IRQ, DMA, IO BASE MEMORY ADDRESS y cmo Funcionan en una PC SYSTEM RESOURCES (IRQ, DMA and I/O ADDRESSES)

System resources are what allocate and setup your hardware components helping preventing hardware to work without causing issues with other hardware within your computer. System resources are setup by one or more of the following: Interrupt Request (IRQ) Input/output (I/O) Direct memory access (DMA) Memory Addresses To find out about system resources in Windows vista/7 follow these steps: Right Click My Computer and go Manage Computer Management Device Manager WHAT IS A IRQ? An IRQ or Interrupt request line allows a hardware device inside of the computer a direct line to the Microprocessor and tells the Microprocessor to stop what it is doing and wait until it has further instructions. Every PC computer has a maximum of 16 IRQs and is prioritized in the computer according to the importance of the device. Here is the IRQ Listing IRQ Channel Assignment 0 System Timer 1 Keyboard 2 Cascading with 9 3 COM 2 or COM 4 (Serial or IRDA devices) 4 COM 1 or COM 3 (Serial or IRDA devices) 5 LPT2 or Sound Card 6 Floppy Drive Controller 7 LPT1 (Parallel Devices) 8 Real Time Clock 9 Cascading with 2 10 Open 11 Open 12 PS/2 Mouse Connector 13 Math Co-processor 14 Primary Hard Drive Controller

15 Secondary Hard Drive Controller Here is an example of the IRQ Properties found on a typical computer

WHAT IS A DMA? A DMA or Direct Memory Access is a pathway provided by the hardware to allow the hardware direct access to the computers memory. This feature allows devices to bypass the CPU and write their information directly to the main memory. DMA Channel Assignment 0 Open 1 Sound Card 2 Floppy Drive Controller 3 Open (ECP or parallel port) 4 2nd DMA Controller 5 Open 6 Open 7 Open WHAT IS A I/O? An Input Output (I/O) represents the location in memory that is designated by use of various devices to exchange information amongst themselves and the rest of the PC. Device I/O Address Range System Timer 040-043 Keyboard 060-064 COM 1 3F8-3FF COM 2 2F8-2FF COM 3 3E8-3EF COM 4 2E8-2EF LPT1 378-37F LPT2 278-27F Floppy Drive Controller 3F0-3F7 Sound Card 220-xxx IDE Primary 1F0-1F7 IDE Secondary 170-177 ASSIGNING A RESOURCE SETTING Many devices still in use today use Jumpers to setup the Resource settings for a hardware device. If your card has Jumpers it is recommended that you set the jumpers to available settings on your computer and then install the software on the computer to help resolve issues from occurring.

If your card has no jumpers / dip switches it is a good possibility that the card is a Windows card (Plug N Play card). This indicates that you should be able to place the card within the computer and Windows 95 or Windows 98 will setup the card for you. Many of these cards are configured through the software used to install the card and or device manager.

CHANGING RESOURCES Within Windows 95 and Windows 98 most PnP (Plug N Play) cards can be manually adjusted through Device manager. If your device is encountering conflicts with another device within Device Manager double click the device within the device category. Such as double clicking a 3COM NIC icon under Network Adapters. Within the properties of the device click the Resource tab. In Resources uncheck the box which says 'Use automatic settings' once unchecked you will then be able to change the Basic Configuration, as you change the Basic configuration each of the resource settings will change. If you only have one option for resource settings it's a good possibility that the device may be a Legacy device or may only work with one configuration mode. ALL IRQs ARE USED NOW WHAT? If your computer is utilizing all IRQs unfortunately there are only a few ways around this, which can be very complicated. The first and easiest way would be to attempt to remove devices from the computer to allow IRQs to become free and or substitute for external devices. The other option would be to attempt to assign the IRQ settings to IRQ settings that may already be used by another device. However when doing this it is recommended that you choose a device that is not going to be frequently used. Windows may report that there is a device conflicting however in some instances the devices can work on the same IRQ the devices however will not be able to work at the same time.

CAN I ADD AN IRQ? No, unfortunately with PC's they are limited to 00-15. The latest and greatest PC's will also have this limitation. However you can add devices such as a SCSI card to the computer daisy chain a hard drive / CD-ROM drive and other hardware devices and because the SCSI card uses ID addresses when the hardware devices are hooked up to the SCSI card they will not be taking an IRQ. Therefore you will be able to utilize up to 7 devices on one IRQ. Another recommended connection to PC computers would be the USB port, which allows up to 127 devices to be connected at once using only one IRQ.

IRQs NOT RECOMMENDED When connecting devices it is recommended that you stay away from IRQ 9, which is a cascade port with IRQ 2. However generally it is a good idea to assign devices that you wish to move and do not plan to use to IRQ 9 to allow extra IRQs for a

device you may plan to use. A good example of this recommendation is moving the MPU-401 device, which is a midi device, used for musical keyboards.

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< < IRQ

En el contexto de la informtica, una interrupcin (del ingls Interrupt Request, tambin conocida como peticin de interrupcin) es una seal recibida por el procesador de un ordenador, indicando que debe "interrumpir" el curso de ejecucin actual y pasar a ejecutar cdigo especfico para tratar esta situacin. Una interrupcin es una suspensin temporal de la ejecucin de un proceso, para pasar a ejecutar una subrutina de servicio de interrupcin, la cual, por lo general, no forma parte del programa, sino que pertenece al sistema operativo o al BIOS. Una vez finalizada dicha subrutina, se reanuda la ejecucin del programa. Las interrupciones surgen de la necesidad que tienen los dispositivos perifricos de enviar informacin al procesador principal de un sistema informtico.

Nombre Int (hex)

XT: Descripcin

AT: Descripcin

NMI

---

Paridad*

Paridad*

IRQ0

08

Temporizador*

Temporizador*

IRQ1

09

Teclado*

Teclado*

IRQ2

0A

Reservado

Interrupciones 8 a 15 (PIC#2)

IRQ3

0B

Puertos serie COM2/COM4 Puerto serie COM2/COM4

IRQ4

0C

Puertos serie COM1/COM3 Puertos serie COM1/COM3

IRQ5

0D

Disco duro

Puerto Paralelo LPT2

IRQ6

0E

Disquete

Disquete

IRQ7

0F

Puerto Paralelo LPT1

Puerto Paralelo LPT1

IRQ8

70

No existe

Reloj de tiempo real*

IRQ9

71

No existe

Redirigido a IRQ2*

IRQ10

72

No existe

no asignado

IRQ11

73

No existe

no asignado

IRQ12

74

No existe

Ratn PS2

IRQ13

75

No existe

Coprocesador 80287*

IRQ14

76

No existe

Contr. disco IDE primario

IRQ15

77

No existe

Contr. disco IDE secundario

Cuando se instala un dispositivo de E/S que puede necesitar atencin del procesador, debe asignrsele una IRQ adecuada. Dicho en otras palabras, cuando un dispositivo perifrico requiera atencin, debe enviar una seal en la lnea IRQ especificada. Inicialmente esta asignacin se efectuaba de forma manual, por medio de puentes (jumpers) en la placa o dispositivo, pero actualmente esta seleccin puede hacerse mediante software.

IRQ: Interrupt Request (pedido de interrupcin). En los PC, un IRQ es una seal de un dispositivo de hardware (por ejemplo el teclado o tarjeta de sonido) indicando que el dispositivo necesita que la CPU haga algo. La seal del pedido de interrupcin va a travs de las lneas IRQ a un controlador que asigna prioridades a los pedidos IRQ y se los entrega a la CPU.

Ya que el controlador de IRQ espera seales de solo un dispositivo por lnea IRQ. Si tienen ms que un dispositivo por lnea termina con un conflicto de IRQ que puede congelar su mquina. Esto es porque asignar IRQ a dispositivos nuevos al instalarlo es tan importante. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

DMA -Direct Memory Access DMA stands for Direct Memory Access. This is a method that allows channels to be opened by the peripheral to read/write directly to memory without going through the CPU. This offloads some of the work from the CPU to allow it to do more important tasks. There are 8 DMA channels available in the PC: DMA0-7. They are divided into 8 bit channels and 16 bit channels based on the 8 bit ISA slot and 16 bit ISA slot. Here is a table that is used as a rule of thumb for selecting DMA channels:
DMA Width DMA0 DMA1 DMA2 DMA3 DMA4 DMA5 DMA6 DMA7 Function Available Sound Floppy Disk controller ECP Parallel Port * - Not used Sound SCSI Available Physical Line Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes ISA Bus 16 bit 8 bit 8 bit 8 bit 16 bit 16 bit 16 bit Channel 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 16 bit 16 bit 16 bit 16 bit

NOTES: DMA0 is on the 16 bit ISA bus but only 8 bits wide. DMA4 is cascaded to the 1st 8 bit DMA controller and is not available. *** DMA conflicts are the NUMBER 2 source of PC problems! *** Like IRQs, you are only allowed to assign one DMA channel to an active device at a time. Otherwise you will have a conflict appear and things will not work properly. Notice the word active - this means turned on and a software program accessing the device. You may have one DMA channel assigned to two devices ONLY if one device is active at a time - risky but allowed.
<<<<<<<<<<<<

Controlador D.M.A. (Placas I.S.A / E.I.S.A / Mcanal) El controlador de acceso directo a memoria me brinda la facilidad de acceder directamente a la memoria central desde un perifrico. El acceso D.M.A. reduce el tiempo de uso del procesador, acelera las transferencias de datos en la memoria y aumenta el rendimiento general. En un principio las transferencias DMA eran de 8 bits pero luego con controladores ms potentes se lleg a 32 bits. Hay 8 canales DMA disponibles en un PC compatible siendo el 0 el de mayor prioridad. Al igual que las IRQ, decimos que hay un conflicto de hardware si hay dos o ms adaptadores diferentes usando el mismo canal DMA. Tabla de aplicacin Canal 0 (8 bits) Refresco de memoria Canal 1 (8 bits) Libre o SDLC Canal 2 (8 bits) Controlador de disquetera Canal 3 (8 bits) PCXT CTRL. disco, AT libre Canal 4 (16 bits) Cascada DMA1 a DMA2 Canal 5 (16 bits ) libre Canal 6 (16 bits ) libre Canal 7 (16 bits ) libre

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< BASE MEMORY ACCES

Base Addresses Base addresses are also called I/O ports, I/O addresses, I/O port addresses and base ports. They are memory locations that provide an interface between the operating system and the I/O device (peripheral). The peripheral communicates with the operating system through the base address. Each peripheral must have a UNIQUE base address. Standard Base Address assignments (h - hexadecimal):

060h + 064h 170h + 376h 1F0h + 3F6h 220h 300h 330h 3F2h 3F8h 2F8h 3E8h 2E8h 378h 278h

Keyboard controller Secondary IDE Hard-drive controller Primary IDE Hard-drive controller Sound Card NIC card SCSI adapter Floppy Drive Controller COM1 COM2 COM3 COM4 LPT1 LPT2

*** Base Address conflicts are the NUMBER 3 source of PC problems! *** Unfortunately, the above table is only a small part of the Base Addresses used. The base addresses used will depend on what has been installed on the PC.

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< Puertos internos, Puertos ES o Puertos IO Estos puertos son accedidos directamente por el software ( instrucciones in - out) y permiten comunicar al procesador con los perifricos conectados al bus (ISA, PCI, EISA, MCanal). En una computadora personal hay 1024 puertos desde 0000H hasta 03FFH que sirven para controlar todos los dispositivos conectados. Cada adaptador conectado al canal usar un rango de entrada salida. Esto se debe a que en general un adaptador se compone de varios dispositivos internos que usan distintas direcciones de E/S y se pueden programar en distintas modalidades de trabajo. Como consecuencia no podemos tener dos adaptadores conectados al canal (ISA, EISA, PCI, MCANAL) que estn usando el mismo rango de entrada/salida porque provocarn un conflicto de hardware.