Recent Advancements of RF Guns: Luigi Faillace Radiabeam Technologies, Santa Monica Ca

Recent Advancements of RF Guns
Luigi Faillace
RadiaBeam Technologies, Santa Monica CA
Physics and Applications of High Brightness Beams Towards a Fifth Generation light source
San Juan, Puerto Rico March 25-28, 2013
Outline
! RF photoinjectors for brighter beams

! Trieste gun
RF design
Machining/Cold-Test/Brazing/Tuning
Installation
High-power Conditioning

! Super gun
GALAXIE project
High charge operation

! Status of other RF guns
! Conclusions

! Crucial advancements of FEL-based light sources (SASE XFELs and
ERLs), able to achieve high brightness levels, have been achieved by ever
brighter electron sources, where the beam brightness is defined as

! Strong requirement for low-emittance in order to allow an FEL to
operate at a certain wavelength
! Current 4
th
generation, as well as the future 5
th
generation, light sources
greatly rely on beam quality, unlike previous generations, since they are
high-gain and single-pass free electron lasers.

! Although it is possible to operate in principle at any given emittance,
high-brightness beams will reduce the cost of the undulator (gain
length ) and the number Linac sections used for energy gain.

Note: undulator cost in 2005 dollars $0.35M/m, Linac cost $20M/GeV.

!
N
"
!
#
4$
L
g
!B
n
"1/3
B
N
!
2I
!
N, x
!
N, y
lrank SLephan, nC 8l phoLo ln[ecLors for lLLs,
LA3nL1 Workshop, CL8n, 20.-22.2.2013
Why br|ghter e|ectron beams?
John Power, AAC 2010
!
photo
="
x
!# !$
eff
3mc
2
!
eff
=!
work
!!
Schottky !
x
=
r
2
=
Q
b
4"#
0
E
a
Q
b
= bunch charge
E
a
= Applied Electric Field
Plgher applled elds aL Lhe caLhode " lower Lhermal emluance!
Why kad|o-Irequency (kI) hoto|n[ectors?
* Zhl Llu, SLAC-u812108, SepL 2006
** u.P. uowell, eL al., nucl. lnsLr. and MeLh. A (2010) dol:10.1016/[.nlma.2010.03.104
! RF guns are able to provide very high currents and low emittances " high brightness!
! The phenomenon by which the electron beam is created inside an RF photoinjector is known as
photoemission
! The electrons are extracted out of the material upon absorption photons with energy greater than
the work function !
work
! Very high electron density beam can be achieved by photoemission (beyond 100 kA/cm
2
for
metals, 10
8
A/cm
2
for CsBr*)
! Beam transverse and longitudinal characteristics can be manipulated by properly shaping the laser
pulse
! High fields are necessary to preserve initial beam high brightness (possible inside RF structure
because able to withstand breadowns better than DC ones)
!
photo
=
Q
b
(!! !"
eff
)
12#$
0
mc
2
E
a
Main elements of an Electron Injector
using an RF Gun
RF GUN
Solenoid/emittance
compensation
A
c
c
e
le
r
a
t
in
g
S
e
c
t
io
n

Linearizer
Bunch compressor
chicane
! Emission and Initial Acceleration (Radio-Frequency Gun)
! Beam Conditioning (Solenoid for emittance compenstion)
! Acceleration (Linacs for emittance preservation and chirping for bunch compressor, e.g. chicanes)
RF Gun for the Fermi FEL at
Sincrotrone Trieste
The Radio-Frequency (RF) of design a NCRF Gun for the Sincrotrone Trieste facility, which is
termed FERMI RF Gun 2 is based on the UCLA-University of Rome-INFN-LNF high repetition
rate photoinjector*, which was improved upon the LCLS
#
version by use of larger radius of
curvature of the input coupler irises, by the inclusion of an enhanced cooling channels system that
allows for cathode exchangeable cathode plate and by using a single-feed scheme for more
compactness.
*L. Faillace et al., An Ultra-high repetition rate S- band RF Gun, FEL Conference 2008

#
C.Limborg et al., RF Design of the LCLS Gun, LCLS Technical Note LCLS-TN-05-3 (Stanford,2005).
#
D.H. Dowell et al., The development of the Linac Coherent Light Source RF Gun, SLAC Menlo Park CA, published in the ICFA Beam Dynamics Newsletter
Fermi II Gun
# Operation frequency 2.998 GHz, !-mode
# 1.6 cell gun
# Single feed

# Race track geometry

# z-coupling

# Elliptical coupling irises

# 50 Hz repetition rate
# Removable Cathode
# Numeric codes for simulations: HFSS/Ansys,
Superfish.
$ simpler RF power system than the case of
dual feed
$ Avoid phase shift between the two input
waves in the case of dual feed
$ dummy waveguide to diminish dipole field
$ To minimize quadrupole field
$ To reduce H field, i.e. temperature rise (RF
pulsed heating), at the coupling slots
$ To decrease surface electric field (cause of
RF breakdowns)
RadiaBeam/UCLA RF Gun for the Fermi FEL
at Sincrotrone Trieste (FERMI II Gun)
RF probe
grid
Laser port
3 step taper
Main Rf Parameters
Input RF
waveguide
Vacuum port
k
t H
T
c
RF
! "# $% '
| |
2
||
= &
RF pulsed heating, due to surface magnetic field, causes a temperature gradient "T on the metal at each RF
pulse, followed by cooling between pulses causing surface fatigue (cyclic stress)"microcracks that may
decrease the heat conductivity and in some conditions cause RF breakdown*.
!T = 45C
below the safe limit!
T is independent of the surface thickness and the cooling system. Practical safe limit in case of copper
and in S-Band is about 50C.
Crucial areas are the waveguide-to-coupling-cell and laser port irises
rounded irises are used (8mm diameter).
The peak surface magnetic field is nearly
H
||
= 3.9*10
5
A/m @ input RF power = 9.8 MW
t
RF
: pulse length
" : electrical conductivity
# : skin depth
$ : density
c% :specific heat
k : thermal conductivity
Rf Pulsed Heating
*V. Dolgashev, High Fields in Couplers of X-band Accelerating
Structures, Proceed. Pac 2003, Portland, Oregon, (2003).
**D.P. Pritzkau, RF Pulsed Heating, SLAC-Report-577, Ph.D.
Dissertation, Stanford University, 2001
**
!T=39.6 C
!T=34.6 C
f = 2.998GHz
Pulse length = 3s
Rf Pulsed Heating

Dipole and Quadrupole Components
Cross section of the full cell. The field is calculated along circumferences with
different radii R and for different values of the offset D, by which the two cell arcs
are drifted apart.
# A dummy waveguide (higher cut-off frequency), symmetric to the RF input waveguide, allows
to erase the field dipole component.
# The quadrupole component is eliminated by using a race track geometry.
# Higher order modes are considered negligible.
RF input power
uummy wavegulde
8elow cuL-o [2.836CPz
H
!
(r,!) = H
!n
(r)
n=0
!
"
cos(n!)
H
!n
(r) =
2
"
H
!
(r,!)
0
"
!
cos(n!)d!
n=0 H
&0
(r) H
0
(r)=Monopole
n=1 H
&1
(r) H
1
(r)=Dipole
n=2 H
&2
(r) H
2
(r)=Quadrupole
values of Lhe C-seL u
for whlch eld componenLs
where calculaLed uslng PlSS

u=2mm, 3mm 4mm
Data overlap for all D
values. The monopole
component is unaltered.

There is a D value for
which the dipole and
quadrupole components
are eliminated!
u=2mm, 3mm, 4mm
u=2mm, 3mm, 4mm
u=2mm, 3mm, 4mm
D=3.45mm
Dipole and Quadrupole Components
Fourier
series
nth
component
Only 12 bolts
No contact at core
Thermal Analysis
Results
Worst case scenario: NO contact between copper
layers (radiation only)
Intermediate case: contact only happens at the 12
bolts location
Best case: full contact between the two layers
Worst
Intermediate
Best
Stress Analysis
Results
In all the simulated cases (that is changing
the pushi ng f orce, surf aces heat
transfer), the stress on copper parts is
always below the yield strength of 70MPa
(for soft copper).
Stress
Deformation
The deformation is below 25 microns for
the cell surfaces.
!" $%& '()* +&', -%&.&$
(SLAC uec13, 2012)
! All the gun parts were machined in-house.
! Cold test measurements (scattering parameters,
resonant frequency, other main RF parameters)
carried out at SLAC by using a clamping setup
(Sept 2012)
! Impeccable brazing (no leaks
after any brazing cycle step)
performed by the brazing team
at the SLAC klystron dept. under
supervision of John van Pelt.
RF gun Machining, Cold test and Brazing
19 C, 40% humidity
Measurement nISS
Irequency 2.99801 CPz
(19 C, 40 humldlLy)
2.998CPz
Mode separanon 14.3 MPz 14.2 MPz
0
13,330 13,730
Coup||ng beta 1.83 1.8
RF Gun tuning and Field measurements
! The tuning of the gun resonant
frequency (!1MHz) was carried out
by using bi-directional deformation
tuners

! On-axis electric field measured in a
bead-drop setup by using a 2mm
diameter dielectric bead
Air Vacuum
Frequency
Shift
2.99801 GHz
(19 C, 40% humidity)
2.998808GHz
Water
temperature
Around 39C
Installation January 2013
initial tests
! Installation of the gun started on Jan 4
th
2013
at Sincrotrone Trieste
! The gun was brought under vacuum in a test
area to check if any leaks were present as well
as the frequency shift that resulted to be
about 800 kHz, as expected
! The operating temperature of 39C allowed
for operation at exactly 2.99801 GHz, as it
was verified. (good agreement with theory
prediction of df/dT!-50kHz/C)
Acknowledgements to the team

Luigi Faillace, RF design
Pedro Frigola, project manager
Ron Agustsson, VP of Engineering
Hristo Badakov, Mechanical Engineer
UCLA collaboration
Installation January 2013
tunnel
! A dedicated area for high-power gun testing is located behind the current RF gun station
! The ST gun was installed in this area to start high-power conditioning
Power and vacuum monitoring
Temperature Tuning at 10 Hz and 50Hz
Frequency monitoring
from
Reflected
power
from RF probe
-0.3C
at 10Hz
Power Waveforms (11 MW and 1.5 s)
! Operation at 10Hz " "T = -0.3 C
! Operation at 50Hz " "T = -2 C
Breakdown monitoring during high-power
conditioning
Input RF power = 11MW
RF pulse = 1.5 s
Monitoring time = 18 hours
2.4*10
-9
mbar
Excellent vacuum level
The GALAXIE Project
GALAXIE (GV-per-meter AcceLerator And X-ray-source Integrated Experiment) is a program to develop
an all-optical, very high field accelerator and undulator integrated SASE FEL system based on dielectric
laser-excited structures that support >GV/m fields.
! Injector: high field gun with a magnetized cathode (1pC,1ps beam with angular momentum content)
" the Super Gun
! Transformer: beam passing through a skew-quad triplet that splits the emittances ( = 2*10
-9
mrad )
! Dielectric photonic structure: acceleration
! Inverse Transfomer: the emittance splitting process is reversed after acceleration and before the undulator
to avoid gain-degrading multiple-transverse-mode operation of the FEL
e
-

8l gun
Accelerator
structure
A. Valloni et al., An Asymmetric Emittance Electron Source for the GALAXIE
Dielectric-Laser Accelerator Injector.
!
!
"
!
0
2
L
!
+
! 2L ! = !
0
2
+ L
2
R. Brinkmann et al., Phys. Rev. ST-AB 4, 053501 (2001)5
P. Piot et al., Phys. Rev. ST-AB 9, 031001 (2006)
L >>!
0
!
!
The SUPER GUN
Considerations
! Flexibility to run beams with very low transverse size and high charge: E
0
sin(!
0
) >E
dec
, E
z,SC
=
! Why not X-Band gun where E
0
can go up to 200MV/m??? E
0
=200MV/m (best case scenario),
11.424GHz, =0.9 " !
0
=40 " E
a
=120MV/m " lower than the Super Gun case!
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
To satisfy Kims model

>0.9
!
0
>45C
! Electric field E
0
at the cathode (emission area) = 160MV/m, 30% higher than the state-of-the art for S-
band guns.
! Lower thermal emittance where E
a
is the applied field E
a
=E
0
sin(!
0
) where !
0
is the beam
injection phase
! !
0
! E
a
???

! =
eE
0
2mc
2
k
k =
!
c
E
0
=160MV/m, 2.856GHz and 1pC (Galaxie case)
=2.6 " !
0
=75 " E
a
=150MV/m " in theory possible to have = 3.5*10
-9
mrad, relaxing the spec
on the B field required for the emittance splitting process!

Reduced vector
potential
Condi t i on f or l owe s t
emittance and highest energy
gain for an electron at the gun
exit:
!
2
!"
0
"
#
$
%
&
'
sin("
0
) =
1
2#
!
th
!E
a
"1/2
!
th
Q
4!"
0
#
x
#
y
Characteristics
! Coaxial coupling (e.g. Pitz-like)
! Axisymmetric: elimination of high-order mode
field components
! Elliptical irises to decrease the surface electric
field
! Single-feed (WR284 waveguide)
! Transition from rectangular waveguide to coax
through a door-knob type adapter
!"#$%&' )*+', $#*) -.!!
8l lnpuL power
1.6 cell 8l gun
uoor-knob adapLer
Innovations
! Higher electric field at the cathode (up to 160
MV/m)
! Possibility to easily run very low charge ("1pC)
and beams with very small transverse size (25s
for Galaxie)
The SUPER GUN - 3D model
Possible issues
! Multipacting (coaxial coupler can be made out
of a material with very low secondary electron
yield)
! Breakdowns (design with no electric field hot
spots; experience in surface handling: Fermi II
gun; High-gradient structure tested at
Livermore)
! E
max
on surface=150MV/m
RF Pulsed heating<50 C

! The coupling coefficient
is adjustable by moving
the location of the coax
with respect to the gun
cells
f = 2.85672 GHz
!f = 15MHz
R

= 70M"/m r
eff
= 41.5M"/m

Q
0
= 16,000
E
peak
= 160MV/m @ 24MW
input RF power, 1s pulse
LlecLrlc eld
Magneuc eld
!"#$%&' )*+', *$ /0' !"1'#2"34 $#*) -.!!
RF parameters
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
40
80
120
160
200
time (microseconds)

Assume RF pulse = 1 microsecond
The optimum beta 2.6 for a max on-axis E-field
of 160M/m
Short pulse in order to decrease the breakdown
rate
opL
=2.6
L
0
=160 Mv/m
Field filling time t
F
= 2*Q
0
/[(1+')*5] = 495 ns,
assuming =2.6 and Q
0
=16,000

The SUPER GUN - Coupling
Forward (MW)
Reflected (MW)
Field (MV/m)
Beam dynamics simulations
! Galaxie: we have started to set up Parmela for simulations of the beam generation and propagation of a
1pC,1ps beam from the Super Gun (S-Band) down through the emittance exchange scheme.
! Preliminary simulations to study the emittance splitting setup have been already carried out. An X-Band
gun was used (it was decided to go towards S-Band only afterwards)
k1 k2 k3
6

e- beam
! Plans for running a higher charge case (1nC) are also being made. Because of the reduced vector potential
value =2.6, we expect the location of the focusing solenoid to be further away from the gun with
respect to a current S-band scenario.
! Solenoid splitting to accommodate the
input RF waveguide
Input RF
power
Solenoids
Page 28
Photo Injector Test facility at DESY, Zeuthen site (PITZ)
> Electron sources for FLASH and for the European XFEL
RF-gun:
L-band (1.3 GHz) normal conducting (copper)
standing wave 1!-cell cavity
Peak rf power: up to 7MW (Ez@cathode: >
60MV/m)
850 !s RF pulse length with a repetition rate
of 10 Hz, duty cycle ~ 1%,
Dry ice cleaning % Dark current < 50 "A at
max power
Photo cathode
(Cs
2
Te)
QE~0.5-10%
Cathode laser
"=257nm
Trains with up to 800
pulses (1MHz) at
10Hz rep.rate.

FWHM
= 25 ps
edge
10-90

~ 2.2 ps
edge
10-90

~ 2 ps
birefringent shaper, 13 crystals
OSS signal (UV)
Temporal pulse shaping
FWHM
~ 11 ps
FWHM
~7 ps
FWHM
~ 17 ps
FWHM
~ 2 ps
FWHM
~ 11 ps
FWHM
~7 ps
FWHM
~ 17 ps
FWHM
~ 2 ps
Gaussian:
Flattop (nominal)
Electron bunches:
1nC nominal
charge
~7MeV/c max.
mean momentum
Pulse trains
Courtesy of Frank Stephan
Page 29
Emittance vs. Laser Spot size for various bunch charges
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
1
0
0
%

R
M
S

x
y
-
e
m
i
t
t
a
n
c
e

(
m
m

m
r
a
d
)

rms laser spot size (mm)
Emittance optimization in 2011
2nC, measured
1nC, meas.(0deg)
1nC, meas.(6deg)
0.25nC, meas.
0.1nC, measured
0.02nC, meas.
& At PITZ the projected emittance is measured with a single slit scan technique. The advantage of long pulse train
operation is used to maintain a high signal/noise ratio also for low bunch charges.
& A conservative approach of calculating a real RMS emittance is applied which takes into account even the tails of the
beam distribution. Therefore our emittance numbers are called 100% RMS emittance (% raw data = no signal cut
or any fit performed). Still the results obtained are extremely good.
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
0 20 40 60 80 100
e
m
i
t
t
a
n
c
e

(
m
m
-
m
r
a
d
)

charge cut (%)
2 nC (0 deg)
2 nC (+6deg)
1 nC (0 deg)
1 nC (+6 deg)
0.25 nC (0 deg)
0.1 nC (0 deg)
0.02 nC (0 deg)
& Idea: Cut low intensity region of MEASURED phase
space (i.e. remove non-lasing part)
%Core Emittance for various bunch charges
An example for 1 nC:
TABLE IV. Core xy-emittance (mm mrad)
measured for various charges and gun
phases. Only statistical errors are shown

M. Krasilnikov et al.,
PRST-AB 15, 100701 (2012).
S
l
i
c
e

e
m
i
t
t
a
n
c
e

r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d

a
t

X
F
E
L

u
n
d
u
l
a
t
o
r

f
o
r

1

n
C

Courtesy of Frank Stephan
30
Courtesy of Feng Zhou, SLAC
1
st
established laser cleaning for LCLS
application: QE evolution
Original QE was only 5e-6
before any cleaning process
QE was firstly increased by
8-10 times upon the laser
cleaning
QE was further increased by
3 times in the first 6 months
following laser cleaning, and
then stays at 1.1e-4 from 6
th

month to now, 20
th
months
following cleaning.
QE
Gun vacuum
31
Improved emittance with spatial
Gaussian-cut laser
# Spatial Gaussian-cut profile has:
saved laser power required from laser
amplifier 2-3 times
improved emittance 30%
Courtesy of Feng Zhou, SLAC
March-Apr|| 2013: hrst tests w|th rea| Cs
2
1e cathodes
!ay lA -fdf011
The LBNL
CW NC VHF gun
730 kev
wlLh ~ 100 kW 8l power
1
sL
phoLo-emlued beam from a
dummy moly caLhode: 10 nA
(10 fC [ 1 MPz).

nomlnal operauon energy
achleved.
CourLesy of uanlele llllppeuo
1he SI gun
CourLesy of A. lalone-!.? 8aguln
Elliptical iris minimize surface fields
Large iris thickness mode separation
Dual feed field symmetry
Racetrack shape suppresion quads components
No cathode loading hole dark current
Flat end wall reduces laser misalignment issues
Pick up 1 for each cell
Interchangeable with CTF3 gun
f
0
2997.9 MHz (2998.8 MHz)
Q
0
13570
!f ~16 MHz
Rep. Rate < 400 Hz
Gradient 100 MV/m @ 20 MW
D|erent charges resca||ng
o Compared Lo Lhe C1l3 gun wlLh Lhe Sl gun we galn more and more for greaLer charges
o MlsmaLch malnLalned for all Lhe congurauons below 1.1 ln Lhe cenLral parL of Lhe bunch
o llnal beLa < 70 m and |alpha| < 2
o Well below Lhe ablauon llmlL of Lhe Cu caLhode (C. vlcarlo - prlvaLe communlcauon)
(pC) Case
ro[ected #
(mm.mrad)
S||ce #
(mm.mrad)
CDk pro[ected #
(mm.mrad)
CDk s||ce #
(mm.mrad)
Laser power (compared to CDk
200 pC case)
10 CpL_l 0.090 0.076 0.096 0.080 x1.9
30
8escallng 0.16 0.133
0.174 0.160
x2.0
CpL_l 0.16 0.133 x2.0
100
8escallng 0.21 0.18
0.233 0.230
x1.89
CpL_l 0.21 0.18 x1.90
CpL_ll 0.20 0.16 x3.0
CpL_lll 0.20 0.16 x3.0
200 CpL_23 0.23 0.21 0.33 0.32 x1.0
A0I: e|||pso|da|-bunch generanon from Cs
2
1e
Llllpsoldal bunches have llnear
space-charge eld
ShorL-pulse laser (110 fs rms)
lllumlnaLe caLhode
novelues:
L-band gun (3S MV]m)
SemlconducLor caLhode
20x hlgher charge Lhan ln
prevlous experlmenLs
Courtesy of Philippe Piot
35
Sub-110 fs
laser system

CsTe
cathode
0 pC
z (m)
time
x
P. Piot, et al, PRSTAB 16, 010102 (2013)
130, 280, 460, 700 pC
current
time
L-band
rf gun
electron
bunch
b
u
n
c
h

l
e
n
g
t
h

(
m
m
)

P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

time (ps)
laser
booster
gun
Nanopatterned Cathodes
Another line of research has been the
exploration of surface plasmon
a s s i s t ed phot oemi s s i on f r om
nanostructured cathodes. First tests
showed a charge yield increase of
more than two order of magnitude
from the nanopatterned surface when
compared with the flat case.
Ultra-low charge beams and nm-emittance measurements
# Blow-out regime is based on pancake aspect ratio at cathode followed by
longitudinal space charge dominated expansion.
# Nearly ideal uniformly filled ellipsoidal distribution can also be obtained
from an initial cigar aspect ratio and transverse space charge expansion
Shape temporal profile of laser pulse
Obtain sub-50 nm transverse emittance
# Experimental tests using <30 um laser spot on cathode.
# Beam is round and well-behaved.
# Low charge (0.1-1 pC)
(courtesy of Pietro Musumeci, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 15, 090702 (2012))
PEGASUS LAB - UCLA
New SPARC clamped gun
The new SPARC RF GUN is a 1.6 cell gun and, with respect
to the installed BNL/SLAC/UCLA type gun, has the following
improvements:

1) the iris profile has an elliptical shape and a larger
aperture to:
-reduce the peak surface electric field;
-increase the frequency separation between the
two RF gun modes (up to 38 MHz)
-increase the pumping speed on the half-cell;
2) the tuning is realized by deformation tuners;
3) the coupling hole has been strongly rounded to
reduce the peak surface magnetic field and, therefore, the
pulsed heating;
4) The coupling coefficient has been increased form 1 to
2 to allow operation with shorter RF pulses (<1s) thus
reducing the BDR;
5) the cooling pipes have been improved and increased
in number to guarantee a better gun temperature
uniformity and available operation up to 100 Hz;
6) the structure has been realized without brazing but
using special gaskets in order to:
-simplify the fabrication
-reduce the cost
-reach (because of the hard copper not brazed)
higher accelerating field with lower BDR.

The gun has been realized and it is now under low power
testing. High power test will be done after low power test.
Parameters Value
f
res
2.856 GHz
Q
0
15000
E
surf_peak_iris
/E
cathode
0.85
Coupling $ 2
P
in_peak
@E
cathode
=120MV/m 12 MW
Filling time %
F
835 ns
Frequency sep. 0 and !-mode 38 MHz
Pulsed heating @ 120 MV/m (1 s RF pulse) <40 C
CourLesy of u. Aleslnl
k-8and hoto|n[ector at SLAC

3.3 cell x-8and gun

1
sL
e-beam !uly30Lh 2012

e-beam ouL of gun L~ 7.3Mev (v
8l,peak
~ 200Mv/m)
dark currenL accepLable
e-beam aL 70 Mev aer 1.03 m llnac
charge up Lo 40pC , CL [usL ln 1e-3 range
bunch lengLh measured ~ 230 fs rms for 20pC
energy spread rms 13 kev aL 70 Mev (13 pC)
emluances < 3 mm-mrad (buL very prellmlnary
opumlzauon)
x1A locaLed ln nLC1A aL SLAC
Plot of Emittances from different RF Guns
Plot of Emittances from different RF Guns
Below 2pC
Ultra-low emittance measurements
Pegasus-UCLA
Conclusions
! Radio-Frequency RF Guns are by far the most efficient device allowing the generation of high
current, low emittance electron beams
! The new RF gun for the Fermi FEL at Sincrotrone Trieste was successfully installed and conditioned
at high-power (11MW, 1.5s and 50Hz)
! Fermi II RF Gun is an improved and more compact version of the current gun (Fermi Gun 1.5 mm-
mrad) and it will hopefully allow to achieve much lower emittance values. First beam at the end of
April 2013.

! The design of the Super Gun for the GALAXIE project represents a break-through in the field of
RF multi-cell Guns " new materials, material technology (e.g. Free Form Fabrication?), surface
handling, laser shaping

! Point of interest for many Labs at the moment " beam charge from 40pC to 300pC
! Ultra-low charge (<1pC) " ; is it a main step to go towards the 5
th
generation
light source?
B
e
!Q
"2/3
to Q
"4/3
Thanks for your attention!

Recent Advancements of RF Guns: Luigi Faillace Radiabeam Technologies, Santa Monica Ca

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Recent Advancements of RF Guns: Luigi Faillace Radiabeam Technologies, Santa Monica Ca

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Recent Advancements of RF Guns

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