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( | |
= +
( |
( \ .
I HH (1)
where N
R
is the number of receive antenna elements,
N
T
is the number of transmit antenna elements,
R
N
I is
the N
R
N
R
identity matrix, is the average received
SNR,
R T
[ ]
N N
ij
h
= e H C is the normalized channel
matrix, and
*
{ } denotes the conjugate transpose
[10]
.
Equation (1) is in terms of a narrowband MIMO
system. When the system operates at several
sub-carriers, the capacity should be averaged among
the frequency domain, which is computed as
1
1
m
i
i
C C
m
=
=
(2)
where m is the total number of sub-carriers
[4,11]
.
The (i, j)-th entry of the channel matrix is acquired
using a vector network analyzer (VNA) to measure the
transfer scattering parameter S
21
, while the other an-
tenna elements are terminated to 50 loads
[11]
. In ad-
dition, in order to remove the effect of path loss, the
channel matrix needs to be normalized. Given that
R T
[ ]
N N
ij
g
= e G C is the measured channel matrix, the
normalization factor f is defined as
2
R T
|| ||
= f
N N
G
(3)
where || || is the Frobenius norm of a matrix.
The average received SNR in Eq. (1) is calculated as
R T
2
T
1 1
R
| |
N N
ij
i j
P g
N v
= =
=
(4)
where P
T
is the power of each transmit antenna ele-
ment, and v is the noise power added at each receive
antenna element
[12]
.
In adaptive MIMO systems, the definition of the
channel capacity is complicated because of the recon-
figurability of the antenna array. Boerman and Bern-
hard
[12]
proposed a new method in which the channel
capacities are calculated at the same level of noise
power v instead of SNR. This method is appropriate
since different configurations of antenna array may
lead to different received signal powers, which means
different average received SNRs. Therefore, the
channel capacity at each configuration is calculated as
follows.
- The measured channel matrix is normalized by its
own normalization factor, as in Eq. (3).
- The average received SNR is computed using Eq.
(4).
- By substituting the above results into Eqs. (1) and
(2), the channel capacity is acquired.
3 Measurements and Results
In order to evaluate the performance of the four-ele-
ment antenna array with selection circuits, a measure-
ment campaign was carried out in an indoor multipath
environment, Room 919 in Main Building at Tsinghua
University. As shown in Fig. 2, the room has a dimen-
sion of 7 m15 m with two sub-rooms separated by an
inner door. There are several tables and partition
boards in the room. The tables are 0.8 m high and the
LI Zhengyi (:j) et al..Performance Evaluation of a Four-Element Antenna Array with Selection
297
partition boards is 1.2 m high. The antenna array was
equipped at the transmitter and a traditional two-ele-
ment antenna array
[13]
was located at the receiver.
In the measurement, the transmitter was fixed at one
position (Tx), while the receiver was placed at five
different locations (Rx1-Rx5) as shown in Fig. 2. The
heights of the transmitter and the receiver were both
set at 1 m, so Tx-Rx1 and Tx-Rx5 (inner door was
open) are line-of-sight (LOS) scenarios while Tx-Rx2,
Tx-Rx3, and Tx-Rx4 are non-line-of-sight (NLOS)
scenarios. At each pair of locations, the transmitter can
change its configuration: the selection of elements. For
brevity, only some typical configurations are presented
here. Up (U) means only elements 1 and 2 are se-
lected; Down (D) means only elements 3 and 4 are
selected; Left (L) means only elements 1 and 3 are
selected; and Right (R) means only elements 2 and 4
are selected. Therefore, a 22 adaptive MIMO system
is set up.
Fig. 2 Plan of Room 919 in Main Building at Tsinghua
University
The complex gains of the channel matrix were
measured sequentially by a VNA (Agilent E5062A).
The measurements were performed over a 300 MHz
bandwidth spaced 1 MHz apart (301 points) and cen-
tered at 2.05 GHz, which covers the UMTS band. The
transmitted power was 10 dBm and the dynamic range
was nearly 120 dB with an intermediate frequency of
100 Hz. During the measurements, there was no
movement in the room (inner door was open and outer
door was shut), so the channel is assumed to be
quasi-stationary. Furthermore, for each pair of loca-
tions and for each configuration, three measurements
were taken in order to verify the stationary and to av-
erage the results.
Fig. 3 Channel capacities against different antenna
array configurations at five pairs of locations with an
assumed noise power of 5 nW
According to the methodology in Section 2, the
channel capacities are calculated with an assumed
noise power of 5 nW, and plotted against different con-
figurations in Fig. 3. Referring to the figure, the capac-
ity in Tx-Rx5 is the highest among the five pairs of
locations. That is because Tx-Rx5 is LOS scenario and
the distance between the transmitter and the receiver is
the shortest. Meanwhile, the results show that different
channel conditions prefer different antenna array con-
figurations. For example, in Tx-Rx2 (NLOS), the
highest capacity is achieved at 3.50 bps/Hz with con-
figuration R, acquiring 16%, 10%, and 32% im-
provements compared to configurations U, D, and
L. In comparison, in Tx-Rx5 (LOS), the highest ca-
pacity is achieved at 9.16 bps/Hz with configuration
D, acquiring 30%, 21%, and 14% improvements
compared to configurations U, L, and R. The
reason is that different antenna array configurations
have different radiation properties. As a result, differ-
ent antenna array configurations can obtain different
average received SNRs and different channel capaci-
ties. The channel capacities at five pairs of locations
with the best configuration are plotted in Fig. 4, la-
beled with Best. As a reference, the channel capaci-
ties with configuration U are also plotted in Fig. 4.
The results show that configuration Best outper-
forms U greatly (16% improvement in Tx-Rx2, 14%
in Tx-Rx3, 25% in Tx-Rx4, and 30% in Tx-Rx5) ex-
cept that in Tx-Rx1 configuration U is the best con-
figuration. Therefore, in varying channel conditions the
antenna array can support antenna selection algorithms
to select the best sub-set of elements to increase chan-
nel capacity.
Tsinghua Science and Technology, June 2010, 15(3): 294-298
298
Fig. 4 Channel capacities (with an assumed noise power
of 5 nW) at five pairs of locations with the best configura-
tion (labeled with Best) and configuration U
4 Conclusions
Antenna selection is an effective method to achieve
reconfigurable antenna arrays for adaptive MIMO sys-
tems. In this paper, the performance of a four-element
antenna array with selection circuits in the UMTS band
is evaluated. With eight pin-diodes embedded in the
feeding network, the antenna array can select any
sub-set of elements from among the four elements.
Then an adaptive MIMO system was set up and a
measurement campaign was taken in an indoor multi-
path environment, including LOS and NLOS scenarios.
The results show that different channel conditions pre-
fer different antenna array configurations. Therefore,
when the channel conditions vary, the antenna array
can support antenna selection algorithms to select the
best sub-set of elements to increase channel capacity.
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