized also; he did as well as he expected, for he did not strike his victim quite hard enough to kill him; but had ten years more added to his sentence for the he did. The developed injury pride of criminals and ladies; not succeed is a farce; they are too good to work, lazy to act, and lazy to feel; it is necessary to stimulate their natural torpor by their grosser appetites; yet this is in its effect. only temporary Crime, like prostituOne-sixth of the accused tion, is fed by idleness. in France are of the unoccupied; they are fatigued workmen. easily, and do much less than ordinary Some pose as unfortunates, victims of fatality, criminals by the hatred of an unjust society. As there is no virtuous man without so there weaknesses, are many criminals with altruism of praise. worthy

PSYCHOLOGY

OF

CRIMINALS.

85

but

at

the

same time

allied

with

an anti-altruism.

Some great criminals can be encouraged some pity for others; and vice this

manifest sentiment is present

are not without honor; they to better they have things; but those hardened to crime little or no altruism, and when it is of short duration.

Vengeance. An excessive vanity is one of the main antece-

A certain baron caused a perdents to vengeance. son to be assassinated, because in a procession he before his failed to stop the statue of the Virgin house. "To see the man die whom you hate is a pleasure, and to hate and avenge is the only was the assertion of one criminal. thing I enjoy," A criminal a slight altercation with his having him for many years, who had supported friend, struck him and tried to throw him into a well. He divine friend him ; was stopped ; his wounded pardoned " I will be condemned, but but he answered, it, if I patience ; I regret that I did not accomplish get out of prison, I will fix him ;" he kept his before made his Another, just dying, promise. farmers with whom comrades swear to kill certain A woman had he had not yet settled his accounts. her neighbor, who was opposed to the poisoned of her son ; on being condemned to death marriage to her victim, after to grant and invited pardon " God has of Our Saviour, : the example replied done that which pleased Him ; but I will never pardon." friend for Another a joke, the cloak of his tightened but accidently caused a slight

86

CRIMINOLOGY.

tear ; he apologized and promised to make it good; his friend, however, would not listen to him, but stabbed him instead of accepting the apology. A case like to the vengeance of savages, was that of a certain criminal at night who, being insulted by an unknown person, armed himself, and struck the first man he chanced to meet. Cruelty. during ten years, to the person. Crimonly five were with violence inals who kili for the sake of killing are feared by their companions. After a prostitute, murdering and finding a criminal was so only a watch, When enraged that he ate the scraps of her flesh. bl )od has been once tasted by those who take pleasure in it, to kill becomes a burning passion. One complained while dying, because having killed 99 men he had not made it an even hundred. took such extreme Another pleasure in drinking to take it blood, that when it was not. convenient from his neighbor, he drank his own. In cases of this kind, carnal love is often found in which the the sexual passion. In sight of blood stimulates fact bloody scenes are often followed by the lowest debauches ; thus after bloody battles, an abnormal manifests itself ; it is a impulse to rape sometimes of what was generally in warrecurrence practiced fare among Thus in some murders at savages. the greatest atrocities are committed present solely because they cause intense sexual excitement in individuals who are so abnormal or so degenerOut of 860 thefts in London

PSYCHOLOGY

OF

CRIMINALS.

87

in no other way. such excitement Murders of this nature are not due to the love of for its own sake, as is generally assumed, cruelty but they owe their cause to the love of sexual exThus in rape creates. citement which the cruelty ated as to obtain that the of an atrocious nature, it is not improbable is practiced, not for the purpose of accomcruelty the outrage, but solely for the sexual gratplishing ification that In another eral itself the cruelty work the author generates. has considered sev-

cases of this nature, two of which are self-confessed. One of these is that of a sexton of a church, who brained a little girl, but did not attempt rape. he confessed to braining Just before his execution the passion that a prostitute also, and described The descripboth his crimes. led him to commit tion was so obscene that it could not be printed, in legal form. the case was published although of " Jack the Ripper," The atrocities so-called, and are of New York) murderers of similar (Frenchy, sexual pasdoubt caused by a pathological without sion.

Debauches may be the result of forced chastity, and shepherds. as in the case of priests, soldiers, with The trades that expose to contact blood, asthe butcher ; or impose a solitary life, as that of a This have their influence. or hunter, shepherd seems to be and mutilation species of lust-murder increasing; depth of imIn London street-walkers, morality. the so-called not to mention higher grades of fast and become very much excited women, naturally it indicates the lowest the common

88

CRIMINOLOGY.

as those committed nervous, when such murders " " the are reported. Ripper by Jack There is also among criminals deep but tempoin their character; as a fit of irritarary alterations the least apparent cause. The jailors tion without it ; they say there is a bad quarter of an recognize are not their during the day, when criminals This peculiarity own masters, not themselves. has been noticed among savages and animals. women For cruelty and ferocity reach the extreme. Some of their methods of torture cannot be described. It was women who carried out and " " on sale the bodies of at Paris ; put gendarmes hour who forced a man to eat his own roasted flesh ; women who carried on their poles human entrails. It was a woman who caused a young girl to die of her Starvation, forcing which was richly served, touch a thing. Wine After criminal and daily to sit at her table, without her to allowing

Gambling.

is satisfied, drinking and vanity follow. Some criminals comgambling generally mit crime in order to be able to become drunk; the because they find in drunkenness the cowardly, courage necessary to carry out their misdeeds, and think also they can find in this a means of justificarevelries tion; because also drunken push young men into crime. The saloon is the place where the criminals find their accomplices; it is the abode where they not only meditate their but crimes, where they spend the money obtained by crime;

PSYCHOLOGY

OF

CRIMINALS.

89

the saloon is the one true home of the criminal; and sometimes the keepeic of the place is their banker. Of 10,000 murders committed in France, 2,374 occurred in saloons; out of 49,423 arrests in New Alcoholism is the 30,507 were drunkards. of much of the paralysis and ateromasia, in a fatty degeneration in the intima of consisting the arteries. The rich abuse champrostitutes in order to chase pagne; the poor drink whisky York, cause away or to gain temporary disagreeble thoughts, to carry on their trade. There are excepstrength tional cases of thieves, prostitutes, and swindlers who are total abstainers. is quite comGambling mon

there is a fascination in criminals; among themselves with the money of others, amusing which at times is a burning The criminal passion. is between two fires; on the one hand, unbridled lust for the property of others; on the other, madness beyond to squander stolen money. parallel This makes it evident how many are always in poverty, although possessing large sums at times; but cupidity is not the true spur to crime, it is the brutal which are impossible to satisfy. passions The miserly man is less carried into crime than the This life between spendthrift. haphazard is also one of the main causes plenty and poverty of premature death. Other Tendencies.

The criminals like the table and love the dance. Here is one who made his debut as thief in order to buy macaroni: another at Paris, who steals in

90

CRIMINOLOGY.

the dances. The love of the criminal is almost sensual and savage; one wholly boasts of twelve mistresses; some who are married in one case a their wives for money; exchange was the consideration. An dog and five florins American tresses around counterfeiter were numerous the town. his misonce, that to form a line enough love soon Carnal lessens in said

order

to attend

while in swindlers, and some thieves; poisoners, assassins it may persist; a good number, among the physical incentive a state passes over from of partial into excesses of much more impotence violence, periodic but they are less durable and assume a form. Platonic love is very exceptional

sentimental many prefer among thieves; ways to take care of their lovers obscene; female thieves when sick, and remain true to them for a certain of time, unless their sickness continues too length there are all grades of Among prostitutes long. from the lowest pederasty to the love of passion; music, books, pictures, medals, are often impetuous and violent; them sight from and flowers; will nothing lack they stop fore-

as they getting satisfaction, and never think of the future. Relalioti to Insanity. in

common with the of certain violence, instability pasand physical sions, moral insensibility, exaggerated idea of themselves, and sometimes passions for and desire to recall drink, their crimes; but there is this difference, the insane care rarely

Criminals as insane,

have

much

PSYCHOLOGY

OF

CRIMINALS.

91

for gambling take a dislike

and much more often revelry, to those nearest to them as wife and children must have society, while ; the criminal the insane prefer solitude and thus plots are rare in the asylums. Sensibility The and Passions.

and

criminal more the savage; approaches the moral sense of the or savage is animal but in and extinct, instability impetuousity are much alike ; the savage is a child the physical powers of a man ; he has a great love for gambling, but he is not very greedy. all their Some after sell tilings, losing money gamble themselves away, and if young sell themof the tribe. selves outside The Chinaman will gamble his last coat away in the cold of winter. There is in the savage a mixture and of cowardice they with ; lust and the love of blood mingle ; love Alcoholic are fatal to savages, liquors to destroy the entire race. The savages, tending where custom or religious precepts have prohibited liquor, supply its place by curious means, as movements of the head up and down, or right and left, a like effect. which produce Laziness is also a of savages. characteristic Some of them are re" To suffer in order to to all work saying pugnant suffer ; it is better to die than to work." courage is lust. Vulnerability. some explanation

gives Analgesia ness of criminals. had right forehead

of the Lombroso saw a thief been fractured laterally

hardiwhose by a

92

CRIMINOLOGY.

in 15 days the thief was well and no rehatchet; action occurred. There is also the case of a murof a reproach, derer (a mason) who, on account from a third story into the court, and continued his work. Lomgot up laughing, who perbroso cites the case of an infanticide threw himself formed a covered, fever. the Cassarian knife without kitchen with operation upon herself the child ; she reand killed dressing the wound, and without

Feeling Death

as to Death.

is accepted without trouble by few crimifor the pains that nals ; some fear it for itself, behind it. it ; others for the unknown accompany of the thought before the They may seem cold-blooded yet there are none who do not expect magistrate of sentence. to obtain a commutation Of 24 the most and expressed women, 5 died cowardly, at the stake ; 18 mounted the revolting cynicism scaffold by calmly (for the most part comforted In general of death. and repentant, religious exhortations), resigned and some with sadness, but without Of fainting. 4 were noisy, one ex64 men, 25 died cowardly, one yawned, 12 were cited, one was loquacious, without apparent cynical to the end, and finished chosen as if in a theater trouble, by them; 5 died 1 with the insensibility of a with indifference, or the unconsciousness of the insane, 18 brute, died courageously, calm, resigned pre(generally of the priest), and showed pared by exhortations the criminals are afraid

PSYCHOLOGY

OF

CRIMINALS.

93

these were all grades ; the repentance ; among the most sincere ; the lowest criminals appeared to leave behind grades not desiring higher any diminish the horror of their doubt, which might on their family, memory and the shame reflected in proaid, persisted accepting religious their innocence. claiming hold to life ; under Criminals bad conditions, imminent and they fear to loose it ; but before certain death a few are courageous, it is thinking and little In women the of short duration pain. of the religious intensity feeling gives them supeat the critical moment. Once in crime, riority although than man ; woman is often more cruel and raging in terror few faint ; women also have habits more reserved than men. Men manifest and gross more often as marks of fear, or as studied attitudes of insensibility. an index excessive in Vanity, most criminals, too blusgives a show of courage to be permanent. Some tering and too apparent have fear of being used for anatomical studies and shown to everyone ; having their deformities feel the they possibly they imagine might In the army no better prescalpel. English ventive of suicide is found than having it known that bodies of suicides go to dissecting-rooms. throw themselves into the The less courageous arms of the priest, and deny their crime; others their faults to him who grants often confessing with a loud voice their divine pardon, proclaim with theminnocence and die in contradiction selves. of or

94

CRIMINOLOGY.

Religion While

of Criminals.

some of the. chiefs of the bands ridicule the majority of criminals believe in it ; religion, many of these make a sensual use and accomodation of it for their personal advantage. To a priest who was exhorting a criminal asked repentance, " How many hotels he would reach before arriving at Paradise, as he only had 6 cents to spend on the route." The criminal's God of peace and justice is a benevolent guardian and an accomplice. 1 the free men are more to Lombroso According in the churches; but Lombroso adds frequently that 61 per cent, of the violators and 56 per cent, of the assassins frequent the church. Ferri to be an found only 1 who professed atheist out of 200 assassins; 7 of the others showed an exaggerated devotion, 5 were strong in the faith; the rest, while scoffing at the priests, in God. affirmed that they believed One said, " He does not depend upon me to be a good man, it is God who gives this sentiment." Out of 2,480 In who were tattooed, 238 had religious symbols. the soul is their slang, God is the great "Mek"; "the perpetual"; in Spanish the church is called the sainted. These facts point to a belief in God and the immortality of the soul. The Bohemian
Criminals. 1 Regular Irregular Absence.. attendance attendance at church (500) 46% 25" 38" Normals^ (100) 57% 13" 29"

PSYCHOLOGY

OF

CRIMINALS.

95

they obtain divine pardon if they wear the shirt a year which they had on at the time of the murder. A criminal killed having12 soldiers and a priest, believed himself invulbecause he kept on his breast a consenerable, crated Some bands place sacred images offering. in the woods and groves where they keep candles A criminal after burning. 3 women, strangling was said to be the most assiduous and sincere at church and the confessional. Three criminals reeat on Good Friday, and when of the prison of them inquired "What? about it, they replied: Do you take us to be excommunicated?" A woman criminal who had strangled a little point-blank the director her death sentence turned and hearing "Death is nothing, the essential is to save the A soul, as I have saved mine, I mock at the rest." criminal of Milan, notorious who had been congirl, said, demned for 34 murders attended mass every he preached Christian and religday; morality ion continually. A young man of Naples, who had killed his father, had asked of a Madonna to commit for the force necessary the deed. He " I have the said, proof that she aided me, for at the first blow of the club that I gave, my father fell dead; and I am extremely feeble." A woman " under divine the of her husband places poisoning In urging another on to crime, one protection." " I will said, come, and I will have God inspire thee." a chapel, Another, having stolen to found continued to steal in order to furnish it. After on fused to

murderers

think

96

CRIMINOLOGY.

his mistress, a criminal gave her absostrangling then sold the proceeds lution " in articulo mortis," of his thefts to enable him to have mass said. At the moment when her lover, a criminal do the rest." Virgin tend so. indifference criminal, not seem to prevent vice crime much and it very them; among serves sometimes as a pretext to one or the other. their beds the Spanish prostitutes place above Child of the Virgin, like the sinners of the respectable world mours. who While cases this is hypocritical, it is more often, in the case of criminals, frank and naive. Thus it is that is unfortureligiousness nately and too often allied with the baser instincts of man, and such glaring contradictions become social ulcers. go from in many the church to their paralife of the In the ordinary does is the rule. Religion to be irreligious ers and companions; setting fire to the house of " said, May God and the Holy Numbers of prostitutes prein the presence of their lovbut they are far from being

CHAPTER
INTELLIGENCE OF

IV.
CRIMINALS.

IN intelligence the criminal is below the average. that the wandering It must be remembered and life of a criminal and his knocking uncertain about world favor a development of his intelliThe first in Europe to investigate and esgence. tablish an average were the Spaniards. Out of 10 53,600 about 67 per cent, had a fair intelligence, per cent, were below the average, and 18 per cent, were depraved ; less than 1 per cent, mentally and 2% percent, possessed hardly any intelligence, could not be classified. The majority feel themselves for any unqualified constant work, and their purpose is to escape every Lacinaire said to his judges, kind of occupation. " I have been lazy; it is a shame, I admit, always in work. To work is to make but I am sluggish I have energy an effort and I feel myself incapable; If it is necessary to work I care not only for evil. Anto death." to live, I prefer to be condemned other who killed his father, because he reproached to remain all night him for his laziness, preferred alone in the stables rather than make the least ex7 in the

98

CRIMINOLOGY.

to go to his bed. This almost universal lazy most of them, feeling in criminals explains why even those of genius, were bad scholars. ertion of mind are inconstancy criminals. In Switzerland it is calculated that 44 per cent, of the condemned have been led to crime by their levity. are so light-minded, The prostitutes as not to be mobility, Levity, characteristics of able to hold their attention on any idea; it is difficult to reason with them; thus comes their lack of which aids their patrons to retain them foresight, and impoverish them. have much Criminals The credulity. great criminals never foresee the possibility of their being and when they are, they are astonished discovered, have made how they could such a " great mistake." This of mind to levity gives a tendency and humor; some laugh much, are astoundraillery the most ing in the use of slang, turn into ridicule and sacred things with a play on words cherished and by puns: of these things they are proud; it is a species of intellectual a show, but it indicates want in the moral sense. or They are indifferent, even have an agreeable where other men feeling would experience fear or pain. Criminals are so deficient in lack of foresight, as often to tell of their misdeeds to the police; it is lost time to " play fine" with clearer after them; they see a little arrest than before; this stupidity in is illustrated their- becoming confidential friends on first acthere is quaintance; they return to places where every probability of being caught. In defending and

INTELLIGENCE

OF

CRIMINALS.

99

effect; insisted not 14 times. are superThey in magic stitious and omens. enough to believe The great criminals, after having shown skill in the for their crimes, do not hold out, but preparation intoxicated and loose all become by impunity prudence. They have little logic; there is a disprobetween the motive and the crime; the exeportion cution of the crime, as a piece of art, leaves much to than be desired; so that lawyers with more ingenuity and irrehonesty find facts to show the innocence of their clients. Violence and passion sponsibility in the execution of the crime increase improvia crime and of dence; the pleasure of committing it to others aids in their general bungling. telling A wife sent to her husband a poisoned cake with a him to partake of it af^er dinner; letter inviting but she did not see that her husband could not eat it all at once and that a fragment of it joined to the letter would be sufficient to discover the author One who had killed his brother but had forgotten an alibi, to wash the proved after the stains of blood from his coat. Another, execution of his crime, lit a lamp, which could to find traces of or policemen help the neighbors him. Specialists //*Yi%?ile^nkninals /A-ntE-fj>Y-et"in the in Crime. of the crime.

themselves, they the very opposite of a murder, one tim 13 times and

often

insist

on details which have thus in giving an account that he wounded the vic-

are less capable than ordinary the same things practice of doing

100

CRIMINOLOGY.

to be very they seem to the world continually Even idiots, by practicing clever. the same thing, become very quick. Some thieves enter stores in the latter case only, some private houses,and there are those who steal haphazard make much preparation beforehand, ting a key to fit the lock. and those who getperhaps

There are ten kinds of mendicants : Foreigners, the starving, those pretending sick, or to have been shipwrecked, those with petitions, etc., etc.; each has his speciality. There are the thieves who break into houses ; who use narcotics ; those who steal with hooks ; stealers of cheese ; of horses, Some force a lock with dogs, and game. great of a skill, others can climb easily to the height church but are incapable of breaking steeple, the least obstacle; some take to flight at through the least noise; others enter a house full of people and things ; some have great in the dexterity there are those who do not hesitate to leap hands; from the second story of a house or from a railroad train going at full there are those speed; who steal anything in their way; those who will not trouble themselves about things of little value; those who steal cattle, but would be afraid to of a hen-coop. Thus each one naturally finds the method best adapted to himself. When we consider how often he repeats the same things, his reputation for dexterity is far from Poisoners are generally being wonderful. open well educated; they are physicians, chemists; they have a sympathetic air, amiable address, persuabreak the door

INTELLIGENCE

OF

CRIMINALS.

IOI

sive language, whicli would deceive the very elect; has women. they are often passionate Poisoning have been a species of voluptuousness ; many with little been poisoned, sometimes motive, and are as many as 14 and 21 at one time; poisoners lust; they love, or unbridled pushed by cupidity, are calm, and deceitful, hypocritical, protesting to the very end; they carry their their innocence secret into the grave; have accomthey rarely assumes the form of Sometimes poisoning plices. with women. an epidemic, especially Thieves are fond of showy colors, toys, chains, and creduthey are the most ignorant earrings; lous of all; they are cowards by nature, make intimate acquaintance at first sight, if one speaks their travel slang; they even fall in witli foreigners, with men them not knowing their language; Frenchand Germans sometimes unite. Criminals in dreams, believe omens, and unlucky days; go their natural with prostitutes, associate in friends; bands; they like the noise of large cities, it is their of working element; they are incapable steadily, are bold liars; they are the most difficult to reform, the women who are courtesans in addiespecially tion. Swindlers are superstitious, clever, lustful, more than other crimicapable of good or bad actions and hypocrites, with a soft nals; they are bigots and vain, and lavish with their illair, benevolent money; they are often insane or feign ingotten sanity. Assassins affect a soft and sympathetic manner,'

102

CRIMINOLOGY.

and

a calmness pervades them; they are seldom to wine, but very much to gambling and given carnal love; among themselves they are audacious, and boast of their crimes. Their dexarrogant, of practice; one kills his victim the very first blow; when not engaged in their occupation they are gay fellows, and seek the society of the theaters. especially Idlers and vagrants 'are almost always of a gay and joyous humor; in prison others make clowns terity with of themselves; sober and calm in they are generally rows temper and avoid serious quarrels, especially where blood flows; they do not desire to injure their excuse is generseverely persons or property; to find work, not so much on account ally inability of fatigue as of uniformity of movement in their which is caused by division of labor in large and which'they cannot endure; factories, many of them rather than labor thus expose their health and life to much more dangerous work. They are not generally to the degree that would passionate lead to crime. Their lazy life and light gaiety work, have caused them to invent sonorous bellows, making produce like that of a fight, the crowd and attracting is a great another colorer of pipes, or police; colors another dresses flea-bites. One rabbits; claimed to have 27 professions. He was booterrand black, rag-picker, runner, public crier, etc., etc. These naturally are experts in slang. Now who and then new there forms are invent criminals of crime. genius, sueVidocq with strange which trades, such as noises is the result

INTELLIGENCE

OF

CRIMINALS.

I03

ceeded

and caused times, escaping many to fall into the hands of justice. many villains He has traced out in his memoir a pychology of crime. Criminals are endowed with a particular kind of genius. in whom no prison Noscino, Tuscany could hold more than a month, evaded his keepers after them warning. having given Another has left a manual the art of concerning At Sing Sing a prisoner succeeded opening locks. in establishing a distillery with the remains of fruits and potatoes furnished by the prison, and concealed this for a long time. howGenerally, of genius lack either the foreever, the criminals to carry their projsight or the necessary cunning ects through to the end; at the root of their that is sure to show character there is a lightness itself. In general their genius is more of a knavish and conand clever nature; they lack coherence in mental work; what they have of this is tinuity but it is intermittent. powerful are rare in the scientific world. Criminals Many of those accused of crime have not been proven Peculation may be more than a mere guilty. Sallust and Seneca were feebleness of character. certain proofs. accused of this, but without Creand celebrated bemani, a "consul" criminalist, a noted surgeon, was came a forger. Demme, Crime is very rare guilty of theft and poisoning. mathematicians and natural scientists. among Great men, and those in high positions, are often of every nature to accusations exposed by the envy and jealousy of others.

in

104

CRIMINOLOGY.

Lambroso tion :

gives the following

table

as to educaNormals. (100.) Per cent. 6 69 27

1. Analphabets ...... 2. Elementary instruction instruction 3. Superior

Delinquents. (507.) Per cent. 12 .... .... 95 12

are compared with 100 norHere 507 criminals are much below the normal men. The criminals mals in the two extremes, but not in the elementary instruction. In Austria the lowest per cent, of crime (0.83 to 0.71 per cent.) for 14 years was found to be among those engaged in scientific work. . Men of science in general find their investigations a pleasure in work their them to hold themselves, requires to the criticisms of the true. This training rigidly enables them to overcome their passions easier and 'to see clearer how a criminal action is not only unand of no profit, because the rejust, but illogical action comes with full force back upon the author of the crime. With poets and artists crime is more frequent; more by passion than those they are dominated in severe inductions or deductions. engaged Among noted poisoners many poets can be named of a certain grade, as Venosca, Winter, Lacenaire, but their reputation rested Barre, Lebiez; Lafarge, more on versification. The artists are led to crime more than by love or jealousy of their profession men of letters are. Cellini was guilty of several another kills his wife to marry murders; again;

INTELLIGENCE

OF

CRIMINALS.

105

and but there are few criminals among sculptors, still fewer among architects, perhaps their profesthe meditation. more calm of sion requires Painters abuse alcohol more than other artists. is more frequent Criminality among the liberal In Italy 6.1 per cent, of criminals have professions. in France, 6.0 per cent.; in education; superior from ^-6 to 3.11 per cent.; in Bavaria 4.0 Austtia, The proportion is here relatively greater per cent. it is easy for than in the other classes of society; to give poison, the lawyer the physician to cause and the teacher to be committed, rape. perjury is extremely common among prostitutes. Illiteracy with the insane; As compared criminals are much more lazy; but what they do has more purEducation tends to diminish pose. monomania, and epidemical insanity, religious insanity of murand less der, and it gives to crime a less violent base appearance. Sallust, Seneca and Demme were not free from the taint of crime, and Lombroso says thatComte, were Swamnerdam, Pascal, Tasso, and Rousseau more or less troubled with melancholia and monomania. Slang. The recidivists, who are collected together in the have a language of their own, and large cities, while the grammatical preserving type, general and the idiomatical in use assonances, syntax the vocabulary. among the people, they change and most The greatest curious alteration ap-

Io6

CRIMINOLOGY.

proaches tliat of the slang of primitive languages; the objects by one of their it consists in indicating " " " the the kid is called thus attributes; jumper "; "the "the "the lean," cruel," death, meagre," " the certain." We can, by a study of their slang, criminal turn of mind. obtain insight into their The soul is called " the false"; shame," the red or the " the inthe the the moon, hour," rapid "; bloody"; inconveformer or spy"; the street lamps, "the " the whitener or washer "; the the nient"; lawyer, " " the sacred "; blood, "; the purse, grape-jam " the saint or " the little saint the "; prison, pawn, " the or sow"; alms or sacred"; charity, pig-iron " the " the blessed the tiresome"; nun, preaching, the knee, "the devout the canon, one"; one"; the painter, the "the brutal one"; "the creator"; " the in of the is called prison soup Lombardy " bad" ; " blond, means a bottle of white wine; " " a dead bot" dull color stands for pale money; " "' " head is a Jew; tle is an empty bottle; curly " father sounder " is the " the sounder " is justice; wisdom designates "the salt." judge; method is to follow the metaphor of a Another is "pocket or celphonetic disguise, thus prophet " to its depth; lar alluding poverty is called "phil"To is to drink a osophy." strangle a parrot" the color of both is a'reen. The <rlass of absinth: " the hotel " The white is need." of prostitute " nuns are the teeth. The cravat arch in is "the " " the bridle is the chain of the prisoner; heaven "; " " the of is the executioner; the colpeace judge " the is In Lombardy the legs are prison." lege

INTELLIGENCE

OF

CRIMINALS.

I07

called " the little "vice" pleasure; fork. Sometimes

" " branches "; ducat is used for for hunger; "teeth" for the

the metaphor is worthy to rest " " in ordinary to dethrone Juileettiser language. in Spanish for vagabond; is in French for drinker, A a Grecian is one who deceives in the game. number of locations with homophonic allusions to certain persons or places: to go to Niort is to deny, is to be ruined to go to Rouen (French titer) (ruine). Others, as among savages, are made by onoma" a stroke " is to is a pistol; walk; "tuff" topy: "tic" are found is a watch. aiso: Synonyms " " is the chief of justice; the ninth hour is papa the " sentinel." There is also a turning of words: is "ophelin"; for Orfevre (goldsmith) philanthrope filou "Andarea is to receive Legnano" (thief); There a club. is sometimes a double " Martin and as Rouplay, phonetic etymological, nant, gendarme "; Rouen is officer of the police, " and the " roue instrument of execution (wheel or " " Erdman is man-earth, for earthen pot. rack); strokes of consist only in changing Other transformations in making the terminations, to supmetatheses, which obscure the sense of press or add syllables the word, perhaps due to the idea of anything of lazy minds, as in new, a characteristic merely " zerver " or " server " or friod for froid; French, in Italian camaro for camorade. For"verser"; The Gereign words are a rich source for slang. mans borrow from the Hebrew, the Italians from and French, the Germans and the English from

Io8

CRIMINOLOGY.

Italian

and

Sanscrit.

"Furfante"

it refers to a servant rogue; is to strike the convicts; it was borrowed from " the Italians the French also Fuoroba," ; by which is the cry of the galley sergeant to give the it means without robe. signal of a capture; Ancient from the terms, which have disappeared modern lexicons, furnish curious Arton, examples: the bread; lenza, the water; The cuba, the house. " to be warm " French (tire chaud) for to sussay " " The Spanish milanes for pect (se mefier). say to the ancient fabrics at Milan. pistol, by allusion There is a richness of synonyms for things espeto criminals; words cially interesting 17 different have been found that indicate the guards; 7 for The French criminals have pocket, 9 for sodomy. 20 for the to express drunkenness; 44 synonyms act of drinking; 8 for wine; that is 72 in all for Criminals 19 for water, and 36 for money " the need of good call them eyes ; they " clairs " " mirettes " ardents," (a species of (clear); bell flower), "quinquets" tend Criminals (lamps). " the to animalize skin for them the is things: the arm is a "pinion"; the visage is a hide"; "muzzle" a "snout," the mouth is a "beak." be : to They employ negatives voluntarily " vicious " is to be " will not clever; they say, Je suis " " bien fait," but Je ne suis pas dejete (crooked, " ne In conversation, warped, perverted). pas etre is equivalent to "etre un imbecile"; m6chant," worse; thus to put anything they make everything into the form of a corpse is to eat it. In spite of drink, have

means (Italian) whose business it

INTELLIGENCE

OF

CRIMINALS.

109

large possible resources the slang is poor, owing to rethe few ideas of criminals. Some expressions and main constant by reason of their sonorousness The Germans and Italians call a bizarre nature. account watch " tick." The analogy of situations for the numerous similitudes of ideas. Phonetical resemblances are much more rare; they are favored of criminals, who desire either by the inconstance unbeto escape justice or tu strike their victim this or to obey the vagabond known, instinct; their residence and carry causes them to change their expressions from one country into another. The principal cause of slang among criminals is the necessity for the malefactors to escape the of the police. But just as lang age is vigilance to location, custom, climate, changed according and new conditions, so slang follows the same has its laws. To a certain extent every profession This tendency to form slang among memslang. bers of the same trade is strong, especially when the trade is suspicious. Hieroglyphics and Signatures of Criminals.

a vertical for theft; Figure i is a hieroglyphic line crossed by a spiral, figure 3, indicates a theft ; the chain on the anchor in figure 4 completed

IIO

CRIMINOLOGY.

shows

by the thief in escaping; figure 5 is the sign for a tramp or beggar ; figure 2 means, I am afraid of being imprisoned ; figure In England, 6, a player at dice, who loads them. in 1849, a map (" Cadger Map ") was found; it was and for tramps; the plan of the villages intended farms of the country was given, with the following the virtues or defects for indicating signs attached of the proprietors : X = bad (too poor); 0 = very nice gentlemen; look out for the dog; -( = = a = very religious go this way; people ; Q month in prison to be expected. are In Naples and Sicily, where the associations number of hierowell rooted, there are a large " wooden are a The shoe," prostitutes glyphics. of old shoes an allusion to the great abundance in the low cellars of Naples; poison is indicated by by a cage; brigand, by a serpent; prison, a belt with by a playingswindling, dagger; the chief a cat hung card; up is a sure theft; a full of the guards is a head with beard; theft in the country of grapes; is a bundle one a fortunate steal is a star or rose; a qualified is a key; the city is a is scissors; one in general is a rooster; is a scorpion; bell; the judge liberty 100 is a leg; 50 is half of a leg. 5 is a hand; Some of the signs change: the eye means a spy in in Southern Central and power Italy (by Italy allusion force of a bad eye). to the fascinating it is a horse, and Evasion is a bird, sometimes Lomsometimes a revolver discharged. being broso considers these doubly atavistic, because

the direction

taken

INTELLIGENCE

OF

CRIMINALS.

Ill

the signs in use among ancient reproduce in the inclipeople, and they are the starting-point in figures, nation of savages to paint their thought transformed into letters. which were gradually futile to expect to obconsidered It is generally the writtain a glance into the character through some It is not impossible that the jests of a person, ing. his walk, his voice, his manner of pronunciation, due to the action of certain and all phenomena as to the muscles may give some useful indications such tactics.have of his character. Although too much for curiosity, and so much been followed has been written; that is frivolous yet too much is of value has has been claimed, so that whatever been covered up. after out of account those Lombroso, leaving state whose writing into criminals was wholly two groups: infantile, divides 520

and 1st Group. Homicides, robbers, highway The largest part of these write with letbrigands. and ters lengthened out; the form is more curvilinear due to the proat the same time more projecting, in quite of the letters either up or down; longation " t " is the the cross for a number heavy and profor warriors and energetic as is common longed with small their signature All ornament persons. some terminate their names strokes and flourishes; each others with a sort of hook; with (assassins) stroke. Of 96 inword ends with a sharp vertical peculiarity. dividuals, 36 showed no striking of thieves 2d Group: exclusively Composed who do not make their letters curvilinear, but all

112

CRIMINOLOGY.

has nothing strikare small; the signature is like that of the ing-. On the whole the writing The type for the thieves is a species of women. letters of almost all the letters. Of 106, hook, a bending The writing of the female 12 had no peculiarities. resembles that of the assassins in the homicides sex. In general all female criminals apstronger This is also proach the masculine type of writing. true of respectable women with some energy. to an irreproachable Lombroso suggested young man in the hypnotic state, that he was a brigand, and his writing he made large wholly, changed " t's." letters and enormous These results have when we compare them with the importance The insane, with exception of monomainsane. deformed niacs, have a fine writing, by scrawls, more letters where uneven, with the capital cramped, there should be small ones; the letters sometimes small have a measured longness, or are ridiculously and never of the same size. or Some maniacs put points over all the letters and particbetween each one; many monomaniacs insane, who may ularly all the insane or partially because they scribble be called literary, yearly of underlining a great volumes, have the custom them different number of words or of writing from them with great care in orthe others and tracing With der to imitate pointed writing. paralytics the first letters of each word and hypochondriacs the last are difficult to deare quite indistinct, all letters are trembling and uncertain and cipher; often preceded by shapeless signs, made by a hesi-

INTELLIGENCE

OF

CRIMINALS.

I13

" " " " The r's and the t's of those taring pen. having dementia or general paralysis are replaced " 1" or even The maniacs and by suppressed. those with dementia place words over one another or write them partly in capitals and partly in small the same letters eight or ten letters, repeating A large number, the monomatimes. especially niacs, are not satisfied to follow the horizontal line, with but write vertically also and form designs their plans. Literature of Criminals. words, which resemble pages for topograpical

The ancients have as models of criminal literature the obscene books of Ovid, and Petronius, Aretino; but, aside from their contents, they are bad models, being devoid of rhetoric and of a low style as in the popular almanacs. literary " Trattato In Italy there is the famous dei " of Vagabonds); it describes Bianti 38 (Treatise and vagabonds of Central species of swindlers " testathe most curious of which are the Italy, " in order tors who feign dying to leave their " " to others; the affarfanti who pretended property to have expiated great crimes by cruel penitences; " the " formigoti who are false soldiers returning The from false to Palestine. expeditions " Sbrisci " to (sliders), who go naked, pretending and maltreated have been captured by the Turks; false incendiaries, who pretend to have the "ruffiti," left their homes in ruins. at public places), Out of 92 little stories (bought 8

114

CRIMINOLOGY.

Lombroso thefts; But

found

20 which

related

to

crime

and comlong

ing leisure The

14 were in verse and 6 in prose. there is that aside from this literature, of the direct from product prisoners, moments and

of poems and still Spain; sing them outside an example:

of badly restrained passions. in numerous this kind are very where more so in Russia, people of the prisons. The following is

I will pillage the merchant I will kill the noble in his I will carry off the brandy world will know me One you writing find will of the the

in his store, castle, and beautiful as a king.

daughter,

and the

prison says: the there brothers,

" There

alone

ures, good repasts, in will be always you cannot work

treasfriends, outside a sweet existence; you if of your the midst enemies; will die of Such hunger." humanitarianin of

an excessive indicate writings hotels. into comfortable ism turns the prisons some aesthetical shows The following feeling " In the midst of the place nature: criminal Vicaria, with her

you how

for me she makes hands tiny and that I saw that it was my little mother, signs. like two fountains. her eyes flowed Mother, you of me, I am surrounded think alone who by evil Christians. We are who who in you, dear mother, Those are in error nals. Les Parias (men are of the lowest caste of breathe hell, in condemned. vain such your feeling And prayers." to crimi-

deny

INTELLIGENCE

OF

CRIMINALS.

115

a caste Indians; objects of contempt) represents devoted to prostitution; they train their children from the sixth year on; if they are not thieves all actors, tattooers, they are strolling soothsayers, their quite doubtful professions. Notwithstanding deep degradation they have composed fine poetry but as far as its content goes, except the song of " it is very obscene and immoral. Here Tiravallura," are some of the morals of their poems: "What If by force, get by strategy. the deceits of you know how to put to profit others, you will not suffer from hunger. Ally thyself only with the strong; place thy house near the in order to steal by night the offerings. temple to be deceived by The imbeciles themselves permit you endeavor to profit from them." A stolen some chickens, thanked God jackal, having for favoring him; some one was attracted by his voice, and killed him. in God; the Moral: "Take care about confiding will not save you from the most fervent prayer stroke of a club." appearances; Some of the songs show how, in an uncivilized crime is considered country, right, or at least only a trivial sin, which is easy to expiate. are almost all works The songs of Corsica of for the murder bandits. They breathe vengeance of enemies, to kill them, and " I have for the murderer. hope for that I avenge myself; him; God will permit my I will be conqueror, killed or account is all made. of a friend; admiration bound." hatred cannot obtain

Il6

CRIMINOLOGY.

The sprinkled his seal.

writer him

of with

this,

after

pepper,

his victim, killing so as to mark him with

A large part of prison it is more haps because sions. Lacenaire wrote

literature

adapted the following

is in verse, to criminal :

perpas-

" To my love : I dream of thee in my happy moments, when o'er my brow shine the most vivid colors ; now, the dream has vanished, and my lot must follow the fatal destiny, which would cast me into the field of cruel death. Wait for me in heaven, thou beautiful immortal one. Curse me, I laughed at your meanness, I laughed at the gods, for you alone invented. Curse me, my soul without feebleness was firm and frank in its atrocities. However this soul was far from being black. I was sometimes kind to the unfortunate for virtue's sake, if my heart had been able to believe, doubt it not, I would have been virtuous." in his Lacenaire, autobiography, truths about the moral life in prison: " If a man on first young entering not learn the slang, and immediately self down to their unworthy keepers regrets rades; tempt, contempt always they man, tells some does

prison

will he level, to sit by the side of friends; even the will frown him ; he blushes and upon that he has not been as bad as his comdreads prison this mean; in their one jeers learns and what their esteem men of conand are

himput be declared

he for

explains

in happier receive nothing following his

prison, but disdain. models, in

why certain because out Thus two or

prison

the young three davs

INTELLIGENCE

OF

CRIMINALS.

117

a green slang; now he is no .longer friends will shake his hands now simpleton; fear of compromising themselves. The without if considered a novice; and man blushes young the first he is not yet entirely perverted, although learns the step has been taken, and he will never stop half way. " When represent

prisoner not always

of a prisoner, it will you paint the portrait the some member of society. Although abandons his body to everything, though

opaque, some among them are transThe vulgar sand which parent. you trample a brilliant after it has under foot furnishes crystal passed known a burning crucible. through if one has not visited the Is a mountain Thecaverns?

distant from the light, is it though than the outer crust ? We have debut formities and diseases to make us shudder; exclude since when does horror study, or disease at a distance ?" In a letter he put the physician underground, less important "What a torment inacof himself: speaking to study ! It tion is, for one always accustomed in the holds me in a disgraceful laziness, to petrify . I have fear of losing what bosom of misery. is remains to me; all creation little intelligence and work, all nature has horror based on motion wrote of inertia, and should the prisoner be an exception to this universal law? Some cry bread, bread; but from the bottom of my solitary cell, I cry work ! work !" some of his bad Another to embellish endeavors actions, to excuse others, and to invoke the fatality

Il8

CRIMINOLOGY.

of being repugnant of sodomy, he maintained to the accusation it was a mark of good taste, and that in general crime to some men, for they were free was permitted Some of the letters from the law. and poems of Ceresa, Byron, and Foscolo show traces of the remorse and violence with which to rid they tried themselves of bad passions. Ceresa was a sodomite priest, who paints in vivid colors his struggle So Byron and Toscolo crime against evil. picture and adultery, but are irritated, if taken too literally. Lately it is due to Balzac, Victor Hugo, Dumas, and Zola, that this miasma has enSue, Gabosian, deavored to penetrate into literature. But this isolated phenomenon the may not always endure; taste which provoke parallel odors; should have an antidote in the which is aroused in the mind of the contempt reader True art loves to hover in purity and and this all the more, when it sees the serenity; pleasure, around it. great contrast (Lombroso.) The literary of the insane productions in autobiographical those of the criminal of complaint and its little cies, in vivacity But the productions of criminals excel and passionate eloquence. The burning show less lightness and more originality except when they lose themselves words or rhymes or homophonies, always seek. in resemble tendendetails. by their criminals of form, vain the new and better

of the stars for some.

Instead

the play of which the insane

CHAPTER
ASSOCIATIONS OF

V.
CRIMINALS.

ASSOCIATIONS of criminals strengthen and engender an evil ferment, which, anew old savage tendencies, develops sort of discipline, criminals commit

criminality

and b}r the vanity which would be repugatrocities These in maii3r cases, if they were alone. nant in large cities; in associations are more abundant the more civilized the country the less general, solid they are, and the less bloody, and are more The purand commercial societies. political the property to appropriate pose is almost always Sometimes of others; the}'unite against the laws. and poisoning. there are associations for abortion like Societies range the appearance from of pederasty, the most without gives to vice delicate to virtue, any desire of gain, blood that flowing by religious which

multiplying them b)' a in crime makes

committed homicide, but simply for the gives; to cannibalism fanaticism.

pleasure and rape, inspired

As to sex, the associations of men are almost the Women have associations sometimes only ones. for poisoning, or serve as receivers of stolen goods, or as indicators or mistresses. The associations

120

CRIMINOLOGY.

are composed almost wholly of young and unmarried men; man}' are legitimate without children, a manual instruction, exercising trade, or are in the arm}r. Criminals of education are mostly in be formed nal societies. A band " noirs carried the latest fashion; a captain of the National Guard was commander of another. As to organization, many have an armed chief with dictatorial power, and, like among savage tribes, his comes from Someauthority personal qualities. times there is a division of labor; there is an exea schoolmaster, a secretary, a commercial cutioner, and even a priest and physician. All have traveler, an unwritten to the letter. code, which is respected The bands of Sicily, Puglia, a Lombardy require vote for admission; disobedience of the majority laws is punished there is a sort of a trial, by death; but the verdict is always unfavorable; one acts as public chiefs the prisoner defends accuser; of the band are the judges. himself; the large cities; will ciations some are of often assogood family; in the bosom of non-crimiat Paris called the " habits

One of the greatest offenses is to steal for one's self without a part to the society. The giving of a crime committed with the accomrevealing comes next in gravity. In the courts one plices excused himself for not knowing the misdeeds of his companions, because he would not have been able to have informed himself without disobeying the law. Some bands of Ravenna gave the name of master to their chief, and before committing ' murder would take the oath over a dagger. Some

ASSOCIATIONS

OF

CRIMINALS.

12 1

by symbolic Some associations are not allowed threatenings. to steal in the locality where they live so as to have a safe domicile. If anyone is put in prison for a small offense, they take the precaution to hide nails and files in the cracks of the walls. When they walk with their booty the women go ahead, holda child. they were nursing each had a manual for action, a of argot, and his particular task. Some dictionary imitated others the insane, and others epileptics, deaf-mutes. an epileptic Some, in feigning fit, fall down in a crowded while consorts thoroughfare pick the ferer. The pockets of those anxious to see the sufing the packages In another band as if

would

warn

their

victims

beforehand

" Camost complete is the organization in Naples. morra" It is composed of a number of or former prisoners prisoners ; small independent An ; but under one hierarchy. groups are formed for candidacy aspirant (" picciotto ") must prove and show that he can keep a secret. courage For this reason he mnst wound or kill anyone who would name to him the sect. If victims were he must with one of his future fight wanting, with a knife. the task was colleagues Formerly to raise a piece of ; he was obliged their money, while the Camorrists pierced it with " " The must subdaggers. picciotto (candidate) mit to the apprenticeship of two, three, and sometimes who eight years ; he is under another, and perilous things gives him the most fatiguing to do, allowing him a few cents once in awhile for more difficult his

122

CRIMINOLOGY.

After he has gained the esteem of sake. charity's his master, by force of zeal and submission, his calls a meeting, and his reception master as a is del'berated If received, Camorrist he upon. must fight again in the presence of the assembly ; he takes the oath over two daggers in the form of a cross : to be faithful to his associates, to show in everything himself the enemy of authority, to at all with the police, never to have no relation denounce thieves, but to have for them a particular as towards affection, people who expose their life After finishes the this, a banquet continually. celebration. Each one can show his grade to a the superior, and can kill should he (the superior superior) rists are wound divided him The Camordangerously. and prointo simple members and senators of the band); they and richest the most courageous " " call Maestro or " Si." The

prietors (veterans elect from among a chief whom they "Si" cannot make

an important decision, without are as if the electors ; their discussions consulting " " The Si has an assistant, a for life and death. the disand secretary treasurer, ; he must regulate putes ; for this he has three weapons ; he must which vary from deprivation propose punishments, or to death; of part or all of the booty, to branding in fortunate or mercy may be accorded generously But his most imcircumstances by acclamation. " la distribute each is to portant Sunday duty " a little vessel or little piece ; this is the camorra in gambling-rooms extortions of regular product or bordells, or it may come from venders of news-

ASSOCIATIONS

OF

CRIMINALS.

123

from or beggars ; or from hackmen, papers, who were the first field of cultivation prisoners and furnish still the best revenue. Upon entering " 1' huile the unfortunate must prison, pay, pour la " madone (" Madonna "), he then gives a tenth of all his possessions, and he must pay for drinks and for selling or buying, and for food, for gambling, on an easier bed. The poorest ones are sleeping ruined forced ; they are sometimes by these extortions to sell part of their ration and some of their clothes, should scanty they wish to smoke a pipe or have a party ; if they did not wish to gamble, be compelled is the to, for gambling they would revenue of the Camorrist. Their code is principal not written actness. or formulated The Camorrist but is followed with excannot kill a comrade from the chief ; but in revenge with anyone else, with the hope

without permission he can make away of establishing his reputation. A Camorrist can an inferior from five to eighteen suspend days. is condemned to death who betravs the Anyone the order of society, or who kills or steals without the chiefs, or steals a part of the " camorra," or violates the wife of a chief, or refuses to commit a murder when he has received the order, or attempts to change the statutes of the association, or shows himself in which in the case anyone cowardly, has the right he to strike him, provided society does it in the presence of two witnesses. In the other cases the society is called to protogether nounce the judgment. If there are doubts of a colas to the fidelity

124

CRIMINOLOGY.

before they send him a plate of macaroni him; if he refuses to eat it (from fear condemning of his guilt, of poison perhaps), they feel certain is solemnly pronounced; and his condemnation fate league, who shall execute (the lot) indicates the apprentice, the sentence. Sometimes two men are chosen, one to commit the prescribed the murder or to strike the responsblow, the other to take upon himself of it and to endure the pain; this latter proibility cedure was to obtain advancement; this would of honor. give him a heroic name as a martyr These sentences are executed with strict punctualcircumity, as may be seen from the following stance. In 1876 among those imprisoned at the fortress of " Ischia," was Joseph of Liberto. He came (moaning) to make to the governor of the " In the castle the following statement: part of the castle assigned to the convicts, a Camorra had been established for some time, and to my misfortune I found myself one of the chiefs. the laws Among is found this one, which is to compel all the convicts to pay us ten centimes (2 cents) a day. A certain Raso would not submit to this. We, the chiefs of the Camorra, have voted unanimously to put him to death, but the lot fell to me to strike Raso. I accepted, I should commit the crime this morning. But on reflection at the sad consequences of such a deed, the cause of which would be insignificant I restrained (only a few centimes), my arm and went out of the castle. I beg of you to isolate me, for my comrades, after this treachery, would kill me without But there are cases of mercy. pity,"

ASSOCIATIONS

OF

CRIMINALS.

125

A young girl, whose lover had been condemned to death by the Camorra for refusing to pay his conasked for his pardon, and it was accorded tribution, Between societies Olympian majesty. to the chief different, disputes are referred wholly of a third party. If his decision is not satisfactory to both adversaries, to resort they are at liberty to arms. The Camorrist is the judge of his compatriots as to gambling or quarrels ; he maintains order in the houses of prostitution and prisons, favoring In turn, he holds those who have paid their dues. the taxes furnished by the prison; he lays aside a reserve fund which serves to prevent the killing of the poor, unfortunate one, who has been completely him in still this also helps to maintain stripped; greater widows The aged Camorrists subjection. receive a regular pension, The Maffia. word " Maffia" from the stone originates " called Maffie," where bad subjects used quarries, to hide themselves. The " Maffiosi," or members of the society, are a variety of the old Camorrists, The perhaps on account of their great tenacity in keepto Semitic races; ing a secret, a quality proper into the higher perhaps also from their extension of society. This from a society springs feudal The members follow their organization. code faithfully, Here are and apply it with vigor. some of the principal To keep absolute articles: silence concerning the crimes of which they are classes and their to her with

126

CRIMINOLOGY.

witnesses, and to be ready to give false testimony in order to cover to up traces; to give protection to defy public the rich, for many reasons; force at all times and everywhere, and always to be armed; to fight a duel for the most frivolous and motives, to stab treacherously; any price injuries received, even if one related to the offender. Whoever is ing in any of these respects is declared which means that he should not to hesitate to avenge at is intimately found want" infamous," be killed without

delay, even if in prison; there, if weapons to strike him are wanting, one should him in the suffocate If a member receives an pail for excrements. order to give himself the up to death, knowing to be irrevocable, he stoically obeys. Before killing a comrade, one notifies him by drawa pistol at ing a cross on his door, or by shooting his house. Lombroso has seen many escape death to be shut up alone in a prison cell. by imploring If mutual denunciation or anarchy were allowed, such a society of bloodthirsty men could not as. an organization. It is otherlong natural that a body of men living together for some time, adopt a special mode of life. The laws of criminal societies are sometimes violated ; this gives us an idea of an by their authors a place between anarchy and organization holding as is the case among many lavage peodespotism ples. It is the habit of thieves to steal from one another, and for assassins to choke one another. The Camorra and Maffia are varieties of low brigexist wise for condemnation

ASSOCIATIONS

OF

CRIMINALS.

127

like to be distinguished from andage. They other criminals ; to share one another's joys, to kind of uniform. wear a certain Like ordinary rascals they have their argot: they say "sleep" " " " for war ; " ruby for death ; cats for eye ; "tic" " comtac for a revolver ; they call themselves " friends." as French criminals are called panions," The member of the "Camcrra" and of the Maffia domicile in the prison. has his principal He is in his enmities. One of them wishing implacable to avenge an offense and feeling himself the weaker at one, kept his vengeance for fifteen years, until last his adversary was condemned to death ; then he petitioned the Naples Court and obtained the favor of filling the office of executioner. Another, near the point of death from consumption, hearing that one of his comrades was making offensive proleft his bed, posals as to his account, immediately tavern, killed his comrade, and died a few moments after from the extreme effort. the officers of the Camorra at Naples at Among one time there was a surgeon charged to disarticulate the fingers of the " picciotti," so that they There is a code might be more expert at stealing. of a band of criminals at Paris ; the formerly articles of this code and the manner of operating are somewhat as follows : To avoid so dressing as to aid in detection ; not to have shoes which make a noise ; to walk backwards wherever the foot leaves under an any mark ; to take lodging assumed assumed name ; to name upon leave neither the real nor a card or book ; not to have went to the

128

CRIMINOLOGY.

in a serious way, but only temporarily; a mistress not to make known for a moment to one's mistress arms the secrets of the in cases except is recognized, or where, for example, the criminal the victim takes to flight or begins to cry out ; the code indicates when arms should be used. society ; of extreme not employ as necessity, to

CHAPTER
CRIMINAL

VI.

CONTAGION.

REFORMATION from prison life in the majority of cases would seem to be a myth. the Lacenaire, has said that a young man in celebrated criminal, of the others, prison, on hearing of the adventures begins to regret that he was not a greater criminal himself. for a long time with The young man, surrounded and pethieves, murderers, violators, poisoners, ' with a blunted, leaves the prison if not derasts, moral conscience; for it must be reextinguished, that the company is not always so remembered have both winning ways pulsive, as many criminals and pleasant manners. Contagion This indirect which comes from the Press.

is as certain as the direct, contagion from often from insurroundings, Aubry gives several cases in illustration: fancy. A woman of Geneva, Switzerland, in 1885 killed her four children, then tried to commit suicide. In her autobiography were these words: " As a woman did it, which was in the newspaper." In 1881 a lad of 15 years stole from his patron; 9

130

CRIMINOLOGY.

the money was spent he found a and as he cut stabbed it in the abdomen, he said: " I have often read novels, and of a scene them I found the description when this which

child

and

its throat in one of parallel to

I have executed." man of 23 years commenced in SepA young his patron; in Notember of 1880 to steal frem in June, on the 17th, a revolver; vember he bought at about half past nine in the evening, he walked to by a group of several persons without speaking had he passed, when he thought he in which and hallooing, he could sneering "Raise he turned and fired five it"; distinguish, them; heard times scarcely two; a little saying a word, wounding individual farther on he saw another on a sitting that he was alone, passed him four bank, noticed and fired; his victim or five steps, and then turned such are the facts of his died soon afterwards; without crime. In his " The was the following: autobiography to society. of crime are advantageous consequences number There is a certain of the population (and who buy newspapers they are the most numerous) the exceptional occurrences. If we there are no more buyers, and consuppress crime to work at the ragno more employed sequently trade. I do not wish to lose my liberty for trifles. of imprisonment, I have always had horror and I much prefer Lacenaire is a capital punishment. his work man, a powerful individuality; splendid deductions. Shall I finish as leads to enormous simply Lacenaire ? My conscience answers, possibly. Poet, to read

CRIMINAL

CONTAGION.

131

but I have gone thief, assassin, a singular gradation; be stupid half way, it would to arrest a career which promises such good results." This man was deficient in moral education Inas he was proud and ambitious, he had extelligent at one time he had attempted illusions; perienced of bad reading, suicide; later, under the influence he had debased his judgment, and composed a for his own use, and thus became a subject morality of undoubted perversity. the celebrated who killed a criminal, Tropman, with poison and pick-ax, confessed that the family was the reading cause of his demoralization of in this imaginary novels. world he By living a strong passion for heroes of the prison developed who recover honesty with the spoils of their victims and die administrators of some charity. The readin ing about crime, and the seeing it illustrated newspapers, that render are of great in the case influence is are, of course, not the only elements one apt to commit crime, but still these as factors. If this happens importance of those of relatively sound mind, the

still worse on the weak-minded, insane, and the cranks. On November 4, 1825, a woman laid her child on its back across the bed; with one hand she seized its head, which hung over the part of the bed, and with the other hand she sawed its neck so quickly that the child had not timu to utter a cry. This was noised about in all Paris. A few came to the days after, a mother of four children doctor who had directed the consultation in regard and said: "I am in most terrible to the murderer,

132

CRIMINOLOGY.

I am torof this murder. hearing of my to kill the youngest by the devil I fear I cannot resist it. Will you recomchildren. me that he may admit mend me to Dr. Esquirol " into his hospital ? It was done, and she recovered. Another woman, who had recently given birth to a despair mented since she struggled homicide; she asked her husband to have it; finally against her shut up. Two other cases are positively known to have been caused or occasioned by the knowlIt is at first with repuledge of this one murder. sion that one hears of the details of crime, but with there gradually comes an indifference to repetition the whole matter. Then one may begin to look crime. The publication of upon complacently these cruel details tends to harden the finer sensiin most persons, and in many weak ones bilities As before referred can lead to overt acts. to, it is in every community, just those persons, numerous weak or on the borders of insanity or who, morally are affected most eccentric, insane, or sometimes of crime in popular publication by the detailed in the newspapers. form, as is common Contagion by Vitriol or Revolver. child, with having heard a monomania of this for same murder was taken

here is sufficiently A woman Contagion frequent. the vitriol to satisfy her vengeance; the employs are published in the newspapers; details another woman in like situation finds this method convenient. Such cases are where the woman wishes to but not to kill, disfigure,

CRIMINAL

CONTAGION.

133

cases are those of seduction and A young man makes the acquaintabandonment. ance of a young girl of the lower classes; he promises marriage, but time passes and his passion goes out. Often the social customs do not permit marriage with one of a lower class; the young man marries The classical a natural feminine jealousy springs up; first another; to kill him, but that requires courage, and, besides, she does not really hate him, but she has heard this would be convenient. She vitriolizing; there was a grareads of a case in the newspaper; if she disfigures cious her Besides, acquittal. his present former wife will not like it; friend, not wish to have anything more to perhaps would return him; then he would seems to her a capital to do. thing for it also; the newspapers renown racy articles. Revolver. more although are not perhaps of so mean or low a dangerous, nature as those who employ vitriol; the latter class A married woman move in a lower grade of society. at odious stories in the higher society was indignant about her life when she was a young circulated girl; a woman and a man were the parties who her. thus about First slie tried to were talking then she had the take justice into her own hands; before the court for false testimony; man brought for two years; but he appealed, he was condemned the case was delayed; in departing from the court, Those who use the revolver, do with to her. This She may get like to print about

134

CRIMINOLOGY.

six balls; he was as he went out, she discharged and died; the journals taken to the hospital gave columns details personal daily to the case, giving she was acquitted with as to the accused; the In a few of the crowd and the journals. applause conversation took place between days the following man and his wife: "If you were one of the another "I would would you have done?" jury, what the husband. Then have acquitted her," answered do you cry ?" asked the wife began to sob. "Why " I " with exultation she the husband. Ah," said, This same woam glad you are a man of soul." man, later on, was followed by an architect of note; becoming and declarations cause was the woman exasperated by his importunities The of love she finally shot him. a heroine out of the first making and press. by the public Poisoning. The Italy. crime of poisoning was done came with to France from

a bouquet, with a pair of gloves, with a letter, and.even with atorch; with a candle; VII. was killed Clement Pope this irrthe second half of the reign of Louis"XIV. of crime the striking form was""prevalent; thing of cases were among was that the great majority is now on the decline, as the nobility. Poisoning Poisoning indicated From 145; in the 1825 to l83S-40,22i; following 1830 there table, given by Aubry: were 150 cases; 1830-35, 18501845-50,259; 181; 1865-70, 165; the last 25 years

1840-45,250; 55; 294; 1855-60, 281; 1860-65, 1870-75-, 99; 1875-80, 7S. For

CRIMINAL

CONTAGION.

135

decrease is a marked to new one, owing processes and to the progress of science in finding in the organthe least traces of toxical substances thus poisoning tends to disappear while ism; seems to increase. This period general criminality coincides with the epoch when chemical discover... ies began. the

. CHAPTER
CRIMINAL

VII.

HYPNOTISM.

by hypnotizers on those hypnotized are violations or outrages of In the lethargic or cataleptic state, the modesty. is easily influenced; here also somnambusubject lism offers some dangers. The affective sentiments towards many world, the hypnotizer are strongly manifested in from the entire cases; the subject, isolated It is easy to only sees the hypnotizer. one in a mental state the actions of a person seem voluntary, and so not constitute a but the hypnotizer or magnetizer who in the somnambulism from similar disposito

ALMOST all the crimes

committed

the danger comprehend like this. At this point might crime,

profits tions of mind, is guilty of the crime of violation. In the state of lethargy one does not remember on what transpired in this stage of the sleep, awaking is so confused or the recollection that the testicannot be trusted. There is also a lucid mony a still less degree of hypnosis. lethargy, is important the question when of arises, but in this state the recollection This state simulation can generthe leth-

In some cases of violation ally be trusted. victim to complete passes from lucid lethargy

CRIMINAL

HYPNOTISM.

137

while others argy; certain things are remembered, are confused or forgotten. of can serve for the committing Somnambulism one might say: the indivia voluntary abduction, dual is plunged into lethargy, and his totally unconscious state serves to carry him away. Certain magnetizers of India were accustomed to When there is employ this means to rob children. it almost a bodily and mental passivity, always state. A dishonest takes place in the lethargic of the facts hypnotizer, owing to the remembrance of real life in the somnambulistic state, can gain from his subject that he could not if knowledge were in his ordinary state. his subject Giraud, Teulon, and Liebeault give cases of this kind. Gilles de la Tourette speaks of not always receiving an answer to every question, but some even falsify of the suggestion. to cut short the importunity As to offenses against confidences morals, including and confessions, there is much doubt; and, accordthere need be no great ing to Gilles de la Tourette from the misuse of hypnotism in apprehensions such cases, for the cases of this nature that are and purely In simply experimental. are so great that a crime actual life the difficulties or confessions in the line of confidences would soon be detected; the hypnotizer also would be out. Also, in post-hypnotic states, easiiy found cited where sugthe hypnotic the magnetcondition, gested during would soon be detected. izer or hypnotizer Here " " i-s a supposed case given by Charcot: A desires murder can be committed that was are

138

CRIMINOLOGY.

to take revenge on " B." "A" has a patient whom he can put into the somnambulistic condition. He " to his to and kill subject go B," comsuggests him at the same time not to recall anymanding thing in the second hypnotization. Experimentare not the ally this is realized, but the conditions same in actual life, for the magnetizer would be sure to be found out. What does "A" do? At the hour suggested, while in hypnotic state, the patient -now in his natural or ordinary state, has a to him until present time) that thought (unknown he must kill " B." He arms himself and does it, where he finds him. no matter Of course, he is unaware that any such order was given him totally in the hypnotic condition. The patient is, of What does he say ? Nothing, or course, arrested. himself. To do it, he rather he tries to exculpate must invent a story out of whole cloth; but this would soon fall to pieces. It would not be long he would be shown to be a neuropathic before or easily hypnotizable; the person, or hysterical, would soon suspect that his magnetizer patient this" to him, and would have no had suggested reason, to keep silent as to a man- who had taken of him. "A" would be sure to be such advantage It would be. much safer for a magnetizer caught. to do the murdering himself. But there are danthere hypnotizer; gers for the honest and upright are cases where a hysterical person accuses the of abusing her or violating her. This magnetizer or malice, or some comes from pure imagination, ulterior of those hypnopurpose,, for the character

CRIMINAL

HYPNOTISM.

139

and it is not is not always beyond question, to see how an honest difficult hypnotizer might Sometimes women of be made to suffer severely. doubtful for the very reputation go to be hypnotized tized and scandal, and it is a legal purpose of blackmail that a jury will believe a woman's platitude story where she claims her virtue is at stake much easier of a man. are posthan the testimony Violations and somnambulistic the lethargic of what passed states. In both states forgetfulness the sleep occurs on waking up; nevertheduring in the somnambuless, if the crime is committed of it can be recalled at the listic state, the memory sible both in The criminal can time of a second hypnotization. make use of both states. The evidence of violation in either examining of these the states is circumstantial. After state of the plaintiff, and physical the expert that she is hysterical, should finding now see if she is hypnotizable; and, if easily so, can be obtained. In whether a complete insensibility who can be hypnotized, one the case of simulators a must see if their sleep is deep enough to permit are generally necescrime. Many hypnotizations of the violation can exist The conscioasness sary. at the time, and also the memory of it after awaking; the victim can will to cry, and yet be unable can make the claim The simulators to. that, in in their sleep, they willed resistance, but could not persons. carry it out. They are mostly hysterical attacks are the great criAt this stage, convulsive terion of the neurosis. Brouardel says that, however good the ability to

140

CRIMINOLOGY.

it is impossible when one provokes the simulate, of the sterno-mastoid contraction muscle, or of a group of muscles enervated by the same nerve, or when the experiment is tried. of colors in vision Violation in the somnambulistic state may take violence. There are states place with or without to the hypnotic, caused by a wound on the analogue head or natural domsomnambulism. Hysteria in most of such cases ; natural somnambulism is a transformation. can take place Suggestion in hysterical somnambulism as well as in hypnotic, in the latter but crimes state. are more frequent Pressure over the hysterical zone can cause one to a crime. Sometimes there is sleep, and commit unconsciousness of the crime, or want of resistance owing to intellectual feebleness. This is also true in case of idiots or imbeciles, who are brutally them. As by those who are paid to protect to moral responsibility, it must be borne in mind that caused somnambulism produces artificially extreme is imposed cases, where the act suggested ; that nothing is done in proin found sleep which may not have its analogue the waking state ; that hypnotic sleep exaggerates automatism ; it does not create it ; physiological and the absolute that between the fatal suggestion all degrees determination may exist ; voluntary that to analyze all the suggestive elements which in the acts which intervene we (in our absence) with irresistible force believe issue from geois, Professor tized a woman, Lieour initiative, is impossible. of Law at Nancy, France, hypnoand by suggestion (with false firetreated inates

CRIMINAL

HYPNOTISM.

141

arms) asked with

caused

her

to shoot

immediately why entire indifference he did not Liegeois,

another person ; being she did it, she confessed killed ; she had him, asked, if it the idea to

because was not

When please her. who had suggested she did it

her, she answered, no; she is "alone guilty."

spontaneously;

to postMany profound sleepers are susceptible which have been known to hypnotic suggestions, have taken place not only many days and weeks after were suggested but even as long as they False testimony is suffiyears. through suggestion and in the case of a child in ciently frequent, fear testifies because court, who through falsely, are so put as to threaten the child if the questions desired answer is not given. : Bernheirn suggests these precautions of false accusers is not so per(i) The testimony in memory sistent is not so con; the impression tinuous ; recollection is latent or obscure ; (2) the should ask questions without magistrate pressing the witness or indicating his own opinion ; one in order to obtain should not resort to suggestion as he may suggest the confession he confessions, desires ; (3) testimony can be suggested by one affirmations with force and conmaking viction and recounting the facts in the presence of other witnesses ; for some are influenced, accept what is said, and form an image of the event imitation. through should be questioned tain in their that For reason each witness alone, and it should be cerconversations no previous this witness

142

CRIMINOLOGY.

reciprocal ment of ment in

are conscious

has taken place. The agreesuggestion several witnesses is not always an argufavor of the truth, even when witnesses because in this case there can be unhonest,

is more false than suggestions. Nothing " the saying, " Vox populi, vox Dei ; (4) the encan measure the suggestibillightened magistrate witness ity of a suspected by skillful questions, can appear to accept what the witness says, insist and add to them, suggesting on the incidents dewill the suggestibility of the tails, which betray witness if he confirms these details. He says, for " You said when 'X' took : example your money, you let a piece fall, and picked " ? remember the circumstance into the it up again. If the accuser the suggestion, You falls the

; (5) a medical question in the majority of cases, can deterexamination, mine if one has to do with a suggestible person ; one generally can cause catalepsy by simple affircan be mation, and in some persons hallucinations Human is open to good produced. imagination and bad impressions are crimi; not all criminals nals; not all falsehoods, falsehoods ; there are those not only others but themselves who mystify without knowing it. Criminal Suggestions.

trap and confirms is by this fact determined

Certain in persons suggestible falsify good faith. It is easy to create fictitious remembrances, which or hallucinations, may be called retroactive false testimony. I say to one in his natural s'eep:

CRIMINAL

HYPNOTISM.

I43

(Cases Bernheim). why you do not sleep now; your and sings, neighbor coughs fixes the fire, all the patients opens the window, complain." I awake this person a few moments afterwards. he awoke spontaneously; He rubs his eyes, thinks remembers Then I say: nothing. "You sleep, then, all the day." " " but I cannot he No," answers, "Why?" " On account

from

" I know

sleep

in

the

night." of patient in bed No. 6. He was

sick; he coughed, sang as if in delirium. probably I don't know what possessed him; he went to open the window." " Is it true ? You must have dreamed." " All heard him ; they can tell the patients his imagination souvenirs were created. have not complained. him?" " Four a noise." " Then " No. you." Then was worked upon, " But the other What did No. and new patients 4 say to to make

said to close the window, what "

and not

happened ? 4 got up and went to him, and they struck one another." " And what did the sister do ? " " She could not silence them." " " Did the director come ? " He came in a blue and said he dressing-gown, would put them both out to-day."

144

CRIMINOLOGY.

Operator it." Patient

said:

"That

is not true,

you

dreamed I

answered: was awake." Another

" I did not dream

it, because

experiment: I suggested (Bernheim)

state that hypnotic pher, and had come to take his photograph, and that he (subject) had On awakening the subject was paid two francs. but what is to be noted is that three convinced, other patients, who were awake at the time, affirmed and saw my colleague take the present I said it was not so, but their convicphotograph. tion remained. it was easy to amplify By questions the suggestion from a fictiby their autosuggestion they tious memory. Another case, very suggestible and hypnotizable. were

in the subject was a photogramy colleague at four o'clock the day before

to one

Operator says: " I met at Stanislas Henritte, you yesterday Place! You were in singular circumstances. What when I saw you ?" happened and looks at her. Operator repeats the question she reflects, turns red, and says: Her face changes; "I dare not say." " You must tell me." " I was she says in a low voice. struck," " " By whom ? " By a workman." " '' ? Why Silence. She is ashamed and does not wish to confess.

CRIMINAL

HYPNOTISM.

145

Come, tell me." in Operator's She whispers to go with him." at her looked Operator

"

ear:

" I did "

not wish

Why you are falsifying. She became pale, confused, and, covering face, began to cry. " Tell me what you did yesterday." " I wanted to steal his watch." "And then?" " I was led to the police-station." with The poor girl was overcome

severely. did he strike

Henritte, " ? you up her

shame.

Oper-

ator effaced the remembrance by saying: " You will not remember it any more." hallucination was extinguished. The retroactive Since criminals are easily suggestible, such experiments are not without instruction. Thus take the case: following A young woman of the best society and of high and children, fond of her husband was morality, accustomed to receive visits from a young man, a One day she was found in an friend of the family. and dead naked, garden, of a bullet the body had wound; The young man had fainted been outraged. at her side, wounded to, he narby a pistol. Coming in rated that the young woman being desperately to him, on condition that love had given herself isolated pavilion from the effects her dishonor. not survive He they both should afterwards. had sworn to kill her and kill himself true ? The young man impressed Is this account with frankness. Most persons considered everyone
10

of her

146

CRIMINOLOGY.

it an act of foolish sion can mislead

love.

It is well known

ing to the young but at this time also before its execution, mediately the poor woman wrote a calm and serene letter to afone of her family; she spoke of her household and the young man in a simple fairs, her children, and natural a tranquil spirit. way, which indicated This would have been hardly possible had she been of the events soon to follow. conscious She was an exemplary affecwoman; modest, good, timid, and never passionate. She was, however, tionate, One day fixing her eyes upon a silver suggestible. state. She did not spoon, she fell into a hypnotic like Chambige, she was afraid of him. But how ? It might be said that Chamshall it be explained bige was alow assassin, who after having cowardly violated and assassinated a woman, had invented But this story to pose as a hero in a love tragedy. the facts Chambige had little drank from interpretation his comrades as superior; impressed moral sense; he had a sensual thirst, do 'not bear this out. he and

the most honest man the crime

pasnatures. Accordwas planned im-

how

all sources without But he had scruple. of his convictions; the frankness he produced this before the jury, but as a man without impression heart and without and not an impos.tor, prejudice, violator, or murderer. sees Madame Explanation (Bernheim): Chambige he desires to have her; she does not love Grille, and fascinated him, but still is dominated by him. She had a vague fear of him. It is easy to understand how by his allurements, and declarations"

CRIMINAL

HYPNOTISM.

I47

she could fall into a hypnotic state, as in the case of the spoon, and loose her personality. Chambige imcould upon her facile imagination, working consciousness, pose another suggest a sexual exwhich she could not resist. citation Chambige that she loved him truly, could do all this, thinking at all about hypnotism. without knowing anything state did not love him, but her subto her normal conconscious state did. Returning Grille would not remember sciousness Madame Thus on the morning of the crime, the anything. victim wrote her letter in the greatest of tranquilcould have Chambige ity; an instant afterwards suggested to go to the pavilion, then came a foolish excitation. If the poor passion, an irresistible woman had made him promise to kill her after her to save her from dishonor, it would seduction be in her hypnotic the moral sense surviving state, as an old hereditary or by education, which feeling not be put down; her normal could conscience but not extinguished, in the could be dominated, somnambulistic state; but the passion suggested it for the time. She is not herself. overcomes characterizes somnambulism is not That which awake, conscioussleep, there is a somnambulism ness exists, but it is another state of consciousness in which the faculties of reason are lessened or of imagination, the idio-dyabsent; the faculties constructs the scene. namic automatism The subject is not himself. : A young lady of good family Case (Bernheim) of sweet and affectionate charvery intelligent, Her normal

148

CRIMINOLOGY.

acter,

for physician by a young hypnotized into time she passed crises. Each hysterical these attacks she confessed somnambulism; during her love which she had for him (she had married became her The physician to her will). contrary was Tn her state. this somnambulistic lover during normal state she remembered nothing. Becoming had she did not suspect it, not having pregnant, When for a year. with her husband any relation the real nature of her trouble, she finally discovered she became anxious, lost her head, and at partuLater on she rewas complete. lition her insanity These covered, but never suspected her physician. facts in this case show how the "somnambulistic the passions, or provoked, modifies state, natural and diminishes resistance and character, instincts, to evil temptations. recase of double We give another personality of Sciences at Paris : A lated before the Academy thirty-three years of age, was hysterical lawyer, A noise, a whistle, or reflecand very hypnotizable. of a looking-glass upon his eyes could put him into a hypnotic sleep. One day he was trying a case; fixed his eyes upon him ; he stopped the judge he presented In these conditions short and slept. his past existence : he forgot a double personality condition and entered into another ; he went and tion made visits, and bought things. he returned to his first condition, suddenly of what had passed in his he was wholly ignorant with his .other state. One day, after an altercation he had an attack which made his brother-in-law, came, When traveled,

CRIMINAL

HYPNOTISM.

149

personality appear ; he went to visit his tore his books and uncle, broke many objects, contracted debts, and was taken bemanuscripts, fore the court for swindling and condemned. All his recollections, effaced in turned in the somnambulistic Such the normal state. state, re-

second

cases are perhaps more frequent than we because as a suppose, they are not recognized pathological anomaly, when anaesthesia is complete. makes the diagnosis Anaesthesia, when incomplete, as the idea of somnambulism does not difficult, come to the mind. We all know persons whose lives are full of inconsequences and contradictions; their conduct timid, they manners, in their actions, etc. Then from time to time the is modified; disposition they become capricious, extravagant, go against their instincts, and commit state acts; after a time the normal reprehensible All degrees can exist, from a simple reappears. of disposition (perceptible only to intimate to the complete transformation of the friends) can be a mental moral being. This transformation intermittent disease, as periodic melancholia, dipor transitory All mental diseases somania, insanity. change are in reality states of modified consciousness. The extreme degrees only attract our attention ; the light to capriciousness or a sickly degrees we attribute state of feeling. It is clear how a~suggestion realizes psychical modifications; produced, gaiety and sadness are alternately there is a calm, then a passionate, disis irreproachable; are reserved in their their character is sensible

150

CRIMINOLOGY.

position, affection importance

a spirit of obedience or a hatred. These

to the magistrate, In the broad sense of the word philosopher. suggestion may play a role in our acts, good or bad. The greatest criminals are not always the most Dr. Laurent in guilty. gives a case of complicity is negative in-results as theft, where hypnotization to gaining a confession from the accused: for does not permit present state of our knowledge to know whether the person hypnotized obeys conscience or his will, which holds took state: in theft." and car" I didn't him place under while dependence. "The IdHowing accused L. "I "You the us his its the

or the opposite, an facts are not without the moralist, and the

conversation was in the hypnotic are accused

of complicity that with

am innocent." L. "You knew, however, riage had been stolen." " No, No," said patient know anything about it." L. " You knew it." "I

the horse energy,

swear to you, I did not." L. " I tell you, you did know it." " No," said patient more softly. L. " I assure you that you knew it, you knew it." "Yes, I knew it." L. " Is it certain you knew it ? " " I knew it." L " You did not know had that the carriage been stolen." it." . "'-Yes, I.knew

CRIMINAL

HYPNOTISM.

151

L. "No, I tell you; you did not know anything about it." " about it." No, I did not know anything The patient was sad Case of theft (Krafft-Ebing): and quiet; her head was supported on her arms; The she did not respond always when spoken to. obeyes were vague, as in a dream, not perceiving sat near by. The experimenter jects or persons the paopposite her and looked at her; suddenly tient took a special physiognomical expression. She heard a noise of a watch placed in the pocket the physician she approached physician; with adroitness, unhooked the watch and hid it in Likewise she took four a hole in her arm-chair. and hid other watches from the other physicians them in a flower-pot, then she took a book to read, in and kept on knitting. produces Krafft-Ebing of the her the state of autohypnosis. She did not react of the sense organs, exto the different excitations cept that some measures of a song played threw her into catalepsy. When one of the physicians the pieces with some money, she sought jingled The same and put them into her pocket. avidity, when keys were shaken; not effect was produced to take them, she grasped at them, being permitted struck the person who had the keys, gained posesThen she sion of them and hid them in a pan. were retook up her book to read. The objects taken by their owners. When transformed into of what octhe normal state, she knew nothing curred. On the next iant watch, she passed day, into" a brillregarding the experimental-

152

CRIMINOLOGY.

characteristic state, and the phenomena hypnotic of the autohypnotic of the continuation state, in which she was the day before, were repeated. She sought for the things hid and became agitated. In passing the hand in front of the patient, the exstate was produced; she perimental-hypnotic in this state, she came tranquil and apathetic; ceived the watch, but made no effort to take In her natural state she was not sesion of it. normal in any way. A Case of Romance (Grassef). A young hysterial girl of fourteen years entered on account of menstrual the hospital irregularities. Later on, she was discovered to be pregnant. This created much surprise since she was modest in and of a good family. the last manner, During to the young days of May, 1889, according girl's which was given in tears, a peddler came account, to her home to sell some cloth, and as women will extended conversatalk, her mother in somewhat the fact, that her daugther, was tion, mentioned in spite of her healthy appearance, unfortunate, attacks and losing consciousness. The in this; he prompeddler seemed to be interested A few days ised to return with some other things. he came, but seeing the mother afterward, leaving having the house pretended not to see her, and came, findalone. She said, "I will go and ing the daughter find my mother." He said, "There is no use"; and then seized her. She fell into one of her fits and lost consciousness and remembers nothing beperposab-

CRIMINAL

HYPNOTISM.

153

all The poor mother confirmed that took place. The patient was this as related by the daughter. the and in this state gave exactly hypnotized, same facts, of which she said she was the victim. This left little doubt as to the cause of the pregnancy. On the 30th of December, 1889, two months before parturition should occur, pains appeared; it to a fall on the stairs; and the patient attributed that parturition was at but it was soon evident term. This was not only a surprise but a decepbut when a The patient was hypnotized, tion. took place she opened severe uterine contraction her eyes immediately and screamed, and declared she could not rest when put to sleep. As the visit of the peddler was at the end of May, the child inshould have been born at the end of February It was beyond dispute stead of December. that took place at the end of March, and conception not of May. It was found that the young lady unknown to her family. A-t the had a lover, to furnish an honorsecond menstrual defection, able excuse to her mother, she invented her story. fact follows : Since This she confessed. Another in the hypnotic state she repeated exactly the same and in the pains of delivery the sleep story, ceased, the hypnotic sleep itself was a simulation. This she confessed. She was again hypnotized, and anaesthesia was complete. Then it was announced to her suddenly that it was useless to conher deception; she opened her immediately eyes, placed her hand over her face and went away tinue

154

CRIMINOLOGY.

It is therefore clear that the hypnotism crying. a simulation. That a fixed was to a great extent a light look provoked degree of hypnosis, accomis possible, but most of panied by insensibility, the acts the were simulated. during sleep were the spontaneous attacks simulated Equally The fascination the form of the sleep. affecting was simulated. For a long time she admirably that all came from her own personal pretended but later said that she had frequently imagination, Here is a hysterical seen a domestic hypnotized. would person, in which simulation appear impossible, who for the sole pleasure of being interestneed of hypnotism to justify ing, and of having her before her physician to pranks, commenced simulate later haying a lover and becomhypnosis; she utilized this to accuse an innoing pregnant, cent person and make herself the victim. case shows the necessity of prudence, as it is easy to see how she could have accused her All acts of a hypnotizfalsely. family physician are not necessarily able hysteria by suggestion; all acts need not necessarily be attributed to the " roue." A hysterical a can be neurosis. person This

CHAPTER
RECIDIVATION.

VIII.

or habitual recidivists, criminals, may find in crime, but, make it a trade detestable nothing like any other, or commit crime with an idea of for injustice vengeance of a recidivist is rare. carry on their trade suffered. Dismissed The reformation from home they more

THE

into together, going serious crime, as in the case of a thief who, when strikes a fatal blow. If they do not surprised, succumb in prison from tuburculosis or heart disIt is often ease, they find their way to the asylum. observed that the asylum is for them a faint hope of Sometimes attacks of healing their bad tendencies. acute mania or melancholia have a.good influence, more often, after one attack of acute insanity, their criminal tendencies. The they conserve better natures choose less dangerous criminal acts, as swindling, sink lower and etc., but generally lower. is poor, Some, where prison discipline become much worse by associating with others. Both sexes practice of every kind, as deception forgery, goods, fire, to murder, perjury, etc. The stealing men do stolen concealing not fear to rob, to set the opportunity is favorable. and but

when

156

CRIMINOLOGY.

found committing are less frequently acts of this kind; lying, cunthey are mistrustful, lazy, and often give false names. ning, revengeful, to coarseness, boldness, In prison they are inclined refusal to work, and willful defiance, resistance, of their clothes and other effects (not unspoiling common with the insane).. They like to stir up to plots of the most audatheir fellow-prisoners to is necessary Severe punishment sort. cious The women the normal much they resemble one can regard them as in the first insane, The secondarily insane, before stage of insanity. are often given to stealis apparent, their insanity restrain them; so that concealing, counterfeiting, forging, ing, deceiving, and almost are infrequent, Murders etc. only is preshallucination occur when the persecutive" are generally addicted to alcohol ent. Those thieves. Those offenders; they are seldom light are- given more mental weakness hereditary These with acute forms _to crimes of unchastity. or progressive of insanity as mania, melancholia, The to the asylum. are soon brought paralysis, class (von of a mixed recidivists are somewhat with : (1st) They consist of those who have a Holder) to insanity or epilepsy; positive tendency (2d) lead them antecedents those whose family plainly and and (3d) those whose to crime; morality and environof honor feeling through training ment are destroyed. Criminal phenomena and the manifestations of

insanity further

are nothing new; they nothing bring or diseased manifestations than- distorted

RECURVATION.

157

of mental activities, ent in every man; one or the his mental through other

are presby themselves but by some they develop in direction. No one is sure that which cannot troubles, be endangered or that he can

soundness outer or inner

which lead to crime. escape inclinations might Von Holder data: In Italy gives the following the recidivists condemned by the court were in to 22 per 1878 13 per cent; in 1882 they increased In France cent. they were but 10 per cent, in to 42 per cent., 1826; in 1867, they had increased and in 1879 to 50 per cent. Thus the recidivists increase in number as civiliIn Belgium in 1869-71 zation advances. they reached. 70 per cent. In Prussia, from 1871 to who had already 1877 the number of condemned been once in prison ranged between 77 and 80 per cent, for men, and between 74 and 84 per cent, for In Austria, i860 to 1864, 33 per women. from in 1868-71 they reached 59 cent, were recidivists; per cent, for men and 51 per cent, for women. The influence of of heredity will be seen from the as recidivists, young In France, shown statistics.. by out of 1,000 recidivists: the 67 had not reached 16 to 21 years of age; age of 16; 264 were from 21 to 30; 215 from 30 to 40; 206 from 284 from comparatively the following 40 to 60; 20 from 70 years of age. The 60 to 70; and 4 were more than number

of those who continue to fall is persistence shown from the following: The number of recidivists arrested for the first time in France is 45

158

CRIMINOLOGY.

second time, 20 per per cent, of the total number; fourth cent.; third time, n percent; time, 7 per cent.; fifth time, 4 per cent.; sixth time, 3 percent.; seventh time, 2 per cent.; eighth time, 2 per cent.; ninth time, 1 per cent.; 10th and more times, 5 per cent. facts show how this preceding is confined to a small number backsliding sons. 2,413 years 1880 years. The habitual of perliberated Out of 6,108 prisoners in 1878, two (39 per cent.) were taken back within ; 27 per cent, of those arrested in Paris in had been condemned four times within ten

Some have as their sole purpose to gain an easy living in prison ; sometimes" they take no precautions as they desire one or two yearS'in prison to repair the dilapidated condition of their health ; on entering prison, they are welcomed by their old friends. himself cellular One, who by for the fiftieth had reinstated in a himself time, found of a mere jail; he said comsmall thefts me ; they in again will this

prison instead " Justice has defrauded plainingly, to take me not have a chance country." sometimes ameliorate the prisons vists. In Very they their will few

ever reform ; prostitutes but only to convents, go into condition. the food of Improving not lessen the number of recidi-

the cellular has not ha a system on the recidivists has ; the number good increased from 60 to 70 per cent.; in Belgium the increase has been 78 per cent. ; here the cellular Iri system has been in force for a number of years. Prussia influence

RECIDIVATION.

159

Spain, out same deed ; France and thieves and

for the 2,249, I;5^9 were returned In 933 were thieves, 429 murderers. Sweden one-third of the recidivists are ; these facts are not in harvagrants

of

some legal notions as to the morality mony with of criminals, and responsibility leaving out of consideration those who are so by passion or occasion. It is important to observe that these kinds of which furnish the largest number of the reare those which are noticed from infancy. cidivists In a single year in Paris 30 assassinations, 39 homi2 poisonings, 114 infanticides, cides, 3 parricides, 4,212 cases of assault and battery, 25 incendiaries, 80 obscene crimes, 458 thefts, 11,862 153 violations, simple thefts, were committed by young people. Moral A certain Sense in Recidivation. crime

criminal said to his comrades in prison: " If we were millionaires we would continue our This perhaps is the feeling of the great trade." of the habitual criminals. The moral majority sense is radically defective, if not incomprehensible A thief of Milan said: "I do not steal, I to them. only take from the rich that which they have too do otherwise ? much of; and do the merchants Why, then, should I be accused, and they left undisturbed ?" Another said with open face: "I do who make their misnot imitate my companions far from that, I am proud deeds a mystery; of them; I steal, it is true, but never less than two so large an amount thousand to attack francs; than a speculation." seems to me less a theft

l6o

CRIMINOLOGY.

" If I had not stolen, I could not have I could not even have lived; we myself, enjoyed in the world; without us what need are necessarily It is there be of judges, would lawyers, jailors? Another said: we who give them a living." Another said to his " We are necessary, God put us in the world judge, to punish the stingy and bad rich; we are a species of plague from God. And besides without us what would the judges do?" Another the justifies used in a robbery: violence "We bound them for our own safety, as the jailor does, when he puts the handcuffs on us; it was their turn; to each his turn." Another after a man to kill his sending his act to that of the ancient enemy, compared Romans who took vengeance by blood, when their honor was offended. not only believes that he has the and throw the blame on murder, others, who do not permit him to act as he likes; but he is proud of it. An assassin who kills out of thinks he does an honorable action, if vengeance " not heroic. "B who had been given to highway from his youth, and who in company with robbery another had killed several men complained of being sentenced to twenty years. " Ten is for if I killed sufficient, time. I performed my duty." as many at that The recidivist to steal, right

"But you killed women, also?" To this he replied: well merited it, they "They tried to escape." The remorse that knaws the conscience of a crimThe worst men conduct theminal, is a myth.

RECIDIVATION. selves better the best

l6l

treated

in prison, that they will be knowing if they appear to have the best feel-

out of 410 assassins, did not find Thompson, ings. a sincere case of repentance. Ferri studied 780, and found who showed only 3.4 per cent, repentance their ler or who deeds. manifested The in any feeling homicides and assassins recounting had a smal-

than the bandits, rufproportion (1.2 per cent.) and especially 10 the thieves fians, (4.1 per cent.); a complete absence of remorse per cent, showed by their In general more than one-third effronteiy. are without remorse the In in effrontery their crimes. per cent, of by indifference or recital acknowledgment the following table, the and impudence, as shown and of

indifference,

large excuse

making

is suggestive.

DEPORTMENT.

Total.

Assassins and Homicides. Per cent. 9.8 0.8 0.4 26.0 170 2.7 5.1 254

I Highway ; Robbers, Thieves, Pickpockets. Per cent. 9.4 1.1 3.0 S.3 25.0 .... 19.2 266

Per Those who simply confessed Complained Showed repentance Made excuses indifferent Appeared Appeared impassive Were impudent Number examined

cent. 9.6 1.7 1.7 18.0 23.0 1 1 10.2 608

If they see the justice of their confess their faults to benevolent the need of pouring out their
11

punishment, the}r persons; they feel hearts, to justify

l62

CRIMINOLOGY.

before the world by reasons which men themselves always find to defend themselves. their denials are to avoid condemnaAlthough as to an offended tion, yet they show no feeling sense. Ferri, in examining 700 cases, found that 42 per cent, of the great criminals (homicides, and 21 per cent, assassins, and-highway robbers), and criminals of the lower (thieves, pickpockets, A denied their berime. obstinately swindlers), moral not infrequently protest his innocence, and in a abandon himself, deplore his misfortunes, freak will in a hilarious afterwards few minutes An important his guilt. a doubt show beyond prisoner will never pity their victim, fact is, that those recidivists him. The habitual and calumniate but deride that his trade is a fine thing as thinks criminal one being asked whether well as a pleasure to him; " I am no butcher he ever struck anyone, said," ; but he exthat he took pocket-books to the objection " Ah claimed, thing." yes, but what a beautiful some seem to repent, it is more to make Although illusions about themselves. profit of philanthropic wrote to after his first condemnation, Lacenaire, and money : " Alas ! there his-friend for protection is nothing to do but to repent, you can do a good 'I satisfaction of saying: deed and have the he one back from the evil way, for which brought was not born,' for without you I would still be enA few moments career." gaged in an infamous these lines he committed a theft and after writing he said ; on the scaffold planned an assassination he never knew what remorse was.

RECIDIVATION.

jg.

prisoner Yei*w because he said its color renrrfiien offered him brother whom he had killed ; but he obtanivj-j_ nis and when one ol~ slyly from his fellow-prisoners, them was not disposed to give him wine, he threatened them saying, " I have killed four like you and I will kill a fifth." Sometimes the remorse is only fear which takes the the fear of death or religious The Marquise of Brinvillers form of repentance. passed for a modei of penitence, at the last moment to her husband : " I die an innocent she wrote She was woman, and it is owing to my enemies." a parricide and fratricide. When her confessor induced her to change the terms of this letter, she to think otherwise, felt herself so incapable that him to do it for her. she requested Conducted she avowed that ideas of voluptuousto execution, ness and vengeance possessed her to the present moment. to her husband she repeated Alluding he live longer with people who have pur"Could " sued me out of hatred ? Lombroso calls attention to a case of especially moral metamorphosis : A man of forty years, after hallucinatwenty years in prison, had a religious tion and believed himself charged with a mission in honor of the Virgin, who appeared to him in his cell This idea took away all traces of criminal tendencies, and made him an apostle and philanthropist. A criminal can quite frequently understand what is wrong, but he does not give the same weight to his bad actions. One wrote after his first assassi-

Another

l6.

CRIMINOLOGY.

me for this ,..iey will pardon a man having assassinated nation ---'ss." Another, ror money, on marching to the scaffold murmured: " Make a man die for such a little The thing !" not deny that He replied: "How could you stole a horse?" you call that a theft ? Would you have the leader Some would diminish the of a band go on foot?" of their acts on account of their good invillainy judge as in the case of clinations, carried on his trade in order wife and son. the assassin, who to provide for his said to a criminal: "You will

of their fault, but they Thieves are conscious more guilty consider the bankrupt than themA thief he is often unmolested. selvesalthough the natural, said: " There are two kinds of justice; in giving to the poor practiced stolen part of the objects by him; the artificial but for which justice, which the social law protected, he cared nothing." While the criminal has some idea of justice, yet it is more a matter of thought than feeling which choke sination known owing to his passions and bad habits it. A criminal, of an assasspeaking committed which fact was not by himself, at the time, said: "That will not escape and which he himself

seek to keep their prostitutes children from following their career. From these it is clear that the one great lack is feelexamples ing; the idea of what one ought to do and the willand the criminal power to do it are quite different, lacks the will-power. The expression, decidedly

the guillotine." Rich thieves

RECIDIVATION.

165

"

Honesty among thieves," shows in them the idea of justice; but the use of the justice to be unjust. There is vanity back of it also; they are proud to it. In a meeting of thieves in London, mention ' one of their number (condemned twenty-six times), was received with great applause; he was sent out to get some money changed, not returning soon it of the meeting that they would was the sentiment kill him if he did not bring the money back; to their great joy he returned; they were proud of him. This good side of the criminal's feelings enables society to correct them. It is not intellectual teaching that brings a good result so much as a rational direction of the passions. Lombroso mentions one of the most dangerous Anderson, who was transformed into a lamb when he criminals, was employed at subduing savage bulls; but when returned to prison in chains he was a terror to all. The division of the booty is generally done with strict justice. Some prisoners were left to themselves on an island; the leaders of two rival parties formed a code of laws which was barbarous and severe, but enforced with strictness. For instance, one had stolen a goat, and tried to get off on a fine, but the criminal, who was judge, cried: "The goat is not to be paid for with money, but with blood." Another to have aided was thought him, but he proved an alibi; he was excluded from the legislative of which he was a organization not wishing member, the tribunal any of its members to be suspected. But this kind of justice is forced and temporary.

166

CRIMINOLOGY.

are often very untrue to their comCriminals is a disand parents. A denunciation panions but they do grace, if it is made to their injury; this is the cause of not fail to denounce others; riots and vengeance among them. continual They inform on one another to help themselves along or each other when they are jealous, so to aggravate as not to be the only ones to suffer; they have acnot be the so that if caught they will complices, to death; they consider only ones condemned in good fortune to be consulted themselves by the zeal to have police, and often display the greatest the facts. a friend arrested, if they have to invent The chiefs of the brigands are despotic.

PART

II.

SPECIAL

CRIMINOLOGY.

SPECIAL
METHOD

CRIMINOLOGY.
OF INVESTIGATION.

THE method of special criminology is to study a In a new few cases as thoroughly as possible. field of empirical of details study the investigation at if there is to be any attempt is indispensable, The reader may in addition scientific treatment. into typical cases, and gain an independent insight in our penal institutions. the method of treatment The value of a single case lies in the fact, that is the rule in crime. And for this reason repetition the best the stud}/ of single cases is probably of gaining a definite of the method knowledge The and remedies for crime. causes, difficulties, differmethod of gathering (he facts is by visiting and prisons. ent reformatories The superintendent or warden was asked to name the purest murderer, the most haDitual thief, and the meanest person the prisoners under his charge. among generally One aim is to study only those cases, about which enough is known, to place their real nature beyond a doubt. The cases selected, therefore, are among the worst, and are the most confirmed in their species of criminality. and other We have given in detail the complaints

170

CRIMINOLOGY.

case investigated, with the additional testimony, These gathered from the officers. than are of more value facts scientific those outside of prison, because they are not gathered only more prisoner of the but the environment trustworthy, Each comis more definitely known.

records

of

each

of the plaint generally represents many repetitions refrains from same offense ; for an officer naturally of as he may get the ill-will making complaints, the prisoner to the duties ; which adds difficulties of both. is: (ist) To decide upon Our order of procedure the cases to be investigated ; (2d) to copy all the all the ; (3d) to interview officers who had knowledge of the prisoner through to interview and examine the ; (4th) experience himself. prisoner familiar the records one becomes By copying with the facts, and is thus better able to question records of the institution After officers to the point. this the investibe well prepared to interview gator will probably He should not let the prisoner know the prisoner. the about him. beforehand that he knows anything This is the safest way to avoid errors and decepis easily caught in a lie, and tions, for the prisoner ' so that he conoften becomes bewildered, finally eludes to tell the truth as best he can. Some cases are so abnormal, and they falsify so easily from of it at times. Or habit, that they are unconscious to tell the they may be too lazy or indifferent truth. but It is not advisable to contradict a prisoner, to permit him to continue untii his own words

METHOD

OF

INVESTIGATION.

171

involve requests

him

prisoner, for the better

in additional that might it is advisable

In confessions. not be granted to defer them

making the by last;

to the

one knows a criminal, the criminal becomes, and is more otherwise one may get his ill-will, further

the more open to act ; willing which makes

if not useless. difficult, investigation The indulgence of the reader is asked in giving so many details, that in themselves may seem unbut the object has been to present each important, case fully and exactly as it is, so that the reader can be wholly independent It must ing his judgment. in formwriter be borne in mind, howin the "complaints," as indicate to relax of the

ewer, that a slight offense the leaving of a utensil out of place, can the exact time when the prisoner begins his will

to reform; while a good report a signifies new resolution of the will. Thus the series of record the moral pulse-heats of the priscomplaints It is also true, that what might seem a very oner. for slight offense outside of prison is not so within; in every well-regulated institution, reformatory there is a minimum of temptation to do wrong and a maximum of continuous restraint to do right, so the inmate may be gradually educated in the formation of good habits, which are his surest safeguard on release. has been to investigate the cases as thoroughly as possible, and we trust that this others that may may give some idea and suggest lead penal and reformatory institutions to take more care in gaining of the previous knowledge Our endeavor that

172

CRIMINOLOGY.

life of the criminal, his career especially concerning after leaving the prison, and also in carefully rehis daily life while under their care, thus cording useful to society at large. imparting knowledge For if there is to be any advancement in the of crime, it lies in the direction of the knowledge himself. Our institutions, study of the criminal afford facilities for such study, the then, should is to furnish a trustworthy very object of which basis for the prevention and repression of crime. A clear idea of the causes of criminality is the first And if the cure be step towards its cure. possible only to a certain degree, the approximate of this degree would "be of great determination" practical importance. Some of these cases may indicate in general the small amount of exact knowledge there is about human in society, since with a comparatively of data," one is unable to give more large than an opinion as to the real cause of the crime; but this should no one, as it is due discourage beings number mainly to our present need of more exact methods of investigation. It would for the present, that seem, then, studies should be directed towards criminological the investigation bers of society criminals as memand the race. And it is in the of the criminal that the most important psychology results can be reached. His feelings and thoughts in general and especially at the moment of his crime reveal to us most of all his true condition. After this individual one may pass to the study, of individual rational

METHOD

OF

INVESTIGATION.

173

broader

fields

of

criminal

sociology

and

anthro-

pology. The thorough study of one single the social organism, be he criminal suggest a method, scientific sociology. for the beginning

individual in or not, may at least, of a

CHAPTER
PURE MURDER.CASE

I.
" A."

" THE term " Pure Murder refers to those cases in which the innate tendency to take human life is Murderers are more honest than predominant. other classes of criminals. They are not infrechaste in character; some will steal only quently when severely pressed, for they are not thieves by In the very essence of thieving nature. there is

an element of cowardice, but the murderer requires Whether a murquite the opposite characteristic. is a cannibal derer born into modern by nature as a rudimentary civilization, member, or a creature developed from his surroundings, is undecided. Yet it is difficult to comprehend how he could be wholly to be a creature is influenced one or the other; for if he is said of circumstances, how is it that he for the wrong unless there is somein him to be influenced. The question

thing already a criminal is so by nature or is, then, not whether but rather to which element his by circumstances, crime can be principally attributed. The cause of murder can lie not only in positive as courage and force of will, but in characteristics, the want of characteristics, such as a lack of rein injuring others or even one's self. pulsion

PURE

MURDER.

I 75

case of pure murder is where a fel-, killed his comrade while snoring too low-prisoner loud. The case of least provocation that we have seen was that of a man who pierced the abdomen of an intimate friend with a very small, slender kniferaising up his vest, said: "Why, With you stabbed me, John; there is blood there." that John made three or four more punctures, from the effects of which the man died. As they had no quarrel at all, it would seem that the murderer friend, merely thing. That had a curiosity pure murderers is evident to stick the knife into someblade. His

A classical

seem to be unconscious of from the following case: any repulsion A consumptive, of about sixty, who was on his was asked by the doctor why he killed death-bed, " " his mother with an ax. he Ah," said, My father died, and I thought I would take me place in the family." The idea was, that his father used to beat his mother, but that he had performed this function better still. Another case is that of a life prisoner, who had been in a dungeon for years. He had killed several men, and would not hesitate to take the life of prison-officers, all of whom were afraid of him. He had only one friend in the world, and that was the "doctor." It was safe to go into his cell when the doctor perfectly introduced one as his friend. At the time of the visit he happened to see a certain prison-officer, and a volume of epithets followed. Then he out the five or six bullet-wounds that he pointed " Rascals had received in a row with the officers.

176

CRIMINOLOGY.

he growled, his teeth. . and cowards," grinding where I had "I said: came from Ireland, killed some men, but in America punishment girl one evening, arrest me; he insulted him ' inside out' (killed away, I went to the ball." great ' me' deal harder. I was

He also is a

to a ball with going and a policemen tried to and but him), I knocked I did not run

'me'girl

very easily angered, he bled to death by wounds house, and was almost In the from handcuffs, etc., used to subdue him. I would course of conversation he said: " Doctor, have killed a man in the hospital had he not been your charge." This man was honest in character, and was chaste toward women. He would give his life up for the " doctor." he liked he would do Anyone for; anyone he hated he would kill withanything out the least repulsion. There was something heroic in" him, notwithstanding his ferocity. As already observed (Chapter I., Part I.), man in the savage state was forced to look upon the as an enemy, which generally to stranger proved But the little be true. child also seems to show For it would traces of this murderous tendency. hesitate mother nately should for its none the less to bite its nurse or strike its did these acts cause their death. Fortuis generally but this propensity corrected, it persist, and surroundings such a child could growth, we shall study favorable into a develop the case of "A," be under

his trial, being During cleared the courtnearly

murderer. As an illustration

PURE

MURDER.

177

who was twelve or thirteen years old when he committed the act that made him known. " we give verThat " A may speak for himself, batim his autobiography. Autobiography "According when I was of "A."

to my life I will write from about treated me right 7 or 8. My parents I went to school right till I was n years old. along for about 2 months, and then I ran away sent me to the So then my parents from school. There my course was not very Asylum. I had a great many black marks against me there. I staid for 2 years 2 weeks and 2 months. Then I was sent back home, and behaved myself Then again I did not go to school for 1 month. sent me back to the instias usual; so my parents well. a long time. Then I was of the place and called up by the superintendent I said asked if I would like to live in the country. let me go. I would, so he said he would " deed I done was to steal an My first wrong tution. There I staid stand. I went home with apple from an Italian's the apple, and my mother asked me where I got it. She asked me it for one cent. I said I bought I said from where I got my money; my saving's She asked how I got the money from the bank. bank. " I hung my head and did not want to tell then. I said nothing. She asked me what was the matter; She said why do you hang your head so; I said for nothing.
12

178

CRIMINOLOGY.

" Then they found

I went

from

home

and was lost.

When

me they took me back home. When I got inside the house my father asked me where I not tell him. so he said to me if I was; I would did not tell he would thrash me, and still I would not tell, so he went and got the boot-jack and said, 'Are gou going to tell ?' But I would not; and so that night I got a good sound thrashing. " I will now describe my parents in regard to their Just before I left home, my mother, brothdoings. ers, and sisters were good' to me, and I will mention them more than my father. He used to drink a when deal. he came home Every great night drunk of his way, or something would the room. But one go sailing throughI did not get out of his way; I was not night a-going to either, for I just was a-going to see what he was a-going to do. He came in the door and I -He just walked right wassitting by the window. I was and jerked over to where a hole right through my ear. me what was the bloody ear-lie I commenced matter. to cry. He asked As soon as he saw my we had to-get-out

got a piece of black 'sucking' and put it on the back of my ear. plaster My father was the cause of my mother's death. He came sitting home drunk one night, and my mother was in the parlor sewing at some one of the and hurled pants; he picked up a flat-iron it did not strike her; she looked not tell where it came from. She He left

boys' it at my mother; about and could then walked saw

my father pick up a stove-poker. up to my mother and hit her with it;

PURE

MURDER.

179

a severe

and she was in bed about one wound, month before she died. would drink My father but there was no more trouble in the continuously, sent from

house. " I was then

home to the Asylum. From there I went to , and received a good education in schooling. I went to school in summer and stayed at the farm in winter. I to try to be a better boy hereafter. I was in I did a great many that were wrong. The man I was with things used to send me to the field to work, and I used to I used to lay down in the field and go to sleep. sleep by the hour, and sometimes half a day, if he did not come to see if I was working. If I was and whip me not, he would pick up a corn-stock am going " When He would set me at I would at an early hour. pull for If hours steady and then iie down. lie down all day, if enough I would about the field. weeds pulling two or three I did not get he would let

me. " I was with of , and County, I used to go and tease the stayed for one month. sheep he had; then I would chase the hogs about about the barn-yard. I the pen and the chickens When he told me used to steal eggs of all kinds. " " to the Home out in the field and to go up Old not go; I would feed the cows I would lay down and go to sleep. I left that place because the man did not like me nor I him. " The next place I went to was County, . The man's name was He had a .

l8o

CRIMINOLOGY.

him very much. I liked nice farm, indeed. very one of his own boys, me as he would He treated white him as any ordinary and I treated person should. There was one fault between us, and that and that was was I would not do the work decent; the reason I left man. I liked " The next Mr. used for to run he was a very nice him, although him and he did me. in . I staid with was place I liked it first-rate. I at his place every day, The worst of full of water. I had to herd to watch it. and drive them; had

two months. the windmill

a big tank pumping it was I did not like from 15 to 20 head of cows to fetch

them from the pasture every morning and I had to tend 12 horses, feed and water night. them every morning, noon, and night. "The next place I went was in There I stayed with Mr. for I did a great deal of work steady. to plow, sow, reap, harrow, the harvest in, going County. three months there. I had

had to help drag, about a quarter of a gather mile before we reached the field. There was where I did so many things in killing his animals. As I told you what I killed I need not mention it I will try to behave myself hereafter. here. Then I went to , where for three good not staying like his treatment. In the winter time he would not let me have mittens on my hands; he would set me to clean the horse and cow stables when it was bitter cold, without on my hands to keep anything them warm or on my feet. Sometimes he would I took a place solid months. with I did ,

PURE

MURDER.

iSl

come

see me standing still, not he would ask me what I was doing; I working; would to warm say, trying my hands; then he would say, you clean out these stables or I'll thrash he would come again and catch me not then he would working; get the tugs or drivingrein and thrash me, and besides he would make me ' ' ' bed ' of corn without a on jerk wagon anything I would have to unload it and pick my hands. another times did not load three do before loads I got anythingbefore and after to eat; dinner. someIf I you. " Then

into

the barn

and

my share of work he would say, you to eat. He was a hard man can't have anything with me, when I hit his wife with my fist for me. If she had not been teasing me I plaguing I said to his wife, would her. not have struck ' or else there will be Now, just stop your fooling but she would her a not; so I struck trouble," good blow in the face, and she did stop; but she told her husband, place and that night I got a good , where it firstthe barn, thrashing. "The next I stayed with rate. and

I went to was at five months, and liked chores about

I used to do all the

help in the housework along with the other I don't remember work. doing anything wrongthere. His wife was a good lady, and I liked her very much indeed, she never gave me much trouble at all. "The next place I went was hired out to a man that kept a livery . There I did I stable.

182

CRIMINOLOGY,

and got my board and clothes. work, When I was there a week I got a new suit of time of it. clothes, and had a splendid " The next was . There I place I went ' blind for a few and a stayed days caught bagabout gage,' and rode on it till I reached a station I got on a freight train to Chicago. I right through I used to help to load stayed there about a week. for pretty , near six days. I steamships Finally stole a ride on a boat going from Chicago to MilThere I came nearly getting arrested for a ride on the boat. Then the mate said, stealing "'Get off" this boat."' I said, ' No I wont/not for such a thing as you, or anyone like you'; so he went and got a policeman. The policeman said, ' I will give you till one o'clock to get out of town.' for me to get out of town. I swore at the mate, and told him I would break his face for him if I caught him on land. He dare not set foot off the boat for fear of gethurt. I went back to Chicago and there ting stayed another for three days boat and went more. to Then Buffalo got on about three I But I was rowing -in one of the of the shore of Lake Michigan hours after the policeman told boats on the side at least two waukee. ten miles south of and held it -. Then

first-rate

on a days; then took a freight train, and slept load of sheep for one night; when I got out of the car I was about fifty miles from Buffalo on one of the roads running I had through Pennsylvania. to work my way part of the time, and the conductor gave me a ride in his caboose for over 100

PURE

MURDER.

183

I had to keep out of sight for fear; if I was I might be arrested, and the conductor caught have been discharged. I walked for three might miles. then I only for resting and eating; days, stopping train, going very slow, about a half caught a freight and riding to a mile from Scranton, from there to Hoboken, a boat City, I walked taking the river, I walked down to Grand street, and started to find my folks, but after inquiring for them I stayed in New York city two hours; then taking a boat I went across the river to There I began my search with a gang Brooklyn. of Brooklyn boys to help me hunt up my parents. We went to a large drug-store and asked to take Jersey across to find a man's name and place where the directory We found a good many with the same he lived. name as my father. We went to these places, but the right one; but still we looked, but no traces could be found; but I remember of one in East Brooklyn, but I did not have time to go to over there, because I was taken by a minister the did I stayed Home. in the house. not work wood there The month. I work I did was one did not find

and helping in the engine-room. I not till got my dinner at i p. M. sharp, sometimes there; it was a very 1.30 p. M. I liked it first-rate I went to, Then :, where Mr. good place. came after me. I went to his place on ChristI got a good meal. The next mas noon, where when I got up, I went out to the barn morning, cutting and did all the chores the best I knew how; then went to the house and did what was needed there;

184

CRIMINOLOGY.

then

the yard and fed the chickens and Then came noon; I went out and fed turkeys. and watered the horses and cattle; then rumished around a while. think a little, When and I was doing something not doing anything once in I would

I went

into

of something I would something at the stayed school in winter. had lots of fine half a mile

to do. If I could not think of I go in the house and read. in summer house and went to We used to have fine times; we and sliding down a hill coasting

I would ride down on a sled. long. But one day was a sad one for one of the boys in the school-house. I stole his sled and ran off to town with it; I had a lot of fun with it, then gave it away, and had some fun with the boy I gave the sled to; then went down to the railroad I had a talk with Mr. , condepot. ductor of the road, and then with the man in the station or the telegraph then went out of operator; for to pay the I then went back boy for the sled I stole on him. with the sled I stole to town, and gave it to him. The boy's father came up to the barn where I was ' Where he said to is the sled chores; me, doing I told him I left it in you stole from my boy.'. ' You then he town; said, get the sled or you will I said all right. Then he asked me pay for it,! when I was going to get it; I said this afternoon; if I could not get the sled, I would get a new one. So I started for town right after dinner, and got in town by two o'clock; there^I stayed pretty late; as I was going up the hill with the sled in my the station and stole another sled

PURE

MURDER.

I5

arms I went down the back way through the back I thought road. I would not be heard or seen, but I was mistaken. the barnAs I approached yard I saw the father of the boy I stole the sled from and his hired hands. Then I went up to the the house and went to bed in the hack under old came in The next morning wagon-shed. the he shed, and gave me a poke with a stick [the man he worked for] always carried when he went to milk the cows. When I woke up I made a groan and then turned I did the chores, out. then went into the house and got some breakfast, I went by the stove and got warm a little, then and dressed myself in my best suit went upstairs of clothes, good-bye. York. I walked of 25 miles. " As I was going then Then went downstairs and bid them I started on my journey for New from to , a distance

along the road I met two teams the road. After we passed the coming along teams I started snow-balling a lady of about 65 or 70 years old; then she said she would get me arrested; that got me mad, I did not like it, because she said she would have me arrested. I saw a few stones ahead of me on the ground; I picked up three or four stones. Then she caught up with and ran ahead about six rods, me; I then started then fired one of the stones at her; I then kept it I had bruised I her very badly. Then up until ran on to and caught a train to going I did not want to go on the train, but the Then when the constation-keeper put me on. .

J 86

CRIMINOLOGY.

came for my ticket, I said that I was a poor to go to New boy without any home, and wanted York city. But he gave a me ride to ; when I I slept in the 2d Precinct Stationgot in ductor that I was a poor boy police had been away from home for and had no home; and they four years, and had been all around; Then I for me and I got $1.50. made a collection and of Charities, went down to the State Board asked the head man of the house for a pass to New house. I told the York city. " He sent a man depot and I took the pass and got on the gave me the pass. When I train, and was going for New York city. what New York I was asked by a detective reached it was; he said I told him what my name was. with me to the that he father and mother were looking I said I will take there; you forme. said all Then right.

Good-bye."
FROM THE RECORDS OF THE INSTITUTION.

History Received May, Oyer and Terminer

of

"A."

Catholic; mother, about her in don't know or epilepsy family; " on Blackwell's father ; one brother imprisoned of mother has heard nothing Island. Step-parent, him six years since they surrendered his parents ag ! grandfather, German; longshoreman ; grandmother, and writes; reads American ; educa-

1st degree, Court 1889; assault Father, ; plead guilty. mother, dead; stepintemperate; No insanity unknown. Catholic; habits,

PURE

MURDER.

187

tion unknown, family father was arrested. Facts He has

very

poor;

don't

know

why

as to "A."

known no residence; home wretched; no previous Protestant; arrest; home life till six and country were places years ago; Asylum he was at; very little moral sense. He was placed in six years ago by his parents. Asylum Two years later he was sent to Illinois and placed with with four dif; then placed successively the last one the ferent farmers; remained with was in Illinois about four longest (about a year); came away from last place and years altogether; in for New York, looked started rides; stealing vain for his people, and was after a few days taken and sent to' . up by the Society of He remained a month or more and then ran away, and on the same day he struck a woman with a stone, stealing up behind her. They had ridden toshe was an old woman; gether in a farmer's sleigh; the assault was unprovoked. They had chanced to on a country road. fall together Age, January, Health 1889, 15 years. good; blue eyes; quality comfair, light brown, medium; clothing good; fair. On admission: weight, 44.90 kilos.; plexion chest, 711-762 mm. February, height, 1,494mm.; height, 1,549 mm.; chest, 1890: weight, 48.07 kilos.; 48.97 kilos.; May, 1890: weight, 685-762 mm. height, 1,574 mm.; chest, 736-812 mm. Previous education, 3d Reader, long division; occuto 3d grade, 2d division; previous assigned

l88

CRIMINOLOGY.

First shop. boy; assigned to tailor October 5, 1889; time, 21 weeks; badge earned Second 6 complaints. 22, 1889; badge, March total, n complaints. time, 24 weeks; 5 complaints; pation, farm Complaints June against "A," i88g.

Out of his dormitory 28, by Watchman: to make a disturbance; along crawling continually 1 the upper tier to other dormitories (3 weeks). Not doing his work, when July 20, by Tailor: other boys come and get their clothes fixed; plays (2 weeks). down on the Aug. 5, by Watchman: Lying to other floor outside of his dormitory; talking down differboys; also, Saturday night, throwing ent articles he brought from the tailor shop (3 weeks). Stole a book (" St. NichoSept. 1, by Hallman: and gave it to . las ") from the school-room or lying : Standing 8, by Watchman Sept. in a loud tone out of his door; talking partly . I have repeatedly to boy had to speak to this boy in regard to talking; have had him on the not obey the rules; talked floor; he will Friday and Saturday with a strap). night (punished : Report this boy for Sept. 24, by Watchman " nib a a stick short, throwing heavy (called ") from his dormitory door at me. I saw the stick coming, and the direction from his door; he denies it; boy
1

with

them,

3 weeks added

to his time

of confinement

in institution.

PURE

MURDER.

189

to him; these boys surely threw Nov. 16, by Hallman: throws rags (at boys sleeps next Dec.

other

side is

; one of (1 week). in the hall, boy's after the

it; witnesses For disorder and

Found 4, by Watchman: under the bed; hiding dormitory first count was taken (3 weeks). 1 Dec.

). in another soon

to do as 12, by Superintendent: Refusing at me with a broken knife when I told; striking to punish him (punished with a strap). attempted around Instructor: Dec. 20, b}' Military Running in face, without and striking boy with a strap). (punished provocation conduct. March 8, 1890: Disorderly For not scrubbing May 5, 1890, by Hallman: sleeping-hall clean, and not taking a book from Mr. care of his , and stealing (2 weeks). Sept. 4: Caused trouble in his company by interwith the other boys. fering a dipper on the store-room Oct. 15: Throwing floor. Home and employMarch 3, 1891: Released. some ment were found for him with farmers, where away Since
1

"A" from

remained

till

March

some them, taking this time he has not been heard

added to his time of confinement

11, when we ran of their property. from.

3 weeks

in institution.

I9O

CRIMINOLOGY.

Testimony. to other boys." Disagreeable " Makes unreasonable reYard-keeper says: strikes a boy; yet came quests; becomes angry, The Tailor says: had been given to a reading paper, which me to read it first; has heard hirn, and wanted around his finger to make it that he put a string black in order to get out of wrork." " " in hospital once (nothing Physician: Only with easy; does not care how he does his work; boys and some of t