Angelene Rubino <rubino.angelene@gmail.

com>

oblicon
Angelene Rubino <rubino.angelene@gmail.com> To: rubino_angelene@ a!oo.com Fri, Dec 13, 2013 at 4:42 AM

Title. I. - OBLIGATIONS "#A$T%& 1 '%(%&A) $&*+,-,*(Art. 11./. An obligation i0 a 1uri2ical nece00it to gi3e, to 2o or not to 2o. 4n5 Art. 11.6. *bligation0 ari0e 7rom: 415 )a89 425 "ontract09 435 :ua0i;contract09 445 Act0 or omi00ion0 <uni0!e2 b la89 an2 4.5 :ua0i;2elict0. 410=>a5 Art. 11.=. *bligation0 2eri3e2 7rom la8 are not <re0ume2. *nl t!o0e e?<re00l 2etermine2 in t!i0 "o2e or in 0<ecial la80 are 2eman2able, an2 0!all be regulate2 b t!e <rece<t0 o7 t!e la8 8!ic! e0tabli0!e0 t!em9 an2 a0 to 8!at !a0 not been 7ore0een, b t!e <ro3i0ion0 o7 t!i0 @ooA. 410>05 Art. 11.>. *bligation0 ari0ing 7rom contract0 !a3e t!e 7orce o7 la8 bet8een t!e contracting <artie0 an2 0!oul2 be com<lie2 8it! in goo2 7ait!. 410>1a5 Art. 11/0. *bligation0 2eri3e2 7rom Bua0i;contract0 0!all be 0ub1ect to t!e <ro3i0ion0 o7 "!a<ter 1, Title C+,,, o7 t!i0 @ooA. 4n5 Art. 11/1. "i3il obligation0 ari0ing 7rom criminal o77en0e0 0!all be go3erne2 b t!e <enal la80, 0ub1ect to t!e <ro3i0ion0 o7 Article 2166, an2 o7 t!e <ertinent <ro3i0ion0 o7 "!a<ter 2, $reliminar Title, on #uman &elation0, an2 o7 Title C+,,, o7 t!i0 @ooA, regulating 2amage0. 410>2a5 Art. 11/2. *bligation0 2eri3e2 7rom Bua0i;2elict0 0!all be go3erne2 b t!e <ro3i0ion0 o7 "!a<ter 2, Title C+,, o7 t!i0 @ooA, an2 b 0<ecial la80. 410>3a5

CHA T!R " (ATD&% A(D %FF%"T *F *@),'AT,*(-

Art. 11/3. %3er <er0on oblige2 to gi3e 0omet!ing i0 al0o oblige2 to taAe care o7 it 8it! t!e <ro<er 2iligence o7 a goo2 7at!er o7 a 7amil , unle00 t!e la8 or t!e 0ti<ulation o7 t!e <artie0 reBuire0 anot!er 0tan2ar2 o7 care. 410>4a5 Art. 11/4. T!e cre2itor !a0 a rig!t to t!e 7ruit0 o7 t!e t!ing 7rom t!e time t!e obligation to 2eli3er it ari0e0. #o8e3er, !e 0!all acBuire no real rig!t o3er it until t!e 0ame !a0 been 2eli3ere2 to !im. 410>.5 Art. 11/.. E!en 8!at i0 to be 2eli3ere2 i0 a 2eterminate t!ing, t!e cre2itor, in a22ition to t!e rig!t grante2 !im b Article 1160, ma com<el t!e 2ebtor to maAe t!e 2eli3er . ,7 t!e t!ing i0 in2eterminate or generic, !e ma a0A t!at t!e obligation be com<lie2 8it! at t!e e?<en0e o7 t!e 2ebtor. ,7 t!e obligor 2ela 0, or !a0 <romi0e2 to 2eli3er t!e 0ame t!ing to t8o or more <er0on0 8!o 2o not !a3e t!e 0ame intere0t, !e 0!all be re0<on0ible 7or an 7ortuitou0 e3ent until !e !a0 e77ecte2 t!e 2eli3er . 410>/5 Art. 11//. T!e obligation to gi3e a 2eterminate t!ing inclu2e0 t!at o7 2eli3ering all it0 acce00ion0 an2 acce00orie0, e3en t!oug! t!e ma not !a3e been mentione2. 410>6a5 Art. 11/6. ,7 a <er0on oblige2 to 2o 0omet!ing 7ail0 to 2o it, t!e 0ame 0!all be e?ecute2 at !i0 co0t. T!i0 0ame rule 0!all be ob0er3e2 i7 !e 2oe0 it in contra3ention o7 t!e tenor o7 t!e obligation. Furt!ermore, it ma be 2ecree2 t!at 8!at !a0 been <oorl 2one be un2one. 410>=5 Art. 11/=. E!en t!e obligation con0i0t0 in not 2oing, an2 t!e obligor 2oe0 8!at !a0 been 7orbi22en !im, it 0!all al0o be un2one at !i0 e?<en0e. 410>>a5 Art. 11/>. T!o0e oblige2 to 2eli3er or to 2o 0omet!ing incur in 2ela 7rom t!e time t!e obligee 1u2iciall or e?tra1u2iciall 2eman20 7rom t!em t!e 7ul7illment o7 t!eir obligation. #o8e3er, t!e 2eman2 b t!e cre2itor 0!all not be nece00ar in or2er t!at 2ela ma e?i0t: 415 E!en t!e obligation or t!e la8 e?<re00l 0o 2eclare9 or 425 E!en 7rom t!e nature an2 t!e circum0tance0 o7 t!e obligation it a<<ear0 t!at t!e 2e0ignation o7 t!e time 8!en t!e t!ing i0 to be 2eli3ere2 or t!e 0er3ice i0 to be ren2ere2 8a0 a controlling moti3e 7or t!e e0tabli0!ment o7 t!e contract9 or 435 E!en 2eman2 8oul2 be u0ele00, a0 8!en t!e obligor !a0 ren2ere2 it be on2 !i0 <o8er to <er7orm. ,n reci<rocal obligation0, neit!er <art incur0 in 2ela i7 t!e ot!er 2oe0 not com<l or i0 not rea2 to com<l in a <ro<er manner 8it! 8!at i0 incumbent u<on !im. From t!e moment one o7 t!e <artie0 7ul7ill0 !i0 obligation, 2ela b t!e ot!er begin0. 41100a5 Art. 1160. T!o0e 8!o in t!e <er7ormance o7 t!eir obligation0 are guilt o7 7rau2, negligence, or 2ela , an2 t!o0e 8!o in an manner contra3ene t!e tenor t!ereo7, are liable 7or 2amage0. 411015 Art. 1161. &e0<on0ibilit ari0ing 7rom 7rau2 i0 2eman2able in all obligation0. An 8ai3er o7 an action 7or 7uture 7rau2 i0 3oi2. 41102a5 Art. 1162. &e0<on0ibilit ari0ing 7rom negligence in t!e <er7ormance o7 e3er Ain2 o7 obligation i0 al0o 2eman2able, but 0uc! liabilit ma be regulate2 b t!e court0, accor2ing to t!e circum0tance0. 411035 Art. 1163. T!e 7ault or negligence o7 t!e obligor con0i0t0 in t!e omi00ion o7 t!at 2iligence 8!ic! i0 reBuire2 b t!e nature o7 t!e obligation an2 corre0<on20 8it! t!e circum0tance0 o7 t!e <er0on0, o7 t!e time an2 o7 t!e <lace. E!en negligence 0!o80 ba2 7ait!, t!e <ro3i0ion0 o7 Article0 1161 an2 2201, <aragra<! 2, 0!all a<<l . ,7 t!e la8 or contract 2oe0 not 0tate t!e 2iligence 8!ic! i0 to be ob0er3e2 in t!e <er7ormance, t!at 8!ic! i0 e?<ecte2 o7 a goo2 7at!er o7 a 7amil 0!all be reBuire2. 41104a5

Art. 1164. %?ce<t in ca0e0 e?<re00l 0<eci7ie2 b t!e la8, or 8!en it i0 ot!er8i0e 2eclare2 b 0ti<ulation, or 8!en t!e nature o7 t!e obligation reBuire0 t!e a00um<tion o7 ri0A, no <er0on 0!all be re0<on0ible 7or t!o0e e3ent0 8!ic! coul2 not be 7ore0een, or 8!ic!, t!oug! 7ore0een, 8ere ine3itable. 4110.a5 Art. 116.. D0uriou0 tran0action0 0!all be go3erne2 b 0<ecial la80. 4n5 Art. 116/. T!e recei<t o7 t!e <rinci<al b t!e cre2itor 8it!out re0er3ation 8it! re0<ect to t!e intere0t, 0!all gi3e ri0e to t!e <re0um<tion t!at 0ai2 intere0t !a0 been <ai2. T!e recei<t o7 a later in0tallment o7 a 2ebt 8it!out re0er3ation a0 to <rior in0tallment0, 0!all liAe8i0e rai0e t!e <re0um<tion t!at 0uc! in0tallment0 !a3e been <ai2. 41110a5 Art. 1166. T!e cre2itor0, a7ter !a3ing <ur0ue2 t!e <ro<ert in <o00e00ion o7 t!e 2ebtor to 0ati07 t!eir claim0, ma e?erci0e all t!e rig!t0 an2 bring all t!e action0 o7 t!e latter 7or t!e 0ame <ur<o0e, 0a3e t!o0e 8!ic! are in!erent in !i0 <er0on9 t!e ma al0o im<ugn t!e act0 8!ic! t!e 2ebtor ma !a3e 2one to 2e7rau2 t!em. 411115 Art. 116=. -ub1ect to t!e la80, all rig!t0 acBuire2 in 3irtue o7 an obligation are tran0mi00ible, i7 t!ere !a0 been no 0ti<ulation to t!e contrar . 411125

CHA T!R # D,FF%&%(T F,(D- *F *@),'AT,*(-%"T,*( 1. ; $ure an2 "on2itional *bligation0 Art. 116>. %3er obligation 8!o0e <er7ormance 2oe0 not 2e<en2 u<on a 7uture or uncertain e3ent, or u<on a <a0t e3ent unAno8n to t!e <artie0, i0 2eman2able at once. %3er obligation 8!ic! contain0 a re0olutor con2ition 0!all al0o be 2eman2able, 8it!out <re1u2ice to t!e e77ect0 o7 t!e !a<<ening o7 t!e e3ent. 411135 Art. 11=0. E!en t!e 2ebtor bin20 !im0el7 to <a 8!en !i0 mean0 <ermit !im to 2o 0o, t!e obligation 0!all be 2eeme2 to be one 8it! a <erio2, 0ub1ect to t!e <ro3i0ion0 o7 Article 11>6. 4n5 Art. 11=1. ,n con2itional obligation0, t!e acBui0ition o7 rig!t0, a0 8ell a0 t!e e?tingui0!ment or lo00 o7 t!o0e alrea2 acBuire2, 0!all 2e<en2 u<on t!e !a<<ening o7 t!e e3ent 8!ic! con0titute0 t!e con2ition. 411145 Art. 11=2. E!en t!e 7ul7illment o7 t!e con2ition 2e<en20 u<on t!e 0ole 8ill o7 t!e 2ebtor, t!e con2itional obligation 0!all be 3oi2. ,7 it 2e<en20 u<on c!ance or u<on t!e 8ill o7 a t!ir2 <er0on, t!e obligation 0!all taAe e77ect in con7ormit 8it! t!e <ro3i0ion0 o7 t!i0 "o2e. 4111.5 Art. 11=3. ,m<o00ible con2ition0, t!o0e contrar to goo2 cu0tom0 or <ublic <olic an2 t!o0e <ro!ibite2 b la8 0!all annul t!e obligation 8!ic! 2e<en20 u<on t!em. ,7 t!e obligation i0 2i3i0ible, t!at <art t!ereo7 8!ic! i0 not a77ecte2 b t!e im<o00ible or unla87ul con2ition 0!all be 3ali2. T!e con2ition not to 2o an im<o00ible t!ing 0!all be con0i2ere2 a0 not !a3ing been agree2 u<on. 4111/a5 Art. 11=4. T!e con2ition t!at 0ome e3ent !a<<en at a 2eterminate time 0!all e?tingui0! t!e obligation a0 0oon a0 t!e time e?<ire0 or i7 it !a0 become in2ubitable t!at t!e e3ent 8ill not taAe <lace. 411165 Art. 11=.. T!e con2ition t!at 0ome e3ent 8ill not !a<<en at a 2eterminate time 0!all ren2er t!e obligation e77ecti3e 7rom t!e moment t!e time in2icate2 !a0 ela<0e2, or i7 it !a0 become e3i2ent t!at t!e e3ent cannot occur. ,7 no time !a0 been 7i?e2, t!e con2ition 0!all be 2eeme2 7ul7ille2 at 0uc! time a0 ma !a3e <robabl been contem<late2,

bearing in min2 t!e nature o7 t!e obligation. 4111=5 Art. 11=/. T!e con2ition 0!all be 2eeme2 7ul7ille2 8!en t!e obligor 3oluntaril <re3ent0 it0 7ul7illment. 4111>5 Art. 11=6. T!e e77ect0 o7 a con2itional obligation to gi3e, once t!e con2ition !a0 been 7ul7ille2, 0!all retroact to t!e 2a o7 t!e con0titution o7 t!e obligation. (e3ert!ele00, 8!en t!e obligation im<o0e0 reci<rocal <re0tation0 u<on t!e <artie0, t!e 7ruit0 an2 intere0t0 2uring t!e <en2enc o7 t!e con2ition 0!all be 2eeme2 to !a3e been mutuall com<en0ate2. ,7 t!e obligation i0 unilateral, t!e 2ebtor 0!all a<<ro<riate t!e 7ruit0 an2 intere0t0 recei3e2, unle00 7rom t!e nature an2 circum0tance0 o7 t!e obligation it 0!oul2 be in7erre2 t!at t!e intention o7 t!e <er0on con0tituting t!e 0ame 8a0 2i77erent. ,n obligation0 to 2o an2 not to 2o, t!e court0 0!all 2etermine, in eac! ca0e, t!e retroacti3e e77ect o7 t!e con2ition t!at !a0 been com<lie2 8it!. 411205 Art. 11==. T!e cre2itor ma , be7ore t!e 7ul7illment o7 t!e con2ition, bring t!e a<<ro<riate action0 7or t!e <re0er3ation o7 !i0 rig!t. T!e 2ebtor ma reco3er 8!at 2uring t!e 0ame time !e !a0 <ai2 b mi0taAe in ca0e o7 a 0u0<en0i3e con2ition. 41121a5 Art. 11=>. E!en t!e con2ition0 !a3e been im<o0e2 8it! t!e intention o7 0u0<en2ing t!e e77icac o7 an obligation to gi3e, t!e 7ollo8ing rule0 0!all be ob0er3e2 in ca0e o7 t!e im<ro3ement, lo00 or 2eterioration o7 t!e t!ing 2uring t!e <en2enc o7 t!e con2ition: 415 ,7 t!e t!ing i0 lo0t 8it!out t!e 7ault o7 t!e 2ebtor, t!e obligation 0!all be e?tingui0!e29 425 ,7 t!e t!ing i0 lo0t t!roug! t!e 7ault o7 t!e 2ebtor, !e 0!all be oblige2 to <a 2amage09 it i0 un2er0too2 t!at t!e t!ing i0 lo0t 8!en it <eri0!e0, or goe0 out o7 commerce, or 2i0a<<ear0 in 0uc! a 8a t!at it0 e?i0tence i0 unAno8n or it cannot be reco3ere29 435 E!en t!e t!ing 2eteriorate0 8it!out t!e 7ault o7 t!e 2ebtor, t!e im<airment i0 to be borne b t!e cre2itor9 445 ,7 it 2eteriorate0 t!roug! t!e 7ault o7 t!e 2ebtor, t!e cre2itor ma c!oo0e bet8een t!e re0ci00ion o7 t!e obligation an2 it0 7ul7illment, 8it! in2emnit 7or 2amage0 in eit!er ca0e9 4.5 ,7 t!e t!ing i0 im<ro3e2 b it0 nature, or b time, t!e im<ro3ement 0!all inure to t!e bene7it o7 t!e cre2itor9 4/5 ,7 it i0 im<ro3e2 at t!e e?<en0e o7 t!e 2ebtor, !e 0!all !a3e no ot!er rig!t t!an t!at grante2 to t!e u0u7ructuar . 411225 Art. 11>0. E!en t!e con2ition0 !a3e 7or t!eir <ur<o0e t!e e?tingui0!ment o7 an obligation to gi3e, t!e <artie0, u<on t!e 7ul7illment o7 0ai2 con2ition0, 0!all return to eac! ot!er 8!at t!e !a3e recei3e2. ,n ca0e o7 t!e lo00, 2eterioration or im<ro3ement o7 t!e t!ing, t!e <ro3i0ion0 8!ic!, 8it! re0<ect to t!e 2ebtor, are lai2 2o8n in t!e <rece2ing article 0!all be a<<lie2 to t!e <art 8!o i0 boun2 to return. A0 7or t!e obligation0 to 2o an2 not to 2o, t!e <ro3i0ion0 o7 t!e 0econ2 <aragra<! o7 Article 11=6 0!all be ob0er3e2 a0 regar20 t!e e77ect o7 t!e e?tingui0!ment o7 t!e obligation. 411235 Art. 11>1. T!e <o8er to re0cin2 obligation0 i0 im<lie2 in reci<rocal one0, in ca0e one o7 t!e obligor0 0!oul2 not com<l 8it! 8!at i0 incumbent u<on !im. T!e in1ure2 <art ma c!oo0e bet8een t!e 7ul7illment an2 t!e re0ci00ion o7 t!e obligation, 8it! t!e <a ment o7 2amage0 in eit!er ca0e. #e ma al0o 0eeA re0ci00ion, e3en a7ter !e !a0 c!o0en 7ul7illment, i7 t!e latter 0!oul2 become im<o00ible. T!e court 0!all 2ecree t!e re0ci00ion claime2, unle00 t!ere be 1u0t cau0e aut!oriGing t!e 7i?ing o7 a <erio2. T!i0 i0 un2er0too2 to be 8it!out <re1u2ice to t!e rig!t0 o7 t!ir2 <er0on0 8!o !a3e acBuire2 t!e t!ing, in accor2ance 8it! Article0 13=. an2 13== an2 t!e Mortgage )a8. 411245

Art. 11>2. ,n ca0e bot! <artie0 !a3e committe2 a breac! o7 t!e obligation, t!e liabilit o7 t!e 7ir0t in7ractor 0!all be eBuitabl tem<ere2 b t!e court0. ,7 it cannot be 2etermine2 8!ic! o7 t!e <artie0 7ir0t 3iolate2 t!e contract, t!e 0ame 0!all be 2eeme2 e?tingui0!e2, an2 eac! 0!all bear !i0 o8n 2amage0. 4n5 -%"T,*( 2. ; *bligation0 8it! a $erio2 Art. 11>3. *bligation0 7or 8!o0e 7ul7illment a 2a certain !a0 been 7i?e2, 0!all be 2eman2able onl 8!en t!at 2a come0. *bligation0 8it! a re0olutor <erio2 taAe e77ect at once, but terminate u<on arri3al o7 t!e 2a certain. A 2a certain i0 un2er0too2 to be t!at 8!ic! mu0t nece00aril come, alt!oug! it ma not be Ano8n 8!en. ,7 t!e uncertaint con0i0t0 in 8!et!er t!e 2a 8ill come or not, t!e obligation i0 con2itional, an2 it 0!all be regulate2 b t!e rule0 o7 t!e <rece2ing -ection. 4112.a5 Art. 11>4. ,n ca0e o7 lo00, 2eterioration or im<ro3ement o7 t!e t!ing be7ore t!e arri3al o7 t!e 2a certain, t!e rule0 in Article 11=> 0!all be ob0er3e2. 4n5 Art. 11>.. An t!ing <ai2 or 2eli3ere2 be7ore t!e arri3al o7 t!e <erio2, t!e obligor being una8are o7 t!e <erio2 or belie3ing t!at t!e obligation !a0 become 2ue an2 2eman2able, ma be reco3ere2, 8it! t!e 7ruit0 an2 intere0t0. 4112/a5 Art. 11>/. E!ene3er in an obligation a <erio2 i0 2e0ignate2, it i0 <re0ume2 to !a3e been e0tabli0!e2 7or t!e bene7it o7 bot! t!e cre2itor an2 t!e 2ebtor, unle00 7rom t!e tenor o7 t!e 0ame or ot!er circum0tance0 it 0!oul2 a<<ear t!at t!e <erio2 !a0 been e0tabli0!e2 in 7a3or o7 one or o7 t!e ot!er. 411265 Art. 11>6. ,7 t!e obligation 2oe0 not 7i? a <erio2, but 7rom it0 nature an2 t!e circum0tance0 it can be in7erre2 t!at a <erio2 8a0 inten2e2, t!e court0 ma 7i? t!e 2uration t!ereo7. T!e court0 0!all al0o 7i? t!e 2uration o7 t!e <erio2 8!en it 2e<en20 u<on t!e 8ill o7 t!e 2ebtor. ,n e3er ca0e, t!e court0 0!all 2etermine 0uc! <erio2 a0 ma un2er t!e circum0tance0 !a3e been <robabl contem<late2 b t!e <artie0. *nce 7i?e2 b t!e court0, t!e <erio2 cannot be c!ange2 b t!em. 4112=a5 Art. 11>=. T!e 2ebtor 0!all lo0e e3er rig!t to maAe u0e o7 t!e <erio2: 415 E!en a7ter t!e obligation !a0 been contracte2, !e become0 in0ol3ent, unle00 !e gi3e0 a guarant or 0ecurit 7or t!e 2ebt9 425 E!en !e 2oe0 not 7urni0! to t!e cre2itor t!e guarantie0 or 0ecuritie0 8!ic! !e !a0 <romi0e29 435 E!en b !i0 o8n act0 !e !a0 im<aire2 0ai2 guarantie0 or 0ecuritie0 a7ter t!eir e0tabli0!ment, an2 8!en t!roug! a 7ortuitou0 e3ent t!e 2i0a<<ear, unle00 !e imme2iatel gi3e0 ne8 one0 eBuall 0ati07actor 9 445 E!en t!e 2ebtor 3iolate0 an un2ertaAing, in con0i2eration o7 8!ic! t!e cre2itor agree2 to t!e <erio29 4.5 E!en t!e 2ebtor attem<t0 to ab0con2. 4112>a5 -%"T,*( 3. ; Alternati3e *bligation0 Art. 11>>. A <er0on alternati3el boun2 b 2i77erent <re0tation0 0!all com<letel <er7orm one o7 t!em. T!e cre2itor cannot be com<elle2 to recei3e <art o7 one an2 <art o7 t!e ot!er un2ertaAing. 411315 Art. 1200. T!e rig!t o7 c!oice belong0 to t!e 2ebtor, unle00 it !a0 been e?<re00l grante2 to t!e cre2itor.

T!e 2ebtor 0!all !a3e no rig!t to c!oo0e t!o0e <re0tation0 8!ic! are im<o00ible, unla87ul or 8!ic! coul2 not !a3e been t!e ob1ect o7 t!e obligation. 411325 Art. 1201. T!e c!oice 0!all <ro2uce no e77ect e?ce<t 7rom t!e time it !a0 been communicate2. 411335 Art. 1202. T!e 2ebtor 0!all lo0e t!e rig!t o7 c!oice 8!en among t!e <re0tation0 8!ereb !e i0 alternati3el boun2, onl one i0 <racticable. 411345 Art. 1203. ,7 t!roug! t!e cre2itorH0 act0 t!e 2ebtor cannot maAe a c!oice accor2ing to t!e term0 o7 t!e obligation, t!e latter ma re0cin2 t!e contract 8it! 2amage0. 4n5 Art. 1204. T!e cre2itor 0!all !a3e a rig!t to in2emnit 7or 2amage0 8!en, t!roug! t!e 7ault o7 t!e 2ebtor, all t!e t!ing0 8!ic! are alternati3el t!e ob1ect o7 t!e obligation !a3e been lo0t, or t!e com<liance o7 t!e obligation !a0 become im<o00ible. T!e in2emnit 0!all be 7i?e2 taAing a0 a ba0i0 t!e 3alue o7 t!e la0t t!ing 8!ic! 2i0a<<eare2, or t!at o7 t!e 0er3ice 8!ic! la0t became im<o00ible. Damage0 ot!er t!an t!e 3alue o7 t!e la0t t!ing or 0er3ice ma al0o be a8ar2e2. 4113.a5 Art. 120.. E!en t!e c!oice !a0 been e?<re00l gi3en to t!e cre2itor, t!e obligation 0!all cea0e to be alternati3e 7rom t!e 2a 8!en t!e 0election !a0 been communicate2 to t!e 2ebtor. Dntil t!en t!e re0<on0ibilit o7 t!e 2ebtor 0!all be go3erne2 b t!e 7ollo8ing rule0: 415 ,7 one o7 t!e t!ing0 i0 lo0t t!roug! a 7ortuitou0 e3ent, !e 0!all <er7orm t!e obligation b 2eli3ering t!at 8!ic! t!e cre2itor 0!oul2 c!oo0e 7rom among t!e remain2er, or t!at 8!ic! remain0 i7 onl one 0ub0i0t09 425 ,7 t!e lo00 o7 one o7 t!e t!ing0 occur0 t!roug! t!e 7ault o7 t!e 2ebtor, t!e cre2itor ma claim an o7 t!o0e 0ub0i0ting, or t!e <rice o7 t!at 8!ic!, t!roug! t!e 7ault o7 t!e 7ormer, !a0 2i0a<<eare2, 8it! a rig!t to 2amage09 435 ,7 all t!e t!ing0 are lo0t t!roug! t!e 7ault o7 t!e 2ebtor, t!e c!oice b t!e cre2itor 0!all 7all u<on t!e <rice o7 an one o7 t!em, al0o 8it! in2emnit 7or 2amage0. T!e 0ame rule0 0!all be a<<lie2 to obligation0 to 2o or not to 2o in ca0e one, 0ome or all o7 t!e <re0tation0 0!oul2 become im<o00ible. 4113/a5 Art. 120/. E!en onl one <re0tation !a0 been agree2 u<on, but t!e obligor ma ren2er anot!er in 0ub0titution, t!e obligation i0 calle2 7acultati3e. T!e lo00 or 2eterioration o7 t!e t!ing inten2e2 a0 a 0ub0titute, t!roug! t!e negligence o7 t!e obligor, 2oe0 not ren2er !im liable. @ut once t!e 0ub0titution !a0 been ma2e, t!e obligor i0 liable 7or t!e lo00 o7 t!e 0ub0titute on account o7 !i0 2ela , negligence or 7rau2. 4n5 -%"T,*( 4. ; Ioint an2 -oli2ar *bligation0 Art. 1206. T!e concurrence o7 t8o or more cre2itor0 or o7 t8o or more 2ebtor0 in one an2 t!e 0ame obligation 2oe0 not im<l t!at eac! one o7 t!e 7ormer !a0 a rig!t to 2eman2, or t!at eac! one o7 t!e latter i0 boun2 to ren2er, entire com<liance 8it! t!e <re0tation. T!ere i0 a 0oli2ar liabilit onl 8!en t!e obligation e?<re00l 0o 0tate0, or 8!en t!e la8 or t!e nature o7 t!e obligation reBuire0 0oli2arit . 41136a5 Art. 120=. ,7 7rom t!e la8, or t!e nature or t!e 8or2ing o7 t!e obligation0 to 8!ic! t!e <rece2ing article re7er0 t!e contrar 2oe0 not a<<ear, t!e cre2it or 2ebt 0!all be <re0ume2 to be 2i3i2e2 into a0 man 0!are0 a0 t!ere are cre2itor0 or 2ebtor0, t!e cre2it0 or 2ebt0 being con0i2ere2 2i0tinct 7rom one anot!er, 0ub1ect to t!e &ule0 o7 "ourt go3erning t!e multi<licit o7 0uit0. 4113=a5 Art. 120>. ,7 t!e 2i3i0ion i0 im<o00ible, t!e rig!t o7 t!e cre2itor0 ma be <re1u2ice2 onl b t!eir collecti3e act0, an2 t!e

2ebt can be en7orce2 onl b <rocee2ing again0t all t!e 2ebtor0. ,7 one o7 t!e latter 0!oul2 be in0ol3ent, t!e ot!er0 0!all not be liable 7or !i0 0!are. 4113>5 Art. 1210. T!e in2i3i0ibilit o7 an obligation 2oe0 not nece00aril gi3e ri0e to 0oli2arit . (or 2oe0 0oli2arit o7 it0el7 im<l in2i3i0ibilit . 4n5 Art. 1211. -oli2arit ma e?i0t alt!oug! t!e cre2itor0 an2 t!e 2ebtor0 ma not be boun2 in t!e 0ame manner an2 b t!e 0ame <erio20 an2 con2ition0. 411405 Art. 1212. %ac! one o7 t!e 0oli2ar cre2itor0 ma 2o 8!ate3er ma be u0e7ul to t!e ot!er0, but not an t!ing 8!ic! ma be <re1u2icial to t!e latter. 41141a5 Art. 1213. A 0oli2ar cre2itor cannot a00ign !i0 rig!t0 8it!out t!e con0ent o7 t!e ot!er0. 4n5 Art. 1214. T!e 2ebtor ma <a an one o7 t!e 0oli2ar cre2itor09 but i7 an 2eman2, 1u2icial or e?tra1u2icial, !a0 been ma2e b one o7 t!em, <a ment 0!oul2 be ma2e to !im. 41142a5 Art. 121.. (o3ation, com<en0ation, con7u0ion or remi00ion o7 t!e 2ebt, ma2e b an o7 t!e 0oli2ar cre2itor0 or 8it! an o7 t!e 0oli2ar 2ebtor0, 0!all e?tingui0! t!e obligation, 8it!out <re1u2ice to t!e <ro3i0ion0 o7 Article 121>. T!e cre2itor 8!o ma !a3e e?ecute2 an o7 t!e0e act0, a0 8ell a0 !e 8!o collect0 t!e 2ebt, 0!all be liable to t!e ot!er0 7or t!e 0!are in t!e obligation corre0<on2ing to t!em. 411435 Art. 121/. T!e cre2itor ma <rocee2 again0t an one o7 t!e 0oli2ar 2ebtor0 or 0ome or all o7 t!em 0imultaneou0l . T!e 2eman2 ma2e again0t one o7 t!em 0!all not be an ob0tacle to t!o0e 8!ic! ma 0ub0eBuentl be 2irecte2 again0t t!e ot!er0, 0o long a0 t!e 2ebt !a0 not been 7ull collecte2. 41144a5 Art. 1216. $a ment ma2e b one o7 t!e 0oli2ar 2ebtor0 e?tingui0!e0 t!e obligation. ,7 t8o or more 0oli2ar 2ebtor0 o77er to <a , t!e cre2itor ma c!oo0e 8!ic! o77er to acce<t. #e 8!o ma2e t!e <a ment ma claim 7rom !i0 co;2ebtor0 onl t!e 0!are 8!ic! corre0<on20 to eac!, 8it! t!e intere0t 7or t!e <a ment alrea2 ma2e. ,7 t!e <a ment i0 ma2e be7ore t!e 2ebt i0 2ue, no intere0t 7or t!e inter3ening <erio2 ma be 2eman2e2. E!en one o7 t!e 0oli2ar 2ebtor0 cannot, becau0e o7 !i0 in0ol3enc , reimbur0e !i0 0!are to t!e 2ebtor <a ing t!e obligation, 0uc! 0!are 0!all be borne b all !i0 co;2ebtor0, in <ro<ortion to t!e 2ebt o7 eac!. 4114.a5 Art. 121=. $a ment b a 0oli2ar 2ebtor 0!all not entitle !im to reimbur0ement 7rom !i0 co;2ebtor0 i7 0uc! <a ment i0 ma2e a7ter t!e obligation !a0 <re0cribe2 or become illegal. 4n5 Art. 121>. T!e remi00ion ma2e b t!e cre2itor o7 t!e 0!are 8!ic! a77ect0 one o7 t!e 0oli2ar 2ebtor0 2oe0 not relea0e t!e latter 7rom !i0 re0<on0ibilit to8ar20 t!e co;2ebtor0, in ca0e t!e 2ebt !a2 been totall <ai2 b an one o7 t!em be7ore t!e remi00ion 8a0 e77ecte2. 4114/a5 Art. 1220. T!e remi00ion o7 t!e 8!ole obligation, obtaine2 b one o7 t!e 0oli2ar 2ebtor0, 2oe0 not entitle !im to reimbur0ement 7rom !i0 co;2ebtor0. 4n5 Art. 1221. ,7 t!e t!ing !a0 been lo0t or i7 t!e <re0tation !a0 become im<o00ible 8it!out t!e 7ault o7 t!e 0oli2ar 2ebtor0, t!e obligation 0!all be e?tingui0!e2. ,7 t!ere 8a0 7ault on t!e <art o7 an one o7 t!em, all 0!all be re0<on0ible to t!e cre2itor, 7or t!e <rice an2 t!e <a ment o7 2amage0 an2 intere0t, 8it!out <re1u2ice to t!eir action again0t t!e guilt or negligent 2ebtor. ,7 t!roug! a 7ortuitou0 e3ent, t!e t!ing i0 lo0t or t!e <er7ormance !a0 become im<o00ible a7ter one o7 t!e 0oli2ar 2ebtor0 !a0 incurre2 in 2ela t!roug! t!e 1u2icial or e?tra1u2icial 2eman2 u<on !im b t!e cre2itor, t!e <ro3i0ion0 o7 t!e <rece2ing <aragra<! 0!all a<<l . 41146a5

Art. 1222. A 0oli2ar 2ebtor ma , in action0 7ile2 b t!e cre2itor, a3ail !im0el7 o7 all 2e7en0e0 8!ic! are 2eri3e2 7rom t!e nature o7 t!e obligation an2 o7 t!o0e 8!ic! are <er0onal to !im, or <ertain to !i0 o8n 0!are. Eit! re0<ect to t!o0e 8!ic! <er0onall belong to t!e ot!er0, !e ma a3ail !im0el7 t!ereo7 onl a0 regar20 t!at <art o7 t!e 2ebt 7or 8!ic! t!e latter are re0<on0ible. 4114=a5 -%"T,*( .. ; Di3i0ible an2 ,n2i3i0ible *bligation0 Art. 1223. T!e 2i3i0ibilit or in2i3i0ibilit o7 t!e t!ing0 t!at are t!e ob1ect o7 obligation0 in 8!ic! t!ere i0 onl one 2ebtor an2 onl one cre2itor 2oe0 not alter or mo2i7 t!e <ro3i0ion0 o7 "!a<ter 2 o7 t!i0 Title. 4114>5 Art. 1224. A 1oint in2i3i0ible obligation gi3e0 ri0e to in2emnit 7or 2amage0 7rom t!e time an one o7 t!e 2ebtor0 2oe0 not com<l 8it! !i0 un2ertaAing. T!e 2ebtor0 8!o ma !a3e been rea2 to 7ul7ill t!eir <romi0e0 0!all not contribute to t!e in2emnit be on2 t!e corre0<on2ing <ortion o7 t!e <rice o7 t!e t!ing or o7 t!e 3alue o7 t!e 0er3ice in 8!ic! t!e obligation con0i0t0. 411.05 Art. 122.. For t!e <ur<o0e0 o7 t!e <rece2ing article0, obligation0 to gi3e 2e7inite t!ing0 an2 t!o0e 8!ic! are not 0u0ce<tible o7 <artial <er7ormance 0!all be 2eeme2 to be in2i3i0ible. E!en t!e obligation !a0 7or it0 ob1ect t!e e?ecution o7 a certain number o7 2a 0 o7 8orA, t!e accom<li0!ment o7 8orA b metrical unit0, or analogou0 t!ing0 8!ic! b t!eir nature are 0u0ce<tible o7 <artial <er7ormance, it 0!all be 2i3i0ible. #o8e3er, e3en t!oug! t!e ob1ect or 0er3ice ma be <! 0icall 2i3i0ible, an obligation i0 in2i3i0ible i7 0o <ro3i2e2 b la8 or inten2e2 b t!e <artie0. ,n obligation0 not to 2o, 2i3i0ibilit or in2i3i0ibilit 0!all be 2etermine2 b t!e c!aracter o7 t!e <re0tation in eac! <articular ca0e. 411.1a5 -%"T,*( /. ; *bligation0 8it! a $enal "lau0e Art. 122/. ,n obligation0 8it! a <enal clau0e, t!e <enalt 0!all 0ub0titute t!e in2emnit 7or 2amage0 an2 t!e <a ment o7 intere0t0 in ca0e o7 noncom<liance, i7 t!ere i0 no 0ti<ulation to t!e contrar . (e3ert!ele00, 2amage0 0!all be <ai2 i7 t!e obligor re7u0e0 to <a t!e <enalt or i0 guilt o7 7rau2 in t!e 7ul7illment o7 t!e obligation. T!e <enalt ma be en7orce2 onl 8!en it i0 2eman2able in accor2ance 8it! t!e <ro3i0ion0 o7 t!i0 "o2e. 411.2a5 Art. 1226. T!e 2ebtor cannot e?em<t !im0el7 7rom t!e <er7ormance o7 t!e obligation b <a ing t!e <enalt , 0a3e in t!e ca0e 8!ere t!i0 rig!t !a0 been e?<re00l re0er3e2 7or !im. (eit!er can t!e cre2itor 2eman2 t!e 7ul7illment o7 t!e obligation an2 t!e 0ati07action o7 t!e <enalt at t!e 0ame time, unle00 t!i0 rig!t !a0 been clearl grante2 !im. #o8e3er, i7 a7ter t!e cre2itor !a0 2eci2e2 to reBuire t!e 7ul7illment o7 t!e obligation, t!e <er7ormance t!ereo7 0!oul2 become im<o00ible 8it!out !i0 7ault, t!e <enalt ma be en7orce2. 411.3a5 Art. 122=. $roo7 o7 actual 2amage0 0u77ere2 b t!e cre2itor i0 not nece00ar in or2er t!at t!e <enalt ma be 2eman2e2. 4n5 Art. 122>. T!e 1u2ge 0!all eBuitabl re2uce t!e <enalt 8!en t!e <rinci<al obligation !a0 been <artl or irregularl com<lie2 8it! b t!e 2ebtor. %3en i7 t!ere !a0 been no <er7ormance, t!e <enalt ma al0o be re2uce2 b t!e court0 i7 it i0 iniBuitou0 or uncon0cionable. 411.4a5 Art. 1230. T!e nullit o7 t!e <enal clau0e 2oe0 not carr 8it! it t!at o7 t!e <rinci<al obligation. T!e nullit o7 t!e <rinci<al obligation carrie0 8it! it t!at o7 t!e <enal clau0e. 411..5 Fe 8or20: Alternati3e *bligation0, Di3i0ible an2 ,n2i3i0ible *bligation0, Ioint an2 -oli2ar *bligation0, Fin20 o7 *bligation0, *bligation0 8it! $erio2, $ure an2 "on2itional *bligation0, 8it! $enal "lau0e

CHA T!R $ %CT,('D,-#M%(T *F *@),'AT,*('%(%&A) $&*+,-,*(Art. 1231. *bligation0 are e?tingui0!e2: 415 @ <a ment or <er7ormance: 425 @ t!e lo00 o7 t!e t!ing 2ue: 435 @ t!e con2onation or remi00ion o7 t!e 2ebt9 445 @ t!e con7u0ion or merger o7 t!e rig!t0 o7 cre2itor an2 2ebtor9 4.5 @ com<en0ation9 4/5 @ no3ation. *t!er cau0e0 o7 e?tingui0!ment o7 obligation0, 0uc! a0 annulment, re0ci00ion, 7ul7illment o7 a re0olutor con2ition, an2 <re0cri<tion, are go3erne2 el0e8!ere in t!i0 "o2e. 411./a5 -%"T,*( 1. ; $a ment or $er7ormance Art. 1232. $a ment mean0 not onl t!e 2eli3er o7 mone but al0o t!e <er7ormance, in an ot!er manner, o7 an obligation. 4n5 Art. 1233. A 2ebt 0!all not be un2er0too2 to !a3e been <ai2 unle00 t!e t!ing or 0er3ice in 8!ic! t!e obligation con0i0t0 !a0 been com<letel 2eli3ere2 or ren2ere2, a0 t!e ca0e ma be. 411.65 Art. 1234. ,7 t!e obligation !a0 been 0ub0tantiall <er7orme2 in goo2 7ait!, t!e obligor ma reco3er a0 t!oug! t!ere !a2 been a 0trict an2 com<lete 7ul7illment, le00 2amage0 0u77ere2 b t!e obligee. 4n5 Art. 123.. E!en t!e obligee acce<t0 t!e <er7ormance, Ano8ing it0 incom<letene00 or irregularit , an2 8it!out e?<re00ing an <rote0t or ob1ection, t!e obligation i0 2eeme2 7ull com<lie2 8it!. 4n5 Art. 123/. T!e cre2itor i0 not boun2 to acce<t <a ment or <er7ormance b a t!ir2 <er0on 8!o !a0 no intere0t in t!e 7ul7illment o7 t!e obligation, unle00 t!ere i0 a 0ti<ulation to t!e contrar . E!oe3er <a 0 7or anot!er ma 2eman2 7rom t!e 2ebtor 8!at !e !a0 <ai2, e?ce<t t!at i7 !e <ai2 8it!out t!e Ano8le2ge or again0t t!e 8ill o7 t!e 2ebtor, !e can reco3er onl in0o7ar a0 t!e <a ment !a0 been bene7icial to t!e 2ebtor. 411.=a5 Art. 1236. E!oe3er <a 0 on be!al7 o7 t!e 2ebtor 8it!out t!e Ano8le2ge or again0t t!e 8ill o7 t!e latter, cannot com<el t!e cre2itor to 0ubrogate !im in !i0 rig!t0, 0uc! a0 t!o0e ari0ing 7rom a mortgage, guarant , or <enalt . 411.>a5 Art. 123=. $a ment ma2e b a t!ir2 <er0on 8!o 2oe0 not inten2 to be reimbur0e2 b t!e 2ebtor i0 2eeme2 to be a 2onation, 8!ic! reBuire0 t!e 2ebtorH0 con0ent. @ut t!e <a ment i0 in an ca0e 3ali2 a0 to t!e cre2itor 8!o !a0 acce<te2 it. 4n5 Art. 123>. ,n obligation0 to gi3e, <a ment ma2e b one 8!o 2oe0 not !a3e t!e 7ree 2i0<o0al o7 t!e t!ing 2ue an2 ca<acit to alienate it 0!all not be 3ali2, 8it!out <re1u2ice to t!e <ro3i0ion0 o7 Article 1426 un2er t!e Title on J(atural *bligation0.J 411/0a5 Art. 1240. $a ment 0!all be ma2e to t!e <er0on in 8!o0e 7a3or t!e obligation !a0 been con0titute2, or !i0 0ucce00or in intere0t, or an <er0on aut!oriGe2 to recei3e it. 411/2a5

Art. 1241. $a ment to a <er0on 8!o i0 inca<acitate2 to a2mini0ter !i0 <ro<ert 0!all be 3ali2 i7 !e !a0 Ae<t t!e t!ing 2eli3ere2, or in0o7ar a0 t!e <a ment !a0 been bene7icial to !im. $a ment ma2e to a t!ir2 <er0on 0!all al0o be 3ali2 in0o7ar a0 it !a0 re2oun2e2 to t!e bene7it o7 t!e cre2itor. -uc! bene7it to t!e cre2itor nee2 not be <ro3e2 in t!e 7ollo8ing ca0e0: 415 ,7 a7ter t!e <a ment, t!e t!ir2 <er0on acBuire0 t!e cre2itorH0 rig!t09 425 ,7 t!e cre2itor rati7ie0 t!e <a ment to t!e t!ir2 <er0on9 435 ,7 b t!e cre2itorH0 con2uct, t!e 2ebtor !a0 been le2 to belie3e t!at t!e t!ir2 <er0on !a2 aut!orit to recei3e t!e <a ment. 411/3a5 Art. 1242. $a ment ma2e in goo2 7ait! to an <er0on in <o00e00ion o7 t!e cre2it 0!all relea0e t!e 2ebtor. 411/45 Art. 1243. $a ment ma2e to t!e cre2itor b t!e 2ebtor a7ter t!e latter !a0 been 1u2iciall or2ere2 to retain t!e 2ebt 0!all not be 3ali2. 411/.5 Art. 1244. T!e 2ebtor o7 a t!ing cannot com<el t!e cre2itor to recei3e a 2i77erent one, alt!oug! t!e latter ma be o7 t!e 0ame 3alue a0, or more 3aluable t!an t!at 8!ic! i0 2ue. ,n obligation0 to 2o or not to 2o, an act or 7orbearance cannot be 0ub0titute2 b anot!er act or 7orbearance again0t t!e obligeeH0 8ill. 411//a5 Art. 124.. Dation in <a ment, 8!ereb <ro<ert i0 alienate2 to t!e cre2itor in 0ati07action o7 a 2ebt in mone , 0!all be go3erne2 b t!e la8 o7 0ale0. 4n5 Art. 124/. E!en t!e obligation con0i0t0 in t!e 2eli3er o7 an in2eterminate or generic t!ing, 8!o0e Bualit an2 circum0tance0 !a3e not been 0tate2, t!e cre2itor cannot 2eman2 a t!ing o7 0u<erior Bualit . (eit!er can t!e 2ebtor 2eli3er a t!ing o7 in7erior Bualit . T!e <ur<o0e o7 t!e obligation an2 ot!er circum0tance0 0!all be taAen into con0i2eration. 411/6a5 Art. 1246. Dnle00 it i0 ot!er8i0e 0ti<ulate2, t!e e?tra1u2icial e?<en0e0 reBuire2 b t!e <a ment 0!all be 7or t!e account o7 t!e 2ebtor. Eit! regar2 to 1u2icial co0t0, t!e &ule0 o7 "ourt 0!all go3ern. 411/=a5 Art. 124=. Dnle00 t!ere i0 an e?<re00 0ti<ulation to t!at e77ect, t!e cre2itor cannot be com<elle2 <artiall to recei3e t!e <re0tation0 in 8!ic! t!e obligation con0i0t0. (eit!er ma t!e 2ebtor be reBuire2 to maAe <artial <a ment0. #o8e3er, 8!en t!e 2ebt i0 in <art liBui2ate2 an2 in <art unliBui2ate2, t!e cre2itor ma 2eman2 an2 t!e 2ebtor ma e77ect t!e <a ment o7 t!e 7ormer 8it!out 8aiting 7or t!e liBui2ation o7 t!e latter. 411/>a5 Art. 124>. T!e <a ment o7 2ebt0 in mone 0!all be ma2e in t!e currenc 0ti<ulate2, an2 i7 it i0 not <o00ible to 2eli3er 0uc! currenc , t!en in t!e currenc 8!ic! i0 legal ten2er in t!e $!ili<<ine0. T!e 2eli3er o7 <romi00or note0 <a able to or2er, or bill0 o7 e?c!ange or ot!er mercantile 2ocument0 0!all <ro2uce t!e e77ect o7 <a ment onl 8!en t!e !a3e been ca0!e2, or 8!en t!roug! t!e 7ault o7 t!e cre2itor t!e !a3e been im<aire2. ,n t!e meantime, t!e action 2eri3e2 7rom t!e original obligation 0!all be !el2 in t!e abe ance. 411605 Art. 12.0. ,n ca0e an e?traor2inar in7lation or 2e7lation o7 t!e currenc 0ti<ulate2 0!oul2 0u<er3ene, t!e 3alue o7 t!e currenc at t!e time o7 t!e e0tabli0!ment o7 t!e obligation 0!all be t!e ba0i0 o7 <a ment, unle00 t!ere i0 an agreement to t!e contrar . 4n5 Art. 12.1. $a ment 0!all be ma2e in t!e <lace 2e0ignate2 in t!e obligation. T!ere being no e?<re00 0ti<ulation an2 i7 t!e un2ertaAing i0 to 2eli3er a 2eterminate t!ing, t!e <a ment 0!all be ma2e 8!ere3er t!e t!ing mig!t be at t!e moment t!e obligation 8a0 con0titute2.

,n an ot!er ca0e t!e <lace o7 <a ment 0!all be t!e 2omicile o7 t!e 2ebtor. ,7 t!e 2ebtor c!ange0 !i0 2omicile in ba2 7ait! or a7ter !e !a0 incurre2 in 2ela , t!e a22itional e?<en0e0 0!all be borne b !im. T!e0e <ro3i0ion0 are 8it!out <re1u2ice to 3enue un2er t!e &ule0 o7 "ourt. 41161a5 -D@-%"T,*( 1. ; A<<lication o7 $a ment0 Art. 12.2. #e 8!o !a0 3ariou0 2ebt0 o7 t!e 0ame Ain2 in 7a3or o7 one an2 t!e 0ame cre2itor, ma 2eclare at t!e time o7 maAing t!e <a ment, to 8!ic! o7 t!em t!e 0ame mu0t be a<<lie2. Dnle00 t!e <artie0 0o 0ti<ulate, or 8!en t!e a<<lication o7 <a ment i0 ma2e b t!e <art 7or 8!o0e bene7it t!e term !a0 been con0titute2, a<<lication 0!all not be ma2e a0 to 2ebt0 8!ic! are not et 2ue. ,7 t!e 2ebtor acce<t0 7rom t!e cre2itor a recei<t in 8!ic! an a<<lication o7 t!e <a ment i0 ma2e, t!e 7ormer cannot com<lain o7 t!e 0ame, unle00 t!ere i0 a cau0e 7or in3ali2ating t!e contract. 41162a5 Art. 12.3. ,7 t!e 2ebt <ro2uce0 intere0t, <a ment o7 t!e <rinci<al 0!all not be 2eeme2 to !a3e been ma2e until t!e intere0t0 !a3e been co3ere2. 411635 Art. 12.4. E!en t!e <a ment cannot be a<<lie2 in accor2ance 8it! t!e <rece2ing rule0, or i7 a<<lication can not be in7erre2 7rom ot!er circum0tance0, t!e 2ebt 8!ic! i0 mo0t onerou0 to t!e 2ebtor, among t!o0e 2ue, 0!all be 2eeme2 to !a3e been 0ati07ie2. ,7 t!e 2ebt0 2ue are o7 t!e 0ame nature an2 bur2en, t!e <a ment 0!all be a<<lie2 to all o7 t!em <ro<ortionatel . 41164a5 -D@-%"T,*( 2. ; $a ment b "e00ion Art. 12... T!e 2ebtor ma ce2e or a00ign !i0 <ro<ert to !i0 cre2itor0 in <a ment o7 !i0 2ebt0. T!i0 ce00ion, unle00 t!ere i0 0ti<ulation to t!e contrar , 0!all onl relea0e t!e 2ebtor 7rom re0<on0ibilit 7or t!e net <rocee20 o7 t!e t!ing a00igne2. T!e agreement0 8!ic!, on t!e e77ect o7 t!e ce00ion, are ma2e bet8een t!e 2ebtor an2 !i0 cre2itor0 0!all be go3erne2 b 0<ecial la80. 4116.a5 -D@-%"T,*( 3. ; Ten2er o7 $a ment an2 "on0ignation Art. 12./. ,7 t!e cre2itor to 8!om ten2er o7 <a ment !a0 been ma2e re7u0e0 8it!out 1u0t cau0e to acce<t it, t!e 2ebtor 0!all be relea0e2 7rom re0<on0ibilit b t!e con0ignation o7 t!e t!ing or 0um 2ue. "on0ignation alone 0!all <ro2uce t!e 0ame e77ect in t!e 7ollo8ing ca0e0: 415 E!en t!e cre2itor i0 ab0ent or unAno8n, or 2oe0 not a<<ear at t!e <lace o7 <a ment9 425 E!en !e i0 inca<acitate2 to recei3e t!e <a ment at t!e time it i0 2ue9 435 E!en, 8it!out 1u0t cau0e, !e re7u0e0 to gi3e a recei<t9 445 E!en t8o or more <er0on0 claim t!e 0ame rig!t to collect9 4.5 E!en t!e title o7 t!e obligation !a0 been lo0t. 4116/a5 Art. 12.6. ,n or2er t!at t!e con0ignation o7 t!e t!ing 2ue ma relea0e t!e obligor, it mu0t 7ir0t be announce2 to t!e <er0on0 intere0te2 in t!e 7ul7illment o7 t!e obligation. T!e con0ignation 0!all be ine77ectual i7 it i0 not ma2e 0trictl in con0onance 8it! t!e <ro3i0ion0 8!ic! regulate <a ment. 411665

Art. 12.=. "on0ignation 0!all be ma2e b 2e<o0iting t!e t!ing0 2ue at t!e 2i0<o0al o7 1u2icial aut!orit , be7ore 8!om t!e ten2er o7 <a ment 0!all be <ro3e2, in a <ro<er ca0e, an2 t!e announcement o7 t!e con0ignation in ot!er ca0e0. T!e con0ignation !a3ing been ma2e, t!e intere0te2 <artie0 0!all al0o be noti7ie2 t!ereo7. 4116=5 Art. 12.>. T!e e?<en0e0 o7 con0ignation, 8!en <ro<erl ma2e, 0!all be c!arge2 again0t t!e cre2itor. 4116=5 Art. 12/0. *nce t!e con0ignation !a0 been 2ul ma2e, t!e 2ebtor ma a0A t!e 1u2ge to or2er t!e cancellation o7 t!e obligation. @e7ore t!e cre2itor !a0 acce<te2 t!e con0ignation, or be7ore a 1u2icial 2eclaration t!at t!e con0ignation !a0 been <ro<erl ma2e, t!e 2ebtor ma 8it!2ra8 t!e t!ing or t!e 0um 2e<o0ite2, allo8ing t!e obligation to remain in 7orce. 411=05 Art. 12/1. ,7, t!e con0ignation !a3ing been ma2e, t!e cre2itor 0!oul2 aut!oriGe t!e 2ebtor to 8it!2ra8 t!e 0ame, !e 0!all lo0e e3er <re7erence 8!ic! !e ma !a3e o3er t!e t!ing. T!e co;2ebtor0, guarantor0 an2 0uretie0 0!all be relea0e2. 411=1a5 -%"T,*( 2. ; )o00 o7 t!e T!ing Due Art. 12/2. An obligation 8!ic! con0i0t0 in t!e 2eli3er o7 a 2eterminate t!ing 0!all be e?tingui0!e2 i7 it 0!oul2 be lo0t or 2e0tro e2 8it!out t!e 7ault o7 t!e 2ebtor, an2 be7ore !e !a0 incurre2 in 2ela . E!en b la8 or 0ti<ulation, t!e obligor i0 liable e3en 7or 7ortuitou0 e3ent0, t!e lo00 o7 t!e t!ing 2oe0 not e?tingui0! t!e obligation, an2 !e 0!all be re0<on0ible 7or 2amage0. T!e 0ame rule a<<lie0 8!en t!e nature o7 t!e obligation reBuire0 t!e a00um<tion o7 ri0A. 411=2a5 Art. 12/3. ,n an obligation to 2eli3er a generic t!ing, t!e lo00 or 2e0truction o7 an t!ing o7 t!e 0ame Ain2 2oe0 not e?tingui0! t!e obligation. 4n5 Art. 12/4. T!e court0 0!all 2etermine 8!et!er, un2er t!e circum0tance0, t!e <artial lo00 o7 t!e ob1ect o7 t!e obligation i0 0o im<ortant a0 to e?tingui0! t!e obligation. 4n5 Art. 12/.. E!ene3er t!e t!ing i0 lo0t in t!e <o00e00ion o7 t!e 2ebtor, it 0!all be <re0ume2 t!at t!e lo00 8a0 2ue to !i0 7ault, unle00 t!ere i0 <roo7 to t!e contrar , an2 8it!out <re1u2ice to t!e <ro3i0ion0 o7 article 11/.. T!i0 <re0um<tion 2oe0 not a<<l in ca0e o7 eart!BuaAe, 7loo2, 0torm, or ot!er natural calamit . 411=3a5 Art. 12//. T!e 2ebtor in obligation0 to 2o 0!all al0o be relea0e2 8!en t!e <re0tation become0 legall or <! 0icall im<o00ible 8it!out t!e 7ault o7 t!e obligor. 411=4a5 Art. 12/6. E!en t!e 0er3ice !a0 become 0o 2i77icult a0 to be mani7e0tl be on2 t!e contem<lation o7 t!e <artie0, t!e obligor ma al0o be relea0e2 t!ere7rom, in 8!ole or in <art. 4n5 Art. 12/=. E!en t!e 2ebt o7 a t!ing certain an2 2eterminate <rocee20 7rom a criminal o77en0e, t!e 2ebtor 0!all not be e?em<te2 7rom t!e <a ment o7 it0 <rice, 8!ate3er ma be t!e cau0e 7or t!e lo00, unle00 t!e t!ing !a3ing been o77ere2 b !im to t!e <er0on 8!o 0!oul2 recei3e it, t!e latter re7u0e2 8it!out 1u0ti7ication to acce<t it. 411=.5 Art. 12/>. T!e obligation !a3ing been e?tingui0!e2 b t!e lo00 o7 t!e t!ing, t!e cre2itor 0!all !a3e all t!e rig!t0 o7 action 8!ic! t!e 2ebtor ma !a3e again0t t!ir2 <er0on0 b rea0on o7 t!e lo00. 411=/5 -%"T,*( 3. ; "on2onation or &emi00ion o7 t!e Debt Art. 1260. "on2onation or remi00ion i0 e00entiall gratuitou0, an2 reBuire0 t!e acce<tance b t!e obligor. ,t ma be ma2e e?<re00l or im<lie2l . *ne an2 t!e ot!er Ain2 0!all be 0ub1ect to t!e rule0 8!ic! go3ern ino77iciou0 2onation0. %?<re00 con2onation 0!all, 7urt!ermore, com<l 8it! t!e 7orm0 o7 2onation. 411=65

Art. 1261. T!e 2eli3er o7 a <ri3ate 2ocument e3i2encing a cre2it, ma2e 3oluntaril b t!e cre2itor to t!e 2ebtor, im<lie0 t!e renunciation o7 t!e action 8!ic! t!e 7ormer !a2 again0t t!e latter. ,7 in or2er to nulli7 t!i0 8ai3er it 0!oul2 be claime2 to be ino77iciou0, t!e 2ebtor an2 !i0 !eir0 ma u<!ol2 it b <ro3ing t!at t!e 2eli3er o7 t!e 2ocument 8a0 ma2e in 3irtue o7 <a ment o7 t!e 2ebt. 411==5 Art. 1262. E!ene3er t!e <ri3ate 2ocument in 8!ic! t!e 2ebt a<<ear0 i0 7oun2 in t!e <o00e00ion o7 t!e 2ebtor, it 0!all be <re0ume2 t!at t!e cre2itor 2eli3ere2 it 3oluntaril , unle00 t!e contrar i0 <ro3e2. 411=>5 Art. 1263. T!e renunciation o7 t!e <rinci<al 2ebt 0!all e?tingui0! t!e acce00or obligation09 but t!e 8ai3er o7 t!e latter 0!all lea3e t!e 7ormer in 7orce. 411>05 Art. 1264. ,t i0 <re0ume2 t!at t!e acce00or obligation o7 <le2ge !a0 been remitte2 8!en t!e t!ing <le2ge2, a7ter it0 2eli3er to t!e cre2itor, i0 7oun2 in t!e <o00e00ion o7 t!e 2ebtor, or o7 a t!ir2 <er0on 8!o o8n0 t!e t!ing. 411>1a5 -%"T,*( 4. ; "on7u0ion or Merger o7 &ig!t0 Art. 126.. T!e obligation i0 e?tingui0!e2 7rom t!e time t!e c!aracter0 o7 cre2itor an2 2ebtor are merge2 in t!e 0ame <er0on. 411>2a5 Art. 126/. Merger 8!ic! taAe0 <lace in t!e <er0on o7 t!e <rinci<al 2ebtor or cre2itor bene7it0 t!e guarantor0. "on7u0ion 8!ic! taAe0 <lace in t!e <er0on o7 an o7 t!e latter 2oe0 not e?tingui0! t!e obligation. 411>35 Art. 1266. "on7u0ion 2oe0 not e?tingui0! a 1oint obligation e?ce<t a0 regar20 t!e 0!are corre0<on2ing to t!e cre2itor or 2ebtor in 8!om t!e t8o c!aracter0 concur. 411>45 -%"T,*( .. ; "om<en0ation Art. 126=. "om<en0ation 0!all taAe <lace 8!en t8o <er0on0, in t!eir o8n rig!t, are cre2itor0 an2 2ebtor0 o7 eac! ot!er. 411>.5 Art. 126>. ,n or2er t!at com<en0ation ma be <ro<er, it i0 nece00ar : 415 T!at eac! one o7 t!e obligor0 be boun2 <rinci<all , an2 t!at !e be at t!e 0ame time a <rinci<al cre2itor o7 t!e ot!er9 425 T!at bot! 2ebt0 con0i0t in a 0um o7 mone , or i7 t!e t!ing0 2ue are con0umable, t!e be o7 t!e 0ame Ain2, an2 al0o o7 t!e 0ame Bualit i7 t!e latter !a0 been 0tate29 435 T!at t!e t8o 2ebt0 be 2ue9 445 T!at t!e be liBui2ate2 an2 2eman2able9 4.5 T!at o3er neit!er o7 t!em t!ere be an retention or contro3er0 , commence2 b t!ir2 <er0on0 an2 communicate2 in 2ue time to t!e 2ebtor. 411>/5 Art. 12=0. (ot8it!0tan2ing t!e <ro3i0ion0 o7 t!e <rece2ing article, t!e guarantor ma 0et u< com<en0ation a0 regar20 8!at t!e cre2itor ma o8e t!e <rinci<al 2ebtor. 411>65 Art. 12=1. "om<en0ation ma be total or <artial. E!en t!e t8o 2ebt0 are o7 t!e 0ame amount, t!ere i0 a total com<en0ation. 4n5 Art. 12=2. T!e <artie0 ma agree u<on t!e com<en0ation o7 2ebt0 8!ic! are not et 2ue. 4n5 Art. 12=3. ,7 one o7 t!e <artie0 to a 0uit o3er an obligation !a0 a claim 7or 2amage0 again0t t!e ot!er, t!e 7ormer ma 0et it o77 b <ro3ing !i0 rig!t to 0ai2 2amage0 an2 t!e amount t!ereo7. 4n5

Art. 12=4. E!en one or bot! 2ebt0 are re0ci00ible or 3oi2able, t!e ma be com<en0ate2 again0t eac! ot!er be7ore t!e are 1u2iciall re0cin2e2 or a3oi2e2. 4n5 Art. 12=.. T!e 2ebtor 8!o !a0 con0ente2 to t!e a00ignment o7 rig!t0 ma2e b a cre2itor in 7a3or o7 a t!ir2 <er0on, cannot 0et u< again0t t!e a00ignee t!e com<en0ation 8!ic! 8oul2 <ertain to !im again0t t!e a00ignor, unle00 t!e a00ignor 8a0 noti7ie2 b t!e 2ebtor at t!e time !e ga3e !i0 con0ent, t!at !e re0er3e2 !i0 rig!t to t!e com<en0ation. ,7 t!e cre2itor communicate2 t!e ce00ion to !im but t!e 2ebtor 2i2 not con0ent t!ereto, t!e latter ma 0et u< t!e com<en0ation o7 2ebt0 <re3iou0 to t!e ce00ion, but not o7 0ub0eBuent one0. ,7 t!e a00ignment i0 ma2e 8it!out t!e Ano8le2ge o7 t!e 2ebtor, !e ma 0et u< t!e com<en0ation o7 all cre2it0 <rior to t!e 0ame an2 al0o later one0 until !e !a2 Ano8le2ge o7 t!e a00ignment. 411>=a5 Art. 12=/. "om<en0ation taAe0 <lace b o<eration o7 la8, e3en t!oug! t!e 2ebt0 ma be <a able at 2i77erent <lace0, but t!ere 0!all be an in2emnit 7or e?<en0e0 o7 e?c!ange or tran0<ortation to t!e <lace o7 <a ment. 411>>a5 Art. 12=6. "om<en0ation 0!all not be <ro<er 8!en one o7 t!e 2ebt0 ari0e0 7rom a 2e<o0itum or 7rom t!e obligation0 o7 a 2e<o0itar or o7 a bailee in commo2atum. (eit!er can com<en0ation be 0et u< again0t a cre2itor 8!o !a0 a claim 7or 0u<<ort 2ue b gratuitou0 title, 8it!out <re1u2ice to t!e <ro3i0ion0 o7 <aragra<! 2 o7 Article 301. 41200a5 Art. 12==. (eit!er 0!all t!ere be com<en0ation i7 one o7 t!e 2ebt0 con0i0t0 in ci3il liabilit ari0ing 7rom a <enal o77en0e. 4n5 Art. 12=>. ,7 a <er0on 0!oul2 !a3e again0t !im 0e3eral 2ebt0 8!ic! are 0u0ce<tible o7 com<en0ation, t!e rule0 on t!e a<<lication o7 <a ment0 0!all a<<l to t!e or2er o7 t!e com<en0ation. 412015 Art. 12>0. E!en all t!e reBui0ite0 mentione2 in Article 126> are <re0ent, com<en0ation taAe0 e77ect b o<eration o7 la8, an2 e?tingui0!e0 bot! 2ebt0 to t!e concurrent amount, e3en t!oug! t!e cre2itor0 an2 2ebtor0 are not a8are o7 t!e com<en0ation. 41202a5 -%"T,*( /. ; (o3ation Art. 12>1. *bligation0 ma be mo2i7ie2 b : 415 "!anging t!eir ob1ect or <rinci<al con2ition09 425 -ub0tituting t!e <er0on o7 t!e 2ebtor9 435 -ubrogating a t!ir2 <er0on in t!e rig!t0 o7 t!e cre2itor. 412035 Art. 12>2. ,n or2er t!at an obligation ma be e?tingui0!e2 b anot!er 8!ic! 0ub0titute t!e 0ame, it i0 im<erati3e t!at it be 0o 2eclare2 in uneBui3ocal term0, or t!at t!e ol2 an2 t!e ne8 obligation0 be on e3er <oint incom<atible 8it! eac! ot!er. 412045 Art. 12>3. (o3ation 8!ic! con0i0t0 in 0ub0tituting a ne8 2ebtor in t!e <lace o7 t!e original one, ma be ma2e e3en 8it!out t!e Ano8le2ge or again0t t!e 8ill o7 t!e latter, but not 8it!out t!e con0ent o7 t!e cre2itor. $a ment b t!e ne8 2ebtor gi3e0 !im t!e rig!t0 mentione2 in Article0 123/ an2 1236. 4120.a5 Art. 12>4. ,7 t!e 0ub0titution i0 8it!out t!e Ano8le2ge or again0t t!e 8ill o7 t!e 2ebtor, t!e ne8 2ebtorH0 in0ol3enc or non;7ul7illment o7 t!e obligation0 0!all not gi3e ri0e to an liabilit on t!e <art o7 t!e original 2ebtor. 4n5 Art. 12>.. T!e in0ol3enc o7 t!e ne8 2ebtor, 8!o !a0 been <ro<o0e2 b t!e original 2ebtor an2 acce<te2 b t!e cre2itor, 0!all not re3i3e t!e action o7 t!e latter again0t t!e original obligor, e?ce<t 8!en 0ai2 in0ol3enc 8a0 alrea2 e?i0ting an2 o7 <ublic Ano8le2ge, or Ano8n to t!e 2ebtor, 8!en t!e 2elegate2 !i0 2ebt. 4120/a5

Art. 12>/. E!en t!e <rinci<al obligation i0 e?tingui0!e2 in con0eBuence o7 a no3ation, acce00or obligation0 ma 0ub0i0t onl in0o7ar a0 t!e ma bene7it t!ir2 <er0on0 8!o 2i2 not gi3e t!eir con0ent. 412065 Art. 12>6. ,7 t!e ne8 obligation i0 3oi2, t!e original one 0!all 0ub0i0t, unle00 t!e <artie0 inten2e2 t!at t!e 7ormer relation 0!oul2 be e?tingui0!e2 in an e3ent. 4n5 Art. 12>=. T!e no3ation i0 3oi2 i7 t!e original obligation 8a0 3oi2, e?ce<t 8!en annulment ma be claime2 onl b t!e 2ebtor or 8!en rati7ication 3ali2ate0 act0 8!ic! are 3oi2able. 4120=a5 Art. 12>>. ,7 t!e original obligation 8a0 0ub1ect to a 0u0<en0i3e or re0olutor con2ition, t!e ne8 obligation 0!all be un2er t!e 0ame con2ition, unle00 it i0 ot!er8i0e 0ti<ulate2. 4n5 Art. 1300. -ubrogation o7 a t!ir2 <er0on in t!e rig!t0 o7 t!e cre2itor i0 eit!er legal or con3entional. T!e 7ormer i0 not <re0ume2, e?ce<t in ca0e0 e?<re00l mentione2 in t!i0 "o2e9 t!e latter mu0t be clearl e0tabli0!e2 in or2er t!at it ma taAe e77ect. 4120>a5 Art. 1301. "on3entional 0ubrogation o7 a t!ir2 <er0on reBuire0 t!e con0ent o7 t!e original <artie0 an2 o7 t!e t!ir2 <er0on. 4n5 Art. 1302. ,t i0 <re0ume2 t!at t!ere i0 legal 0ubrogation: 415 E!en a cre2itor <a 0 anot!er cre2itor 8!o i0 <re7erre2, e3en 8it!out t!e 2ebtorH0 Ano8le2ge9 425 E!en a t!ir2 <er0on, not intere0te2 in t!e obligation, <a 0 8it! t!e e?<re00 or tacit a<<ro3al o7 t!e 2ebtor9 435 E!en, e3en 8it!out t!e Ano8le2ge o7 t!e 2ebtor, a <er0on intere0te2 in t!e 7ul7illment o7 t!e obligation <a 0, 8it!out <re1u2ice to t!e e77ect0 o7 con7u0ion a0 to t!e latterH0 0!are. 41210a5 Art. 1303. -ubrogation tran07er0 to t!e <er0on0 0ubrogate2 t!e cre2it 8it! all t!e rig!t0 t!ereto a<<ertaining, eit!er again0t t!e 2ebtor or again0t t!ir2 <er0on, be t!e guarantor0 or <o00e00or0 o7 mortgage0, 0ub1ect to 0ti<ulation in a con3entional 0ubrogation. 41212a5 Art. 1304. A cre2itor, to 8!om <artial <a ment !a0 been ma2e, ma e?erci0e !i0 rig!t 7or t!e remain2er, an2 !e 0!all be <re7erre2 to t!e <er0on 8!o !a0 been 0ubrogate2 in !i0 <lace in 3irtue o7 t!e <artial <a ment o7 t!e 0ame cre2it. 412135

Title II. - CONTRACTS "#A$T%& 1 '%(%&A) $&*+,-,*(Art. 130.. A contract i0 a meeting o7 min20 bet8een t8o <er0on0 8!ereb one bin20 !im0el7, 8it! re0<ect to t!e ot!er, to gi3e 0omet!ing or to ren2er 0ome 0er3ice. 412.4a5 Art. 130/. T!e contracting <artie0 ma e0tabli0! 0uc! 0ti<ulation0, clau0e0, term0 an2 con2ition0 a0 t!e ma 2eem con3enient, <ro3i2e2 t!e are not contrar to la8, moral0, goo2 cu0tom0, <ublic or2er, or <ublic <olic . 412..a5 Art. 1306. ,nnominate contract0 0!all be regulate2 b t!e 0ti<ulation0 o7 t!e <artie0, b t!e <ro3i0ion0 o7 Title0 , an2 ,, o7 t!i0 @ooA, b t!e rule0 go3erning t!e mo0t analogou0 nominate contract0, an2 b t!e cu0tom0 o7 t!e <lace. 4n5 Art. 130=. T!e contract mu0t bin2 bot! contracting <artie09 it0 3ali2it or com<liance cannot be le7t to t!e 8ill o7 one o7 t!em. 412./a5 Art. 130>. T!e 2etermination o7 t!e <er7ormance ma be le7t to a t!ir2 <er0on, 8!o0e 2eci0ion 0!all not be bin2ing until it !a0 been ma2e Ano8n to bot! contracting <artie0. 4n5 Art. 1310. T!e 2etermination 0!all not be obligator i7 it i0 e3i2entl ineBuitable. ,n 0uc! ca0e, t!e court0 0!all 2eci2e

8!at i0 eBuitable un2er t!e circum0tance0. 4n5 Art. 1311. "ontract0 taAe e77ect onl bet8een t!e <artie0, t!eir a00ign0 an2 !eir0, e?ce<t in ca0e 8!ere t!e rig!t0 an2 obligation0 ari0ing 7rom t!e contract are not tran0mi00ible b t!eir nature, or b 0ti<ulation or b <ro3i0ion o7 la8. T!e !eir i0 not liable be on2 t!e 3alue o7 t!e <ro<ert !e recei3e2 7rom t!e 2ece2ent. ,7 a contract 0!oul2 contain 0ome 0ti<ulation in 7a3or o7 a t!ir2 <er0on, !e ma 2eman2 it0 7ul7illment <ro3i2e2 !e communicate2 !i0 acce<tance to t!e obligor be7ore it0 re3ocation. A mere inci2ental bene7it or intere0t o7 a <er0on i0 not 0u77icient. T!e contracting <artie0 mu0t !a3e clearl an2 2eliberatel con7erre2 a 7a3or u<on a t!ir2 <er0on. 412.6a5 Art. 1312. ,n contract0 creating real rig!t0, t!ir2 <er0on0 8!o come into <o00e00ion o7 t!e ob1ect o7 t!e contract are boun2 t!ereb , 0ub1ect to t!e <ro3i0ion0 o7 t!e Mortgage )a8 an2 t!e )an2 &egi0tration )a80. 4n5 Art. 1313. "re2itor0 are <rotecte2 in ca0e0 o7 contract0 inten2e2 to 2e7rau2 t!em. 4n5 Art. 1314. An t!ir2 <er0on 8!o in2uce0 anot!er to 3iolate !i0 contract 0!all be liable 7or 2amage0 to t!e ot!er contracting <art . 4n5 Art. 131.. "ontract0 are <er7ecte2 b mere con0ent, an2 7rom t!at moment t!e <artie0 are boun2 not onl to t!e 7ul7illment o7 8!at !a0 been e?<re00l 0ti<ulate2 but al0o to all t!e con0eBuence0 8!ic!, accor2ing to t!eir nature, ma be in Aee<ing 8it! goo2 7ait!, u0age an2 la8. 412.=5 Art. 131/. &eal contract0, 0uc! a0 2e<o0it, <le2ge an2 "ommo2atum, are not <er7ecte2 until t!e 2eli3er o7 t!e ob1ect o7 t!e obligation. 4n5 Art. 1316. (o one ma contract in t!e name o7 anot!er 8it!out being aut!oriGe2 b t!e latter, or unle00 !e !a0 b la8 a rig!t to re<re0ent !im. A contract entere2 into in t!e name o7 anot!er b one 8!o !a0 no aut!orit or legal re<re0entation, or 8!o !a0 acte2 be on2 !i0 <o8er0, 0!all be unen7orceable, unle00 it i0 rati7ie2, e?<re00l or im<lie2l , b t!e <er0on on 8!o0e be!al7 it !a0 been e?ecute2, be7ore it i0 re3oAe2 b t!e ot!er contracting <art . 412.>a5

CHA T!R " %--%(T,A) &%:D,-,T%- *F "*(T&A"T'%(%&A) $&*+,-,*(Art. 131=. T!ere i0 no contract unle00 t!e 7ollo8ing reBui0ite0 concur: 415 "on0ent o7 t!e contracting <artie09 425 *b1ect certain 8!ic! i0 t!e 0ub1ect matter o7 t!e contract9 435 "au0e o7 t!e obligation 8!ic! i0 e0tabli0!e2. 412/15 -%"T,*( 1. ; "on0ent Art. 131>. "on0ent i0 mani7e0te2 b t!e meeting o7 t!e o77er an2 t!e acce<tance u<on t!e t!ing an2 t!e cau0e 8!ic! are to con0titute t!e contract. T!e o77er mu0t be certain an2 t!e acce<tance ab0olute. A Buali7ie2 acce<tance con0titute0 a counter;o77er. Acce<tance ma2e b letter or telegram 2oe0 not bin2 t!e o77erer e?ce<t 7rom t!e time it came to !i0 Ano8le2ge. T!e contract, in 0uc! a ca0e, i0 <re0ume2 to !a3e been entere2 into in t!e <lace 8!ere t!e o77er 8a0 ma2e. 412/2a5 Art. 1320. An acce<tance ma be e?<re00 or im<lie2. 4n5

Art. 1321. T!e <er0on maAing t!e o77er ma 7i? t!e time, <lace, an2 manner o7 acce<tance, all o7 8!ic! mu0t be com<lie2 8it!. 4n5 Art. 1322. An o77er ma2e t!roug! an agent i0 acce<te2 7rom t!e time acce<tance i0 communicate2 to !im. 4n5 Art. 1323. An o77er become0 ine77ecti3e u<on t!e 2eat!, ci3il inter2iction, in0anit , or in0ol3enc o7 eit!er <art be7ore acce<tance i0 con3e e2. 4n5 Art. 1324. E!en t!e o77erer !a0 allo8e2 t!e o77eree a certain <erio2 to acce<t, t!e o77er ma be 8it!2ra8n at an time be7ore acce<tance b communicating 0uc! 8it!2ra8al, e?ce<t 8!en t!e o<tion i0 7oun2e2 u<on a con0i2eration, a0 0omet!ing <ai2 or <romi0e2. 4n5 Art. 132.. Dnle00 it a<<ear0 ot!er8i0e, bu0ine00 a23erti0ement0 o7 t!ing0 7or 0ale are not 2e7inite o77er0, but mere in3itation0 to maAe an o77er. 4n5 Art. 132/. A23erti0ement0 7or bi22er0 are 0im<l in3itation0 to maAe <ro<o0al0, an2 t!e a23erti0er i0 not boun2 to acce<t t!e !ig!e0t or lo8e0t bi22er, unle00 t!e contrar a<<ear0. 4n5 Art. 1326. T!e 7ollo8ing cannot gi3e con0ent to a contract: 415 Dnemanci<ate2 minor09 425 ,n0ane or 2emente2 <er0on0, an2 2ea7;mute0 8!o 2o not Ano8 !o8 to 8rite. 412/3a5 Art. 132=. "ontract0 entere2 into 2uring a luci2 inter3al are 3ali2. "ontract0 agree2 to in a 0tate o7 2runAenne00 or 2uring a ! <notic 0<ell are 3oi2able. 4n5 Art. 132>. T!e inca<acit 2eclare2 in Article 1326 i0 0ub1ect to t!e mo2i7ication0 2etermine2 b la8, an2 i0 un2er0too2 to be 8it!out <re1u2ice to 0<ecial 2i0Buali7ication0 e0tabli0!e2 in t!e la80. 412/45 Art. 1330. A contract 8!ere con0ent i0 gi3en t!roug! mi0taAe, 3iolence, intimi2ation, un2ue in7luence, or 7rau2 i0 3oi2able. 412/.a5 Art. 1331. ,n or2er t!at mi0taAe ma in3ali2ate con0ent, it 0!oul2 re7er to t!e 0ub0tance o7 t!e t!ing 8!ic! i0 t!e ob1ect o7 t!e contract, or to t!o0e con2ition0 8!ic! !a3e <rinci<all mo3e2 one or bot! <artie0 to enter into t!e contract. Mi0taAe a0 to t!e i2entit or Buali7ication0 o7 one o7 t!e <artie0 8ill 3itiate con0ent onl 8!en 0uc! i2entit or Buali7ication0 !a3e been t!e <rinci<al cau0e o7 t!e contract. A 0im<le mi0taAe o7 account 0!all gi3e ri0e to it0 correction. 412//a5 Art. 1332. E!en one o7 t!e <artie0 i0 unable to rea2, or i7 t!e contract i0 in a language not un2er0too2 b !im, an2 mi0taAe or 7rau2 i0 allege2, t!e <er0on en7orcing t!e contract mu0t 0!o8 t!at t!e term0 t!ereo7 !a3e been 7ull e?<laine2 to t!e 7ormer. 4n5 Art. 1333. T!ere i0 no mi0taAe i7 t!e <art alleging it Ane8 t!e 2oubt, contingenc or ri0A a77ecting t!e ob1ect o7 t!e contract. 4n5 Art. 1334. Mutual error a0 to t!e legal e77ect o7 an agreement 8!en t!e real <ur<o0e o7 t!e <artie0 i0 7ru0trate2, ma 3itiate con0ent. 4n5 Art. 133.. T!ere i0 3iolence 8!en in or2er to 8re0t con0ent, 0eriou0 or irre0i0tible 7orce i0 em<lo e2. T!ere i0 intimi2ation 8!en one o7 t!e contracting <artie0 i0 com<elle2 b a rea0onable an2 8ell;groun2e2 7ear o7 an imminent an2 gra3e e3il u<on !i0 <er0on or <ro<ert , or u<on t!e <er0on or <ro<ert o7 !i0 0<ou0e, 2e0cen2ant0 or a0cen2ant0, to gi3e !i0 con0ent.

To 2etermine t!e 2egree o7 intimi2ation, t!e age, 0e? an2 con2ition o7 t!e <er0on 0!all be borne in min2. A t!reat to en7orce oneH0 claim t!roug! com<etent aut!orit , i7 t!e claim i0 1u0t or legal, 2oe0 not 3itiate con0ent. 412/6a5 Art. 133/. +iolence or intimi2ation 0!all annul t!e obligation, alt!oug! it ma !a3e been em<lo e2 b a t!ir2 <er0on 8!o 2i2 not taAe <art in t!e contract. 412/=5 Art. 1336. T!ere i0 un2ue in7luence 8!en a <er0on taAe0 im<ro<er a23antage o7 !i0 <o8er o3er t!e 8ill o7 anot!er, 2e<ri3ing t!e latter o7 a rea0onable 7ree2om o7 c!oice. T!e 7ollo8ing circum0tance0 0!all be con0i2ere2: t!e con7i2ential, 7amil , 0<iritual an2 ot!er relation0 bet8een t!e <artie0, or t!e 7act t!at t!e <er0on allege2 to !a3e been un2ul in7luence2 8a0 0u77ering 7rom mental 8eaAne00, or 8a0 ignorant or in 7inancial 2i0tre00. 4n5 Art. 133=. T!ere i0 7rau2 8!en, t!roug! in0i2iou0 8or20 or mac!ination0 o7 one o7 t!e contracting <artie0, t!e ot!er i0 in2uce2 to enter into a contract 8!ic!, 8it!out t!em, !e 8oul2 not !a3e agree2 to. 412/>5 Art. 133>. Failure to 2i0clo0e 7act0, 8!en t!ere i0 a 2ut to re3eal t!em, a0 8!en t!e <artie0 are boun2 b con7i2ential relation0, con0titute0 7rau2. 4n5 Art. 1340. T!e u0ual e?aggeration0 in tra2e, 8!en t!e ot!er <art !a2 an o<<ortunit to Ano8 t!e 7act0, are not in t!em0el3e0 7rau2ulent. 4n5 Art. 1341. A mere e?<re00ion o7 an o<inion 2oe0 not 0igni7 7rau2, unle00 ma2e b an e?<ert an2 t!e ot!er <art !a0 relie2 on t!e 7ormerH0 0<ecial Ano8le2ge. 4n5 Art. 1342. Mi0re<re0entation b a t!ir2 <er0on 2oe0 not 3itiate con0ent, unle00 0uc! mi0re<re0entation !a0 create2 0ub0tantial mi0taAe an2 t!e 0ame i0 mutual. 4n5 Art. 1343. Mi0re<re0entation ma2e in goo2 7ait! i0 not 7rau2ulent but ma con0titute error. 4n5 Art. 1344. ,n or2er t!at 7rau2 ma maAe a contract 3oi2able, it 0!oul2 be 0eriou0 an2 0!oul2 not !a3e been em<lo e2 b bot! contracting <artie0. ,nci2ental 7rau2 onl oblige0 t!e <er0on em<lo ing it to <a 2amage0. 412605 Art. 134.. -imulation o7 a contract ma be ab0olute or relati3e. T!e 7ormer taAe0 <lace 8!en t!e <artie0 2o not inten2 to be boun2 at all9 t!e latter, 8!en t!e <artie0 conceal t!eir true agreement. 4n5 Art. 134/. An ab0olutel 0imulate2 or 7ictitiou0 contract i0 3oi2. A relati3e 0imulation, 8!en it 2oe0 not <re1u2ice a t!ir2 <er0on an2 i0 not inten2e2 7or an <ur<o0e contrar to la8, moral0, goo2 cu0tom0, <ublic or2er or <ublic <olic bin20 t!e <artie0 to t!eir real agreement. 4n5 -%"T,*( 2. ; *b1ect o7 "ontract0 Art. 1346. All t!ing0 8!ic! are not out0i2e t!e commerce o7 men, inclu2ing 7uture t!ing0, ma be t!e ob1ect o7 a contract. All rig!t0 8!ic! are not intran0mi00ible ma al0o be t!e ob1ect o7 contract0. (o contract ma be entere2 into u<on 7uture in!eritance e?ce<t in ca0e0 e?<re00l aut!oriGe2 b la8. All 0er3ice0 8!ic! are not contrar to la8, moral0, goo2 cu0tom0, <ublic or2er or <ublic <olic ma liAe8i0e be t!e ob1ect o7 a contract. 41261a5 Art. 134=. ,m<o00ible t!ing0 or 0er3ice0 cannot be t!e ob1ect o7 contract0. 412625 Art. 134>. T!e ob1ect o7 e3er contract mu0t be 2eterminate a0 to it0 Ain2. T!e 7act t!at t!e Buantit i0 not 2eterminate 0!all not be an ob0tacle to t!e e?i0tence o7 t!e contract, <ro3i2e2 it i0 <o00ible to 2etermine t!e 0ame, 8it!out t!e nee2 o7 a ne8 contract bet8een t!e <artie0. 412635

-%"T,*( 3. ; "au0e o7 "ontract0 Art. 13.0. ,n onerou0 contract0 t!e cau0e i0 un2er0too2 to be, 7or eac! contracting <art , t!e <re0tation or <romi0e o7 a t!ing or 0er3ice b t!e ot!er9 in remunerator one0, t!e 0er3ice or bene7it 8!ic! i0 remunerate29 an2 in contract0 o7 <ure bene7icence, t!e mere liberalit o7 t!e bene7actor. 412645 Art. 13.1. T!e <articular moti3e0 o7 t!e <artie0 in entering into a contract are 2i77erent 7rom t!e cau0e t!ereo7. 4n5 Art. 13.2. "ontract0 8it!out cau0e, or 8it! unla87ul cau0e, <ro2uce no e77ect 8!ate3er. T!e cau0e i0 unla87ul i7 it i0 contrar to la8, moral0, goo2 cu0tom0, <ublic or2er or <ublic <olic . 4126.a5 Art. 13.3. T!e 0tatement o7 a 7al0e cau0e in contract0 0!all ren2er t!em 3oi2, i7 it 0!oul2 not be <ro3e2 t!at t!e 8ere 7oun2e2 u<on anot!er cau0e 8!ic! i0 true an2 la87ul. 4126/5 Art. 13.4. Alt!oug! t!e cau0e i0 not 0tate2 in t!e contract, it i0 <re0ume2 t!at it e?i0t0 an2 i0 la87ul, unle00 t!e 2ebtor <ro3e0 t!e contrar . 412665 Art. 13... %?ce<t in ca0e0 0<eci7ie2 b la8, le0ion or ina2eBuac o7 cau0e 0!all not in3ali2ate a contract, unle00 t!ere !a0 been 7rau2, mi0taAe or un2ue in7luence. 4n5

CHA T!R # F*&M *F "*(T&A"TArt. 13./. "ontract0 0!all be obligator , in 8!ate3er 7orm t!e ma !a3e been entere2 into, <ro3i2e2 all t!e e00ential reBui0ite0 7or t!eir 3ali2it are <re0ent. #o8e3er, 8!en t!e la8 reBuire0 t!at a contract be in 0ome 7orm in or2er t!at it ma be 3ali2 or en7orceable, or t!at a contract be <ro3e2 in a certain 8a , t!at reBuirement i0 ab0olute an2 in2i0<en0able. ,n 0uc! ca0e0, t!e rig!t o7 t!e <artie0 0tate2 in t!e 7ollo8ing article cannot be e?erci0e2. 4126=a5 Art. 13.6. ,7 t!e la8 reBuire0 a 2ocument or ot!er 0<ecial 7orm, a0 in t!e act0 an2 contract0 enumerate2 in t!e 7ollo8ing article, t!e contracting <artie0 ma com<el eac! ot!er to ob0er3e t!at 7orm, once t!e contract !a0 been <er7ecte2. T!i0 rig!t ma be e?erci0e2 0imultaneou0l 8it! t!e action u<on t!e contract. 4126>a5 Art. 13.=. T!e 7ollo8ing mu0t a<<ear in a <ublic 2ocument: 415 Act0 an2 contract0 8!ic! !a3e 7or t!eir ob1ect t!e creation, tran0mi00ion, mo2i7ication or e?tingui0!ment o7 real rig!t0 o3er immo3able <ro<ert 9 0ale0 o7 real <ro<ert or o7 an intere0t t!erein a go3erne2 b Article0 1403, (o. 2, an2 140.9 425 T!e ce00ion, re<u2iation or renunciation o7 !ere2itar rig!t0 or o7 t!o0e o7 t!e con1ugal <artner0!i< o7 gain09 435 T!e <o8er to a2mini0ter <ro<ert , or an ot!er <o8er 8!ic! !a0 7or it0 ob1ect an act a<<earing or 8!ic! 0!oul2 a<<ear in a <ublic 2ocument, or 0!oul2 <re1u2ice a t!ir2 <er0on9 445 T!e ce00ion o7 action0 or rig!t0 <rocee2ing 7rom an act a<<earing in a <ublic 2ocument. All ot!er contract0 8!ere t!e amount in3ol3e2 e?cee20 7i3e !un2re2 <e0o0 mu0t a<<ear in 8riting, e3en a <ri3ate one. @ut 0ale0 o7 goo20, c!attel0 or t!ing0 in action are go3erne2 b Article0, 1403, (o. 2 an2 140.. 412=0a5 Fe 8or20: Form o7 "ontract0

CHA T!R $ &%F*&MAT,*( *F ,(-T&DM%(T- 4n5 Art. 13.>. E!en, t!ere !a3ing been a meeting o7 t!e min20 o7 t!e <artie0 to a contract, t!eir true intention i0 not e?<re00e2 in t!e in0trument <ur<orting to embo2 t!e agreement, b rea0on o7 mi0taAe, 7rau2, ineBuitable con2uct or acci2ent, one o7 t!e <artie0 ma a0A 7or t!e re7ormation o7 t!e in0trument to t!e en2 t!at 0uc! true intention ma be e?<re00e2. ,7 mi0taAe, 7rau2, ineBuitable con2uct, or acci2ent !a0 <re3ente2 a meeting o7 t!e min20 o7 t!e <artie0, t!e <ro<er reme2 i0 not re7ormation o7 t!e in0trument but annulment o7 t!e contract. Art. 13/0. T!e <rinci<le0 o7 t!e general la8 on t!e re7ormation o7 in0trument0 are !ereb a2o<te2 in0o7ar a0 t!e are not in con7lict 8it! t!e <ro3i0ion0 o7 t!i0 "o2e. Art. 13/1. E!en a mutual mi0taAe o7 t!e <artie0 cau0e0 t!e 7ailure o7 t!e in0trument to 2i0clo0e t!eir real agreement, 0ai2 in0trument ma be re7orme2. Art. 13/2. ,7 one <art 8a0 mi0taAen an2 t!e ot!er acte2 7rau2ulentl or ineBuitabl in 0uc! a 8a t!at t!e in0trument 2oe0 not 0!o8 t!eir true intention, t!e 7ormer ma a0A 7or t!e re7ormation o7 t!e in0trument. Art. 13/3. E!en one <art 8a0 mi0taAen an2 t!e ot!er Ane8 or belie3e2 t!at t!e in0trument 2i2 not 0tate t!eir real agreement, but conceale2 t!at 7act 7rom t!e 7ormer, t!e in0trument ma be re7orme2. Art. 13/4. E!en t!roug! t!e ignorance, lacA o7 0Aill, negligence or ba2 7ait! on t!e <art o7 t!e <er0on 2ra7ting t!e in0trument or o7 t!e clerA or t <i0t, t!e in0trument 2oe0 not e?<re00 t!e true intention o7 t!e <artie0, t!e court0 ma or2er t!at t!e in0trument be re7orme2. Art. 13/.. ,7 t8o <artie0 agree u<on t!e mortgage or <le2ge o7 real or <er0onal <ro<ert , but t!e in0trument 0tate0 t!at t!e <ro<ert i0 0ol2 ab0olutel or 8it! a rig!t o7 re<urc!a0e, re7ormation o7 t!e in0trument i0 <ro<er. Art. 13//. T!ere 0!all be no re7ormation in t!e 7ollo8ing ca0e0: 415 -im<le 2onation0 inter 3i3o0 8!erein no con2ition i0 im<o0e29 425 Eill09 435 E!en t!e real agreement i0 3oi2. Art. 13/6. E!en one o7 t!e <artie0 !a0 broug!t an action to en7orce t!e in0trument, !e cannot 0ub0eBuentl a0A 7or it0 re7ormation. Art. 13/=. &e7ormation ma be or2ere2 at t!e in0tance o7 eit!er <art or !i0 0ucce00or0 in intere0t, i7 t!e mi0taAe 8a0 mutual9 ot!er8i0e, u<on <etition o7 t!e in1ure2 <art , or !i0 !eir0 an2 a00ign0. Art. 13/>. T!e <roce2ure 7or t!e re7ormation o7 in0trument 0!all be go3erne2 b rule0 o7 court to be <romulgate2 b t!e -u<reme "ourt.

CHA T!R % ,(T%&$&%TAT,*( *F "*(T&A"TArt. 1360. ,7 t!e term0 o7 a contract are clear an2 lea3e no 2oubt u<on t!e intention o7 t!e contracting <artie0, t!e literal meaning o7 it0 0ti<ulation0 0!all control.

,7 t!e 8or20 a<<ear to be contrar to t!e e3i2ent intention o7 t!e <artie0, t!e latter 0!all <re3ail o3er t!e 7ormer. 412=15 Art. 1361. ,n or2er to 1u2ge t!e intention o7 t!e contracting <artie0, t!eir contem<oraneou0 an2 0ub0eBuent act0 0!all be <rinci<all con0i2ere2. 412=25 Art. 1362. #o8e3er general t!e term0 o7 a contract ma be, t!e 0!all not be un2er0too2 to com<re!en2 t!ing0 t!at are 2i0tinct an2 ca0e0 t!at are 2i77erent 7rom t!o0e u<on 8!ic! t!e <artie0 inten2e2 to agree. 412=35 Art. 1363. ,7 0ome 0ti<ulation o7 an contract 0!oul2 a2mit o7 0e3eral meaning0, it 0!all be un2er0too2 a0 bearing t!at im<ort 8!ic! i0 mo0t a2eBuate to ren2er it e77ectual. 412=45 Art. 1364. T!e 3ariou0 0ti<ulation0 o7 a contract 0!all be inter<rete2 toget!er, attributing to t!e 2oubt7ul one0 t!at 0en0e 8!ic! ma re0ult 7rom all o7 t!em taAen 1ointl . 412=.5 Art. 136.. Eor20 8!ic! ma !a3e 2i77erent 0igni7ication0 0!all be un2er0too2 in t!at 8!ic! i0 mo0t in Aee<ing 8it! t!e nature an2 ob1ect o7 t!e contract. 412=/5 Art. 136/. T!e u0age or cu0tom o7 t!e <lace 0!all be borne in min2 in t!e inter<retation o7 t!e ambiguitie0 o7 a contract, an2 0!all 7ill t!e omi00ion o7 0ti<ulation0 8!ic! are or2inaril e0tabli0!e2. 412=65 Art. 1366. T!e inter<retation o7 ob0cure 8or20 or 0ti<ulation0 in a contract 0!all not 7a3or t!e <art 8!o cau0e2 t!e ob0curit . 412==5 Art. 136=. E!en it i0 ab0olutel im<o00ible to 0ettle 2oubt0 b t!e rule0 e0tabli0!e2 in t!e <rece2ing article0, an2 t!e 2oubt0 re7er to inci2ental circum0tance0 o7 a gratuitou0 contract, t!e lea0t tran0mi00ion o7 rig!t0 an2 intere0t0 0!all <re3ail. ,7 t!e contract i0 onerou0, t!e 2oubt 0!all be 0ettle2 in 7a3or o7 t!e greate0t reci<rocit o7 intere0t0. ,7 t!e 2oubt0 are ca0t u<on t!e <rinci<al ob1ect o7 t!e contract in 0uc! a 8a t!at it cannot be Ano8n 8!at ma !a3e been t!e intention or 8ill o7 t!e <artie0, t!e contract 0!all be null an2 3oi2. 412=>5 Art. 136>. T!e <rinci<le0 o7 inter<retation 0tate2 in &ule 123 o7 t!e &ule0 o7 "ourt 0!all liAe8i0e be ob0er3e2 in t!e con0truction o7 contract0. 4n5

CHA T!R & &%-",--,@)% "*(T&A"TArt. 13=0. "ontract0 3ali2l agree2 u<on ma be re0cin2e2 in t!e ca0e0 e0tabli0!e2 b la8. 412>05 Art. 13=1. T!e 7ollo8ing contract0 are re0ci00ible: 415 T!o0e 8!ic! are entere2 into b guar2ian0 8!ene3er t!e 8ar20 8!om t!e re<re0ent 0u77er le0ion b more t!an one; 7ourt! o7 t!e 3alue o7 t!e t!ing0 8!ic! are t!e ob1ect t!ereo79 425 T!o0e agree2 u<on in re<re0entation o7 ab0entee0, i7 t!e latter 0u77er t!e le0ion 0tate2 in t!e <rece2ing number9 435 T!o0e un2ertaAen in 7rau2 o7 cre2itor0 8!en t!e latter cannot in an ot!er manner collect t!e claim0 2ue t!em9 445 T!o0e 8!ic! re7er to t!ing0 un2er litigation i7 t!e !a3e been entere2 into b t!e 2e7en2ant 8it!out t!e Ano8le2ge an2 a<<ro3al o7 t!e litigant0 or o7 com<etent 1u2icial aut!orit 9 4.5 All ot!er contract0 0<eciall 2eclare2 b la8 to be 0ub1ect to re0ci00ion. 412>1a5 Art. 13=2. $a ment0 ma2e in a 0tate o7 in0ol3enc 7or obligation0 to 8!o0e 7ul7illment t!e 2ebtor coul2 not be

com<elle2 at t!e time t!e 8ere e77ecte2, are al0o re0ci00ible. 412>25 Art. 13=3. T!e action 7or re0ci00ion i0 0ub0i2iar 9 it cannot be in0titute2 e?ce<t 8!en t!e <art 0u77ering 2amage !a0 no ot!er legal mean0 to obtain re<aration 7or t!e 0ame. 412>45 Art. 13=4. &e0ci00ion 0!all be onl to t!e e?tent nece00ar to co3er t!e 2amage0 cau0e2. 4n5 Art. 13=.. &e0ci00ion create0 t!e obligation to return t!e t!ing0 8!ic! 8ere t!e ob1ect o7 t!e contract, toget!er 8it! t!eir 7ruit0, an2 t!e <rice 8it! it0 intere0t9 con0eBuentl , it can be carrie2 out onl 8!en !e 8!o 2eman20 re0ci00ion can return 8!ate3er !e ma be oblige2 to re0tore. (eit!er 0!all re0ci00ion taAe <lace 8!en t!e t!ing0 8!ic! are t!e ob1ect o7 t!e contract are legall in t!e <o00e00ion o7 t!ir2 <er0on0 8!o 2i2 not act in ba2 7ait!. ,n t!i0 ca0e, in2emnit 7or 2amage0 ma be 2eman2e2 7rom t!e <er0on cau0ing t!e lo00. 412>.5 Art. 13=/. &e0ci00ion re7erre2 to in (o0. 1 an2 2 o7 Article 13=1 0!all not taAe <lace 8it! re0<ect to contract0 a<<ro3e2 b t!e court0. 412>/a5 Art. 13=6. All contract0 b 3irtue o7 8!ic! t!e 2ebtor alienate0 <ro<ert b gratuitou0 title are <re0ume2 to !a3e been entere2 into in 7rau2 o7 cre2itor0, 8!en t!e 2onor 2i2 not re0er3e 0u77icient <ro<ert to <a all 2ebt0 contracte2 be7ore t!e 2onation. Alienation0 b onerou0 title are al0o <re0ume2 7rau2ulent 8!en ma2e b <er0on0 again0t 8!om 0ome 1u2gment !a0 been i00ue2. T!e 2eci0ion or attac!ment nee2 not re7er to t!e <ro<ert alienate2, an2 nee2 not !a3e been obtaine2 b t!e <art 0eeAing t!e re0ci00ion. ,n a22ition to t!e0e <re0um<tion0, t!e 2e0ign to 2e7rau2 cre2itor0 ma be <ro3e2 in an ot!er manner recogniGe2 b t!e la8 o7 e3i2ence. 412>6a5 Art. 13==. E!oe3er acBuire0 in ba2 7ait! t!e t!ing0 alienate2 in 7rau2 o7 cre2itor0, 0!all in2emni7 t!e latter 7or 2amage0 0u77ere2 b t!em on account o7 t!e alienation, 8!ene3er, 2ue to an cau0e, it 0!oul2 be im<o00ible 7or !im to return t!em. ,7 t!ere are t8o or more alienation0, t!e 7ir0t acBuirer 0!all be liable 7ir0t, an2 0o on 0ucce00i3el . 412>=a5 Art. 13=>. T!e action to claim re0ci00ion mu0t be commence2 8it!in 7our ear0. For <er0on0 un2er guar2ian0!i< an2 7or ab0entee0, t!e <erio2 o7 7our ear0 0!all not begin until t!e termination o7 t!e 7ormerH0 inca<acit , or until t!e 2omicile o7 t!e latter i0 Ano8n. 412>>5

CHA T!R ' +*,DA@)% "*(T&A"TArt. 13>0. T!e 7ollo8ing contract0 are 3oi2able or annullable, e3en t!oug! t!ere ma !a3e been no 2amage to t!e contracting <artie0: 415 T!o0e 8!ere one o7 t!e <artie0 i0 inca<able o7 gi3ing con0ent to a contract9 425 T!o0e 8!ere t!e con0ent i0 3itiate2 b mi0taAe, 3iolence, intimi2ation, un2ue in7luence or 7rau2. T!e0e contract0 are bin2ing, unle00 t!e are annulle2 b a <ro<er action in court. T!e are 0u0ce<tible o7 rati7ication. 4n5

Art. 13>1. T!e action 7or annulment 0!all be broug!t 8it!in 7our ear0. T!i0 <erio2 0!all begin: ,n ca0e0 o7 intimi2ation, 3iolence or un2ue in7luence, 7rom t!e time t!e 2e7ect o7 t!e con0ent cea0e0. ,n ca0e o7 mi0taAe or 7rau2, 7rom t!e time o7 t!e 2i0co3er o7 t!e 0ame. An2 8!en t!e action re7er0 to contract0 entere2 into b minor0 or ot!er inca<acitate2 <er0on0, 7rom t!e time t!e guar2ian0!i< cea0e0. 41301a5 Art. 13>2. &ati7ication e?tingui0!e0 t!e action to annul a 3oi2able contract. 4130>a5 Art. 13>3. &ati7ication ma be e77ecte2 e?<re00l or tacitl . ,t i0 un2er0too2 t!at t!ere i0 a tacit rati7ication i7, 8it! Ano8le2ge o7 t!e rea0on 8!ic! ren2er0 t!e contract 3oi2able an2 0uc! rea0on !a3ing cea0e2, t!e <er0on 8!o !a0 a rig!t to in3oAe it 0!oul2 e?ecute an act 8!ic! nece00aril im<lie0 an intention to 8ai3e !i0 rig!t. 41311a5 Art. 13>4. &ati7ication ma be e77ecte2 b t!e guar2ian o7 t!e inca<acitate2 <er0on. 4n5 Art. 13>.. &ati7ication 2oe0 not reBuire t!e con7ormit o7 t!e contracting <art 8!o !a0 no rig!t to bring t!e action 7or annulment. 413125 Art. 13>/. &ati7ication clean0e0 t!e contract 7rom all it0 2e7ect0 7rom t!e moment it 8a0 con0titute2. 413135 Art. 13>6. T!e action 7or t!e annulment o7 contract0 ma be in0titute2 b all 8!o are t!ereb oblige2 <rinci<all or 0ub0i2iaril . #o8e3er, <er0on0 8!o are ca<able cannot allege t!e inca<acit o7 t!o0e 8it! 8!om t!e contracte29 nor can t!o0e 8!o e?erte2 intimi2ation, 3iolence, or un2ue in7luence, or em<lo e2 7rau2, or cau0e2 mi0taAe ba0e t!eir action u<on t!e0e 7la80 o7 t!e contract. 41302a5 Art. 13>=. An obligation !a3ing been annulle2, t!e contracting <artie0 0!all re0tore to eac! ot!er t!e t!ing0 8!ic! !a3e been t!e 0ub1ect matter o7 t!e contract, 8it! t!eir 7ruit0, an2 t!e <rice 8it! it0 intere0t, e?ce<t in ca0e0 <ro3i2e2 b la8. ,n obligation0 to ren2er 0er3ice, t!e 3alue t!ereo7 0!all be t!e ba0i0 7or 2amage0. 41303a5 Art. 13>>. E!en t!e 2e7ect o7 t!e contract con0i0t0 in t!e inca<acit o7 one o7 t!e <artie0, t!e inca<acitate2 <er0on i0 not oblige2 to maAe an re0titution e?ce<t in0o7ar a0 !e !a0 been bene7ite2 b t!e t!ing or <rice recei3e2 b !im. 413045 Art. 1400. E!ene3er t!e <er0on oblige2 b t!e 2ecree o7 annulment to return t!e t!ing can not 2o 0o becau0e it !a0 been lo0t t!roug! !i0 7ault, !e 0!all return t!e 7ruit0 recei3e2 an2 t!e 3alue o7 t!e t!ing at t!e time o7 t!e lo00, 8it! intere0t 7rom t!e 0ame 2ate. 41306a5 Art. 1401. T!e action 7or annulment o7 contract0 0!all be e?tingui0!e2 8!en t!e t!ing 8!ic! i0 t!e ob1ect t!ereo7 i0 lo0t t!roug! t!e 7rau2 or 7ault o7 t!e <er0on 8!o !a0 a rig!t to in0titute t!e <rocee2ing0. ,7 t!e rig!t o7 action i0 ba0e2 u<on t!e inca<acit o7 an one o7 t!e contracting <artie0, t!e lo00 o7 t!e t!ing 0!all not be an ob0tacle to t!e 0ucce00 o7 t!e action, unle00 0ai2 lo00 tooA <lace t!roug! t!e 7rau2 or 7ault o7 t!e <lainti77. 41314a5 Art. 1402. A0 long a0 one o7 t!e contracting <artie0 2oe0 not re0tore 8!at in 3irtue o7 t!e 2ecree o7 annulment !e i0 boun2 to return, t!e ot!er cannot be com<elle2 to com<l 8it! 8!at i0 incumbent u<on !im. 4130=5

CHA T!R ( D(%(F*&"%A@)% "*(T&A"T- 4n5 Art. 1403. T!e 7ollo8ing contract0 are unen7orceable, unle00 t!e are rati7ie2:

415 T!o0e entere2 into in t!e name o7 anot!er <er0on b one 8!o !a0 been gi3en no aut!orit or legal re<re0entation, or 8!o !a0 acte2 be on2 !i0 <o8er09 425 T!o0e t!at 2o not com<l 8it! t!e -tatute o7 Frau20 a0 0et 7ort! in t!i0 number. ,n t!e 7ollo8ing ca0e0 an agreement !erea7ter ma2e 0!all be unen7orceable b action, unle00 t!e 0ame, or 0ome note or memoran2um, t!ereo7, be in 8riting, an2 0ub0cribe2 b t!e <art c!arge2, or b !i0 agent9 e3i2ence, t!ere7ore, o7 t!e agreement cannot be recei3e2 8it!out t!e 8riting, or a 0econ2ar e3i2ence o7 it0 content0: 4a5 An agreement t!at b it0 term0 i0 not to be <er7orme2 8it!in a ear 7rom t!e maAing t!ereo79 4b5 A 0<ecial <romi0e to an08er 7or t!e 2ebt, 2e7ault, or mi0carriage o7 anot!er9 4c5 An agreement ma2e in con0i2eration o7 marriage, ot!er t!an a mutual <romi0e to marr 9 425 An agreement 7or t!e 0ale o7 goo20, c!attel0 or t!ing0 in action, at a <rice not le00 t!an 7i3e !un2re2 <e0o0, unle00 t!e bu er acce<t an2 recei3e <art o7 0uc! goo20 an2 c!attel0, or t!e e3i2ence0, or 0ome o7 t!em, o7 0uc! t!ing0 in action or <a at t!e time 0ome <art o7 t!e <urc!a0e mone 9 but 8!en a 0ale i0 ma2e b auction an2 entr i0 ma2e b t!e auctioneer in !i0 0ale0 booA, at t!e time o7 t!e 0ale, o7 t!e amount an2 Ain2 o7 <ro<ert 0ol2, term0 o7 0ale, <rice, name0 o7 t!e <urc!a0er0 an2 <er0on on 8!o0e account t!e 0ale i0 ma2e, it i0 a 0u77icient memoran2um9 4e5 An agreement o7 t!e lea0ing 7or a longer <erio2 t!an one ear, or 7or t!e 0ale o7 real <ro<ert or o7 an intere0t t!erein9 475 A re<re0entation a0 to t!e cre2it o7 a t!ir2 <er0on. 435 T!o0e 8!ere bot! <artie0 are inca<able o7 gi3ing con0ent to a contract. Art. 1404. Dnaut!oriGe2 contract0 are go3erne2 b Article 1316 an2 t!e <rinci<le0 o7 agenc in Title C o7 t!i0 @ooA. Art. 140.. "ontract0 in7ringing t!e -tatute o7 Frau20, re7erre2 to in (o. 2 o7 Article 1403, are rati7ie2 b t!e 7ailure to ob1ect to t!e <re0entation o7 oral e3i2ence to <ro3e t!e 0ame, or b t!e acce<tance o7 bene7it un2er t!em. Art. 140/. E!en a contract i0 en7orceable un2er t!e -tatute o7 Frau20, an2 a <ublic 2ocument i0 nece00ar 7or it0 regi0tration in t!e &egi0tr o7 Dee20, t!e <artie0 ma a3ail t!em0el3e0 o7 t!e rig!t un2er Article 13.6. Art. 1406. ,n a contract 8!ere bot! <artie0 are inca<able o7 gi3ing con0ent, e?<re00 or im<lie2 rati7ication b t!e <arent, or guar2ian, a0 t!e ca0e ma be, o7 one o7 t!e contracting <artie0 0!all gi3e t!e contract t!e 0ame e77ect a0 i7 onl one o7 t!em 8ere inca<acitate2. ,7 rati7ication i0 ma2e b t!e <arent0 or guar2ian0, a0 t!e ca0e ma be, o7 bot! contracting <artie0, t!e contract 0!all be 3ali2ate2 7rom t!e ince<tion. Art. 140=. Dnen7orceable contract0 cannot be a00aile2 b t!ir2 <er0on0.

CHA T!R ) +*,D A(D ,(%C,-T%(T "*(T&A"TArt. 140>. T!e 7ollo8ing contract0 are ine?i0tent an2 3oi2 7rom t!e beginning: 415 T!o0e 8!o0e cau0e, ob1ect or <ur<o0e i0 contrar to la8, moral0, goo2 cu0tom0, <ublic or2er or <ublic <olic 9 425 T!o0e 8!ic! are ab0olutel 0imulate2 or 7ictitiou09

435 T!o0e 8!o0e cau0e or ob1ect 2i2 not e?i0t at t!e time o7 t!e tran0action9 445 T!o0e 8!o0e ob1ect i0 out0i2e t!e commerce o7 men9 4.5 T!o0e 8!ic! contem<late an im<o00ible 0er3ice9 4/5 T!o0e 8!ere t!e intention o7 t!e <artie0 relati3e to t!e <rinci<al ob1ect o7 t!e contract cannot be a0certaine29 465 T!o0e e?<re00l <ro!ibite2 or 2eclare2 3oi2 b la8. T!e0e contract0 cannot be rati7ie2. (eit!er can t!e rig!t to 0et u< t!e 2e7en0e o7 illegalit be 8ai3e2. Art. 1410. T!e action or 2e7en0e 7or t!e 2eclaration o7 t!e ine?i0tence o7 a contract 2oe0 not <re0cribe. Art. 1411. E!en t!e nullit <rocee20 7rom t!e illegalit o7 t!e cau0e or ob1ect o7 t!e contract, an2 t!e act con0titute0 a criminal o77en0e, bot! <artie0 being in <ari 2elicto, t!e 0!all !a3e no action again0t eac! ot!er, an2 bot! 0!all be <ro0ecute2. Moreo3er, t!e <ro3i0ion0 o7 t!e $enal "o2e relati3e to t!e 2i0<o0al o7 e77ect0 or in0trument0 o7 a crime 0!all be a<<licable to t!e t!ing0 or t!e <rice o7 t!e contract. T!i0 rule 0!all be a<<licable 8!en onl one o7 t!e <artie0 i0 guilt 9 but t!e innocent one ma claim 8!at !e !a0 gi3en, an2 0!all not be boun2 to com<l 8it! !i0 <romi0e. 4130.5 Art. 1412. ,7 t!e act in 8!ic! t!e unla87ul or 7orbi22en cau0e con0i0t0 2oe0 not con0titute a criminal o77en0e, t!e 7ollo8ing rule0 0!all be ob0er3e2: 415 E!en t!e 7ault i0 on t!e <art o7 bot! contracting <artie0, neit!er ma reco3er 8!at !e !a0 gi3en b 3irtue o7 t!e contract, or 2eman2 t!e <er7ormance o7 t!e ot!erH0 un2ertaAing9 425 E!en onl one o7 t!e contracting <artie0 i0 at 7ault, !e cannot reco3er 8!at !e !a0 gi3en b rea0on o7 t!e contract, or a0A 7or t!e 7ul7illment o7 8!at !a0 been <romi0e2 !im. T!e ot!er, 8!o i0 not at 7ault, ma 2eman2 t!e return o7 8!at !e !a0 gi3en 8it!out an obligation to com<l !i0 <romi0e. 4130/5 Art. 1413. ,ntere0t <ai2 in e?ce00 o7 t!e intere0t allo8e2 b t!e u0ur la80 ma be reco3ere2 b t!e 2ebtor, 8it! intere0t t!ereon 7rom t!e 2ate o7 t!e <a ment. Art. 1414. E!en mone i0 <ai2 or <ro<ert 2eli3ere2 7or an illegal <ur<o0e, t!e contract ma be re<u2iate2 b one o7 t!e <artie0 be7ore t!e <ur<o0e !a0 been accom<li0!e2, or be7ore an 2amage !a0 been cau0e2 to a t!ir2 <er0on. ,n 0uc! ca0e, t!e court0 ma , i7 t!e <ublic intere0t 8ill t!u0 be 0ub0er3e2, allo8 t!e <art re<u2iating t!e contract to reco3er t!e mone or <ro<ert . Art. 141.. E!ere one o7 t!e <artie0 to an illegal contract i0 inca<able o7 gi3ing con0ent, t!e court0 ma , i7 t!e intere0t o7 1u0tice 0o 2eman20 allo8 reco3er o7 mone or <ro<ert 2eli3ere2 b t!e inca<acitate2 <er0on. Art. 141/. E!en t!e agreement i0 not illegal <er 0e but i0 merel <ro!ibite2, an2 t!e <ro!ibition b t!e la8 i0 2e0ignate2 7or t!e <rotection o7 t!e <lainti77, !e ma , i7 <ublic <olic i0 t!ereb en!ance2, reco3er 8!at !e !a0 <ai2 or 2eli3ere2. Art. 1416. E!en t!e <rice o7 an article or commo2it i0 2etermine2 b 0tatute, or b aut!orit o7 la8, an <er0on <a ing an amount in e?ce00 o7 t!e ma?imum <rice allo8e2 ma reco3er 0uc! e?ce00. Art. 141=. E!en t!e la8 7i?e0, or aut!oriGe0 t!e 7i?ing o7 t!e ma?imum number o7 !our0 o7 labor, an2 a contract i0 entere2 into 8!ereb a laborer un2ertaAe0 to 8orA longer t!an t!e ma?imum t!u0 7i?e2, !e ma 2eman2 a22itional com<en0ation 7or 0er3ice ren2ere2 be on2 t!e time limit. Art. 141>. E!en t!e la8 0et0, or aut!oriGe0 t!e 0etting o7 a minimum 8age 7or laborer0, an2 a contract i0 agree2 u<on b 8!ic! a laborer acce<t0 a lo8er 8age, !e 0!all be entitle2 to reco3er t!e 2e7icienc . Art. 1420. ,n ca0e o7 a 2i3i0ible contract, i7 t!e illegal term0 can be 0e<arate2 7rom t!e legal one0, t!e latter ma be

en7orce2. Art. 1421. T!e 2e7en0e o7 illegalit o7 contract i0 not a3ailable to t!ir2 <er0on0 8!o0e intere0t0 are not 2irectl a77ecte2. Art. 1422. A contract 8!ic! i0 t!e 2irect re0ult o7 a <re3iou0 illegal contract, i0 al0o 3oi2 an2 ine?i0tent.

Title III. - NAT*RAL OBLIGATIONS Art. 1423. *bligation0 are ci3il or natural. "i3il obligation0 gi3e a rig!t o7 action to com<el t!eir <er7ormance. (atural obligation0, not being ba0e2 on <o0iti3e la8 but on eBuit an2 natural la8, 2o not grant a rig!t o7 action to en7orce t!eir <er7ormance, but a7ter 3oluntar 7ul7illment b t!e obligor, t!e aut!oriGe t!e retention o7 8!at !a0 been 2eli3ere2 or ren2ere2 b rea0on t!ereo7. -ome natural obligation0 are 0et 7ort! in t!e 7ollo8ing article0. Art. 1424. E!en a rig!t to 0ue u<on a ci3il obligation !a0 la<0e2 b e?tincti3e <re0cri<tion, t!e obligor 8!o 3oluntaril <er7orm0 t!e contract cannot reco3er 8!at !e !a0 2eli3ere2 or t!e 3alue o7 t!e 0er3ice !e !a0 ren2ere2. Art. 142.. E!en 8it!out t!e Ano8le2ge or again0t t!e 8ill o7 t!e 2ebtor, a t!ir2 <er0on <a 0 a 2ebt 8!ic! t!e obligor i0 not legall boun2 to <a becau0e t!e action t!ereon !a0 <re0cribe2, but t!e 2ebtor later 3oluntaril reimbur0e0 t!e t!ir2 <er0on, t!e obligor cannot reco3er 8!at !e !a0 <ai2. Art. 142/. E!en a minor bet8een eig!teen an2 t8ent ;one ear0 o7 age 8!o !a0 entere2 into a contract 8it!out t!e con0ent o7 t!e <arent or guar2ian, a7ter t!e annulment o7 t!e contract 3oluntaril return0 t!e 8!ole t!ing or <rice recei3e2, not8it!0tan2ing t!e 7act t!e !e !a0 not been bene7ite2 t!ereb , t!ere i0 no rig!t to 2eman2 t!e t!ing or <rice t!u0 returne2. Art. 1426. E!en a minor bet8een eig!teen an2 t8ent ;one ear0 o7 age, 8!o !a0 entere2 into a contract 8it!out t!e con0ent o7 t!e <arent or guar2ian, 3oluntaril <a 0 a 0um o7 mone or 2eli3er0 a 7ungible t!ing in 7ul7illment o7 t!e obligation, t!ere 0!all be no rig!t to reco3er t!e 0ame 7rom t!e obligee 8!o !a0 0<ent or con0ume2 it in goo2 7ait!. 411/0A5 Art. 142=. E!en, a7ter an action to en7orce a ci3il obligation !a0 7aile2 t!e 2e7en2ant 3oluntaril <er7orm0 t!e obligation, !e cannot 2eman2 t!e return o7 8!at !e !a0 2eli3ere2 or t!e <a ment o7 t!e 3alue o7 t!e 0er3ice !e !a0 ren2ere2. Art. 142>. E!en a te0tate or inte0tate !eir 3oluntaril <a 0 a 2ebt o7 t!e 2ece2ent e?cee2ing t!e 3alue o7 t!e <ro<ert 8!ic! !e recei3e2 b 8ill or b t!e la8 o7 inte0tac 7rom t!e e0tate o7 t!e 2ecea0e2, t!e <a ment i0 3ali2 an2 cannot be re0cin2e2 b t!e <a er. Art. 1430. E!en a 8ill i0 2eclare2 3oi2 becau0e it !a0 not been e?ecute2 in accor2ance 8it! t!e 7ormalitie0 reBuire2 b la8, but one o7 t!e inte0tate !eir0, a7ter t!e 0ettlement o7 t!e 2ebt0 o7 t!e 2ecea0e2, <a 0 a legac in com<liance 8it! a clau0e in t!e 2e7ecti3e 8ill, t!e <a ment i0 e77ecti3e an2 irre3ocable.

Title I+. - !STO

!L ,n-

Art. 1431. T!roug! e0to<<el an a2mi00ion or re<re0entation i0 ren2ere2 conclu0i3e u<on t!e <er0on maAing it, an2 cannot be 2enie2 or 2i0<ro3e2 a0 again0t t!e <er0on rel ing t!ereon. Art. 1432. T!e <rinci<le0 o7 e0to<<el are !ereb a2o<te2 in0o7ar a0 t!e are not in con7lict 8it! t!e <ro3i0ion0 o7 t!i0 "o2e, t!e "o2e o7 "ommerce, t!e &ule0 o7 "ourt an2 0<ecial la80. Art. 1433. %0to<<el ma be in <ai0 or b 2ee2.

Art. 1434. E!en a <er0on 8!o i0 not t!e o8ner o7 a t!ing 0ell0 or alienate0 an2 2eli3er0 it, an2 later t!e 0eller or grantor acBuire0 title t!ereto, 0uc! title <a00e0 b o<eration o7 la8 to t!e bu er or grantee. Art. 143.. ,7 a <er0on in re<re0entation o7 anot!er 0ell0 or alienate0 a t!ing, t!e 7ormer cannot 0ub0eBuentl 0et u< !i0 o8n title a0 again0t t!e bu er or grantee. Art. 143/. A le00ee or a bailee i0 e0to<<e2 7rom a00erting title to t!e t!ing lea0e2 or recei3e2, a0 again0t t!e le00or or bailor. Art. 1436. E!en in a contract bet8een t!ir2 <er0on0 concerning immo3able <ro<ert , one o7 t!em i0 mi0le2 b a <er0on 8it! re0<ect to t!e o8ner0!i< or real rig!t o3er t!e real e0tate, t!e latter i0 <reclu2e2 7rom a00erting !i0 legal title or intere0t t!erein, <ro3i2e2 all t!e0e reBui0ite0 are <re0ent: 415 T!ere mu0t be 7rau2ulent re<re0entation or 8rong7ul concealment o7 7act0 Ano8n to t!e <art e0to<<e29 425 T!e <art <reclu2e2 mu0t inten2 t!at t!e ot!er 0!oul2 act u<on t!e 7act0 a0 mi0re<re0ente29 435 T!e <art mi0le2 mu0t !a3e been una8are o7 t!e true 7act09 an2 445 T!e <art 2e7rau2e2 mu0t !a3e acte2 in accor2ance 8it! t!e mi0re<re0entation. Art. 143=. *ne 8!o !a0 allo8e2 anot!er to a00ume a<<arent o8ner0!i< o7 <er0onal <ro<ert 7or t!e <ur<o0e o7 maAing an tran07er o7 it, cannot, i7 !e recei3e2 t!e 0um 7or 8!ic! a <le2ge !a0 been con0titute2, 0et u< !i0 o8n title to 2e7eat t!e <le2ge o7 t!e <ro<ert , ma2e b t!e ot!er to a <le2gee 8!o recei3e2 t!e 0ame in goo2 7ait! an2 7or 3alue. Art. 143>. %0to<<el i0 e77ecti3e onl a0 bet8een t!e <artie0 t!ereto or t!eir 0ucce00or0 in intere0t.

Title +. - TR*STS ,n"#A$T%& 1 '%(%&A) $&*+,-,*(Art. 1440. A <er0on 8!o e0tabli0!e0 a tru0t i0 calle2 t!e tru0tor9 one in 8!om con7i2ence i0 re<o0e2 a0 regar20 <ro<ert 7or t!e bene7it o7 anot!er <er0on i0 Ano8n a0 t!e tru0tee9 an2 t!e <er0on 7or 8!o0e bene7it t!e tru0t !a0 been create2 i0 re7erre2 to a0 t!e bene7iciar . Art. 1441. Tru0t0 are eit!er e?<re00 or im<lie2. %?<re00 tru0t0 are create2 b t!e intention o7 t!e tru0tor or o7 t!e <artie0. ,m<lie2 tru0t0 come into being b o<eration o7 la8. Art. 1442. T!e <rinci<le0 o7 t!e general la8 o7 tru0t0, in0o7ar a0 t!e are not in con7lict 8it! t!i0 "o2e, t!e "o2e o7 "ommerce, t!e &ule0 o7 "ourt an2 0<ecial la80 are !ereb a2o<te2.

CHA T!R " %C$&%-- T&D-TArt. 1443. (o e?<re00 tru0t0 concerning an immo3able or an intere0t t!erein ma be <ro3e2 b <arol e3i2ence. Art. 1444. (o <articular 8or20 are reBuire2 7or t!e creation o7 an e?<re00 tru0t, it being 0u77icient t!at a tru0t i0 clearl inten2e2. Art. 144.. (o tru0t 0!all 7ail becau0e t!e tru0tee a<<ointe2 2ecline0 t!e 2e0ignation, unle00 t!e contrar 0!oul2 a<<ear

in t!e in0trument con0tituting t!e tru0t. Art. 144/. Acce<tance b t!e bene7iciar i0 nece00ar . (e3ert!ele00, i7 t!e tru0t im<o0e0 no onerou0 con2ition u<on t!e bene7iciar , !i0 acce<tance 0!all be <re0ume2, i7 t!ere i0 no <roo7 to t!e contrar .

CHA T!R # ,M$),%D T&D-TArt. 1446. T!e enumeration o7 t!e 7ollo8ing ca0e0 o7 im<lie2 tru0t 2oe0 not e?clu2e ot!er0 e0tabli0!e2 b t!e general la8 o7 tru0t, but t!e limitation lai2 2o8n in Article 1442 0!all be a<<licable. Art. 144=. T!ere i0 an im<lie2 tru0t 8!en <ro<ert i0 0ol2, an2 t!e legal e0tate i0 grante2 to one <art but t!e <rice i0 <ai2 b anot!er 7or t!e <ur<o0e o7 !a3ing t!e bene7icial intere0t o7 t!e <ro<ert . T!e 7ormer i0 t!e tru0tee, 8!ile t!e latter i0 t!e bene7iciar . #o8e3er, i7 t!e <er0on to 8!om t!e title i0 con3e e2 i0 a c!il2, legitimate or illegitimate, o7 t!e one <a ing t!e <rice o7 t!e 0ale, no tru0t i0 im<lie2 b la8, it being 2i0<utabl <re0ume2 t!at t!ere i0 a gi7t in 7a3or o7 t!e c!il2. Art. 144>. T!ere i0 al0o an im<lie2 tru0t 8!en a 2onation i0 ma2e to a <er0on but it a<<ear0 t!at alt!oug! t!e legal e0tate i0 tran0mitte2 to t!e 2onee, !e ne3ert!ele00 i0 eit!er to !a3e no bene7icial intere0t or onl a <art t!ereo7. Art. 14.0. ,7 t!e <rice o7 a 0ale o7 <ro<ert i0 loane2 or <ai2 b one <er0on 7or t!e bene7it o7 anot!er an2 t!e con3e ance i0 ma2e to t!e len2er or <a or to 0ecure t!e <a ment o7 t!e 2ebt, a tru0t ari0e0 b o<eration o7 la8 in 7a3or o7 t!e <er0on to 8!om t!e mone i0 loane2 or 7or 8!om it0 i0 <ai2. T!e latter ma re2eem t!e <ro<ert an2 com<el a con3e ance t!ereo7 to !im. Art. 14.1. E!en lan2 <a00e0 b 0ucce00ion to an <er0on an2 !e cau0e0 t!e legal title to be <ut in t!e name o7 anot!er, a tru0t i0 e0tabli0!e2 b im<lication o7 la8 7or t!e bene7it o7 t!e true o8ner. Art. 14.2. ,7 t8o or more <er0on0 agree to <urc!a0e <ro<ert an2 b common con0ent t!e legal title i0 taAen in t!e name o7 one o7 t!em 7or t!e bene7it o7 all, a tru0t i0 create2 b 7orce o7 la8 in 7a3or o7 t!e ot!er0 in <ro<ortion to t!e intere0t o7 eac!. Art. 14.3. E!en <ro<ert i0 con3e e2 to a <er0on in reliance u<on !i0 2eclare2 intention to !ol2 it 7or, or tran07er it to anot!er or t!e grantor, t!ere i0 an im<lie2 tru0t in 7a3or o7 t!e <er0on 8!o0e bene7it i0 contem<late2. Art. 14.4. ,7 an ab0olute con3e ance o7 <ro<ert i0 ma2e in or2er to 0ecure t!e <er7ormance o7 an obligation o7 t!e grantor to8ar2 t!e grantee, a tru0t b 3irtue o7 la8 i0 e0tabli0!e2. ,7 t!e 7ul7illment o7 t!e obligation i0 o77ere2 b t!e grantor 8!en it become0 2ue, !e ma 2eman2 t!e recon3e ance o7 t!e <ro<ert to !im. Art. 14... E!en an tru0tee, guar2ian or ot!er <er0on !ol2ing a 7i2uciar relation0!i< u0e0 tru0t 7un20 7or t!e <urc!a0e o7 <ro<ert an2 cau0e0 t!e con3e ance to be ma2e to !im or to a t!ir2 <er0on, a tru0t i0 e0tabli0!e2 b o<eration o7 la8 in 7a3or o7 t!e <er0on to 8!om t!e 7un20 belong. Art. 14./. ,7 <ro<ert i0 acBuire2 t!roug! mi0taAe or 7rau2, t!e <er0on obtaining it i0, b 7orce o7 la8, con0i2ere2 a tru0tee o7 an im<lie2 tru0t 7or t!e bene7it o7 t!e <er0on 7rom 8!om t!e <ro<ert come0. Art. 14.6. An im<lie2 tru0t ma be <ro3e2 b oral e3i2ence.

CHA T!R # ,M$),%D T&D-T-

Art. 1446. T!e enumeration o7 t!e 7ollo8ing ca0e0 o7 im<lie2 tru0t 2oe0 not e?clu2e ot!er0 e0tabli0!e2 b t!e general la8 o7 tru0t, but t!e limitation lai2 2o8n in Article 1442 0!all be a<<licable. Art. 144=. T!ere i0 an im<lie2 tru0t 8!en <ro<ert i0 0ol2, an2 t!e legal e0tate i0 grante2 to one <art but t!e <rice i0 <ai2 b anot!er 7or t!e <ur<o0e o7 !a3ing t!e bene7icial intere0t o7 t!e <ro<ert . T!e 7ormer i0 t!e tru0tee, 8!ile t!e latter i0 t!e bene7iciar . #o8e3er, i7 t!e <er0on to 8!om t!e title i0 con3e e2 i0 a c!il2, legitimate or illegitimate, o7 t!e one <a ing t!e <rice o7 t!e 0ale, no tru0t i0 im<lie2 b la8, it being 2i0<utabl <re0ume2 t!at t!ere i0 a gi7t in 7a3or o7 t!e c!il2. Art. 144>. T!ere i0 al0o an im<lie2 tru0t 8!en a 2onation i0 ma2e to a <er0on but it a<<ear0 t!at alt!oug! t!e legal e0tate i0 tran0mitte2 to t!e 2onee, !e ne3ert!ele00 i0 eit!er to !a3e no bene7icial intere0t or onl a <art t!ereo7. Art. 14.0. ,7 t!e <rice o7 a 0ale o7 <ro<ert i0 loane2 or <ai2 b one <er0on 7or t!e bene7it o7 anot!er an2 t!e con3e ance i0 ma2e to t!e len2er or <a or to 0ecure t!e <a ment o7 t!e 2ebt, a tru0t ari0e0 b o<eration o7 la8 in 7a3or o7 t!e <er0on to 8!om t!e mone i0 loane2 or 7or 8!om it0 i0 <ai2. T!e latter ma re2eem t!e <ro<ert an2 com<el a con3e ance t!ereo7 to !im. Art. 14.1. E!en lan2 <a00e0 b 0ucce00ion to an <er0on an2 !e cau0e0 t!e legal title to be <ut in t!e name o7 anot!er, a tru0t i0 e0tabli0!e2 b im<lication o7 la8 7or t!e bene7it o7 t!e true o8ner. Art. 14.2. ,7 t8o or more <er0on0 agree to <urc!a0e <ro<ert an2 b common con0ent t!e legal title i0 taAen in t!e name o7 one o7 t!em 7or t!e bene7it o7 all, a tru0t i0 create2 b 7orce o7 la8 in 7a3or o7 t!e ot!er0 in <ro<ortion to t!e intere0t o7 eac!. Art. 14.3. E!en <ro<ert i0 con3e e2 to a <er0on in reliance u<on !i0 2eclare2 intention to !ol2 it 7or, or tran07er it to anot!er or t!e grantor, t!ere i0 an im<lie2 tru0t in 7a3or o7 t!e <er0on 8!o0e bene7it i0 contem<late2. Art. 14.4. ,7 an ab0olute con3e ance o7 <ro<ert i0 ma2e in or2er to 0ecure t!e <er7ormance o7 an obligation o7 t!e grantor to8ar2 t!e grantee, a tru0t b 3irtue o7 la8 i0 e0tabli0!e2. ,7 t!e 7ul7illment o7 t!e obligation i0 o77ere2 b t!e grantor 8!en it become0 2ue, !e ma 2eman2 t!e recon3e ance o7 t!e <ro<ert to !im. Art. 14... E!en an tru0tee, guar2ian or ot!er <er0on !ol2ing a 7i2uciar relation0!i< u0e0 tru0t 7un20 7or t!e <urc!a0e o7 <ro<ert an2 cau0e0 t!e con3e ance to be ma2e to !im or to a t!ir2 <er0on, a tru0t i0 e0tabli0!e2 b o<eration o7 la8 in 7a3or o7 t!e <er0on to 8!om t!e 7un20 belong. Art. 14./. ,7 <ro<ert i0 acBuire2 t!roug! mi0taAe or 7rau2, t!e <er0on obtaining it i0, b 7orce o7 la8, con0i2ere2 a tru0tee o7 an im<lie2 tru0t 7or t!e bene7it o7 t!e <er0on 7rom 8!om t!e <ro<ert come0. Art. 14.6. An im<lie2 tru0t ma be <ro3e2 b oral e3i2ence.

Title +I. - SAL!S "#A$T%& 1 (ATD&% A(D F*&M *F T#% "*(T&A"T Art. 14.=. @ t!e contract o7 0ale one o7 t!e contracting <artie0 obligate0 !im0el7 to tran07er t!e o8ner0!i< an2 to 2eli3er a 2eterminate t!ing, an2 t!e ot!er to <a t!ere7or a <rice certain in mone or it0 eBui3alent. A contract o7 0ale ma be ab0olute or con2itional. 4144.a5 Art. 14.>. T!e t!ing mu0t be licit an2 t!e 3en2or mu0t !a3e a rig!t to tran07er t!e o8ner0!i< t!ereo7 at t!e time it i0 2eli3ere2. 4n5 Art. 14/0. A t!ing i0 2eterminate 8!en it i0 <articularl 2e0ignate2 or <! 0ical 0egregate2 7rom all ot!er o7 t!e 0ame

cla00. T!e reBui0ite t!at a t!ing be 2eterminate i0 0ati07ie2 i7 at t!e time t!e contract i0 entere2 into, t!e t!ing i0 ca<able o7 being ma2e 2eterminate 8it!out t!e nece00it o7 a ne8 or 7urt!er agreement bet8een t!e <artie0. 4n5 Art. 14/1. T!ing0 !a3ing a <otential e?i0tence ma be t!e ob1ect o7 t!e contract o7 0ale. T!e e77icac o7 t!e 0ale o7 a mere !o<e or e?<ectanc i0 2eeme2 0ub1ect to t!e con2ition t!at t!e t!ing 8ill come into e?i0tence. T!e 0ale o7 a 3ain !o<e or e?<ectanc i0 3oi2. 4n5 Art. 14/2. T!e goo20 8!ic! 7orm t!e 0ub1ect o7 a contract o7 0ale ma be eit!er e?i0ting goo20, o8ne2 or <o00e00e2 b t!e 0eller, or goo20 to be manu7acture2, rai0e2, or acBuire2 b t!e 0eller a7ter t!e <er7ection o7 t!e contract o7 0ale, in t!i0 Title calle2 J7uture goo20.J T!ere ma be a contract o7 0ale o7 goo20, 8!o0e acBui0ition b t!e 0eller 2e<en20 u<on a contingenc 8!ic! ma or ma not !a<<en. 4n5 Art. 14/3. T!e 0ole o8ner o7 a t!ing ma 0ell an un2i3i2e2 intere0t t!erein. 4n5 Art. 14/4. ,n t!e ca0e o7 7ungible goo20, t!ere ma be a 0ale o7 an un2i3i2e2 0!are o7 a 0<eci7ic ma00, t!oug! t!e 0eller <ur<ort0 to 0ell an2 t!e bu er to bu a 2e7inite number, 8eig!t or mea0ure o7 t!e goo20 in t!e ma00, an2 t!oug! t!e number, 8eig!t or mea0ure o7 t!e goo20 in t!e ma00 i0 un2etermine2. @ 0uc! a 0ale t!e bu er become0 o8ner in common o7 0uc! a 0!are o7 t!e ma00 a0 t!e number, 8eig!t or mea0ure boug!t bear0 to t!e number, 8eig!t or mea0ure o7 t!e ma00. ,7 t!e ma00 contain0 le00 t!an t!e number, 8eig!t or mea0ure boug!t, t!e bu er become0 t!e o8ner o7 t!e 8!ole ma00 an2 t!e 0eller i0 boun2 to maAe goo2 t!e 2e7icienc 7rom goo20 o7 t!e 0ame Ain2 an2 Bualit , unle00 a contrar intent a<<ear0. 4n5 Art. 14/.. T!ing0 0ub1ect to a re0olutor con2ition ma be t!e ob1ect o7 t!e contract o7 0ale. 4n5 Art. 14//. ,n con0truing a contract containing <ro3i0ion0 c!aracteri0tic o7 bot! t!e contract o7 0ale an2 o7 t!e contract o7 agenc to 0ell, t!e e00ential clau0e0 o7 t!e 8!ole in0trument 0!all be con0i2ere2. 4n5 Art. 14/6. A contract 7or t!e 2eli3er at a certain <rice o7 an article 8!ic! t!e 3en2or in t!e or2inar cour0e o7 !i0 bu0ine00 manu7acture0 or <rocure0 7or t!e general marAet, 8!et!er t!e 0ame i0 on !an2 at t!e time or not, i0 a contract o7 0ale, but i7 t!e goo20 are to be manu7acture2 0<eciall 7or t!e cu0tomer an2 u<on !i0 0<ecial or2er, an2 not 7or t!e general marAet, it i0 a contract 7or a <iece o7 8orA. 4n5 Art. 14/=. ,7 t!e con0i2eration o7 t!e contract con0i0t0 <artl in mone , an2 <artl in anot!er t!ing, t!e tran0action 0!all be c!aracteriGe2 b t!e mani7e0t intention o7 t!e <artie0. ,7 0uc! intention 2oe0 not clearl a<<ear, it 0!all be con0i2ere2 a barter i7 t!e 3alue o7 t!e t!ing gi3en a0 a <art o7 t!e con0i2eration e?cee20 t!e amount o7 t!e mone or it0 eBui3alent9 ot!er8i0e, it i0 a 0ale. 4144/a5 Art. 14/>. ,n or2er t!at t!e <rice ma be con0i2ere2 certain, it 0!all be 0u77icient t!at it be 0o 8it! re7erence to anot!er t!ing certain, or t!at t!e 2etermination t!ereo7 be le7t to t!e 1u2gment o7 a 0<ecial <er0on or <er0on0. -!oul2 0uc! <er0on or <er0on0 be unable or un8illing to 7i? it, t!e contract 0!all be ine77icaciou0, unle00 t!e <artie0 0ub0eBuentl agree u<on t!e <rice. ,7 t!e t!ir2 <er0on or <er0on0 acte2 in ba2 7ait! or b mi0taAe, t!e court0 ma 7i? t!e <rice. E!ere 0uc! t!ir2 <er0on or <er0on0 are <re3ente2 7rom 7i?ing t!e <rice or term0 b 7ault o7 t!e 0eller or t!e bu er, t!e <art not in 7ault ma !a3e 0uc! reme2ie0 again0t t!e <art in 7ault a0 are allo8e2 t!e 0eller or t!e bu er, a0 t!e ca0e ma be. 41446a5 Art. 1460. 'ro00 ina2eBuac o7 <rice 2oe0 not a77ect a contract o7 0ale, e?ce<t a0 it ma in2icate a 2e7ect in t!e con0ent,

or t!at t!e <artie0 reall inten2e2 a 2onation or 0ome ot!er act or contract. 4n5 Art. 1461. ,7 t!e <rice i0 0imulate2, t!e 0ale i0 3oi2, but t!e act ma be 0!o8n to !a3e been in realit a 2onation, or 0ome ot!er act or contract. 4n5 Art. 1462. T!e <rice o7 0ecuritie0, grain, liBui20, an2 ot!er t!ing0 0!all al0o be con0i2ere2 certain, 8!en t!e <rice 7i?e2 i0 t!at 8!ic! t!e t!ing 0ol2 8oul2 !a3e on a 2e7inite 2a , or in a <articular e?c!ange or marAet, or 8!en an amount i0 7i?e2 abo3e or belo8 t!e <rice on 0uc! 2a , or in 0uc! e?c!ange or marAet, <ro3i2e2 0ai2 amount be certain. 4144=5 Art. 1463. T!e 7i?ing o7 t!e <rice can ne3er be le7t to t!e 2i0cretion o7 one o7 t!e contracting <artie0. #o8e3er, i7 t!e <rice 7i?e2 b one o7 t!e <artie0 i0 acce<te2 b t!e ot!er, t!e 0ale i0 <er7ecte2. 4144>a5 Art. 1464. E!ere t!e <rice cannot be 2etermine2 in accor2ance 8it! t!e <rece2ing article0, or in an ot!er manner, t!e contract i0 ine77icaciou0. #o8e3er, i7 t!e t!ing or an <art t!ereo7 !a0 been 2eli3ere2 to an2 a<<ro<riate2 b t!e bu er !e mu0t <a a rea0onable <rice t!ere7or. E!at i0 a rea0onable <rice i0 a Bue0tion o7 7act 2e<en2ent on t!e circum0tance0 o7 eac! <articular ca0e. 4n5 Art. 146.. T!e contract o7 0ale i0 <er7ecte2 at t!e moment t!ere i0 a meeting o7 min20 u<on t!e t!ing 8!ic! i0 t!e ob1ect o7 t!e contract an2 u<on t!e <rice. From t!at moment, t!e <artie0 ma reci<rocall 2eman2 <er7ormance, 0ub1ect to t!e <ro3i0ion0 o7 t!e la8 go3erning t!e 7orm o7 contract0. 414.0a5 Art. 146/. ,n t!e ca0e o7 a 0ale b auction: 415 E!ere goo20 are <ut u< 7or 0ale b auction in lot0, eac! lot i0 t!e 0ub1ect o7 a 0e<arate contract o7 0ale. 425 A 0ale b auction i0 <er7ecte2 8!en t!e auctioneer announce0 it0 <er7ection b t!e 7all o7 t!e !ammer, or in ot!er cu0tomar manner. Dntil 0uc! announcement i0 ma2e, an bi22er ma retract !i0 bi29 an2 t!e auctioneer ma 8it!2ra8 t!e goo20 7rom t!e 0ale unle00 t!e auction !a0 been announce2 to be 8it!out re0er3e. 435 A rig!t to bi2 ma be re0er3e2 e?<re00l b or on be!al7 o7 t!e 0eller, unle00 ot!er8i0e <ro3i2e2 b la8 or b 0ti<ulation. 445 E!ere notice !a0 not been gi3en t!at a 0ale b auction i0 0ub1ect to a rig!t to bi2 on be!al7 o7 t!e 0eller, it 0!all not be la87ul 7or t!e 0eller to bi2 !im0el7 or to em<lo or in2uce an <er0on to bi2 at 0uc! 0ale on !i0 be!al7 or 7or t!e auctioneer, to em<lo or in2uce an <er0on to bi2 at 0uc! 0ale on be!al7 o7 t!e 0eller or Ano8ingl to taAe an bi2 7rom t!e 0eller or an <er0on em<lo e2 b !im. An 0ale contra3ening t!i0 rule ma be treate2 a0 7rau2ulent b t!e bu er. 4n5 Art. 1466. T!e o8ner0!i< o7 t!e t!ing 0ol2 0!all be tran07erre2 to t!e 3en2ee u<on t!e actual or con0tructi3e 2eli3er t!ereo7. 4n5 Art. 146=. T!e <artie0 ma 0ti<ulate t!at o8ner0!i< in t!e t!ing 0!all not <a00 to t!e <urc!a0er until !e !a0 7ull <ai2 t!e <rice. 4n5 Art. 146>. A <romi0e to bu an2 0ell a 2eterminate t!ing 7or a <rice certain i0 reci<rocall 2eman2able. An acce<te2 unilateral <romi0e to bu or to 0ell a 2eterminate t!ing 7or a <rice certain i0 bin2ing u<on t!e <romi00or i7 t!e <romi0e i0 0u<<orte2 b a con0i2eration 2i0tinct 7rom t!e <rice. 414.1a5 Art. 14=0. An in1ur to or bene7it 7rom t!e t!ing 0ol2, a7ter t!e contract !a0 been <er7ecte2, 7rom t!e moment o7 t!e <er7ection o7 t!e contract to t!e time o7 2eli3er , 0!all be go3erne2 b Article0 11/3 to 11/., an2 12/2. T!i0 rule 0!all a<<l to t!e 0ale o7 7ungible t!ing0, ma2e in2e<en2entl an2 7or a 0ingle <rice, or 8it!out con0i2eration o7 t!eir 8eig!t, number, or mea0ure. -!oul2 7ungible t!ing0 be 0ol2 7or a <rice 7i?e2 accor2ing to 8eig!t, number, or mea0ure, t!e ri0A 0!all not be im<ute2

to t!e 3en2ee until t!e !a3e been 8eig!e2, counte2, or mea0ure2 an2 2eli3ere2, unle00 t!e latter !a0 incurre2 in 2ela . 414.2a5 Art. 14=1. ,n t!e contract o7 0ale o7 goo20 b 2e0cri<tion or b 0am<le, t!e contract ma be re0cin2e2 i7 t!e bulA o7 t!e goo20 2eli3ere2 2o not corre0<on2 8it! t!e 2e0cri<tion or t!e 0am<le, an2 i7 t!e contract be b 0am<le a0 8ell a0 2e0cri<tion, it i0 not 0u77icient t!at t!e bulA o7 goo20 corre0<on2 8it! t!e 0am<le i7 t!e 2o not al0o corre0<on2 8it! t!e 2e0cri<tion. T!e bu er 0!all !a3e a rea0onable o<<ortunit o7 com<aring t!e bulA 8it! t!e 2e0cri<tion or t!e 0am<le. 4n5 Art. 14=2. E!ene3er earne0t mone i0 gi3en in a contract o7 0ale, it 0!all be con0i2ere2 a0 <art o7 t!e <rice an2 a0 <roo7 o7 t!e <er7ection o7 t!e contract. 414.4a5 Art. 14=3. -ub1ect to t!e <ro3i0ion0 o7 t!e -tatute o7 Frau20 an2 o7 an ot!er a<<licable 0tatute, a contract o7 0ale ma be ma2e in 8riting, or b 8or2 o7 mout!, or <artl in 8riting an2 <artl b 8or2 o7 mout!, or ma be in7erre2 7rom t!e con2uct o7 t!e <artie0. 4n5 Art. 14=4. ,n a contract o7 0ale o7 <er0onal <ro<ert t!e <rice o7 8!ic! i0 <a able in in0tallment0, t!e 3en2or ma e?erci0e an o7 t!e 7ollo8ing reme2ie0: 415 %?act 7ul7illment o7 t!e obligation, 0!oul2 t!e 3en2ee 7ail to <a 9 425 "ancel t!e 0ale, 0!oul2 t!e 3en2eeH0 7ailure to <a co3er t8o or more in0tallment09 435 Foreclo0e t!e c!attel mortgage on t!e t!ing 0ol2, i7 one !a0 been con0titute2, 0!oul2 t!e 3en2eeH0 7ailure to <a co3er t8o or more in0tallment0. ,n t!i0 ca0e, !e 0!all !a3e no 7urt!er action again0t t!e <urc!a0er to reco3er an un<ai2 balance o7 t!e <rice. An agreement to t!e contrar 0!all be 3oi2. 414.4;A;a5 Art. 14=.. T!e <rece2ing article 0!all be a<<lie2 to contract0 <ur<orting to be lea0e0 o7 <er0onal <ro<ert 8it! o<tion to bu , 8!en t!e le00or !a0 2e<ri3e2 t!e le00ee o7 t!e <o00e00ion or en1o ment o7 t!e t!ing. 414.4;A;a5 Art. 14=/. ,n t!e ca0e re7erre2 to in t8o <rece2ing article0, a 0ti<ulation t!at t!e in0tallment0 or rent0 <ai2 0!all not be returne2 to t!e 3en2ee or le00ee 0!all be 3ali2 in0o7ar a0 t!e 0ame ma not be uncon0cionable un2er t!e circum0tance0. 4n5 Art. 14=6. T!e e?<en0e0 7or t!e e?ecution an2 regi0tration o7 t!e 0ale 0!all be borne b t!e 3en2or, unle00 t!ere i0 a 0ti<ulation to t!e contrar . 414..a5 Art. 14==. T!e e?<ro<riation o7 <ro<ert 7or <ublic u0e i0 go3erne2 b 0<ecial la80. 414./5