Eaithquake vulneiability Checklist

!"#$
"#$$%&' "#$%&'
!"#$ &'()*+ Wave
amplification
Alluvial soil amplifies shock waves,
paiticulaily wheie this soil is veiy
ueep anuoi towaius the euges of
the plains.

"(%)* +,'( %&-,&%%./ #. -%#0#-,/'/1

Soil
liquefaction
Loose soil containing watei can
liquefy anu loose its beaiing
capacity.

"(%)* +,'( %&-,&%%./ #. -%#0#-,/'/1

Floouing in
geneial
Aieas pione to floouing in noimal
times aie moie at iisk aftei
eaithquakes.

"(%)* +,'( .%/,2%&'/ #. 34'(#.,',%/1

Floouing uue
to valley block
Rock fall can block a valley oi iivei
causing inunuation.

536% 3 0##* 3' '(% +,2%. 3.%31

Tsunami Submaiine eaithquakes can cause
tsunamis.

"(%)* +,'( %&-,&%%./ #. 34'(#.,',%/1

,"(-. Lanusliue Check foi bent tiees oi ciacks in the
giounu.
Steep slopes can sliue off.

"(%)* 7#. %3.0,%. 03&2/0,2%/1

Rock fall Keep away fiom steep slopes
because of possible iock fall uuiing
quakes anu heavy iain.

"(%)* 7#. %3.0,%. .#)* 73001

Eiosion Rivei can eat away the bottom of a
slope causing a lanusliue.

"(%)* +,2%. 3.%31

Collapse of
ietaining walls
Back: Bistance = height of wall
Fiont: Bistance 1.S times height of
wall
Inclination: Ratio 1:S
}oints: peipenuiculai to fiont
"(%)* 7#. 2%7#.$3',#&1





2
&'()"#$(#*'+, +-.$(#-

"#$$%&' ()$$%*' +,*)$$%*'
/'(-('$0(* Builuings shoulu not be
longei than S times theii
wiuth.
4 times is a maximum if
eveiything else is 'peifect'.


,1#-. ,02-"030$45
Builuing paits must be
sepaiate to allow foi
inuepenuent movement.

,.06203 &#-65 1Su of the
height of lowei builuing.

"(%)* '(3' &#'(,&- 80#)*/ '(%
9#,&': &#' %6%& ;#0</'<.%&%1

7.&)"#'0$4 7.&)"#'0$4 0* -"#*:
Well-uistiibuteu iigiu
elements (sheai walls) in
eveiy uiiection block
iotation.
"(%)* +(%'(%. /'.4)'4.30 #.
,&7,00 +300/1



7.&)"#'0$4 0* .".8#$0(*5
No oveihanging elements.

,$')3$)'#"
066).6
,(9$ 6$('.465
uiounu flooi must not be
moie flexible (softei) than
the uppei floois (e.g.
Typically shop fionts)
! =22 )#&).%'% +300 %0%$%&'/

:-.*0*&65
Size of openings can inciease
towaius the top, but not
towaius the bottom of a
builuing (see above point on
'soft stoieys')

,1('$ 3(")2*65
Columns must have the same
length eveiywheie.
Columns must not be blockeu
at miu height (e.g. schools!)
! "4' /%;3.3',#& 9#,&'/

;(")2* < =.#2 '#$0(5
Columns must be thickei
than beams

! =22 /(%3. +300/ #& 30 70##./





S
/01-#'*(#"01 -2-#$3
"#$$%&' +--./'$&'0), "120*&- 3%4&.-'/
7; 9'#2.6 Reinfoiceu conciete fiames
with masoniy infills. Loau is
caiiieu by the conciete
fiames. A uangeious system
with impiopei execution!
>((+ 646$.2 09 +(*.
-'(-.'"4? 0* "(@A$.31
.*80'(*2.*$6 *('2#""4
8.'4 +#*&.'()6B

Incoiiect iebai jointing
Bau conciete
Infill walls not anchoieu
RC system fiequently gives a
false sense of secuiity!
;(*90*.+
C#6(*'4
D;CE
Walls built fiist, conciete ties
(columns anu beams) latei.
Loau is caiiieu by the walls,
conciete only helps to tie
wall elements togethei.
>((+ 646$.2 0* "(@A$.31
.*80'(*2.*$6 9(' )- $( F
6$('.46G
Tie columns too thin (pooi
penetiation of conciete)
Incoiiect iebai joints
Weak masoniy (moitai beu too
thick, no moitai between
veitical faces of biicks)

7.0*9('3.+
C#6(*'4
D7CE
Nasoniy ieinfoiceu with
veitical iebais integiateu in
the blocksbiicks, anu
hoiizontal ieinfoicement
placeu in conciete banus.
>((+ 646$.2 9(' "(@ '06.
=)0"+0*&6 0* "(@A$.31
.*80'(*2.*$6G
Piopei embeuuing of veitical
ieinfoicement
Bifficult to iealise with 2ucm
thick biick walls
0se of low stiength ('sun-
uiieu') cement blocks.
70*& =.#2 Reinfoiceu conciete iing
beam placeu on top of
unieinfoiceu masoniy walls
holu the walls togethei anu
impeue opening of the
coineis.
H(@A$.31 6(")$0(* (*"4 9('
60*&". 6$('.4 1()6.6G

Incoiiect iebai jointing in the
coineis.
Less effective with thin walls.
Bighei walls might neeu
inteimeuiate coinei stitches
I*'.0*9('3.+
C#6(*'4
DI7CE
Biick, block oi stone
masoniy without any
ieinfoicement.
J.'4 +#*&.'()6 646$.2 0*
.#'$1K)#L. #'.#6G

0RN walls will uisintegiate
quickly uuiing a quake.
Not to be useu in EQ aieas.
C0M.+
6$')3$)'.6
Successive auuitions to
builuings aie often maue
with uiffeient mateiials anu
stiuctuial systems.
N#*&.'()6G
"(%)* )#$;3',8,0,'< >
)#&',&4,'< > /%;3.3',#&

Blug elements might move
uiffeiently.
No seismic gaps to allow
movement.
Paits may collapse, causing
collapse of the iest.
/'.9#=
6$')3$)'.6
Quality of the stiuctuie
uepenus on the quality of the
connections.
Also applies to piefab slab
elements in RC, CN oi RN.
;#* =. 8.'4 +#*&.'()6.
"(%)* )#&&%)',#& )#&)%;' 3&2
%?%)4',#&1

Columns - beam connections
insufficient
Beam - slab connections
insufficient
Slab elements insufficiently
ieinfoiceu.




4

/01-#'*(#"01 3+#$'"+,-

"#$$%&' ()$$%*' +,*)$$%*'
O'03L6 Cleai iinging sounu, iegulaily
flat, with fiogs foi moitai
auheience.
No hoiizontal oi big veitical
holes.

;(*3'.$.
="(3L6
Soliu, not 'sun-uiieu'.
Full oi with S walls.
Ninimum 2u cm wiue.
No blocks without cential
paitition oi less than 2ucm.

,$.." 0se iippeu (uefoimeu) steel
eveiywheie except foi
stiiiups




45$(*#"01 06 3+-01'2

"#$$%&' ()$$%*' +,*)$$%*'
C#6(*'4 Continuity of veitical joints


P*31('0*& Anchoiing of infill walls in RC
stiuctuies.
0n-anchoieu walls will fall out
uuiing a quake.






S

45$(*#"01 06 -#$$, '$"160'($3$1#

;1.3L !(' 7; #*+ ;C 6$')3$)'.65
If theie aie uoubts about the
quality of execution, open a
top coinei of a builuing to
veiify the placement of the
aimatuie.


"#$$%&' ()$$%*' +,*)$$%*'
,$0'')-6 Stiiiups must be bent at
1SS.
Stiiiups of less than 18cm
shoulu be bent as shown (to
allow piopei penetiation of
conciete)

Stiiiup openings alteinating
along the beam.

Q(0*$6 Rebais not aiounu innei
coineis.
Continuity of iebais beyonu
the benus.

Rebais not aiounu innei
coineis.
Continuity of iebais beyonu
the benus.

Stiiiups closei towaius joint
at closei spacing. Ninimum
laigei than: thickness of
column 0R 16 of height of
column 0R 4Scm

Rebais sticking out of top
slab must be cast in lean
conciete:
- foi piotection
- to inciease anchoi length L





Piepaieu by Tom Schachei, Apiil 2u1u, tom.schacheiauhoc.ch