CHAPTERS 5 & 6 Protein Can be attached to the surface of a membrane Can span both leaflets of a membrane Can anchor

hor to the cytoskeleton inside the cell Phospholipid Small and amphipathic Only spans one leaflet of the membrane Membrane proteins can aid in the transportation of molecules across membranes. Membrane proteins can act as cell surface receptors. Membrane proteins can be enzymes. Membrane Proteins are not fully water-soluble & cant be used in DNA replication. Facilitated diffusion requires carrier proteins. Simple and facilitated diffusion both do not require energy expenditure by the cell. The iron-transferrin complex enters by receptor-mediated endocytosis Lipid cells found in a caribou The lipids would not be more saturated. The fatty acyl tails of the phospholipids would be shorter. The membranes would contain more cholesterol. ATP statements When ATP is used in a reaction, the last phosphate is transferred to the substrate. The release of the last phosphate from ATP is exergonic Once phosphates are released from ATP they can be added back in an endergonic reaction. Creatine-P to creatine has a G of -11kcal/mole and thus can be used to generate ATP from ADP When ATP is hydrolyzed to form ADP, the energy is released into the cytoplasm where enzymes use it to run exergonic reactions. NADH and ATP products of catabolic reactions. NADH and ATP reactants of anabolic reactions. 1st law of thermodynamics: energy cannot be created nor destroyed A plant uses sunlight to form a H+ gradient A H+ gradient is used to produce ATP. An animal uses ATP to move its muscles.

Amino acids come from your diet through the catabolism of proteins. Enzymes that use NAD+ as a coenzyme will not function properly if NAD+ is not available When Sucrase binds to Sucrose, Sucrase goes through a conformational change Aquaporin allows water molecules to move very rapidly across a plasma membrane, is an example of facilitated diffusion through a channel. According to the fluid mosaic model, proteins can easily move laterally through membranes. CHAPTER 7 & 8 Cellular respiration 1. Glycolysis 2. Breakdown of pyruvate 3. Citric Acid Cycle 4. Oxidative Phosphorylation In cellular respiration, carbon dioxide is formed from the oxidation of water. If glycolysis were blocked in yeast, pyruvate would decrease in concentration. During oxidative phosphorylation, NADH and FADH2 are oxidized to power ATP production. The ETC is located in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. The final electron acceptor of the ETC is oxygen. NADH and FADH2 donate electrons at different points in the ETC. ATP synthase uses a electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions to produce ATP. When pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA it is oxidized. Photosynthesis Takes in CO2 Converts H2O to O2 Found only in photoautotrophs Produces organic molecules

Cellular Respiration Produces Co2 O2 exits as H2O Consumes glucose The light reactions synthesize ATP, NADPH, and O2 use oxidation and reduction. Light reactions: ATP is a product NADPH is a product Oxidation of water Calvin cycle ATP consumed Reduction of carbon compounds Reduction by NADPH When CO2 levels are low and O2 levels are high, rubisco adds an O2 molecule to RuBP. So, less RuBP will be available to fix CO2. If you wanted to have a plant produce radioactively labeled O2 gas, you would feed it 18O labeled H2O. Respiration and Photosynthesis Water Source of electrons for photosynthesis Oxidized in photosystem 2 Carbon dioxide Increases at night Decrease during the day Backbone of cellulose Reduced in the Calvin cycle Enters leaf through stomata Oxygen Increases during the day Decreases at night Leaves leaf through stomata Paraquat is an herbicide that competes with FD (Ferredoxin) for the electrons that are released from Photosystem I after it is struck by light. Which of the following products of the light reaction would paraquat prevent from forming? NADPH Every 3 turns of the Calvin cycle produces 1 molecule of G3P.