Draft of 2/23/2014, 18:53:07 a2/p2

Cognitive Radio Networks and Dynamic Spectrum Access

1. Motivation In the past ten years, we have witnessed a dramatic rowth in wire!ess comm"nication d"e to the pop"!arity of smart phones and other mo#i!e devices$ %s a res"!t, the demand for commercia! spectr"m has #een s&yroc&etin $ 'or instance, %()( pro*ects a 5000+ increase in data "sa e in the ne,t three years, -an&ee .ro"p predicts 2/0fo!d increase in 12 mo#i!e data traffic from 200/ to 2015, and 3(I% estimates that 1$2$ ce!!"!ar companies need at !east 800456 more spectr"m over the ne,t 7 years$ 3!ear!y !imited spectr"m is a cr"cia! impediment to contin"ed rowth of commercia! wire!ess services$ 2imi!ar!y, we are seein increasin demand for "n!icensed #andwidth, d"e to the contin"in rowth of as 8i'i, and emer ence of app!ication domains, s"ch as sensor networ&s for safety app!ications, home a"tomation, smart rid contro!, medica! weara#!e and em#edded wire!ess devices, and entertainment systems$ 4eetin this h" e demand for #andwidth is a cha!!en e since most easi!y "sa#!e spectr"m #ands have #een a!!ocated$ 4any st"dies have however shown that more than /0+ of the a!!ocated spectr"m is "n"sed or "nder"ti!i6ed$ (his s" ests that meetin f"t"re demands for wire!ess #andwidth wi!! not on!y re9"ire new comm"nication and networ&in techno!o ies that "se the spectr"m more efficient!y :i$e$ increase #its/second/56;, #"t a!so new techni9"es for increasin spectr"m "ti!i6ation$ (oday<s spectr"m po!icy re!ies !ar e!y on static spectr"m a!!ocation, which is simp!e and enco"ra es investments in infrastr"ct"re$ 5owever, it does mean that many of the fre9"ency #ands are on!y "sed in certain areas and/or part of the time$ % different approach, ca!!ed Dynamic 2pectr"m %ccess :D2%;, a!!ocates spectr"m more dynamica!!y and it is an active area of research$ D2% re9"ires not on!y advances in techno!o y #"t a!so new po!icy and economic mode!s for spectr"m "se$ 3o nitive radios are wide!y viewed as the disr"ptive techno!o y that can radica!!y improve #oth spectr"m efficiency and "ti!i6ation$ 3o nitive radios are f"!!y pro ramma#!e wire!ess devices that can sense their environment and dynamica!!y adapt their transmission waveform, channe! access method, spectr"m "se, and networ&in protoco!s as needed for ood networ& and app!ication performance$ =ne of the app!ications of co nitive radio is more efficient, f!e,i#!e, and a ressive dynamic spectr"m access$ (he research comm"nity has made si nificant pro ress in addressin the many research cha!!en es associated with co nitive networ&s and D2%$ 5owever, there is a #i ap #etween individ"a! research res"!ts, effective!y #"i!din #!oc&s, and the !ar e0sca!e dep!oyment of co nitive networ&s that dynamica!!y optimi6e spectr"m "se$ Bridging this gap is one of the major research challenges we identified in the workshop. >ecent deve!opments s"ch as the '33 (? white space r"!in , an e,amp!e of D2% #ased on a primary0secondary "ser mode!, and @(A0%, which re!ies on f!e,i#!e spectr"m "se, offer reat opport"nities to demonstrate the potentia! va!"e of co nitive networ&s and D2%$ 'ai!"re to act on these opport"nities co"!d de!ay commercia! dep!oyment for many years$ (his #rea&o"t session #ro" ht to ether techno!o y and po!icy researchers to e,p!ore how we can rea!i6e the reat potentia! and commercia! s"ccess of co nitive networ&s and D2%$ 2pecifica!!y, we tried to identify #oth !on 0term research cha!!en es and near term research opport"nities$ 2. Research Challenges 8ith the e,ception of "n!icensed spectr"m which tend to #e more hetero eneo"s, most spectr"m #ands are "sed in a fair!y homo eneo"s fashion, i$e$ the networ& "ses a sin !e :or c!ose re!ated; techno!o y and it is desi ned #y a sin !e or ani6ation$ In contrast, co nitive networ&s are inherent!y hetero eneo"s$ (his f"ndamenta! difference raises many si nificant cha!!en es, as identified in a recent B2'0sponsored wor&shop on C'"t"re Directions in 3o nitive >adio Betwor& >esearchD E3>B1F: 2pectr"m po!icy a!ternatives and system mode!s 2pectr"m sensin 3o nitive radio architect"re, software a#straction 3ooperative comm"nications and networ&in D2% techno!o y and a! orithms Grotoco! architect"res for co nitive networ&s 3o nitive a! orithms for adaptation, reso"rce mana ement

Draft of 2/23/2014, 18:53:07 a2/p2

Betwor& sec"rity for co nitive networ&s 3o nitive networ&s and the Internet

(he 4arch report a!so o#serves that si nificant pro ress has #een made in each of these areas, and that the most critica! impediment to f"rther pro ress is not so m"ch contin"ed research in these individ"a! areas, #"t rather fi "rin o"t how the components of a co nitive networ& fit to ether and can wor& to ether "nder rea!istic conditions$ =n!y #y eva!"atin the performance of comp!ete co nitive networ&s at reasona#!e sca!e wi!! it #e possi#!e to *"stify the necessary spectr"m po!icy chan es or to convince ind"stry to ma&e the necessary investments$ (o that end, the 4arch report E3>B1F emphasi6es the need for shared wire!ess test#ed that can s"pport co nitive networ&in e,periments$ % more detai!ed disc"ssion on the a#ove topics can #e fo"nd in E3>B1F$ ="r #rea& o"t session did not try to f"rther e!a#orate on the a#ove topics, #"t instead foc"sed on the often comp!e, interactions #etween the topics$ (hese interactions !ead to research cha!!en es that are "ni9"e to co nitive networ&s #"t need to #e addressed #efore co nitive networ&s can #e dep!oyed$ 8e e!a#orate on some &ey areas: movin from components to networ&s, interactions #etween po!icy and techno!o y, co nitive networ&in #eyond D2%, and eva!"ation of co nitive networ&s$ . !rom Components to Networks % !ot of research has foc"sed on f"nctions :2ection 2; and radios, #"t what is missin is a ho!istic approach that deve!ops and eva!"ates so!"tions to spectr"m sensin , coordinatin spectr"m access, optimi6ation of comm"nication and networ&in f"nctions, dea!in with mo#i!ity and sec"rity, and spectr"m po!icy in the conte,t of a comp!ete networ&$ 8e disc"ss some cha!!en es and opport"nities associated with ma&in the step to networ&s$ A Network"level #iew $ H"i!din a networ& raises 9"estions on how partition the networ& f"nctiona!ity in a set of components so the res"!tin system has ood performance :e$ $ hi h thro" hp"t, !ow overhead, fast adaptation, sec"re, and ro#"st$;, can #e maintained and dep!oyed iven the different sta&eho!ders and their re!ationships, and can evo!ve over time$ (his is cha!!en in #eca"se the desi n decisions for individ"a! f"nctions wi!! often depend on how other f"nctions are s"pported$ In fact, f"nctions often have conf!ictin re9"irements that m"st #e addressed at the system !eve!$ 4oreover, many D2% spectr"m sharin mode!s com#ine e!ements from traditiona! !icensed and "n!icensed spectr"m "se$ 5owever, most academic research has foc"sed on the "n!icensed spectr"m, in part #eca"se it is easier to et access to e9"ipment and r"n e,periment$ Betwor&in research in D2% conte,t wi!! need to consider the operative perspective since it differs s"#stantia!!y from "sin the "n!icensed spectr"m, for e,amp!e with respect to re "!atory, economic, networ& mana ement, and service 9"a!ity re9"irements$ >esearch in co nitive networ&s has sometimes a!so i nored some iss"es that are very important in practice$ =ne e,amp!e is ener y efficiency, which has si nificant practica! importance for mo#i!e "sers$ 8hi!e ear!y wor& has considered ener y efficiency in spectr"m sensin :i$e, the tradeoff #etween s!eepin and sensin ;, ener y efficiency needs to #e considered in a!! aspects of co nitive networ&s, inc!"din contro! channe! esta#!ishment :e$ $, the simp!icity of a separate contro! channe! at a hi her ener y cost;, contro! messa e passin , channe! se!ection :e$ $, se!ectin channe!s with #etter propa ation characteristics;, and transmission confi "ration :e$ $, the tradeoff #etween data rate and ener y cons"mption per "nit data;, networ& architect"re, sec"rity imp!ication :e$ $, ener y dep!etion attac&s;$ It is indeed a networ& iss"e to findin spectr"m opport"nities in a fast and ener y efficient manner$ %nother important area is networ& mana ement inc!"din iss"es s"ch as 2@%s, #i!!in , service adaptation, sec"rity, monitorin , etc$$ Near"term %pportunities " (his is an opport"ne time to move the research a enda for D2% forward, #eca"se of some "ni9"e rea!0wor!d opport"nities, name!y (? white spaces and @(A0%$ (? white space has received si nificant attention, from re "!ators, ind"stry, and academia a!i&e$ %fter five years of de#ates, st"dies, and prototype testin , the '33 made the historica! decision in Bov$ 2008 of a!!owin "n!icensed wire!ess devices to access "n"sed (? #ands$ (? #ands are very attractive for wire!ess comm"nication$ (hey are in the !ower fre9"encies and have !ar e #andwidth$ (? transmitters have fi,ed !ocations, transmission power, and &nown mod"!ation schemes, with predetermined (? #roadcastin sched"!es$ %s s"ch, they provide a perfect environment for research in co nitive networ&s and any res"!ts can have an immediate impact on ind"stry$ @(A0% :@on 0term0evo!"tion %dvanced; is receivin a !ot of attention from the ce!!"!ar ind"stry$ (he o#*ective is to a!!ow "sers to "ti!i6e potentia!!y se mented spectr"m #ands more efficient!y and with f!e,i#!e "p/down #andwidth$ %!tho" h this is not a enera! case of D2%, it offers a reat opport"nity to demonstrate the concept and #enefit of

Draft of 2/23/2014, 18:53:07 a2/p2

spectr"m f!e,i#i!ity witho"t facin the thorny iss"es of spectr"m re "!ation and primary protection$ Interestin research topics inc!"de fractiona! spectr"m re"se, femto0ce!! spectr"m mana ement, admission contro!, dynamics spectr"m a!!ocation, etc$ &ong"term #ision " 8hi!e it is important to capita!i6e on these near0term opport"nities, it is a!so important to s"stain a !on er term research a enda that deve!ops the techno!o y and po!icy #asis for enera! co nitive networ&s$ (his a enda co"!d, for e,amp!e, #e driven #y the 9"estion of whether and how we can move from a fi,ed spectr"m a!!ocation to comp!ete!y dynamic spectr"m sharin $ %nother !on term cha!!en e is the deve!opment of a nationa! interactive spectr"m "se map$ 8hi!e there have #een a n"m#er of spectr"m "se st"dies, they provide a very incomp!ete pict"re since spectr"m "se is dynamic and !ocation dependent$ % comp!ete interactive map wo"!d provide a C ro"nd tr"thD on spectr"m avai!a#i!ity, which direct!y impacts the potentia! #enefits of co nitive networ&in techno!o y It wi!! a!so offer insi ht in the dynamics of spectr"m "se, and wo"!d a!!ow eva!"ation and t"nin of &ey components, e$ $ spectr"m sensors, wide0#and frontends and antennas, etc$ It wo"!d a!so provide 'ina!!y, co nitive networ&in is not !imited to D2%$ It is an ena#!in techno!o y that wi!! radica!!y improve #oth spectr"m efficiency and "ti!i6ation, as disc"ssed in detai! in 2ection 5$ '. Spectrum (olicy versus )echnology (he c!ose interp!ay #etween techno!o y and po!icy creates "ni9"e cha!!en es$ An e*ample " 3onsider the seemin !y strai htforward e,amp!e of protectin (? white space thro" h I!isten #efore ta!&I po!icy$ Hased on the traditiona! estimation and detection framewor&, '33 determined a detection sensitivity of 0114dHm$ 4eas"rements s" est that "sin this thresho!d wi!! res"!t in !imited white space avai!a#i!ity, especia!!y in metropo!itan area where spectr"m demand is hi h$ (he research comm"nity has deve!oped cooperative approaches to spectr"m sensin that do not re9"ire the same fadin mar ins #eca"se they can e,p!oit diversity$ 5owever, these approaches are impractica! #eca"se the c"rrent re "!atory mode! is #ased on certification of individ"a! devices, and there is no notion of certifyin the cooperative performance of devices$ (his is on!y an e,amp!e of a mismatch #etween a technica! res"!t and po!icy$ It a!so s" ests interestin research directions, e$ $ can we desi n re "!atory mode!s and certification techni9"es that can accommodate a #roader ran e of technica! so!"tions or, a!ternative!y, can we define sensin a! orithms that wor& within specific re "!atory mode!s$ (echno!o y and po!icy deve!opment comm"nity need to #e aware of the pro ress of each other and need to have a#straction mode!s to #e "sed #y the other side$ (rotecting (+ " Grimary "ser :G1; protection is vita! to the s"ccess of wide adoption of dynamic spectr"m access since no G1 wo"!d accommodate 21 access to its own detriment$ (his is a!so the ma*or concern of !e acy spectr"m ho!ders$ 4ost e,istin research has #een foc"sin on @isten0#efore0(a!& :@H(; where secondary "sers sense the spectr"m :potentia!!y co!!ective!y; #efore transmittin $ .ood pro ress has #een made #oth in theoretica! domain and prototype testin $ 5owever, @H( has its !imitations$ Heca"se it foc"ses on the transmitter rather than the receiver, @H( needs to #e conservative to protect G1 a ainst 21 interference$ 'or instance, the thresho!d for the @H( devices was set at 30dH #e!ow the D(? reception thresho!d in the '33 (? white space testin $ In order to overcome these !imitations, the research comm"nity sho"!d consider other options$ 'or e,amp!e, in the conte,t of (? white space, '33 data#ase has #een "sed :sometimes in con*"nction with sensin ; to predict spectr"m avai!a#i!ity #eca"se (? #roadcast !ocations are fi,ed and sched"!e predetermined$ %nother option is to foc"s on receivers, more specifica!!y the o#serva#i!ity of receivers$ (here are #oth active and passive approaches$ %n e,amp!e of the active approach is to introd"ce a :#eacon; device on the receiver to anno"nce its presence$ (his may #e easier and !ess e,pensive then tryin to sense for transmitters and it avoids hidden termina! pro#!ems$ It has for e,amp!e #een demonstrated that it is possi#!e for a !ow cost device to detect when a (? set is on, and then anno"nces itse!f$ (his type of approach has the potentia! to ena#!e (? white space re"se in metropo!itan areas, where the spectr"m demand is hi h and "n"sed (? #and is scarce$ >esearch is needed to st"dy/9"antify the tradeoff #etween the performance ain and the comp!e,ity to ena#!e receivers, as we!! as sec"rity imp!ications :G=IB(A> (= 2A31>I(-;$ %n e,amp!e of the passive approach is to e,p!oit the inherent feed#ac& information in #idirectiona! G1 comm"nication systems, e$ $, power contro! information, channe! 9"a!ity indicator, or %3J/B%3J$ 2"ch feed#ac& information from the G1 receiver can serve as a ood indicator of the act"a! and a re ated impact of the 21 interference on the reception 9"a!ity of the G1 comm"nication !in&$ (he princip!e app!ies to #oth directions of the comm"nication$ (he #enefits of "sin s"ch feed#ac& information are m"!ti0fo!ds: :i; It ena#!es e,p!icit protection on

Draft of 2/23/2014, 18:53:07 a2/p2

the G10>, thro" h feed#ac& monitorin K :ii; It faci!itates distri#"ted access contro! of m"!tip!e 21sK and :iii; It permits different !eve!s of interaction #etween G1s and 21s$ In this conte,t, there e,ists a c!ose connection with EBA(8=>J %@.=>I(54 DA2I.B$F ,n-orcement and certi-ication " 3ertification of co nitive radio devices is a cha!!en e$ 'irst, it inherits the cha!!en es of software certification #eca"se a co nitive radio is !i&e!y to have a software component$ 2econd, certification faces the cha!!en in iss"e of whether to certify a device or to certify a component$ 'or e,amp!e, a co nitive radio may consist of m"!tip!e components, s"ch as a po!icy reasoner, a sensin component, and frontend$ % possi#!e e,amp!e of certifyin component is to certify a po!icy reasoner which is deco"p!ed from the radio p!atform$ 2"ch mod"!ar approaches can simp!ify the process$ (hird, certification faces the cha!!en in iss"e of addressin the networ&in aspect of co nitive networ&s$ (he networ& aspect can have #oth positive and ne ative impact on the G1/21 interaction$ 'or instance, it has #een we!! esta#!ished that cooperative sensin can si nificant!y improve the sensin performance$ 5ow can this positive effect #e ta&en into acco"nt in certificationL =n the other hand, a G1 may re9"ire certain protection, say interference #e!ow thresho!d$ 8hi!e a sin !e 21 device may not emit a#ove0the0thresho!d interference, a co!!ective set of 21s may ca"se o"ta e at the G1$ 5ow can this ne ative effect #e avoided in the certification processL Anforcement is a re!ated cha!!en e$ (he c"rrent approach, with '33 #ein the main enforcer with !a#or0intensive meas"rements, is not !i&e!y to sca!e to #i!!ions of co nitive devices with m"ch more f!e,i#i!ity, and therefore, m"ch #i er potentia! for ma!f"nction as we!! as ma!icio"s "sa e$ In fact, distin "ishin #etween correct and fa"!ty #ehavior can #e a very diffic"!t pro ram$ %!ternative so!"tions need to #e considered, e$ $, en!istin co nitive radios to identify/report potentia! po!icy vio!ations$ In s"mmary, it is recommended that the research comm"nity to consider the certification and enforcement iss"e in a systematic manner, with the possi#i!ity of new theories$ .. Cognitive Networking /eyond DSA (he previo"s section foc"sed on the most often cited co nitive networ&in mode! that invo!ves a !e acy spectr"m !icensee as G1, and :"n!icensed; 21s that opport"nistica!!y access the Cwhite0spaceD of the G1 spectr"m$ 3o nitive networ&in techno!o y is however not !imited to this partic"!ar form of D2%$ Heca"se of the increasin penetration and hetero eneity of wire!ess devices, co nitive networ&in can ena#!e networ& inte ration where #oth co nitive secondary "sers and !e acy primary "sers serving the same entity $ 2"ch e,amp!es inc!"de the D%>G% M. pro*ect :#oth servin mi!itary "sers;, femto0ce!! :#oth servin ce!!"!ar "sers from the same service provider;, and p"#!ic safety :newer and more a i!e devices sharin spectr"m with !e acy devices;$ In this conte,t, G1 can #e either !e acy device or of hi h priority$ 21s are more a i!e devices or of !ow priority$ 3o nitive networ&in ena#!es efficient and seam!ess inte ration of wire!ess nodes with hetero eneo"s capa#i!ities and No2 re9"irements$ 2"ch app!ications offer c!ear incentive for G1s to a!!ow co nitive 21 access, can a!!ow f!e,i#!e and a ressive reso"rce sharin , and often do not need re "!atory chan es$ Instead, they re9"ire co nitive networ&s to have the f!e,i#i!ity to adapt to dynamic environment and to effective!y cooperate with each other$ 3o nitive networ&in techno!o y a!so has tremendo"s potentia! to improve networ& performance, even witho"t considerin dynamic spectr"m "se$ In fact, in the !ast few years there has #een si nificant pro ress in diverse co nitive techni9"es, inc!"din opport"nistic forwardin , cooperative comm"nication, transmit power t"nin , networ& codin , interference cance!!ation, and others$ 5owever, many cha!!en es remain$ 'or e,amp!e, most research has foc"sed on individ"a! techni9"es, and the tradeoffs #etween techni9"es and opport"nities for com#inin techni9"es have not #een e,p!ored$ (his is a cha!!en in pro#!em #eca"se of the !ar e optimi6ation space and sensitivity to e,terna! factors$ 4oreover, many co nitive optimi6ations foc"s on identifyin and red"cin interference, e$ $ #y contro!!in transmit power, carrier sense, or sched"!in $ (his creates interestin research opport"nities in terms of dep!oyment in a D2% conte,t, iven the importance of !imitin interference in that environment$ %nother area re9"irin research is that of efficient techni9"es for information atherin , since access to more and more acc"rate information wi!! often !ead to #etter performance$ 'irst, whi!e there is an o#vio"s tradeoff #etween protoco! comp!e,ity :de ree of sharin ; and hardware comp!e,ity :how smart is a node #y itse!f;, most a! orithms re9"ire some de ree of information sharin and possi#!y coordination #etween nodes$ 3"rrent co nitive

Draft of 2/23/2014, 18:53:07 a2/p2

optimi6ations typica!!y "se c"stom so!"tions, #"t this wi!! not sca!e to richer co nitive #ehavior invo!vin many techni9"es$ >esearch is needed to red"ce overheads, e$ $ #y sharin information and se!ectin the optima! mechanisms :e$ $ #eacons, ossipin , common contro! channe!, etc$; :G=IB(A> (= DI2(>IH1(AD %@.=>I(542;$ 2econd, most research has foc"sed on co nitive optimi6ations within a techno!o y, #"t information sharin , and possi#!y coordination, across techno!o ies co"!d s"#stantia! improve performance$ 5owever, this form of cooperation raises new cha!!en es with respect to sharin mechanisms, incentives, sec"rity, #ootstrappin , and ne otiations$ % c!ean s!ate co nitive networ&in approach #ased on 2D>s offers opport"nities to e,p!ore these advanced techni9"es$ 0. ,valuation and 1ntegrated ,*periments (he eva!"ation of co nitive networ&in techno!o ies is cha!!en in #eca"se of the hi h de ree of adaptivity of the system$ (he dependence on many e,terna! factors :e$ $ "ser #ehavior, traffic !oad, mo#i!ity; and the interdiscip!inary nat"re of the techno!o y add f"rther comp!e,ity$ %s a res"!t, a wide variety of too!s are needed$ A,amp!es inc!"de too!s that ana!y6e the sta#i!ity, capacity, and other networ& propertiesK sim"!ators that can estimate performance "nder diverse conditions and for very !ar e topo!o iesK and test#eds that can eva!"ate comp!ete systems "nder rea!istic conditions$ Deve!opin these too!s is a research pro#!em in its own ri ht, iven the &nown diffic"!ty of mode!in and meas"rin the wire!ess physica! !ayer of even traditiona! wire!ess networ&s :>A' (= AMG >A2A%>35L;$ %nother o#servation that c"ts across these different too!s is that the wire!ess networ&in comm"nity does not have a common!y accepted set of metrics and #enchmar&s$ 'or e,amp!e, how do we characteri6e the si na! propa ation environment, so we can compare res"!ts co!!ected in different !ocations in a meanin f"! manner$ A,perience shows that the rea! wor!d often #rea&s ass"mptions made in theoretica! research, so test#eds are important for eva!"ation "nder very rea!istic operatin conditions$ Betwor& !eve! e,periments for test#eds that a!so acco"nt for overheads res"!t in a more acc"rate meas"re of the #enefits of co nitive networ&s$ (his is essentia! when tryin to ma&e a case for dep!oyment$ Heca"se test#eds are !ocation specific, test#eds wi!! #e needed for diverse environments, e$ $ different types of city, r"ra!, camp"s, and indoor dep!oyments$ (hese test#eds wi!! often stress different aspects of the techno!o y, e$ $ spectr"m scarcity vers"s need for adaptation in the protoco! stac&$ Heca"se of recent B2' and ind"stry investments in software0defined radios :2D>;, a n"m#er of attractive co nitive radio p!atforms e,ist$ 'or e,amp!e, interfaces for (? white spaces e,ist :a!tho" h they are e,pensive; and the spectr"m is avai!a#!e$ (his creates a "ni9"e opport"nity to dep!oy test#eds that wi!! s"pport hands0on academic research in co nitive networ&s, and a!!owin researchers to o we!! #eyond 8i'i0#ased research, which is the core of today<s research portfo!io$ 2D>0#ased @(A imp!ementations are simi!ar!y avai!a#!e$ Heca"se the importance of #oth areas, it is an opport"nity to ma&e tan i#!e rea!0wor!d impact$ 4oreover, there is an opport"nity to impact standards since the IAAA 802$22 standardi6ation, for e,amp!e, is sti!! on0 oin so so!id research res"!ts provide va!"a#!e inp"t$ In para!!e!, the comm"nity a!so needs test#eds that can s"pport research in more enera!, !on er term, D2% scenarios$ (hese test#eds wi!! need wider frontends, #etter sensin capa#i!ities, p!"s access to more diverse parts of the spectr"m$ EG=IB(A> (= AMGA>I4AB(%@ >A2A%>35F 2. Conclusion 3o nitive networ&s and D2% offer the promise of si nificant!y improvin #oth spectr"m efficiency and "ti!i6ation$ In the !ast few years, si nificant research pro ress has #een made in s"pportin the &ey f"nctions needed in a co nitive networ& and in the deve!opment of co nitive radios #"t many cha!!en es remain$ (his report identifies severa! critica! research areas inc!"din co nitive networ&in as a system, the interactions #etween techno!o y and po!icy, and co nitive networ&in #eyond D2%$ 8e a!so fo"nd that we need new too!s, inc!"din co nitive networ&in test#eds, that can #e "sed to eva!"ate the properties of co nitive networ&s$ 'ina!!y, we identified some near term opport"nities for hi h0impact research, s"ch as the "n!icensed access to (? white spaces$ Re-erences E3>B1F I'"t"re Directions in 3o nitive >adio Betwor& >esearchD, Geter 2teen&iste and Do" !as 2ic&er and .ary 4inden and Dipan&ar >aycha"dh"ri, editors, >eport of B2' wor&shop he!d in %r!in ton, ?% on 4arch /010, 200/$