CONTENTS

Related Terms & Definitions Why is road drainage so importants ? Factors Affecting the drainage system in road construction Sources of Moisture in Pavements

RELATED TERMS & DEFINITIONS

Pavement: All elements from the wearing surface of a roadway to the subgrade. Permeable base: A free draining layer in the pavement designed to rapidly remove free water from most elements of pavement. Base crossdrain: A subsurface drain, generally perpendicular to the roadway alignment, designed to drain infiltrated water. Dense-graded aggregate base (DGA): Mixture of primarily sand and gravel, well-graded from coarse to fine (usually unstabilized, but sometimes asphalt or cement Drainage aggregate: Open-graded aggregate with high permeability. Drainage pipe: Rigid or flexible pipe conduit designed to collect and/or transport water out of the pavement section (usually perforated). Edgedrain: A subsurface drain usually located at the edge of the pavement. Infiltration: Free water in the pavement structural elements entering through cracks, joints, or permeable paving. Outlet: The point of discharge of an edgedrain. Outlet pipe:

The lateral connection from the edgedrainto the outlet. Usually a solid pipe and usually strong to prevent damage. Prefabricated geocomposite edgedrain (PGED): An edgedrain consisting of a drainage core covered with geotextile. Usually 1 to 2 in. thick by 1 to 3 ft high, placed in a narrow trench. It may include drainage aggregate or sand as a part of the installation. Separator/filter layer (aggregate or geotextile): A geotextile or aggregate (subbase) layer separating a permeable base layer from an adjacent soil (or aggregate) containing fines to prevent the fines from contaminating the drainage aggregate. Must meet the filter criteria for drainage filters. Underdrain: A deep subsurface drain located at a sufficient depth to intercept and lower the ground water to a required design Capillary action The flow of liquids through porous media & movement of liquids in thin tubes. Vapor movement The process by which the entire body of fluid moves in responses to differences in hydraulic potentials. Seepage The process by which a liquid leaks through a porous substance.

WHY IS ROAD DRAINAGE SO IMPORTANTS ?

A roads infrastructure is an engineering work, aiming the establishment of a platform, on which vehicle circulation is possible under safety conditions, proper traffic flow, commodity, and economy, independently of the regions climate conditions; Water, along with heavy traffic, is one of the greatest causes of road ruin.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION

Sensitivity of groundwater Importance of road Area (rural or populated) Amount of traffic Sensitivity of streams, rivers, lakes

SOURCES OF MOISTURE IN PAVEMENTS

Flow of existing sub-surface water, from higher terrain near the road Elevation or drop of the water table Water infiltration by joints or badly sealed cracks (concrete pavement) or by porous and fissured areas Moisture movement on the soil Successive frost/defrost cycles, increase cracks and therefore water infiltration on the pavement

MOISTURE-RELATED AND ACCELERATED DISTRESSES

Pumping/erosion. Faulting. Corner cracking. Transverse cracking. Fatigue (alligator)

PURPOSE OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE

Subsurface drainage is intended to remove water that infiltrates into a pavement. Surface water is primarily removed through proper geometric design. Water can enter the pavement in numerous ways, only some of which can be effectively drained by a subsurface drainage system. The basic idea is that water in the pavement drives certain types of distress. Amount of free water that infiltrates into the pavement structure. Potential for moisture-related damage to pavement. Ability to design, construct, and maintain the drainage system. Other general factors (e.g., topography, soil types,etc.).

TYPES OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

Transversal Drainage Slab culverts Pipe culverts Cause ways

Longitudinal Drainage Gutters, ditches and channels; Galleries, collectors and drains; Connection and Collecting Accessory organs, namely visit and cleaning chambers;

Reception chambers, connection or derivation boxes.

Sub-surface drainage Main types of devices . Longitudinal interception drains . Longitudinal water table lowering drains . Transversal drains . other devices Drainage layers Draining spurs Draining masks Sub-surface drainage Longitudinal drains in hillsid Christmas tree drain Cutting drain

Longitudinal Edgedrains Runs parallel to the traffic lane Collect water that infiltrates the pavement surface and drains water away from the pavement through outlets

TYPES OF EDGEDRAINS SYSTEMS

. Pipe edgedrains in an aggregate filled trench, . Pipe edgedrains with porous concrete (i.e., cement treated permeable base) filled trench, . Prefabricated geocomposite edgedrains in a sand backfilled trench,

DESIGN OF PAVEMENT DRAINAGE

The hydraulic requirements for the permeable layer to achieve the required time-to-drain. The edgedrain pipe size and outlet spacing requirements. Either the gradation of requirements for a graded aggregate separation layer or the opening size, permeability, endurance, and strength requirements for geotextile separators. The opening size, permeability, endurance, and strength requirements for geotextile filters, or the gradation of the granular filters (to be used in the edgedrain).

SUB-SURFACE DRAINAGE

Hydraulic calculation for drains (QL) QL = q . B . L QL - water flow through the pipe (m3/s) q - surface run-off water flow (m3/s/m) L - sect ion's length [m] B - width calculation's [m]

In cases where the drainage is used not only as interception drainage but also to lower the water level, dimensioning should consider specific calculations for the underground flow in to the drain. In this situation the projected flow should be the sum of the aforementioned value and the estimate through the application of Darcys Law. In order to simplify dimensioning, some authors consider that the in-flow to the drain amounts to about 35% of the total flow generated in banks added by 20% for flow originated in the road platform, i.e.: QL = 0.35QT + 0.20Qp QL water flow to de pipe (m3/s); QT surface run-off water in slopes (m3/s);

As to the depth of installation of the drains, one can estimate, in a first approach, by the formula:

0.5

D drain depht (m) d depth that groundwater level should stabilize(m) b distance between drains(m) i infiltration soil rate (m/s) K soil permeability (m/s)

The capacity of a circular pipe flowing full can be determined by Manning's equation: Q = (53.01/n) D8/3 S1/2 where, Q = Pipe capacity, cu ft/day D = Pipe diameter, in. S = Slope, ft/ft n = Manning's roughness coefficient